Integrated Hydrometer System for Fermentation Testing and Control
Hydrometer Report
-
Upload
middle-east -
Category
Documents
-
view
234 -
download
1
Transcript of Hydrometer Report
-
8/12/2019 Hydrometer Report
1/24
Laboratory 2Hydrometer Analysis
Atterberg Limits
Sand Equivalent Test
INTRODUCTION
Grain size analysis is widely used for the classification of soils and for specifications of soil
for airfields, roads, earth dams, and other soil embankment construction. The hydrometer
analysis determines the relative proportions of fine sand, silt and clay contained in a given soil
sample. A knowledge of the range of moisture content over which a soil will exhibit a certain
consistency is beneficial to the understanding of how a soil might behave when used as a
construction material. The Atterberg limits, which include the liquid limit and plastic limit, are
readily accepted in the engineering community as an objective measure of consistency.When coarse soil particles (sand and gravel) are used as a construction material, their
suitability and behavior is influenced by the amount of clay fines that may be present after
processing. The Sand equivalent test, developed to provide and indication of the clay content
of a coarse aggregate, may be used as an indicator for specification compliance.
HYDROMETER ANALYSIS
A hydrometer analysis is required to determine the particle size distribution for that portion of
the soil which passes through a No. 200 sieve (0.075 mm). The test is conducted on that
fraction of a soil sample which passes through a No. 10 sieve (2 mm); however the sand
-
8/12/2019 Hydrometer Report
2/24
f f
Prior to the conduct of the hydrometer test, the hydrometer bulb (151 H) is calibrated to the
dispersing solution and prevalent test temperatures. This is simply accomplished by obtaining
hydrometer readings in a 5g/l sodium hexametaphosphate solution at two or moretemperatures. The 151 H hydrometer bulb is manufactured to provide a reading of 1.000
when placed in pure distilled water at 21 oC. Because the sodium hexametaphosphate
solution has a specific gravity greater than 1, a hydrometer reading in excess of 1.000 will be
obtained. The difference between this reading and unity is considered as a composite
correction factor which is applied to all subsequent hydrometer readings of the soil-water
suspension.
To provide reasonably accurate results, a soil sample must be completely broken down into
individual soil grain prior to testing. This is accomplished by thorough wetting and mixing of
the soil in a dispersing agent. A concentrated solution of water and sodium
hexametaphosphate (40g/l) is used for this purpose. After complete dispersion, the soil-water
suspension is introduced into a 1 litre settlement tube and diluted with distilled water such that
the resulting sodium hexametaphosphate solution a concentration of 5g/l. Successive, timed
measurements of the specific gravity of the soil-water suspension, using a calibrated
hydrometer bulb, provides an indication of the maximum size of a soil particle still insuspension and the proportion of soil fines still in suspension. These values are then used to
compute the percent of soil by weight finer than a given diameter.
ATTERBERG LIMITS
When clay minerals are present in fine grained soil, the soil can be remolded in the presence
of some moisture without crumbling. In the early 1900's, a Swedish soil scientist named Albert
Atterberg proposed a set of six rather arbitrary states of soil moisture content to assist
agriculturists in determining field agricultural conditions. He termed the divisions between
these six states as limits, known as the shrinkage, cohesive, sticky, plastic and liquid
-
8/12/2019 Hydrometer Report
3/24
Unlike finer soil particles, gravels and sands do not possess the required cohesiveness which
permits the Atterberg limits tests to be performed. However, the finer sands and silts often
contain sufficient clay coatings to permit the tests to be successfully completed. Thus theAtterberg tests are performed on only that soil fraction which passes through a No. 40 sieve
(0.425 mm).
Shrinkage Limit
The shrinkage limit is defined as the moisture content at which no further volume change
(reduction) occurs with a further reduction in moisture content. An alternative definition defines
the shrinkage limit as the moisture content representing the amount of water required to fill the
voids in a given cohesive soil at its minimum void ratio obtained by drying.
Plastic Limit
The plastic limit is defined as the moisture content at which a soil thread just begins to crack
and crumble when rolled to a diameter of 1/8" (3 mm).
Liquid Limit
The liquid limit is defined as the moisture content at which a 2-mm-wide groove in a soil pat
will close for a distance of " (12.5 mm) when dropped 25 times in a standard brass cup,
falling 1 cm each time at a rate of 2 drops per second.
SAND EQUIVALENT TEST
-
8/12/2019 Hydrometer Report
4/24
CEEN 162 - Geotechnical Engineering - Laboratory Session No. 2
Grain Size Determination (Hydrometer Method), Atterberg Limits, Sand Equivalent Test
OBJECTIVE: To obtain data necessary for the classification of a soil.
EQUIPMENT: 151H Hydrometer bulb, scale, sodium hexametaphosphate dispersion solution, mixing
apparatus, beaker, sedimentation cylinder, thermometer, liquid limit device, porcelain dish, spatula, balance,
moisture content cans, glass plate, distilled water, drying oven, sand equivalent apparatus, working calcium
chloride solution.
REFERENCE SPECIFICATIONS: ASTM D 422-63, D 2419-74
LAB PROCEDURES:
Part 1 - Hydrometer Calibration (Data Sheet 1)
1. Select and clean a 151H hydrometer bulb and record the identifier number.
2. Obtain hydrometer calibration readings in each of the the 1 L graduated cylinders filled with a 5g/L
solution of sodium hexametaphosphate in distilled water. Record the temperature of the solutions to
0.5 oC.
Part 2 - Sedimentation Test (Data Sheet 2)
1. Obtain a 100 g sample of air-dried soil (minus #10 soil from Lab 1) and place in a 400-mL beaker.
Cover with 125 mL of concentrated sodium hexametaphosphate solution (40g/L). Stir until the soil is
thoroughly wetted and allow to soak for at least 15 minutes. After soaking transfer the soil-water slurry
from the beaker into the dispersion cup, washing any residue from the beaker with distilled water. Add
distilled water, if necessary, to fill the dispersion cup approximately half full. Mix the suspension in
the mixer for 1 min.
2. Immediately after mixing, wash the specimen into a 1 L graduated cylinder and add enough distilledwater to bring level to the 1 L mark.
3. Mix soil and water in cylinder by placing a rubber stopper over the open end and turning the graduate
id d d b k f 1 i Th b f t d i thi i t h ld b 60
-
8/12/2019 Hydrometer Report
5/24
CEEN 162 - Geotechnical Engineering - Laboratory Session No. 2
Grain Size Determination (Hydrometer Method), Atterberg Limits, Sand Equivalent Test
3. Place the 200 g of soil on a glass plate and add about 15 ml of distilled water. Mix soil and water
thoroughly using an alternate of repeated stirring, kneading and chopping action with the spatula.
Continue adding water at the rate of 1 to 3 milliliter increments and thoroughly mix each increment into
the soil before adding the next. Enough water should be thoroughly mixed to produce a consistency
that will require 25 to 35 drops of the cup to cause the groove to close.
4. Place a portion of the prepared soil mixture in the cup of the liquid limit device at the point where the
cup rests on the base, squeeze it down, and spread it into the cup to a depth of about 10 mm at its
deepest point, tapering it to form an approximately horizontal surface. Take care to eliminate airbubbles from the soil pat but form the pat with as few strokes as possible. Heap the unused soil on
the glass plate and cover with an inverted storage dish or wet towel.
5. Form a groove in the soil pat by drawing the tool through the soil on a line joining the highest point to
the lowest point on the rim of the cup. Hold the grooving toll against the surface of the cup and draw
in an arc, maintaining the tool perpendicular to the surface of the cup. Avoid tearing the sides of the
soil groove and do not permit the soil pat to slide in the cup. Up to six strokes are permitted to form
the groove.
6. Using a continual motion of the crank, lift and drop the cup at the rate of two drops per second. Record
the number of drops of the cup required to cause the two halves of the soil pat to flow together for a
distance of 13 mm (1/2 in).
7. Remove a slice of soil approximately the width of the spatula, extending from edge to edge of the soil
cake at right angles to the groove and including that portion of the groove in which the soil flowed
together. Record the mass of the moist soil and moisture tin to the nearest 0.01g. Place the tin in
a drying oven.
8. Return the soil remaining in the cup to the glass plate. Wash and dry the cup and grooving tool and
reattach the cup to the carriage. Remix the entire soil specimen on the glass plate adding distilled
water to increase the water content of the soil and decrease the number of blows required to close the
t b t 20 t 30 bl
-
8/12/2019 Hydrometer Report
6/24
CEEN 162 - Geotechnical Engineering - Laboratory Session No. 2
Grain Size Determination (Hydrometer Method), Atterberg Limits, Sand Equivalent Test
2. From the 20 g mass, select a portion of 1.5 to 2.0 g and form into an ellipsoid. Cover the remaining
soil with a moist towel. Roll this mass between the palm or fingers and the glass plate with just
sufficient pressure to roll the mass into a thread of uniform diameter throughout its length. When the
diameter of the thread becomes 3 mm, break the thread into several pieces. Squeeze the pieces
together, knead between the thumb and first finger of each hand, reform into an ellipsoid, an re-roll.
Continue to alternate rolling, gathering, kneading, and re-rolling until the thread crumbles under the
pressure required for rolling and the soil can no longer be rolled into a 3 mm diameter thread.
3.Gather the portions of the crumbled thread together and place in a moisture tin and immediately cover.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the moisture tin contains at least 6 g of moist soil. Record the mass of
the moist soil and tin (without cover) to the nearest 0.01g. Place the moist soil and tin in a drying
oven.
5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 to produce another moisture tin containing at least 6 g of soil. Record the
mass of the moist soil and tin (without cover) to the nearest 0.01g. Place the moist soil and tin in a
drying oven.
6. Record the mass of the oven dried soil and moisture tin to the nearest 0.01g.
Part 5 - Sand Equivalent Test (Data Sheet 4)
1. Obtain a 500 g sample of soil passing the No. 4 sieve. Fill one tin measure to the brim or slightly
rounded above the brim.
2. Siphon approximately 4 in of working calcium chloride solution into the plastic cylinder. Pour the soil
sample into the cylinder using the funnel to avoid spillage. Allow the wetted specimen and cylinder
to stand for approximately 10 min.
3. After the 10 min soaking period, hold the cylinder in a horizontal position and shake vigorously in a
horizontal linear motion from end to end. Shake the cylinder 90 cycles (back and forth motion) in
i t l 30 d i th f 9 i h
-
8/12/2019 Hydrometer Report
7/24
P '1000 G
SP
10
MS
R & 1
GS & 1
D ' K L
T
CEEN 162 - Geotechnical Engineering - Laboratory Session No. 2
Grain Size Determination (Hydrometer Method), Atterberg Limits, Sand Equivalent Test
CALCULATIONS:
1. Using the hydrometer calibration data from Data Sheet 1, prepare a linear plot of the composite
correction factor vs temperature and develop an equation to predict the composite correction factor for
any intermediate temperature. Using the equation below, complete Data Sheet 2 to determine the grain
size distribution of the soil sample. Plot these results in combination with Lab 1 dry sieve data and
develop a single, smooth grain size distribution curve for the soil sample.
The percentage (P) of soil remaining in suspension and the largest diameter (D) of soil in suspension
at the level of the hydrometer are calculated as:
where: P = percentage of soil in suspension, %
GS= specific gravity of soil particles (Lab 1)
P10= percent of original soil sample which passes No.10 sieve (Lab 1)
Ms= dry mass of soil, g
R = corrected hydrometer reading (hydrometer reading - composite correction factor)
D = diameter of soil particle, mm
K = constant depending temperature and specific gravity of the soil (Table 1)L = effective depth, equal to the distance from the surface of the suspension to the level at which
the density of the suspension is being measured, cm (Table 2).T = time of hydrometer reading, min.
-
8/12/2019 Hydrometer Report
8/24
CEEN 162 - Geotechnical Engineering - Laboratory Session No. 2
Grain Size Determination (Hydrometer Method), Atterberg Limits, Sand Equivalent Test
DATA SHEET 1
HYDROMETER CALIBRATION DATA
HydrometerReading
Temperature of 5g/L
SodiumHexametaphosphate
Solution
C
CompositeCorrection
Factor
SOIL DATA
Weight of Beaker, g
Weight of Beaker + Dried Soil, g
Weight of Dried Soil, g (Ms)
P10(Lab 1)
-
8/12/2019 Hydrometer Report
9/24
9
CEEN 162 - Geotechnical Engineering - Laboratory Session No. 2Grain Size Determination (Hydrometer Method), Atterberg Limits, Sand Equivalent Test
DATA SHEET 2
TimeElapsed
Timemin
Hydrom.Reading
TempoC
Comp.Corr.
Factor
Corr.Hydrom.Reading
R
KFactor
(Table 1)
EffectiveDepth
(Table 2)L
Percent ofSoil in
Suspension
ParticleDiameter
mm
-
8/12/2019 Hydrometer Report
10/24
CEEN 162 - Geotechnical Engineering
Laboratory Session No. 3 - Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit Tests
LAB DATA SHEET 3
LIQUID LIMIT TESTS
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Moisture Tin Number
Moisture Tin Wt, g
Number of Drops
Wt. Wet Soil + Tin, g
Wt. Oven-Dry Soil + Tin, g
Calculations
Wt. Water, g
Wt. Oven-Dry Soil, g
Moisture Content, w,%
PLASTIC LIMIT TESTS
Trial 1 Trial 2
-
8/12/2019 Hydrometer Report
11/24
CEEN 162 - Geotechnical Engineering - Laboratory Session No. 2
Grain Size Determination (Hydrometer Method), Atterberg Limits, Sand Equivalent Test
DATA SHEET 4
SAND EQUIVALENT DATA
Soil
Sample
Clay
Readinginch
Sand
Readinginch
Sand
Equivalent(1)
100% S
95%S - 5%C
90%S - 10%C
Lab Sample
(1) Sand Equivalent = 100% x (Sand Reading / Clay Reading)
-
8/12/2019 Hydrometer Report
12/24
12
Table 1: Values of K for Computing Particle Diameter in Suspension
TemperatureoC
Gs
2.45 2.50 2.55 2.60 2.65 2.70 2.75 2.80
16 0.01510 0.01505 0.01481 0.01457 0.01435 0.01414 0.01394 0.01374
17 0.01511 0.01486 0.01462 0.01439 0.01417 0.01396 0.01376 0.01356
18 0.01492 0.01467 0.01443 0.01421 0.01399 0.01378 0.01359 0.01339
19 0.01474 0.01449 0.01425 0.01403 0.01382 0.01361 0.01342 0.01323
20 0.01456 0.01431 0.01408 0.01386 0.01365 0.01344 0.01325 0.01307
21 0.01438 0.01414 0.01391 0.01369 0.01348 0.01328 0.01309 0.01291
22 0.01421 0.01397 0.01374 0.01353 0.01332 0.01312 0.01294 0.0127623 0.01404 0.01381 0.01358 0.01337 0.01317 0.01297 0.01279 0.01261
24 0.01388 0.01365 0.01342 0.01321 0.01301 0.01282 0.01264 0.01246
25 0.01372 0.01349 0.01327 0.01306 0.01286 0.01267 0.01249 0.01232
26 0.01357 0.01334 0.01312 0.01291 0.01272 0.01253 0.01235 0.01218
27 0.01342 0.01319 0.01297 0.01277 0.01258 0.01239 0.01221 0.01204
28 0.01327 0.01304 0.01283 0.01264 0.01244 0.01225 0.01208 0.01191
29 0.01312 0.01290 0.01269 0.01249 0.01230 0.01212 0.01195 0.01178
30 0.01298 0.01276 0.01256 0.01236 0.01217 0.01199 0.01182 0.01165
-
8/12/2019 Hydrometer Report
13/24
Table 2: Effective Depth vs 151 H Hydrometer Reading
Corrected
Hydrometer
Reading
Effective
Depth, L
(cm)
Corrected
Hydrometer
Reading
Effective
Depth, L
(cm)
1.000 16.3 1.020 11.0
1.001 16.0 1.021 10.7
1.002 15.8 1.022 10.5
1.003 15.5 1.023 10.2
1.004 15.2 1.024 10.0
1.005 15.0 1.025 9.7
1.006 14.7 1.026 9.4
1.007 14.4 1.027 9.2
1.008 14.2 1.028 8.9
1.009 13.9 1.029 8.6
1.010 13.7 1.030 8.4
1.011 13.4 1.031 8.1
1.012 13.1 1.032 7.8
1.013 12.9 1.033 7.6
1.014 12.6 1.034 7.3
1 015 12 3 1 035 7 0
-
8/12/2019 Hydrometer Report
14/24
-
8/12/2019 Hydrometer Report
15/24
15
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Grain Size, mm
%P
assing
CEEN 162 - Hydrometer Test Results
-
8/12/2019 Hydrometer Report
16/24
16
1 10 100
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
Drops
WaterCon
tent,%
CEEN 162 - Liquid Limit Test Results
25
-
8/12/2019 Hydrometer Report
17/24
CEEN 162 - Geotechnical Engineering - Laboratory Session No. 2
Grain Size Determination (Hydrometer Method), Atterberg Limits, Sand Equivalent Test
EXAMPLE DATA SHEET 1
HYDROMETER CALIBRATION
Hydrometer
Reading
Temperature of Sodium
Hexametaphosphate
Solution (5g/L)
Composite
Correction
Factor
1.004 21.5 .004
1.002 24.5 .002
SOIL DATA
Weight of Beaker, g 325.8
Weight of Beaker + Dried Soil, g 425.7
Weight of Dried Soil, g 99.9
P10(Lab 1) 89.5
Specific Gravity of Soil Solids, GS, (Lab 1) 2.75
-
8/12/2019 Hydrometer Report
18/24
18
CEEN 162 - Geotechnical Engineering - Laboratory Session No. 2Grain Size Determination (Hydrometer Method), Atterberg Limits, Sand Equivalent Test
EXAMPLE DATA SHEET 2
Time
Elapsed
Timemin
Hydrom.Reading
TempoC
Comp
CorrFactor
(1)
Corr
HydromReading
R(2)
K
Factor(Table 1)
(3)
Effective
Depth(Table 2)
L(4)
Percent of
Soil inSuspension
(5)
Particle
Diametermm
(6)
9:04:00 0
9:05:30 1.5 1.0380 23.5 0.0026 1.0354 0.012783 6.9 49.9 0.027
9:06:00 2 1.0370 23.5 0.0026 1.0344 0.012783 7.2 48.5 0.024
9:06:30 2.5 1.0360 23.5 0.0026 1.0334 0.012783 7.5 47.1 0.022
9:07:30 3.5 1.0340 23.5 0.0026 1.0314 0.012783 8.0 44.3 0.019
9:10:00 6 1.0310 23.0 0.0029 1.0281 0.012790 8.9 39.6 0.016
9:14:00 10 1.0280 23.0 0.0029 1.0251 0.012790 9.7 35.4 0.013
9:24:00 20 1.0260 23.0 0.0029 1.0231 0.012790 10.2 32.5 0.009
9:34:00 30 1.0250 23.0 0.0029 1.0221 0.012790 10.4 31.1 0.008
9:44:00 40 1.0240 23.0 0.0029 1.0211 0.012790 10.7 29.7 0.007
9:54:00 50 1.0240 23.1 0.0028 1.0212 0.012789 10.7 29.8 0.006
10:04:00 60 1.0230 23.0 0.0029 1.0201 0.012790 11.0 28.3 0.005
(1) Determined from equation developed from hydrometer calibration data(2) Hydrometer reading - composite correction factor(3) Determined from Table 1 based on temperature and specific gravity of soil solids(4) Determined from Table 2 based on corrected hydrometer reading(5) Calculated based on equation provided; P = fn {Gs, P10, Ms, R}(6) Calculated based on equation provided; D = fn {K, L, T}CEEN 162 - Geotechnical EngineeringLaboratory Session No. 2 - Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit Tests
-
8/12/2019 Hydrometer Report
19/24
EXAMPLE DATA SHEET 3
LIQUID LIMIT TESTS
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Moisture Tin Number A1 D1 E4
Moisture Tin Wt, g 25.2 24.9 25.1
Number of Drops 28 22 18
Wt. Wet Soil + Tin, g 45.2 46.2 46.5
Wt. Oven-Dry Soil + Tin, g 41.8 42.3 42.3
Calculations
Wt. Water, g 3.4 3.9 4.2
Wt. Oven-Dry Soil, g 16.6 17.4 17.2
Moisture Content, w,% 20.5 22.4 24.4
PLASTIC LIMIT TESTS
Trial 1 Trial 5
Moisture Tin Number A2 J2
Moisture Tin Wt, g 24.8 25.3
Wt. Wet Soil + Tin, g 30.9 32.2
-
8/12/2019 Hydrometer Report
20/24
CEEN 162 - Geotechnical Engineering - Laboratory Session No. 2
Grain Size Determination (Hydrometer Method), Atterberg Limits, Sand Equivalent Test
DATA SHEET 4
SAND EQUIVALENT DATA
Soil
Sample
Clay
Reading
inch
Sand
Reading
inch
Sand
Equivalent
(1)
100% S 4.3 4.1 96
95%S - 5%C 4.4 3.8 87
90%S - 10%C 5.3 3.6 68
Lab Sample 13.2 1.1 9
(1) Sand Equivalent = 100% x (Sand Reading / Clay Reading)
-
8/12/2019 Hydrometer Report
21/24
21
21 22 23 24 25
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Temperature, C
CompositeCorrectionFactor(x10^-3)
CEEN 162 - Lab 2
Hydrometer Calibration Data
Y = 0.018333 - 0.000667 X
-
8/12/2019 Hydrometer Report
22/24
22
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Grain Size, mm
%P
assing
CEEN 162 - Hydrometer Test Results
-
8/12/2019 Hydrometer Report
23/24
23
1 10 100
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
Drops
WaterCon
tent,%
CEEN 162 - Liquid Limit Test Results
LL = 21.6 = 22
25
-
8/12/2019 Hydrometer Report
24/24
24
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% Clay
Sand
Equivalent
CEEN 162 - Sand Equivalent Test Results