Hypnosis. A social interaction in which a hypnotist makes suggestions about perceptions, feelings,...
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Transcript of Hypnosis. A social interaction in which a hypnotist makes suggestions about perceptions, feelings,...
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Hypnosis
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Hypnosis• A social interaction in which a hypnotist
makes suggestions about perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors, and the subject follows those suggestions
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Social Influence Theory
• Theory that powerful social influences produce a state of hypnosis.
• This theory notes that a person’s physiological state does not change under hypnosis.
• Social factors influence people to believe hypnosis will work.
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What is Hypnosis?:Divided
Consciousness Theory
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Divided Consciousness Theory
• Theory that during hypnosis our consciousness splits so that one aspect of consciousness is not aware of the role that other parts are playing.
• Promoted by Ernest Hilgard (1904-2001)
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Hypnotic Techniques
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Hypnotic Induction• The process by which a hypnotist creates a
state of hypnosis in a subject• Usually done by voicing a series of
suggestions• Voice is usually calm and of a rhythmic tone
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Hypnotizability
• Differences in the ability of people to become hypnotized
• Varies from person to person• Varies from situation to situation
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Hypnotizability
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Limits to Hypnotic Suggestions
• Suggestions usually involve sensations, thoughts, emotions, and a wide variety of behaviors.
• Hypnosis does not cause behaviors.• Hypnosis can lead people to certain
behaviors but so can ordinary suggestions.
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Posthypnotic Suggestions
• Hypnotic suggestion that the subject will carry out after the hypnosis session has ended
• Technique can be used to encourage helpful behavior changes, such as stopping smoking or losing weight.
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Hypnotic Amnesia
• Inability to remember what happened during hypnosis because the hypnotist suggests that the subject will have no memory of that period of time
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Applications of Hypnosis:
Hypnosis and Pain Control
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Pain and Hypnosis
• Hypnosis does work as a means to control pain.
• Has a number of practical applications
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Drugs
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Psychoactive Drug
• Chemical substance that alters perceptions, mood, or behavior
• Three common psychoactive drugs:– Caffeine– Alcohol– Nicotine
• Induce an altered state of consciousness
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Dependence
• State of physiological, psychological or both types of need to take more of a drug after continued use.
• Withdrawal follows if the drug is discontinued
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Withdrawal
• Discomfort and distress that follow when a person who is dependent on a drug discontinues the use of that drug
• Withdrawal symptoms are usually the reverse of the drug’s effects.
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Tolerance
• Reduced responsiveness to a drug, prompting the user to larger dosages to achieve the same pleasurable effects previously obtained by lower doses
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Tolerance
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Alcohol:A Depressant
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Depressants
• Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functioning
• Includes alcohol and sedatives
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Alcohol (ethyl alcohol)
• Found in beer, wine, and liquor• The second most used psychoactive
drug (caffeine first)• Slows thinking, and impairs physical
activity
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Blood Alcohol Content (BAC)
• A measure of how much alcohol is in a person’s bloodstream
• BAC of .08 considered legal intoxication in most states
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Euphoric Affects of Alcohol
• Alcohol impairs the parts of the brain responsible for controlling inhibitions and making judgments
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Alcohol, Memory, and Sleep
• Studies have shown that alcohol impairs memory by suppressing the processing of events into long term memory.
• Alcohol impairs REM sleep, further disrupting memory storage.
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Alcoholism
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Stimulants
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Stimulants
• Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
• Include: caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine
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Caffeine• Stimulant found in coffee,
chocolate, tea, and some soft drinks
• Provides user with a sense of increased energy, mental alertness, and forced wakefulness
• Blocks neurological receptor sites that, if activated, sedate the central nervous system
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Nicotine
• Stimulant found in tobacco• Effects similar to those of caffeine• Very addictive and does not stay in the
body very long
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Cocaine
• Stimulant derived from leaves of the coca plant
• Crack – cocaine crystals• Blocks the reuptake of certain
neurotransmitters• Dependency is quick and severe; places
extreme strain on cardiovascular system
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Amphetamines
• Drugs that stimulate neural activity, speeding up body functions
• Include increased energy and mood changes
• Includes: speed, uppers, and methamphetamines
• Mimic adrenaline• Can cause irreversible changes in mood
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Hallucinogens
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Hallucinogens
• Psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
• Include: LSD and ecstasy• Sometimes called “psychedelics”
meaning mind-manifesting
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Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
• Powerful hallucinogenic drug• Also known as “acid”• The effects vary from person to person• Users can be dangerous to themselves
and others.
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Ecstasy
• Hallucinogenic drug that produces lower inhibitions, pleasant feelings, and greater acceptance of others
• Also called MDMA• Even moderate users may experience
permanent brain damage.
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Marijuana
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Marijuana
• Leaves, stems, resin, and flowers form the hemp plant that, when smoked, lower inhibitions and produce feelings of relaxation and mild euphoria
• THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the active ingredient
• Disrupts memory; lung damage from smoke
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10 mg of Caffeine
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