I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global...

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I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come determinante di salute Prof. Francesco CASTELLI, MD, FRCP (London), FFTM RCPS (Glasg), FESCMID Professore di Malattie Infettive Direttore, Clinica di Malattie Infettive e Tropicali UNESCO Chair Training and empowering human resources for health development in resources limited countries Università di Brescia

Transcript of I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global...

Page 1: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

I determinanti delle migrazioni ….… le migrazioni come determinante di salute

Prof. Francesco CASTELLI, MD, FRCP (London), FFTM RCPS (Glasg), FESCMID

Professore di Malattie Infettive

Direttore, Clinica di Malattie Infettive e Tropicali

UNESCO Chair Training and empowering human resources for health development in resources limited countries

Università di Brescia

Page 2: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

2017: 257.7 million

Page 3: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

Fonte: http://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html

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Source: UN DESA, 2015. www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates15.shtml, modified

International migrants by region of residence, 2015

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Africa Asia Europe Latin Americaand the

Carribean

NorternAmerica

Oceania

Million

Page 5: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

«Push» factors

«Pull» factors

«Choice» factors

Determinants of migration

or

«why do people migrate?»

Page 6: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

«Macro» factors

«Meso» factors

«Micro» factors

Determinants of migration

or

«why do people migrate?»

Page 7: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

Political

•Conflict, insecurity

•Discrimination

•Persecution

Demographic

•Population density

•Population structure

•Diseases prevalence

Economic

•Job opportunities

•Income

•Producer/consumer prices

Social

• Seeking education

• Family obligations

Environmental

• Exposure to hazard

• Food/water security

• Energy security

• Land productivity

Individual characteristics

•Age, sex, ethnicity

•Education, wealth

•Marital status•Religion, language

Obstacles/facilitators

•Political/legal framework

•Social networks/diasporic links

•Cost of moving

•Technology

Meso

Micro

Macro

Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science, London, modified

Complex drivers of migration: macro-, meso- and micro-factors

Page 8: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

1400 1600 1800 2000

1 billion

It took about 7 million years for the human

population to reach 1 billion. Then something

happened.

World population in year

1800

www.gapminder.org/teach Version: 12Free teaching material for a fact-based worldview

Sources: Biraben 1980; McEvedy & Jones 1978; UN World Pop. Prosp. 2012; combined by Gapminder.

Page 9: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

2 billion

1400 1600 1800 2000

In just 130 years it increased to

World population in year

1930

www.gapminder.org/teach Version: 12Free teaching material for a fact-based worldview

Sources: Biraben 1980; McEvedy & Jones 1978; UN World Pop. Prosp. 2012; combined by Gapminder.

Page 10: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

3 billion30 years later

1400 1600 1800 2000

World population in year

1960

www.gapminder.org/teach Version: 12Free teaching material for a fact-based worldview

Sources: Biraben 1980; McEvedy & Jones 1978; UN World Pop. Prosp. 2012; combined by Gapminder.

Page 11: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

4 billion14 years later

1400 1600 1800 2000

World population in year

1974

www.gapminder.org/teach Version: 12Free teaching material for a fact-based worldview

Sources: Biraben 1980; McEvedy & Jones 1978; UN World Pop. Prosp. 2012; combined by Gapminder.

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5 billion13 years later

1400 1600 1800 2000

World population in year

1987

www.gapminder.org/teach Version: 12Free teaching material for a fact-based worldview

Sources: Biraben 1980; McEvedy & Jones 1978; UN World Pop. Prosp. 2012; combined by Gapminder.

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1400 1600 1800 2000

6 billion12 years later

World population in year

1999

www.gapminder.org/teach Version: 12Free teaching material for a fact-based worldview

Sources: Biraben 1980; McEvedy & Jones 1978; UN World Pop. Prosp. 2012; combined by Gapminder.

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7 billion12 years later

World population in year

2011

1400 1600 1800 2000

www.gapminder.org/teach Version: 12Free teaching material for a fact-based worldview

Sources: Biraben 1980; McEvedy & Jones 1978; UN World Pop. Prosp. 2012; combined by Gapminder.

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1400 1600 1800 2000

UN World

Population

Forecast Billion people

2

4

6

8

10

12

1

3

5

7

9

11

www.gapminder.org/teach Version: 12Free teaching material for a fact-based worldview

Sources: Biraben 1980; McEvedy & Jones 1978; UN World Pop. Prosp. 2012; combined by Gapminder.

In 2100 there will probably be somewhere around 11

billion people

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https://www.gapminder.org/videos/will-saving-poor-children-lead-to-overpopulation/

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Health force working in the world

http://www.worldmapper.org/display.php?selected=219

Physicians:

Italy (2014) 394/100.000USA (2013): 255/100.000Tanzania (2012: 3/100.000

Nurses/midwifes:

USA (2004): 988/100.000Italy (2014) 647/100.000Tanzania (2012: 43/100.000

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Rural-urban distribution of healthcare providers

Source: WHO, 2006http://www.who.int/whr/2006/whr06_en.pdf

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In the year 2000, climate changes have caused more than 150.000 deaths, alloccurring in the poorest part of the world population, producing only 3% of greenhouse emissions

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Lake Chad was about 25,000 square kilometers in surface area back in 1963. Now the lake is about one-twentieth the size it was in the mid 1960s

According to the United Nations, in Africa alone, climaticchanges may force 70 million people to migrate by the year2030

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Two hours walk to the Health Center …

Economic migrants, refugees, asylum seekers… whom are we speaking about? Migration patterns over time

Outline spectrum of health needs and variation by migrant group

Page 25: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

Courtesy Eng. G. Guariso

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Page 29: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

Political

•Conflict, insecurity

•Discrimination

•Persecution

Demographic

•Population density

•Population structure

•Diseases prevalence

Economic

•Job opportunities

•Income

•Producer/consumer prices

Social

• Seeking education

• Family obligations

Environmental

• Exposure to hazard

• Food/water security

• Energy security

• Land productivity

Individual characteristics

•Age, sex, ethnicity

•Education, wealth

•Marital status•Religion, language

Obstacles/facilitators

•Political/legal framework

•Social networks/diasporic links

•Cost of moving

•Technology

Meso

Micro

Macro

Migrate

Stay

Finaldecision

Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science, London, modified

Complex drivers of migration: macro-, meso- and micro-factors

Page 30: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

https://www.google.it/search?q=enea&espv=2&biw=1440&bih=849&site=webhp&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAwo_amo3KAhXHXhoKHb8IBLIQ_AUIBygC&dpr=1.5#imgrc=i1EFXq0ervCM4M%3A

Page 31: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

Arrivi via mare in Italia

Marzo 2016, Accordo UE-Turchia

Febbraio 2017, Accordo di Malta

Fonte: UNHCR (visitato il 13.3.2018)

http://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean

Page 32: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

Variazione annuale della popolazione residente di cittadinanza italiana e straniera – Italia Dati ISTAT 1 gennaio 2008-2018, valori in migliaia

Fonte: ISTAT, Indicatori demografici, 2017, 8 febbraio 2018, pagina 10, http://www.istat.it/it/archivio/208951 (accesso il 13.3.2018)

Page 33: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

Stranieri residenti in Italia

• N = 5.065.000 (8,4% della popolazione residente)

• Genere femminile = 52,4%

• Provenienza europea = 51,7%

• Primi 5 paesi:

• Romania, Albania, Marocco, Cina, Ucraina

• Religione = cristiana 53,3%, musulmana 32,6%

Fonte: Centro Studi e Ricerche IDOS, Dossier statistico immigrazione, 2017, pagina 13

Page 34: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Migration_and_migrant_population_statistics

Age structure of the national and non-national populations, EU-28, 1 January 2016 (%)

Page 35: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

Non communicable diseases in migrants

• Prevalence of risk factors and disease in the country of origin

• Genetic factors

• Lifestyle and behavior

• Cultural factors

• Access to prevention and care

Page 36: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

Determinanti di salute

Determinanti prossimali

Determinanti sociali

Page 37: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

Determinanti di salute

Determinanti sociali

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11%

44%

35%

10%

39%

44%

15%

2%

16%

46%

30%

9%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

laurea

media superiore

media inferiore

nessuna/elementare

ITA

PSA

PFPM

PSA = paese di sviluppo avanzato

PFPM = paese a forte pressione migratoria

Istruzione Sistema PASSI 2008-2016

334.567 interviste a persone tra 18 e

69 anni di età di cui 15.277 a stranieri

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Difficoltà economiche

(su tutti i lavoratori italiani e stranieri)

35-49 anni

50-69 anni

Donne

Sc. Medie inf

Dip sup.

Laurea

Lavoro non regolare

Centro Italia

Sud Italia

PSA

PFPM UE

PFPM Altra Europa

PFPM Nord Africa

PFPM sub-Sahara

PFPM Asia

PFPM America

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

35-49 anni

50-69 anni

Donne

Sc. Medie inf

Dip sup.

Laurea

Centro Italia

Sud Italia

PSA

PFPM UE

PFPM Altra Europa

PFPM Nord Africa

PFPM sub-Sahara

PFPM Asia

PFPM America

Paura di perdere il lavoro

(su tutti i lavoratori regolari italiani e stranieri)

Lavoro

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Lavoro

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2%

25%

48%

26%

13%

42%

35%

10%

6%

39%

41%

14%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

molto facilmente

abbastanza facilmente

con qualche difficoltà

con molte difficoltà

ITAPSAPFPM

PSA = paese di sviluppo avanzato

PFPM = paese a forte pressione migratoria

Situazione economica

Arriva a fine mese

Page 43: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

Determinanti di salute

Determinanti prossimali

Page 44: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

Cosa mangiano gli immigrati?

, Fonte: Alessio Petrelli Anteo Di Napoli, Alessandra Rossi, Daniele Spizzichino, Gianfranco Costanzo, Monica Perez, Sovrappeso e obesità nella popolazione immigrata adulta residente in Italia, Epidemiol Prev 2017; 41 (3-4) Suppl 1: 26-32.

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Fumo

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

35-49 anni

50-69 anni

Donne

Sc. Medie inf

Dip superiore

Laurea

Abb. Facilmente*

Qualche difficoltà

Molte difficoltà

Lavoro non regolare

Non lavoro

Centro Italia

Sud Italia

PSA

PFPM Europa

PFPM Nord Africa

PFPM sub-Sahara

PFPM America

PFPM Asia

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

* non significativo

Alcool

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Sedentarietà

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

35-49 anni

50-69 anni

Donne

Sc. Medie inf

Dip superiore

Laurea

Abb. facilmente

Qualche difficoltà

Molte difficoltà

Centro Italia

Sud Italia

PSA

PFPM Europa

PFPM Nord Africa

PFPM sub-Sahara

PFPM America

PFPM Asia

Restringendo l’analisi ai soli stranieri PFPM restano significative:

l’età, il genere, la scolarità (alta)

• Vivere in Centro Italia diventa un fattore protettivo

• Aver vissuto in Italia per almeno 10 anni è un aspetto che

accresce la probabilità di essere sovrappeso/obesi

58%

69%

60%55%

59%

64%68%

32%

24%

30%34%

31%28% 27%

10%7%

10% 11% 10% 8%5%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Italiani PSA PFPM-Europa PFPM-Nord Africa PFPM-Africa sub-

Sahara

PFPM-America PFPM-Asia

sotto/normopeso sovrappeso obeso

Eccesso ponderale

Page 47: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

Impact of migration on coronary heart disease risk factors: comparison of Gujaratis in Britain and their contemporaries in

villages of origin in India

Randomly sampled Gujaratis aged 25–79 yrs living in Sandwell (n = 242) age-, gender- and caste-matched remaining in their villages of origin in Navsari, India (n = 295).

Patel et al Atherosclerosis 185 (2006) 297–306

Economic migrants, refugees, asylum seekers… whom are we speaking about? Migration patterns over time

Outline spectrum of health needs and variation by migrant group

Page 48: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

Ethnic origin and cardiovascular risk

Anand SS et al. Differences in risk factors, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease between ethnic groups in Canada: the Study of Health Assessment and Risk in Ethnic groups (SHARE)

Page 49: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

Coronary artery disease

*Harding S, Rosato M. Heart 2008;94:463–470.

Page 50: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

Ethnicity and Blood Pressure in Europe

Modesti PA et al. (2016) PLoS ONE 11(1): e0147601.

South Asian

SubsaharanAfrica

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Low adherence to anti-hypertensive treatment Database Regione Lombardia

Mancia G et al J Hypertens 2014, 32:1708–1716

• Younger age• Women• Depression• Co-morbidities (cancer, dementia, respiratory and rheumatologic diseases)

• Immigrants• No relationship with income

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Disparities in type 2 diabetes prevalence among ethnicminority groups resident in Europe:

a systematic review and meta-analysis

SubSaharian Africa

Meeks K et al Intern Emerg Med (2016) 11:327–340

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Mortality rate ratios (MRRs) combined for men and women in 6 European countries,

by region of origin and cause of death

Eur J Epidemiol (2016) 31:655–665

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31%

52%

39%

54%

27%

47%

40% 40%

21%

41%

26%

47%

15%

35%

20%

45%

16%

29%

21%

34%

26%

48%

32%

40%

16%

30%

18%

38%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Attività fisica Perdere peso (in eccesso ponderale) Attività fisica (in eccesso ponderale) Smettere fumare (fumatori)

Italiani PSAPFPM-Europa PFPM-Nord AfricaPFPM-Africa sub-Sahara PFPM-AmericaPFPM-Asia

Consigli degli operatori sanitari per cittadinanza

• Al netto di età, genere, istruzione, situazione economica e luogo di residenza la cittadinanza ha un effetto rispetto ai consigli che gli operatori sanitari danno alle persone.

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Increased risk of virological failure to the first antiretroviral regimen in HIV-infected migrants

Saracino A et al, CMI, 2016

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Casi di tubercolosi in Italia - anni 1955-2015

Source Ministero della salute 2017.http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/news/p3_2_1_1_1.jsp?lingua=italiano&menu=notizie&p=dalministero&id=2873

Page 60: I determinanti delle migrazioni …. … le migrazioni come ......Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science,

Source ECDC/EURO TB report 2014

Numero di casi di TB in Italia 2007 - 2012

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KAP survey on malaria preventive measures of migrants

Scolari et al., JTM, 2002

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In sintesi…

• Stranieri PFPM svantaggiati dal punto di vista socio-economico

• Stili di vita:

• Maggiore sedentarietà

• Stranieri Est-Europa: maggiore fumo

• No differenza o minore consumo di alcol

• Modesto aumento del rischio per eccesso ponderale

• Complessivamente, determinanti di salute meno favorevoli

• Meno consigli su stili di vita da parte degli operatori sanitari

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Tuttavia, salute percepita positivamente …

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

35-49 anni

50-69 anni

Donne

Sc. Medie inf

Dip superiore

Laurea

Abb. facilmente

Qualche difficoltà

Molte difficoltà

Lavoro non regolare

Non lavoro

Centro Italia

Sud Italia*

Presenza patologie

PSA

PFPM Europa

PFPM Nord Africa

PFPM sub-Sahara

PFPM Asia/ America

* non significativo

Controllando per età, genere, istruzione,

situazione economica, situazione lavorativa,

luogo di residenza e presenza di patologie, la

cittadinanza influenza la percezione della

propria salute

I cittadini stranieri (PSA e PFPM) hanno

maggiore probabilità di “sentirsi molto

bene o bene” rispetto ai cittadini italiani

Restringendo l’analisi ai solo stranieri PFPM

restano significative: l’età, il genere, la scolarità

(laurea), la situazione economica, il lavoro non

continuativo, il vivere in Centro Italia e la

presenza di patologie

Non influisce il numero di anni vissuti in Italia

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Petrelli A. et al. Lo stato di salute percepito della popolazione immigrata in Italia, Epidemiol Prev 2017; 41 (3-4) Suppl 1: 11-17

Probabilità di avere una peggiore salute fisica

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Probabilità di avere una peggiore salute mentale

Petrelli A. et al. Lo stato di salute percepito della popolazione immigrata in Italia, Epidemiol Prev 2017; 41 (3-4) Suppl 1: 11-17

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Le migrazioni come determinante di salute- Effetto migrante sano effetto migrante esausto- Determinanti di salute sfavorevoli per stranieri- Transizione epidemiologica – malattie croniche