I. The Land and Peoples of Italy Rome’s central location and geographic features made it a...

I. The Land and Peoples of Italy Romes central location and geographic features made it a desirable location from which to expand A. The location of Rome was ideal for settlement, and provided a central position in Italy from which to expand B. An Indo-European people known as the Latins were living in the hills of Rome from about 1500 to 1000 B.C. 1. They were herders and farmers 2. Spoke Latin

Reflection: Look at the location of Rome. What makes it an ideal location for a new settlement?

C. The Greeks and the Etruscans heavily influenced the development of Rome 1. Greeks came to Italy in large numbers during the age of Greek colonization 2. The Greeks occupied Sicily and influenced Romes cultural and artistic systems 3. It was the Etruscans who influenced the Rome the most a. By 650 B.C., they controlled the city and most of Latium

Reflection: The Latins in Rome were influenced by two major groups: the Etruscans and the Greeks. In your opinion, which group most influenced the development of Rome and why?

II. The Roman Republic The Romans were practical and skillful in politics and military matters A. A new era in Roman history occurred in 509 B.C. when the last Etruscan king was overthrown and a republic was established B. By 264 B.C., Rome had conquered virtually all of Italy C. The Roman historian Livy provided stories that glorified the virtues of past Romans

II. The Roman Republic D. Rome was a successful empire because: 1. Romans were good diplomats 2. They were smart about extending citizenship rights 3. Gave conquered states the autonomy to run their own affairs 4. Romans were excellent at military operations a. They were brilliant strategists b. Built roads throughout the empire to move armies and supplies 5. Romans created practical legal and political institutions

Roman Senate Roman Road

II. The Roman Republic E. Patricians and plebeians made up Roman society 1. Men in both groups were citizens and could vote a. However only patricians could be elected to public office 2. Patricians and plebeians struggled over social and political equality

II. The Roman Republic F. The Roman Senate was made up of 300 patricians who were elected for life 1. The Roman Senate selected the consuls and praetors and passed laws 2. Two consuls, chosen every year, ran the government and led the army into war 3. A praetor was in charge of civil law Reflection: How would you describe the social structure of Rome?

II. The Roman Republic G. By 287 B.C., a law making all Roman males equal citizens was passed H. Romes first attempt at a legal system was the Twelve Tables adopted in 450 B.C. 1. This code of laws proved to be inadequate for the needs of the Roman society 2. Romans then established standards of justice that applied to all Roman citizens 3. The principles of this legal system provide the basis of our current legal system

Reflection: Greece created a direct democracy and Rome formed a republic. Are they both forms of a democracy? How would you define a democracy? If so, what are similarities between the two? What are the differences?

III. Roman Expansion After their conquest of Italy, the Romans faced the state of Carthage A. In 264 B.C., the First Punic War began between Rome and Carthage 1. A Phoenician colony in North Africa that had grown wealthy from trade 2. Rome was victorious and claimed the island of Sicily

III. Roman Expansion B. In 216 B.C., the Carthaginian general Hannibal crossed the Alps with his army of 46,000 men and 37 battle elephants to attack Rome 1. This was the beginning of the Second Punic War 2. In 206 B.C., the Romans pushed the Carthaginian forces out of Spain 3. At the Battle of Zama in 202 B.C., Rome defeated Hannibal, and Spain became a Roman province C. In 146 B.C., the Third Punic War was fought. 1. The Romans destroyed Carthage and became the dominant power in the Mediterranean world.

Create a cartoon of the Punic Wars You will create a foldable according to the teachers instructions. You will create a cartoon for the Punic wars. Each drawing will be in chronological order and must show what took place during the 3 Punic wars. Each slide must have a caption which gives some insight into what is happening in the slide. (using bubbles to show talking is also acceptable) Each slide must also be colored (Remember your teacher is visual and loves COLOR!!!

IV. The End of the Roman Republic Political and social unrest led to civil wars, ending the Republic A. By the second century B.C., the Senate was in control of foreign and domestic policy of Rome, including financial affairs B. A small group of landed aristocrats began to gain more power and soon brought instability to the Roman Republic 1. Small farmers were forced off their lands 2. They moved to the city where they created a large class of poor 3. Large landed estates, latifundia, were created by the rich 4. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus tried to institute land reform but were murdered by a group of rich senators

Video: Why do you think the patricians would take the land of the farmers? How do you think this contributed to the fall of Rome?

IV. The End of the Roman Republic C. A change in the recruitment of soldiers also created problems 1. Soldiers seeking land swore allegiance to the general, not the state a. Giving military generals great power b. Generals commanded legions of soldiers 1) A legion consisted of 5,000 troops

IV. The End of the Roman Republic D. In 60 B.C., the First Triumvirate was formed to run the government 1. Triumvirate is a government by three people with equal power 2. The leaders of the triumvirate were Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar E. Julius Caesar illegally crossed the Rubicon River with his army 1. causing a civil war in which he defeated Pompey 2. He went into Rome because he felt Rome needed to be saved from the instability

IV. The End of the Roman Republic F. In 45 B.C., Julius Caesar was made dictator and controlled Rome 1. Dictator is an absolute ruler 2. Caesars land reform policies were unpopular with the rich 3. Members of the senate thought he wanted to be a king 4. He was assassinated by a group of senators in 44 B.C. 5. Rome plunged into civil war again

The Assassination of Julius Caesar Why do you think that the Senate killed Caesar? How do you think this contributed to the fall of Rome ?

IV. The End of the Roman Republic G. The Second Triumvirate was composed of Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus 1. Octavian and Antony soon came into conflict a. Antony joined forces with Cleopatra of Egypt b. After defeat, they committed suicide 2. Octavian soon became the sole ruler of the Roman Empire

Video: Why do you think Octavian was so successful in defeating Antony? Why do you think the Roman Republic came to and end?

V. The Beginning of the Roman Empire A. In 27 B.C., Octavian gave the Senate some power but became the first emperor of Rome 1. The Senate gave Octavian the title of Augustus, meaning the revered one 2. The Senate also gave Augustus the title of imperator a. Imperator means commander in chief

V. The Beginning of the Roman Empire B. Augustus new political system allowed the emperor to select his successor 1. The next four emperors came from his family 2. They became more powerful and corrupt C. Nero was a ruthless ruler 1. He blamed the burning of Rome on the Christians 2. He killed his own mother and also committed suicide 3. His death in 69 A.D. caused a civil war to break out

V. The Beginning of the Roman Empire D. Following the civil war, emperors were more tolerant 1. The time period known as the Pax Romana began a. Period of peace and prosperity 2. The building of roads and public works was undertaken to help the empire 3. The Roman Empire expanded to include Dacia, Mesopotamia, and the Sinai Peninsula 4. Trajan, one of the good emperors, strengthened his defenses along the Rhine and Danube Rivers in Europe 5. Hadrian built a wall in England to defend against the Scots

Hadrians Wall

V. The Beginning of the Roman Empire E. The empire at its height was one of the greatest the world has ever known F. Latin was the language of the western empire, whereas Greek was spoken in the east G. Roman culture spread through the empire and mixed with the existing Greek culture resulting in a Greco-Roman civilization Interactive Map of the Roman Empire and Celtic Lands

Roman Empire Map 1. Use map on page 158 2. Color the area of the Roman Empire and Create a Key and match it to key 3. Color the rest of the land area Brown 4. Color the water of Blue 5. Label the city of Rome and Byzantium 6. Label the area of Africa and Asia Minor 7. Label the waterways: Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea, North Sea, and Red Sea, and Atlantic Ocean Roman Empire

VI. Roman Arts and Literature The Romans spread Greco-Roman arts and culture throughout the empire A. Art and Architecture 1. The Romans borrowed heavily from Greek styles of art and architecture 2. Greek art and sculptures were highly prized by Romans 3. Unlike Greeks, Roman art depicted realistic forms

VI. Roman Arts and Literature B. The Romans constructed roads, bridges, and aqueducts throughout the empire 1. They used curved forms: arches, vaults, and domes 2. They used a new and better concrete on a massive scale 3. Built 50,000 miles of roads 4. Built dozens of aqueducts that brought water to the city of over one million people

The Pantheon

Roman Aqueduct

The Coliseum

VI. Roman Arts and Literature C. Literature 1. The Age of Augustus is known as the golden age of Latin Literature 2. Virgil wrote of the splendor of Rome a. His masterpiece was the Aeneid a. Aeneas was the ideal Roman whose virtues are duty, piety and faithfulness b. Romes gift was the art of ruling.

C. Literature 3. Horace wrote Satires about the Roman people a. Laughs at the weakness of humans 4. Livy wrote about the history of Rome, although his accuracy is often questioned a. The Early History of Rome b. 142 books that told stories about people and their character

VII. Life in Ancient Rome City life in ancient Rome had problems similar to life today A. Family Life 1. Roman households were headed by the paterfamiliasthe dominant male 2. Could sell his children into slavery or have them put to death 3. Absolute authority over wife 4. Over time this authority over the family declined

VII. Life in Ancient Rome B. Boys and girls were educated in Roman society 1. Greek slaves were often teachers for rich Romans 2. Upper-class girls were often sent to primary schools for their education 3. At the age of 12 to 14 boys entered secondary school while girls entered into marriage

VII. Life in Ancient Rome C. Women had considerable freedom and independence 1. They could not enter politics 2. They could own and sell property, attend theatre and races, and socialize 3. Women were not segregated from males 4. Marriage meant for life but divorce was possible for both male and

VII. Life in Ancient Rome D. Slaves 1. Slavery was common in the ancient world, and the Romans depended heavily on slave labor for household duties and the building of public works 2. Most people owned slaves and many were looked upon as part of the family household 3. Roman conquest brought about a change in the use of slaves 4. Greek slaves were used as tutors, musicians, doctors, and artists

D. Slavery 5. Some slaves were used for hard labor on farms and construction projects like roads and buildings a. These slaves were treated harshly b. Spartacus was a gladiator who led a slave revolt in 73 B.C. 1) Involved 70,000 slaves 2) Defeated several Roman armies 3) When finally captured, Spartacus and 6,000 followers were nailed to crosses lining the streets entering Rome

VII. Life in Ancient Rome E. Living Conditions 1. Rome was the cultural center of the Roman Empire 2. The large public buildings and magnificent architecture of the city was unequaled anywhere else in the empire a. The place to be if you wanted to become somebody 3. Very noisy and busy 4. No carts or wagons allowed in streets during the day because of congestion

VII. Life in Ancient Rome 5. A gap existed between the rich and the poor. a. The wealthy lived in comfortable villas the poor lived in apartment complexes called insulae b. Fire was very much a threat in the insulae c. Rooms often very crowded because of so many people living in them due to the high cost of rent 6. People often spent much of the time, even at night, outside 7. Conditions were not so great for the poor

VII. Life in Ancient Rome F. Starting with Augustus, emperors provided the poor with grain for bread G. The emperor provided the entertainment for the city 1. Horse and chariot races, theater performances, and gladiator fights 2. This was done to keep many poor preoccupied and their minds off of their terrible living conditions

An Example of a Roman Mosaic

Creating a Mosaic 1. On a sheet of paper, create your design. A simple geometric design is the easiest. Animals, birds, fish or objects such as bowls or pitchers are more difficult. 2. Copy your design on a piece of cardstock. 3. Take four sheets of colored paper and cut them into squares of about 1/8 th of an inch. 4. Spread glue all over youre the design on the cardstock. 5. Placed colored papers in your design.

VIII. Religion in the Roman Empire Prior to Christianity, Roman religion involved the worship of a number of gods and goddesses and the belief that Rome had earned the favor of the gods A. Although tolerant of other religions, the official religion of the Romans involved the worship of numerous gods and goddesses 1. They were not tolerant if other religions threatened public order or morals 2. Rituals guaranteed peace and prosperity

Religion in the Roman Empire B. Rome controlled the Jewish state of Judaea under the direction of an official called a procurator 1. The head Roman official of a province C. There was unrest in Judea among the Jews

Religion in the Roman Empire D. Four different groups of Jews had varying opinions on how to deal with Roman rule 1. The Sadducees favored cooperation with the Rome 2. The Pharisees believed observance of their religious laws would protect them from Roman influence 3. The Essenes waited for God to save Israel from oppression 4. The Zealots called for the violent overthrow of Roman Control E. A Jewish revolt was ended in A.D.70, and the Jewish temple in Jerusalem was destroyed

IX. The Rise of Christianity A. Jesus was a Jewish teacher who traveled and taught in Judaea and Galilee 1. Despite his adherence to the Law, Jesus primary emphasis was on the transformation of the inner person 2. Jesus taught ethical concepts such as humility, charity, and love towards one another 3. Jesus preaching led some to believe he would lead a revolution against Rome

The Rise of Christianity B. After Jesus death, apostles such as Simon Peter and Paul spread the message of Jesus to Jews and Gentiles 1. Paul founded Christian communities all along the shores of the Aegean Sea and Asia Minor C. The teachings of Jesus were passed on orally and, eventually, written down by his followers. These writings would become the core of the New Testament

The Rise of Christianity D. Even though the Romans tolerated other religions, Christianity was seen as dangerous to the state 1. Christians refused to worship the state gods a. This was seen as an act of treason punishable by death b. Christians saw this as worshipping false gods and endangering their own salvation.

The Rise of Christianity E. Persecutions of the Christians started under the reign of Nero F. Roman persecution of Christians strengthened Christianity 1. Fear of persecution meant only the most committed would choose to follow the faith 2. The structure of Christianity became more organized 3. Bishops emerged to control church communities 4. Clergy, church leaders, had distinct functions separate from the laity, or church members.

Video: What did Nero do after the fire? Why did he blame the Christians for the fire?

The Rise of Christianity G. Why was Christianity able to attract so many followers? 1. It was a personal religion and offered salvation to all. Doing so gave life meaning to many 2. The state-based religion was impersonal and existed for the good of Rome 3. It was similar to existing religions offering immortality 4. Christianity fulfilled the human need to belong 5. Christianity proved attractive to all classes, especially the poor and powerless

The Rise of Christianity H. The last great persecution of the Christians was under Emperor Diocletian 1. Even he recognized the strength of the Christian religion I. In the fourth century A.D., the Roman emperor Constantine became the first Christian emperor o He issued the Edict of Milan which proclaimed official tolerance of Christianity J. Theodosius the Great adopted Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire

Video: Who is this video about? Why do you think that Constantine reversed Diocletian's ban on Christianity? Why do you think Constantine declared he was a Christian?

X. The Decline Political upheavals, the plague, and the division of the empire led to its decline A. After the last of the five good emperors died in 180 A.D., a period of conflict, confusion, and civil wars followed B. Roman rulers relied on military strength to control the large empire C. From A.D. 235 to 284, the Roman throne was controlled by the person with the most military power D. The throne was occupied by 22 different rulers during this 50 year period 1. Most met a violent death

The Decline E. In the third century A.D., invasions, civil wars, and plague nearly caused an economic collapse of the empire 1. Plague created a shortage of labor and soldiers 2. Trade and farm production declined 3. Armies were needed more and more but cost a great deal of money 4. Sassanid Persians moved into Roman territory in the east 5. German tribes poured into Gaul, Spain and the Balkans

The Decline F. Two emperorsDiocletian and Constantine attempted to save the empire by changing the government structure, economic and social systems, and by implementing Christianity as the new state religion G. Diocletian ruled from 284 to 305 and split the empire into four regions 1. Enlarged the army 2. Created more civil service jobs 3. Created price and job freezes

The Decline H. Constantine ruled from 306 to 337 and created a new capital city in the east 1. The capital city was called Constantinople and was built on the site of the former Greek city of Byzantium on the shores of the Bosporus 2. Continued policies of Diocletian I. Spending large amounts of money to save the empire hurt the Roman economy and inflation appeared

XI. The Fall The migration of Germanic tribes helped bring an end to the Roman Empire A. To survive hard times, the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire 1. Western capital remained Rome 2. Eastern capital was Constantinople B. The Huns moved into Eastern Europe and pushed the Germanic Visigoths west across the Danube River 1. The Visigoths were initially Roman allies but revolted 2. They sacked the Roman capital in A.D. 410 C. The Vandals poured into Spain and North Africa 1. They captured Rome in A.D. 455

The Fall D. In A.D. 476, the western emperor Romulus Augustulus was deposed by the Germanic army 1. This marks the end of the Western Roman Empire 2. The Eastern Roman Empire remained a. It became known as the Byzantine Empire E. A.D. 476 is considered the end of the Roman Empire

The Fall F. There are many theories to propose the fall of the Roman Empire 1. The rise of Christianity weakened Roman military virtues

The Fall 2. Italian values decreased as the non-Italian population increased 3. Lead poisoning through lead cups and pipes caused a decline in the population 4. Plague weakened the Roman population 5. Slavery led to a decline to technology 6. Rome could not create a workable political system

I. The Land and Peoples of Italy Rome’s central location and geographic features made it a...

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