Hybrid Systems for Propulsion Future Road Transport - … ht12/Lectures/EHS_L1_2012_intro.pdf ·...

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10701 / Mats Alaküla

Hybrid Systems for Propulsion

=

Future Road Transport

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Opportunities to solution

• Short term: Increase transport efficiency by • Reduced transportation ?

• Increased load per vehicle !

• Reduced fuel consumption !

• Long term: Transfer to renewable energy • Biofuels not enough (max 20…25 %)

• Electricity via batteries not enough (max 20…25%, due to battery limitations)

• Continuous electric energy supply the best option

• Not with catenary “from above” – Excludes light traffic

• From underneath – Inductively

– Conductively

• Continuous Electric Energy Supply referred to either as: • Slide In Technology, or

• Electric Road System (ERS)

http://www.777icons.com/cart.php?add=car--trolley_bus

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External Electric

Power Supply

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Full Electric?

• Is it realistic to let equipment, consuming 30...100 kW

average power, be pure electric and run on batteries?

• - No, not if the charging occasions are to few!

• 100 kW x 10 h = 1000 kWh = 20 tons of batteries !

• Frequent charging is the key!

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Continuous Charging Illustrated

240 km = 140 liter Diesel (90 liter if Hybrid)

24 charges @ 100 kW for 12 minutes = 0.5 MWh

300…400 kg battery needed

240 km = 0.5 MWh electricity (= 5…10 ton battery)

Continuous charge @ 40 kW for 12 hours

0...100 kg battery needed

Co

nv

en

tio

nal

Plu

g I

n

Slid

e I

n

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Battery requirements for electric propulsion

45 000 tons of batteries. The take off weight is 413 tons ! Not possible!

10 kg for 10 km Possible!



20 tons for 1000 km Not possible!

Comb

Drive!

El Drive

=

Plug In !

Battery operation alone not

possible for Long Haul/Coach …

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Why we need to include light traffic

Electric Energy Requirement,

all road vehicles electric

[TWh]

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

Commercial Vehicles

Non Commercial

Vehicles

Plug In

Plug In

Slide In

• Sweden as an example:

• If all road vehicles were

electric, 27 TWh el would

be enough:

• 10 TWh for Heavy Duty • 17 TWh for Light Duty

• Technology Selection

should apply to all road

traffic !

BUS

Motor

Drive

BUS

Motor

Drive CAR

Motor

Drive

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The Slide In Hybrid Vehicle

Tank Engine

Transmission Wheel

Battery Electric Drive

Pick Up Electric Power

Conditioner

Power

Supply

Transformer

Conventional vehicle Hybrid Vehicle Plug In Hybrid Vehicle Slide In Hybrid Vehicle

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Alternative solutions + / -

Inductive Conductive

Top

• Unrealistic due to size and

weight

• Low efficiency

• Visual impression

• Already in use

• Low cost

• Does not work for cars

• Visual impression

Side • Works for all road vehicles

• Unsafe for objects on roadside

• Low efficiency

• Heavy, bulky and expensive

• Only one lane possible

• Works for all road vehicles

• Low cost

• Unsafe for objects on

roadside

• Only one lane possible

Under • Rugged and Safe

• Expensive

• Low efficiency

• EMC

• Works for all road vehicles

• Low cost

• High efficiency

• Safe and rugged?

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Electric

Roads

TRAM

Motor

Drive

TRAM

Motor

Drive

Truck/BUS

Motor

Drive

PRIMOVE ALSTOM

APS

Truck/BUS

Motor

Drive

Power Supply Line

ANSALDO

TramWave

OLEV & Primove

TRAM

Motor

Drive

CAR

Motor

Drive

Alstom

APS

Siemens

eHighway

Truck/Bus

Motor

Drive

http://elways.se/

http://elways.se/

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Driving Modes with “Slide In”

100

90

40

30

0

SOC (State Of Charge = Battery Charge Level)

time

1 Electric Drive from Battery

2 Hybrid Drive

3 Electric Drive from ERS

Slide In Track Available

[%]

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• Assume:

• All vehicles has a battery capacity for a

certain range

• Some roads have ERS equipment

• A trip from A to B will then be all

electric if the battery covers the

non-ERS parts of the trip

• The total societal cost for such a

system is the cost for batteries and

the cost for ERS systems

• Sparse grid = big batteries

• Dense grid = small batteries

A

B

A Slide In World – Battery Size vs Grid Size

Grid Size

Co

st

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ERS Grid Density

• What would be an optimal ERS grid density?

• Europe has 5 million km paved roads and more than 60 000 km motorways … is this density enough?

• If Sweden and France, as example, was square the National and European Roads would in both countries correspond to a 50 km grid

• This is a high but realistic battery capacity for both EV Cars and EV Trucks/Buses

• This corresponds to 15 000 km roads in SE and 20 000 km in France

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A Slide In World – Example of opportunity • With realistic expectations on …

• Fossil fuel, Electric energy, Battery Cost & Lifetime development in 2030

…

• Compare Costs for Fossil Drive vs. Electric drive, for 2030:

Compare to Public Domain Estimates @ 0.6 – 2.4 Million Euro/km

Unit Cars TrucksFossil Fuel [Euro/10km] 1.2 5

Electric Energy, Battery etc [Euro/10km] 0.54 3.70

# Vehicles [-] 4 427 032 79 312

Annual Driving Distance [x10 km] 1 300 50 000

Annual Cost Delta [Conventional-EV] [Billion Euro] 3.8 5.2

Accumulated Cost Delta 10 years [Billion Euro] 37.9 51.6

Length National & European Road/Highway [km]

Accumulated Cost Delta 10 years / km [Million Euro/km] 2.5 3.4 5.8

# Vehicles [-] 31 394 000 800 000

Annual Cost Delta [Conventional-EV] [Billion Euro] 26.9 52.1

Accumulated Cost Delta 10 years [Billion Euro] 268.7 520.7

Length National & European Road/Highway [km]

Accumulated Cost Delta 10 years / km [Million Euro/km] 12.9 25.0 37.9

20 807

SWEDEN

15 329

France

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/International_E_Road_Network_green.png

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Conclusions, so far …

• ERS is the most promising alternative to fossil fuel in the

future

• Many national initiatives started, conferences arranged etc …

• Possible alternatives that need to be observed are:

• Large scale bio-fuel production in balance with food production

• Cold Fusion ? and more …

• The economic potential in ERS seems big enough to

make it interesting for all primary stake holders

• A competition will take place in the near future

• Trolley, Inductive and Conductive ERS will be developed to compete

on system cost, ruggedness, efficiency, …

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Time

time

Dev

&

Demo

Standar-

disation Sparse Grid Denser Grid Full Grid

• What will be the time

frame?

• Driven by market, like GSM?

• Driven by diminishing fossil

fuel resources? We may have 20…30 years !

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Who are the Stakeholders ?

• OEM – Cars and Commercial Vehicles

• Road Utility Companies

• Electric Power Generation Companies

• ERS System Manufacturers

• Others …

ERS

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Basics

on

hybridisation

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What is a hybrid vehicle?

Electric

machine ICE

Charge sustaining

hybrid ”PlugIn”-

Charging

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0 500 1000 1500 2000 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Engine Speed [rpm]

En

gin

e to

rqu

e [N

m]

5 5 5 10 10 20

Engine use in a heavy hybrid vehicle

Higher gear

Hig

her

torq

ue

60 kW extra power

to charge battery

• Adaptation of engine operating

point

… but also:

• Regeneration of braking energy

http://images.google.se/imgres?imgurl=http://www.hallsberg.se/images/18.23f1bbf9a28618397fff1250/reservdunk.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.hallsberg.se/4.23f1bbf90c7f52b07fff77.html&h=284&w=330&sz=6&tbnid=LovCx_-JumsJ:&tbnh=98&tbnw=113&start=1&prev=/images?q=reservdunk&hl=sv&lr=&sa=N

http://images.google.se/imgres?imgurl=http://www.merten.se/img/System-Bas/Produktabbildungen/atelier_2fach_sd.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.merten.se/p_system-bas.html&h=180&w=140&sz=15&tbnid=T2iRzdIXc-0J:&tbnh=95&tbnw=74&start=43&prev=/images?q=v%C3%A4gguttag&start=40&hl=sv&lr=&sa=N

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Benefits?

• Reduction of fuel consumption

• 0...50 % depending on type, driving habits etc

• Reduction of emissions

• Depends more on the fuel used and the catalyst

• Increased electric power

• Increased subsystem efficiency and functionality, e.g.

the Air Conditioner.

• Enough power for an electrically heated villa!

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Potential Fuel Saving

Refuse truck

25 - 30 % 5 - 8 %

20 - 25 % 20 - 50 % City bus

Long haul truck

Wheel loader

20 - 50 %

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Engineering

Concepts

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The Conventional Drivetrain

Advantage:

-High range

Drawbacks:

- Low average efficiency, 10..20 %

- No regenerative braking

Diesel Engine AMT

gearbox D

< 30 % ave 98 %

D

Energy

Storage

+ -

El.

mach

Power

Electronics

95 %

95 %

98 %

90x90 %

Idea to solution:

- An electric vehicle

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The Electric Vehicle

Advantage:

- High average efficiency

- Regenerative braking

@ Traction motor power

- Packaging

Drawbacks:

- Low range

- High cost / kW tractive power

D

Energy

Storage

+ -

El.

mach

Power

Electronics

95 %

95 %

98 %

90x90 %

Diesel Engine El.

mach

Power

Electronics

>30%

95 %

95 %

D

Energy

Storage

+ -

El.

mach

Power

Electronics

95 %

95 %

98 %

Idea to solution:

- ICE range extender -> The Series Hybrid Vehicle

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Diesel Engine El.

mach

Power

Electronics

>30%

95 %

95 %

D

Energy

Storage

+ -

El.

mach

Power

Electronics

95 %

95 %

98 %

The Series Hybrid Vehicle

Advantage:

- High range

Drawbacks:

- Low ICE drive efficiency

- High drive system cost / kW

- All installed power NOT available on the wheels

Gearbox D

Energy

Storage

+ -

El.

mach Diesel Engine

Power

Electronics

>30 %

95 %

90x90 %

98 %

95 %

Idea to solution:

- Connect ICE to wheels mechanically – The Parallell Hybrid

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D

Energy

Storage

+ -

El.

mach Diesel Engine

Power

Electronics

Gearbox

The Parallell Hybrid Vehicle

Advantage:

- High range

- High ICE drive efficiency due to hybrid control

- ICE downsizing

- Low system cost / kW tractive power

- High commonality with non-hybrid drive train

- Redundancy if electric drive malfunction

Drawbacks:

- Lower max regenerative braking due to lower EM rating than series

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The Course

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Lectures and Exercises

MIE 100 Course Content distribution, Autumn 2012

Fö # Exc # Home Assigment #Calender

Week

Study

WeekDate Location Contents

1 2011-09-06 M:D Introduction to energy supply for transport

2 2011-09-07 M:D Veh dynamics, the ideal vehicle

3 # 1 out 2011-09-07 M:D Non ideal - The ICE + Mechanical Transmissions

1 2011-09-12 M:Em1-2 Simulation, ideal vehicles

2 2011-09-13 M:Em1-2 Simulation conventional vehicles

3 2011-09-14 M:Em1-2 Simulation home assignment 1 support

4 # 1 return 2011-09-18 M:D Hybrid System Components : 1 (mainly Energy Storage)

5 2011-09-19 M:D Hybrid System Components : 2 (mainly Electrical Drives)

6 2011-09-20 M:D The Parallell Hybrid, Implementations, Modelling and Control

7 # 2 out 2011-09-21 M:D Energy Storage and Life Time Estimation - Plug In

4 2011-09-26 M:Em1-2

5 2011-09-27 M:Em1-2

6 2011-09-28 M:Em1-2

8 2011-10-03 M:D The Series and the Complex Hybrid, Implementations, Modelling and Control

9 2011-10-04 M:D Plug In and Slide In - range extention from Hybrid to Full Electric

7 2011-10-09 M:Em1-2 *)

8 2011-10-10 M:Em1-2 *)

9 2011-10-11 M:Em1-2 *)

10 2011-10-12 M:Em1-2 *)

10 # 2 back 2011-10-18 M:E Auxilliary Systems

11 2011-10-19 M:D Spare

43 exam 2011-10-23 Gasquesalen Examination

42

*) Field Trip one of these days

Simulations on home assigment 2 the other days

Simulations on various parallell hybrid vehicles

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2

3

4

5

6

7

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37

38

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40

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