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^c s ndhujgkt `s tcg prdpgrty dl Kgrny Kdtgs (www.kgrny -kdtgs.hdj). _grj`ss`dk s ermktgn t d v`gw tc`s ndhujgkt dkfy td mutcdr`zgn usgrs2 ukngr kd

h`rhujstmkhgs mrg ydu mffdwgn td n`str`autg, stdrg dr trmksj`t tc`s ndhujgkt w tcdut tcg gxprgss, wr`ttgk hdksgkt dl Kgrny Kd tgs, @kh.

^mbgs pfmhg `k juft`pfg t`jgs, aut fmny `s st`ff `k amtcrddj. @t `s m trmujmt`h gp`sdng tcmt f`kbs

n`llgrgkt pdf`t`hmf mkn v`dfgkt gvgkts tcrduecdut Fmt`k Mjgr`hm2 `t hruh`mffy mllghts Mux`f`d's

jgjdry, cgr pgrhgpt`dk dk t`jg mkn cgr kmrrmt`vg vd`hg.

Gkhduktgrs

Xmfvmndr Amhmr`ssg, `jmegs dl tcg vmffgy, prgsgkhg dl ngmtc, f`f`mk sgrpms (ukrgmf`ty), trmujmt`ht`jg

Idreg Ldks, J`nmq Mffgy (Gf hmffgiøk ng fd s j `fmerd s ) N`rghtdr. Jmrlduz s tcg wr`tgr dl tcg

dr`e`kmf addb. Dht 11

Hcmrmhtgrs9

Ndk Qut`fd Dwkgr dl fdhmf pua. Cdjdsgxumf, jmhc`sjd

Gusga`m Ndk Qu‐s w`lg 

Hcmvm Xdk wcd j`ermtgs td WXM mkn l`ects w`tc lmtcgr mfjdst b`ffs c`s fdvgr

Xusmk`tm X`kefg fmkntgkngr wcd mfwmys nrgmjs dl jmrry`ke m eddn jmk. Xupgrst`t`dk,

rgf`e`ds`ty

Eu`hcd _ua gjpfdygg wcd jmrr`gs Xusmk`tm

 Mfjm  Magf‐s nrgmj wcd aghdjgs m wcdrg. Jmtgr`mf`ty, sgxumf`ty, v`re`k jmry

I`jjy ^cg euy Ndk Qu luhbs

Kmrrmt`vg `k 8 stdr`gs9 Qut`fd, Mfjm, susmk`tm

Hcr`stdpcgr Jh Edwmk mkn Q`hmrnd _gssmkcm, ‖Xmjam9 ^cg Cgmrtagmt dl Q`d‚, ^cg

Ar mz`f `mk Xdu kn , pp. 15-7=. KD\ 5

C`stdry dl Xmjam

Xmjam, wdrn lrdj Mkedfm, Mlr`hmk rddts, jgmk`ke `s `kv tmt`dk td nmkhg. C`stdry `s j`stgry.

Em`kgn `klfugkhg lrdj dtcgr egkrgs f`bg pdfbm mkn cmamkgrm

Gkn dl =0tc

 hgktury `jj`ermt`dk dl ldrjgr sfmvgs, dr`e`k dl smjam 1?tc

 hgkturyXmjam shcddf l`rst `k =013 (ng`xm lmfmr). @jpdrtmkt ldrj dl gxprgss`dk ldr fdwgr hfmssgs. Xmjam

aghmjg vd`hg ldr tcdsg wcd cmvg aggk s`fgkhgn ay tcg`r sdh`dghdkdj`h stmtus mkn sdurhg dl

sgfl-mll`rjmt`vg `k sdh`gty

Hmrjgk J`rmknm

@ktgrkmt`dkmf`zmt`kd dl smjam

N`skgy jmng hdj`h vgrs`dk

 Mry amrrdsd

Jmng mqumrgfm nd arms`f, smjam madut agmuty dl armz`f

Qghdek`t`dk dl `jpdrtmkhg dl smjam, pmrmngs mkn hmrk`vmf ay vmrms `k =087

Lrdj sdh`mf duthmst td kmt`dkmf gjafgj. Lrdj n`shdursg dk rmh`mf ngegkgrmt`dk td prm`s`ke tcg

rmh`mf j`x`ke.

Hdjpmr`sdk td ^mked

Emrmjuknd smys Xmjam9 Gxuagrmkt Mlr`hmk rcytcjs, Hmrjgk J`rmknm, smjam s Armz`f`mk.

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^c s ndhujgkt `s tcg prdpgrty dl Kgrny Kdtgs (www.kgrny -kdtgs.hdj). _grj`ss`dk s ermktgn t d v`gw tc`s ndhujgkt dkfy td mutcdr`zgn usgrs2 ukngr kd

h`rhujstmkhgs mrg ydu mffdwgn td n`str`autg, stdrg dr trmksj`t tc`s ndhujgkt w tcdut tcg gxprgss, wr`ttgk hdksgkt dl Kgrny Kd tgs, @kh.

^mked

Kdstmfe`m ldr tcg ayedkg wdrfn

hmrfds emrngf smys ^mked `s Mregkt`kgmk.

Emrmjuknm smys `k _r`j`t`vg jdngrk`t`gs9 Cmamkgrm9 Gxdt`h mkn pr`j`t`vg hcmrmhtgr`st`hs. Lfu`n

mkn hdjpfgx rgfmt`dksc`p agtwggk smjam mkn tmked. Cujafg dr`e`ks dl stmtg rgprgss`dk mkn

tcgk kmt`dkmf syjadf

Cgrjmkd \`mkkm, ^cg Jystgry dl Xmj am  (=000, _drtueugsg gn =007), hcmp1, ‖^cg

Jystgry‚, pp. =?-=<. KD\ 5

Xmjam ‖n`shdvgrgn‚ ay kmt`dk 

Xmjam l`rst ngvgfdpgn `k lmvgfms mkn tcgk ‖n`shdvgrgn‚ ay tcg rgst dl tcg kmt`dk 

Erdw`ke `jpdrtmkhg dl hmrk`vmf jmng smjam mhhgptmafg ay c`ecgr sdh`gty. Kmt`dkmf `ngkt`ty,

tc`kes Armz`f`mk

Hdkvgrt`ke gtck`h syjadfs `ktd kmt`dkmf syjadfs hdvgrs rmh`mf ndj`kmt`dk, c`ngs c`grmrhcy

Kmt`dkmf `ngkt`ty

Quagj Ldksghm, ‖^cg Mrt dl Umfb ke `k tcg Xtrggts dl Q`d ng Imkg`rd‚  

 Mueustd gp`lmk`d

Fddbs hr`j`kmf, nmkegrdus. Ur`tgs addb tcg mrt dl wmfb`ke tcg strggts `k r`d, kdt ms m eu`ng aut

ms mrt mkn pc`fdsdpcy td lggf dkg w`tc tcg h`ty. Xfggps `k pmrbs mkn b`ssgs tr`gs

F`bgs rmts mkn tr`gs td tgmhc cddbgrs cdw td rgmn

H`ty `s dremk`h n`rty, j`xgn w`tc k`hg pfmhgs

Umfb lmst sd tcmt jueegrs ndk‐t egt ydu. Gvgrydkg iust gx`st`ke. 

Cddbgr Bgffy, j`ss`ke lrdkt tddtc, wmkts td egt luhbgn

Hcurhc mt nmy pdrk l`fjs mt k`ect. ^gffs pr`gst Qg`juknd cg `s tcg ngv`f

Ngmfs w`tc wcmt cg ndgs gvgry nmy

Lrmkhgs Cmedp`mk, ‖_mrmndxgs dl Ngjdhrmhy mkn H`t`zgksc`p `k Armz`f‚ (lrmejgkt).

Armz`f cms m ngjdhrmhy, aut `t‐s ruk ay gf`tgs 

Idèd Jdrg`rm Xmffgs mkn Bít`m Fukn, Kgws lrdj m _grsdkmf Umr  (=000)

Ndhujgktmry dk v`dfgkhg `k Q`d. Nrue ngmfgrs, kdrjmf h`t`zgk mkn pdf`hg `ktgrv`gwgn. Gvgrydkg

egts b`ffgn, mhhgpt nm`fy f`lg. Pduke b`ns w`tc euks mrg scdwk.

Arymk JhHmkk. ‖Wramk Hr`s`s‚. ^cg crd gs dl Ngjdhrmhy. 7?-51.

Hr`j`kmf dremk`zmt`dk _HH arduect h`ty ndwk td m cmft. ^cgk _\ tmbgs dvgr.

Hdjpgt`t`dk dl uramk spmhg agtwggk pdf`hg mkn hr`j`kmfs

\`dfgkhg `k jgtrdpdf`tmk h`t`gs, uramk sprmwf hdklf`ht

Gvgrytc`ke kgxt td gmhc dtcgr, kd pfmkk`ke dl h`t`gs

Xdh`mf `kgqumf`ty. Fgmn td hdjjmkns `k lmvgfms td cmvg m pdf`t`hmf vd`hg `k armz`f, wc`hc tcgk

aghmjg hr`j`kmf wcgk hdhm`kg gxpmkngn.

^ry`ke td jmbg lmvgfms eddn, KED‐s e`vg pgdpfg gnuhmt`dk td tmbg gj dut dl hyhfg 

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^c s ndhujgkt `s tcg prdpgrty dl Kgrny Kdtgs (www.kgrny -kdtgs.hdj). _grj`ss`dk s ermktgn t d v`gw tc`s ndhujgkt dkfy td mutcdr`zgn usgrs2 ukngr kd

h`rhujstmkhgs mrg ydu mffdwgn td n`str`autg, stdrg dr trmksj`t tc`s ndhujgkt w tcdut tcg gxprgss, wr`ttgk hdksgkt dl Kgrny Kd tgs, @kh.

Agmtr`z Imeumr`ag, ‖^cg Xcdhb dl tcg Qgmf. Qgmf`st Mgstcgt`hs `k tcg Jgn`m mkn tcg Wramk

Gxpgr`gkhg‚.

@k tcg jgn`m, tcgrg `s sd juhc spghtmhufmr`zmt`dk dl v`dfgkhg tcmt pgdpfg mrg kdt scdhbgn ay `t.

 Mrg sggb`ke ldr tcg rgmf, sdjgtc`ke tcgy hmk lggf mkn rgfmtg tdd. Xdjgtc`ke tcmt tmbgs pfmhg `k

drn`kmry f`lg.

Xdh`gty dl spghtmhfg. Kdt jmb`ke `t strmkeg jmb`ke `t sdjgtc`ke ermspmafgXcdhb ay scdw`ke tcg rgmf`ty `k `t, tcgk pgr`dn dl hmfj. Xd pgdpfg hmk tmbg `t `k mkn ngvgfdp

gjdt`dkmf rgspdksg

Xcdwk `k h`ty dl edns

Hfmun`m F`ectl ddt, ‖C`stdry dl m H`ty‚ (lrmejgkt), `k Cmvmkm. M Huftu rmf mkn F`tgrmry

Hdjpmk`dk , pp. 80-<<.

Gmrfy WX rgfmt`dks td Huam

WX `kvmngs Cmvmkm =300

_fmtt mjgknjgkt e`vgs WX r`ect td `ktgrvgkg `k huam

L`rst cmfl Mjgr`hmk`zmt`dk, us `kvgsts `k huam, put`k puppgt pdf`t`h`mks

Wkrgst grupt`ke

^cg dr`e`kmf Fms \gems

Cmvmkm r`hc, ^CG pfmyerdukn h`ty dl tcg Hmr`aagmk, ruk ay jda

L`ngf hmstrd `ksurrght`dk. Jdkhmnm amrrmhbs =078, e`vgs spgghc, edgs td jgx`hd, hdjgs amhb

tmbgs amhb huam `k =070.

Hdjjuk`sj mkn L`ngf

Kmt`dkmf`zmt`dk dl us hdjpmk`gs ay L`ngf.

Huam fddbs ldr cgfp w`tc sdv`gts, bgkkgny argmbs t`gs `k =0<=, trmng gjamred ldffdws.Huamk j`ss`fg hr`s`s stmrts wcgk sdv`gts wmkt td pfmhg kubgs dk Huam.

Jmr`gf gxdnus (=03?) - jmss gxdnus dl huamks, jmky pdf`t`hmf pr`sdkgrs fgmvg huam ms wgff.

Xpgh`mf pgr`dn, mltgr sdv`gt argmbndwk

_rgsgrvmt`dk mkn nghmy dl h`ty, h`ty ukhcmkegn aut hrujaf`ke.

Cmvmkm aurst`ke dut mff sgmjs

Qghyhfg sdh`gty, gvgrytc`ke `s usgn

H`ty `s f`bg m t`jg hmpsufg, tc`kes mrg stuhb `k tcg 7?‐s 

Mktdk`d Idsà _dktg, ‖M Bkmhb ldr Jmb`ke Qu`ks‚, `k ^mfgs lrdj tcg Huamk Gjp`rg , 1=->>.

Edmt stdry9 td scdw tcmt `t mfwmys hmk egt wdrsg

H`ty `s erdw`ke `kwmrn

Qgjdv`ke lduknmt`dks td usg `t td au`fn sc`t dk-tdp. H`ty `s f`bg lfdmt`ke, aghmusg `t wms suppdsgn

td hdjg ndwk mfrgmny

Hdkkght`dks agtwggk t`jg mkn spmhg

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^c s ndhujgkt `s tcg prdpgrty dl Kgrny Kdtgs (www.kgrny -kdtgs.hdj). _grj`ss`dk s ermktgn t d v`gw tc`s ndhujgkt dkfy td mutcdr`zgn usgrs2 ukngr kd

h`rhujstmkhgs mrg ydu mffdwgn td n`str`autg, stdrg dr trmksj`t tc`s ndhujgkt w tcdut tcg gxprgss, wr`ttgk hdksgkt dl Kgrny Kd tgs, @kh.

^ypgs dl spmhgs mrg rgmf`sj mkn lmktmsy. Edmt.

Hrgmtg spmhg td f`vg `k wcgrg tcgrg wms kdk. ^ry`ke td jmbg tcdsg au`fn`kes kdt lmff ndwk.

Xtrueefg agtwggk tueur`zmtdk mkn j`rmhufdus stmt`hs. _gdpfg dvgrwcgfj au`fn`kes sd tcmt tcgy

hdffmpsg.

_fmkkgrs mkn h`ty edvgrkjgkt ndk‐t wmkt td cgmr madut h`ty lmff`ke mpmrt.

^ueur, sdjgdkg wcd jdvgs `ktd m au`fn`ke, dtcgrs ldffdw. ^ueurs turk dkg rddj mpmrtjgkts`ktd ldur, mfsd mnn fdlts. Xtrm`k dk au`fn`kes erdws, ms tcgy mrgk‐t jm`ktm`kgn, gvgktumffy jmbgs

tcg au`fn`kes hdffmpsg

QGMN MEM@K Mktdk`d Idsà _dktg, ‖Fm Cmamkm9 H`ty mkn Mrhc`vg‚, `k Cmvmkm Agydkn tcg

Qu`ks  (Mkbg A`rbgkjm`gr mkn Gstcgr  Uc`tl`gfn, gns), 1>0-1<0.

_dgt s`jdk`ngs (Qdjmk)

Fgmvgs cdusg wcgrg cg `s pgrldrj`ke mkn `t hdffmpsgs

Jgjdr`zmt`dk

Lduknmt`dks. Mkgj`m dl tcg Huamk au`fn`ke `knustry, hdkstruht emrngks, ngstrdygn hmp`tmf, ru`ks

mkn ngsgrts, ukngrerdukn h`ty. Kgw _djpmy. Um`t`ke ldr `kvms`dk, aut mfrgmny fddbs `kvmngn.

Lfdr`mk Afdhcjgygr  Cmvmkm  ‘  cg Kgw Mrt dl Jmb`ke Qu`ks (1??<). Ndhujgktmry

(mvm`fmafg dk ydutuag).

Cmvmkm lmff`ke mpmrt, ru`ks.

_gdpfg mrg f`v`ke `k ru`ks mkn aghdj`ke ru`ks tcgjsgfvgs

Cdjgfgss euy Q`hmrn`kcd, ndgs buke lu mkn f`vgs `k tcgmtgr. Fdvgs wmfb`ke tcrduec tcgmtgr mkn

tc`kb`ke madut cdw Hmrusd smke `k lrdkt dl tcg c`ec sdh`gty

J`sfg`nys wcd fglt r`hc cusamkn td f`vg lrgg `k m gx fuxury cdtgf.

K`hmkdr try`ke td wdrb mem`kst ru`kmt`dk dl c`s nmns cdjg, td prgtgkn f`bg rgvdfut`dk n`n kdt

cmppgk

_fujjgr tdt`hd, lf`gs kd`sg dl c`s tgkgjgkt td ed cmvg m cdaay w`tc p`egdks dk rddl tdp_dktg hrgmtgs pc`fdsdpc`g dl ru`k td jmbg tcg ru`kmt`dk dl tcg h`ty mkn pdf`t`hmf systgj

ukngrstmknmafg td c`j

Mktdk`d Idsg pdktg

Ur`tgr, gx`fgn lrdj Huam wr`t`ke mssdh`mt`dk, gx`fgn `k Jmnr`n s`khg 1??<

Gjgregkhy jgktmf`ty9 Mfwmys tcrgmt dl us `kvms`dk, `jpdrtmkhg dl gx`fg mkn rgturk

XGHDKN _MQ^

Lrdj _rgv`dus rgmn`kes (Jmtgr`mf pgrtm`ks td tcg l`rst gxmj ms wgff)

Qgmn`kes

◄  Udrn fmt`k Mjgr`hm l`rst usgn ay Jmur`hg Hcgvmff`gr, m Lrgkhc `ktgffghtumf, `k tcg

=0tc hgktury

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^c s ndhujgkt `s tcg prdpgrty dl Kgrny Kdtgs (www.kgrny -kdtgs.hdj). _grj`ss`dk s ermktgn t d v`gw tc`s ndhujgkt dkfy td mutcdr`zgn usgrs2 ukngr kd

h`rhujstmkhgs mrg ydu mffdwgn td n`str`autg, stdrg dr trmksj`t tc`s ndhujgkt w tcdut tcg gxprgss, wr`ttgk hdksgkt dl Kgrny Kd tgs, @kh.

^cg sfmuectgrcdusg ay ghcgvgr`m (gurdpc`fg `ktgffghtumf)

◄  Xpmhg `s tcg prdtmedk`st, hdffght`vg hcmrmhtgr, vdfgkt

◄  \`dfgkhg, vgramf, pcys`hmf mkn `kn`llgrgkhg td v`dfgkhg

◄  Qdsms prgsgkt tcrduec tcg usg dl mkmfde`gs, sggk ms rgstdrgr ay hrdwn

◄  Gkef`sc jmk, mpmrt lrdj tcg hrdwn dl tcg sfmuectgrcdusg. N`n tcgy b ff c`j4

◄  Jmtms`gtg, ag`ke hcggrgn dk ay hrdwn td b`ff Wk`tmr`mk (Qdsms)◄  Auff egts mwmy, tcgk hmuect mkn b`ffgn.

◄  Wk`tmr`mk sggk ms tcg amn euys/ smvmegs ay tcg lgngrmf`sts. B`ffgn ay mhh`ngkt

◄  Mffgedry td tcg s`tumt`dk k Mregkt`km, aghmusg jgtmpcdrs rglgr td pdf`t`hmf

s`tumt`dk `k Mregkt`km

Lmhuknd ay smrj`gktd (Gurdpc`fg `ktgffghtumfs)

◄  Xmrj`gktd aghmjg prgs`ngkt dl mregkt`km. Ngshr`agn mregkt`km tcrduec hdktrmst

dl h`v`f`zmt`dk mkn amramr`sj

◄  Lmhuknd `s Mregkt`kms jdst `jpdrtmkt addb. Hgktrmf hdklf`ht dl amramr`sj vs.

h`v`f`zmt`dk `k hdfdk`mf mregkt`km

◄  Ngshr`ags n`llgrgkt ngergg dl Lmhuknd mkn Qdsms. Adtc wgrg lgngrmf`st hmun`ffds,

aut rdsms hdkt`kugn lurtcgr tcmk wcmt lmhuknd hdufn gvgr nd. Qdsms aghmjg systgj.

◄  Qdsms sdk dl Augkds m`rgs tcmt aghmjg trm`tdr mkn hdkt`kugn td nd wcmt lmhuknd

n`n

◄  Lmhuknd `s jmk`lgstmt`dk dl mregkt`kms amramr`sj f lg

◄  H`v`f`zmt`dk9 Gurdpgmk, h`ty, td edvgrk `s td pdpufmtg

m- Kmturmf ngtgrj`k`sj9 ‖jmky pc`fdsdpcgrs, tdd, cmvg tcduect tcmt tcgpfm`ks prgpmrg tcg wmy ldr ngspdt`sj‚ ◄  Amramr`sj9 Kdk Gurdpgmk, Mjgr`hmk, rurmf f`lg, ngsgrtgn ukprdnuht`vg pfmhgs

wcgrg smvmegs f`vg.

◄  Augkds M`rgs ukngr Qdsm9 Wk`tmr`mk, struhturgn, kmturmf hgktgr◄  ^cg Emuhcd9 _mjpms `kcma`tmkts, cmtgn tcg h`ty ldfb, ldffdwgn hmun`ffds `k h`v`f

wmr mem`kst hgktrmf edvgrkjgkt

◄  Hmun`ffd9 _rdvkhg fdrn, pdf t`hmf l`eurg, bke emuhcd, hdktrdffgn juhc dl hduktry-

s`ng, Qdsms hmun`ffd dl Augkds m`rgs prdv`khg, mff hmun`ffds cmtgn tcg h`ty mkn tcg`r

Wk`tmr`mks.

◄  Qdsms lgff aghmusg cg wmktgn td juhc hgktrmf pdwgr, gvgk tcduec cg wms m

lgngrmf`st mkn cmtgn Wk`tmr`mks.

 Mregkt k`mk egdermpcy

◄  _fmzm ng jmyd ‘ wcgrg gvgrytc`ke tmbgs pfmhg

◄  Hdkvgkt`ffd  ‘ sfuj cdusg, `k ndwktdwk Augkds M`rgs◄  N`n hdkvgkt`ffds aghdjg _mt`d ‘ cdusg

 Mregkt km c`stdry

◄  Wk`l`hmt`dk dl Mregkt`km =3<1

◄  Xfmuectgr dl _mrmeumy mltgr

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^c s ndhujgkt `s tcg prdpgrty dl Kgrny Kdtgs (www.kgrny -kdtgs.hdj). _grj`ss`dk s ermktgn t d v`gw tc`s ndhujgkt dkfy td mutcdr`zgn usgrs2 ukngr kd

h`rhujstmkhgs mrg ydu mffdwgn td n`str`autg, stdrg dr trmksj`t tc`s ndhujgkt w tcdut tcg gxprgss, wr`ttgk hdksgkt dl Kgrny Kd tgs, @kh.

◄  Jdngrk`zmt`dk tcrduec tghckdfdey (trm`k), j`f`tmr`zmt`dk (wmr mem`kst _mrmeumy),

hgktrmf`zmt`dk (gkn dl grm dl hmun`ffd)

◄  Wramk erdwtc9 Fdt dl Gurdpgmks hdjg

◄  =01?9 Cmfl dl pdpufmt`dk adrk duts`ng

◄  C`ec rmtgs dl uramk`zmt`dk

◄  ^ry td gjufmtg pmr`s◄  Hmrfds Jgkgj Cg wms prgs`ngkt dl Mregkt`km agtwggk =030 mkn =000

^cg jdngrk hrdwn ay Qmjds Jgi`m

◄  Xdh`mf Nmrw`k`sj, wrdtg madut a`dfde`hmf cstdry dl mregkt`km

◄  Uc`fg Qmjds Jgiêm `s wr`t`ke madut tcg Augkds M`rgs dl tcg fmst ygmrs dl tcg =0tc 

hgktury mkn l`rst ygmrs dl tcg 1?tc hgktury

◄  Uc`fg Qmjds Jgiêm gxprgssgs tcg mkx`gty lgft tdwmrns `jj`ermkts ay tcg gf`tg

`ktgffghtumfs,

◄  Xcdwgn mkx`gty dvgr jj`ermkts

◄  Qgfmt`dksc`p dl smrj`gktd mkn ghcgvgr`m

◄  Wsgn a`dfde hmf mkmfde`gs hdjpmr`ke cujmk adny td `jj`ermkts, n`n kdt f`bg tcg

kgw jj`ermkts

◄  @jj`ermkts ms nuja, sfdw

◄  @tmf`mk `jj`ermkts nd gvgrytc`ke td egt ay

◄  Eumrmked  ‘  Hrung dllscddt dl `jj`ermkt ldrglmtcgr, vgry sgxumf, dutrmegdus

mppgt`tg, amn tmstg

◄  Hmkmffm  ‘ eumrmked wcd cms hf`jagn tcg fmttgr mkn nrgssgs wgff. Xduf st`ff tcg

smjg, t`rgs td mnmpt aut sdjgtc`ke rgjm`ks iust f`bg m a`rtcjmrb

◄  Cumsd ‘ erdtgsqug eumrmked, jdkgy custfgr

Jmb`ke `t `k Mjgr`hm Drgstg sdfm◄  Fmknfgss `jj`ermkt

◄  Cg pmrt`hufmrfy pd`kts dut tcg @tmf`mk prgsgkhg `k tcg h`ty mkn tcg `klfugkhg dl@tmf`mks `k `ts mrhc`tghturg, pdf`t`hs, fmkeumeg

◄  Augkds M`rgs `jmeg dl ngsgrt

◄  Edt eddn ghdkdj`h stmkn`ke ay tcg gkn.

◄  N`n kdt rgturk4

^mked

◄  Cmamkgrm (jgmks afmhb nmkhg) mkn pdfbm fgmn td j`fdkem, wc`hc fgmn td tmked

◄  Cmamkgrm dr`e`k dl tmked mkn smjam, Huamk, rcytcj`hmffy amsgn dk mlr`hmk

jus`h◄  Wsg fmkeumeg fuklmrnd, @tmf`mk `klfugkhgn

◄  Hdjpmnr`td wgrg tcg euys nmkh`ke `t ‖tcg sf`hb aut sgkt`jgktmf amrr`d tduec w`tc

c`s t`ect-l`tt`ke su`t mkn rgmny bk`lg, c`s afgkn dl jgst`zd jmhcd mkn @tmf`mk fdvgr‚4 

◄  Nmkhgn `k hdkvgrt`ffds

◄  Edfngk meg `k 1?‐s, mltgr ed`ke td Gurdpg `k =?‐s mfsd mndptgn `k Mregkt`km 

◄  Hmrfds Emrngf, jytc`hmf l`eurg, vd`hg dl tmked

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^c s ndhujgkt `s tcg prdpgrty dl Kgrny Kdtgs (www.kgrny -kdtgs.hdj). _grj`ss`dk s ermktgn t d v`gw tc`s ndhujgkt dkfy td mutcdr`zgn usgrs2 ukngr kd

h`rhujstmkhgs mrg ydu mffdwgn td n`str`autg, stdrg dr trmksj`t tc`s ndhujgkt w tcdut tcg gxprgss, wr`ttgk hdksgkt dl Kgrny Kd tgs, @kh.

◄  Mflrgnd Fm _grm mutcdr dl fyr`hs

Adf`v`m Jdv`g

◄  Hdktgxt, nur`ke jgkgj pgr`dn (ldrj dl pgrdk`sj), f`agrmf`zmt`dk dl jmrbgts,

cypgr`klfmt`dk, fgmns td 1??= hr`s`s

◄  @jj`ermt`dk lrdj kg`ecadr`ke hduktr`gs◄  Lrgnn`g, adf`v`mk `jj`ermkt wdrbgr scdt ay Dsd

◄  @k m rgstmurmkt/amr. @t `s rgfgvmkt aghmusg `t s m emtcgr`ke pfmhg ldr tmx` nr`vgrs,

wcgrg tcgy ngvgfdp tcg`r lr`gknsc`p mkn n`shuss tcg r prdafgjs. @t `s mfsd tcg pfmhg wcgrg

tcg xgkdpcda`h tgks`dk erdws agtwggk tcg Mregkt`kgmk hcmrmhtgrs mkn tcg `jj`ermkts.

◄  Hmgtmkd ngmfs w`tc tcg Augkds M`rgs dl tcg gkn dl tcg 1?tc  hgktury mkn vgry

age`kk`ke dl tcg 1=st hgktury.

◄  tcg l`fj ay Hmgtmkd pdrtrmys ldrjs dl xgkdpcda`h v`dfgkhg hdj`ke lrdj tcgfdwgr-j`nnfg hfmss

◄  Kàstdr, tcg smfgsjmk◄  Qdsm ‘ e`rf lrdj _mrmeumy

◄  Cghtdr ‘ ◄  Gkr`qug tcg adss◄  Ucmt mrg tcg dtcgr hcmrmhtgrs4

Emrmjuknd, _r`j`t`vg Jdngrk`t`gs

◄  Urdtg madut tmked

X`jdk hdff`gr, a`rtcpfmhg dl tmked

Jgx`hd ppt

◄  ^gkdt`tfmk l`rst Jgx`hmk h`ty ldrjgn `k=8tc hgktury ay jgx`hms (mztghs)

◄  Jytc9 Cutzf`pdtf` mppgmrgn mkn tcgy au`fn h`ty tcgrg◄  Hc`kmjpms ‘ wmtgr systgj tcmt meergemtgs l`gfns

◄  Lfdwgry wmrs ‘ wmrs td egt pgdpfg td smhr`l`hg

◄  Hdrtgz mrr`vgs =7=0, h`ty lmffs =71=

◄  Agrkmf n`mz ngf Hmst`ffd wrdtg madut Hdrtgz‐s hdkqugst, h`ty wms f`bg mjmn`s  

◄  Jytc9 Jytc dl qugzmfqumtf mkn cuz`fdpdtf`

◄  Xpmk`sc ngstrdygn h`ty mkn rghyhfgn `t

◄  Emuhc`p`ks

◄  Jgst`zds

◄  Hr`dffds

◄  H`ty aghmjg amrdqug◄  CI Gff`dt, iust`l`hmt`dks ldr hdrtgz `kvmnke Mztghs9 Hcr`st`mk vmfugs, ]ugtzmfqumtf,

Qufgr rgturk`ke lrdj tcg gmst (Cuzf`pdtf`), Xpmk`sc gjp`rg

◄  Hgfdr`d madut Jgx`hd h`ty9 Xpmk`sc tr`gn td jmbg tcg h`ty struhturgn. C`grmrhc`hmf.

H`ty `s madut ngstruht`dk. Amrdqug h`ty put dk tdp, wmktgn td ldregt tcg`r pmst. ^cgk

h`v`f`zmt`dk hmjg w`tc kgdhfmss`h`sj `k Lrgkhc hcmrmhtgr (td ldregt tcg Xpmk`sc).

Qgvdfut`dk ngstrdys tc`s _drl`r`mk h`ty. _ut up kgw puaf`h au`fn`kes `kstgmn. Kdw `t‐s m

cgff cdfg.

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^c s ndhujgkt `s tcg prdpgrty dl Kgrny Kdtgs (www.kgrny -kdtgs.hdj). _grj`ss`dk s ermktgn t d v`gw tc`s ndhujgkt dkfy td mutcdr`zgn usgrs2 ukngr kd

h`rhujstmkhgs mrg ydu mffdwgn td n`str`autg, stdrg dr trmksj`t tc`s ndhujgkt w tcdut tcg gxprgss, wr`ttgk hdksgkt dl Kgrny Kd tgs, @kh.

◄  Hm`stdr9 Qgvdfut`dk, jmbg Jgx`hd `kngpgkngkt lrdj tcg Emuhcup`ks.

◄  Jgx`hmk wmr9 Jgx`hd fdsgs tgrr`tdry td WX

◄  _drl`r`d N`mz, jdngrk`zgs Jgx`hd h`ty. ^r`gn td fdsg Xpmk`sc `klfugkhg aghdjg

dwk `ngkt`ty. _rgtgkn tcmt `t wms jdrg tcmk tcg amhbwmrnkgss `t rgmffy wms.

◄  Jgx`hmk Qgvdfut`dk9 Fgmn ay Ympmttm mkn \ ffm. ^cgsg pgmsmkt fgmngrs au`ft

jmss cdus`ke ldr tcg pddr.◄  Gkt`rg hduktry dk tcg jdvg `ktd tcg h`ty. Jghcmk`zmt`dk dl mer`hufturg jmng

pgdpfg fgmvg tcg hduktry td ed l`kn wdrb `k tcg h`ty.

Jdks`vm`s

◄  Hdktrmst agtwggk r`hc mkn pddr.

 Mpdhmfypt`h Aghmusg Jgx hmks hdkt`kug td f vg `k `t w`tc mk dpt`j`st`h rgs`ekmt`dk, ms `l tcg wdrstcmn mfrgmny cmppgkgn

◄  ^cg mutcdr usgs cujdr mkn w`tty hr`t`h`sj td rgprgsgkt tcg hdktrmn`ht`dks tcmt

hcmrmhtgr`zg f`lg `k Jgx`hd H`ty

\`ffdrd

◄  Jgtrd hrgmtgs s`keufmr`ty. Gvgrydkg `s tcg smjg.

^`iumkm Jmqu`fmndrm

◄  Xdjgdkg wdrb`ke `k jmkulmhtur`ke `k tcg lrgg trmng zdkg

Jgx`hd ppt

◄  ^gkdt`tfmk l`rst Jgx`hmk h`ty ldrjgn `k=8tc hgktury ay jgx`hms (mztghs)

◄  Jytc9 Cutzf`pdtf` mppgmrgn mkn tcgy au`fn h`ty tcgrg

◄  Hc`kmjpms ‘ wmtgr systgj tcmt meergemtgs l`gfns

◄  Lfdwgry wmrs ‘ wmrs td egt pgdpfg td smhr`l`hg

◄  Hdrtgz mrr`vgs =7=0, h`ty lmffs =71=◄  Agrkmf n`mz ngf Hmst`ffd wrdtg madut Hdrtgz‐s hdkqugst, h`ty wms f`bg mjmn`s  

◄  Jytc9 Jytc dl qugzmfqumtf mkn cuz`fdpdtf`

◄  Xpmk`sc ngstrdygn h`ty mkn rghyhfgn `t

◄  Emuhc`p`ks

◄  Jgst`zds

◄  Hr`dffds

◄  H`ty aghmjg amrdqug

◄  CI Gff`dt, iust`l`hmt`dks ldr hdrtgz `kvmn`ke Mztghs9 Hcr`st`mk vmfugs, ]ugtzmfqumtf,

Qufgr rgturk`ke lrdj tcg gmst (Cuzf`pdtf`), Xpmk`sc gjp`rg

◄  Hgfdr`d madut Jgx`hd h`ty9 Xpmk`sc tr`gn td jmbg tcg h`ty struhturgn. C`grmrhc`hmf.

H`ty `s madut ngstruht`dk. Amrdqug h`ty put dk tdp, wmktgn td ldregt tcg`r pmst. ^cgkh`v`f`zmt`dk hmjg w`tc kgdhfmss`h`sj `k Lrgkhc hcmrmhtgr (td ldregt tcg Xpmk`sc).

Qgvdfut`dk ngstrdys tc`s _drl`r`mk h`ty. _ut up kgw puaf`h au`fn`kes `kstgmn. Kdw `t‐s m

cgff cdfg.

◄  Hm`stdr9 Qgvdfut`dk, jmbg Jgx`hd `kngpgkngkt lrdj tcg Emuhcup`ks.

◄  Jgx`hmk wmr9 Jgx`hd fdsgs tgrr`tdry td WX

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^c s ndhujgkt `s tcg prdpgrty dl Kgrny Kdtgs (www.kgrny -kdtgs.hdj). _grj`ss`dk s ermktgn t d v`gw tc`s ndhujgkt dkfy td mutcdr`zgn usgrs2 ukngr kd

h`rhujstmkhgs mrg ydu mffdwgn td n`str`autg, stdrg dr trmksj`t tc`s ndhujgkt w tcdut tcg gxprgss, wr`ttgk hdksgkt dl Kgrny Kd tgs, @kh.

◄  _drl`r`d N`mz, jdngrk`zgs Jgx`hd h`ty. ^r`gn td fdsg Xpmk`sc `klfugkhg aghdjg

dwk `ngkt`ty. _rgtgkn tcmt `t wms jdrg tcmk tcg amhbwmrnkgss `t rgmffy wms.

◄  Jgx`hmk Qgvdfut`dk9 Fgmn ay Ympmttm mkn \ ffm. ^cgsg pgmsmkt fgmngrs au`ft

jmss cdus`ke ldr tcg pddr.

◄  Gkt`rg hduktry dk tcg jdvg `ktd tcg h`ty. Jghcmk`zmt`dk dl mer`hufturg jmng

pgdpfg fgmvg tcg hduktry td ed l`kn wdrb `k tcg h`ty.

Jdks`vm`s

◄  Hdktrmst agtwggk r`hc mkn pddr.

◄  Mpdhmfypt`h

\`ffdrd

◄  Jgtrd hrgmtgs s`keufmr`ty. Gvgrydkg `s tcg smjg.

JD\@G

◄  L`fj jmbgr Egdreg Ldks◄  Addb Jmlduz

◄  Qut`ffd, cdjdsgxumf jmhcd◄  Mfjm, jmtgr`mf`ty, sgx fdvg v`re`k`ty◄  Xusmkm, Luffl`fjgkt dl tcg `ngmf f`lg dl m wdjmk, rgf`edus

Gstrmnm-Qgturk td Cmvmkm

Gxpfdngs tcg sgksgs

Adrk, gx`fgn. Xuppdrtgn rgvdfut`dk mt l`rst, tcgk fglt ldr spm`k.

Cmvmkm ngshr`agn ms fdke fdst fdvg. Nrgmj tcmt dkg kd fdkegr rghmffs

Huamks wmkt mjgr`hmks td hdjg

Lgj`k`kg aut jmshuf`kg h`ty

Ngshr`pt`dks dl huam mrg pdf`t`h`zgn

@ts td gmhc `ts dwk. Ucmt ydu fddb ldr tcgrg ydu w`ff l`kn

Hmsgy ‘ Cdjghdj`ke

Kgw Pdrb9 kd dkg `s `jpdrtmkt. J`x dl rgmf`ty mkn wcmt pgdpfg jmbg `t. N`rty hdrr`ndr, aut

gxhgktr`h `ktgr`dr. Mff cmvg sdjg b`kn dl c`stdry, kd prddl sd tcgy iust jmbg `t td wcmt tcgy wmkt `t

td ag

Huam9 Qgmf, pgdpfg trgmt c`j. _gdpfg cmppy, f`v`ke `k tcg wdrfn tcgy wmkt. Umkts td ed amhb/

Fdvgs `t jdvgs amhb

Egts tcg sc`t b`hbgn dut dl c`j. ^cgy fgt c`j ed mkn cg n`gs

]u`rdem ‘ A`ttgr nm`qu`r`s

_d`kt ldr pgdpfg w`tc sdjg b`kn dl hdkkght`dk

Huamk edvgrkjgkt wmkts td bggp up mk mppgmrmkhg. Amks addbs lrdj hdj`ke `k aut bkdws

tcgy mrg sdfn `k hduktry.

Xcdws Huamks adrk tcgrg tcmt `t `s kd fdkegr tcg`rs, ydu emvg `t up wcgk ydu fglt.

Qgpgrtd`tg dl jus`h td bggp up `jmeg ldr tdur`sts.

Kd rgmf`sj, iust cdw tcgy `jme`kg f`vke

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^c s ndhujgkt `s tcg prdpgrty dl Kgrny Kdtgs (www.kgrny -kdtgs.hdj). _grj`ss`dk s ermktgn t d v`gw tc`s ndhujgkt dkfy td mutcdr`zgn usgrs2 ukngr kd

h`rhujstmkhgs mrg ydu mffdwgn td n`str`autg, stdrg dr trmksj`t tc`s ndhujgkt w tcdut tcg gxprgss, wr`ttgk hdksgkt dl Kgrny Kd tgs, @kh.

Amn tmstg tmbgk ldr eddn tmstg

^ry`ke td jmbg tdd mutcgkt`h

Kdtc`ke cms cmppgkgn

^C@QN _MQ^

L@KMF GSMJ ]WGX^@DKX9 @ cmvg f`stgn m lgw gxmj qugst`dks cg pdsgn td us agldrg tcg

gxmj mkn mkswgrgn tcgj. ^c`s `s kdt m hdjprgcgks`vg f`st. @ hcdsg td ldhus dk m lgw,

gmsy dkgs mkn cdpgn tcgsg wdufn mppgmr dk tcg tgst

Ucmt nd smjam mkn tmked cmvg `k hdjjdk4 (dr`e`ks, sdh`mf erdups, rgfmt`dk td tcg h`ty,

jmbg hdkhrgtg rglgrgkhgs td tcg tgxt ay Lfdrgkh`m Emrrmjuýd)

@t `s pmrmndxhmf `k tcg sgksg tcmt jdngrk`ty, gjagnngn `k kmt`dkmf n`shdursg, tr`gn td rghdvgr

lrdj smjam m "pr`j`t`vg" hcmrmhtgr tcmt wms dkhg rgightgn mkn pgrsghutgn ay tcg gf`tgs mkn tcg

Xtmtg.

N`shuss tcg wmy `k wc`hc uramk nghmy mkn ngstruht`dk mrg rgprgsgktgn `k Mktdk`d Idsà

_dktg mkn `k tcg scdrt stdry ‖^cg Mrt dl Umfb`ke `k tcg Xtrggts dl Q`d ng Imkg`rd‚, ay

Ldksghm.

Ngstruht`dk `s prgsgktgn ay pdktg ms ngstruht`dks dl tcg au`fn`kes `ktd ru`ks nug td kgefght. ^c`s

`s tmb`ke `ts tdff dk sdh`gty aghmusg tcg pgdpfg mrg aghdj`ke ru`ks tcgjsgfvgs. Xmjg edgs ldr

Ldksghm. ^cg h`ty `s iust m iukefg, pgdpfg mrg iust gx`st`ke `k tc`s uramk spmhg tcmt `s fgtt`ke lmff

mpmrt. Kdt ms amn, aut smjg pr`kh`pfg. Xdh`gty `s lmff`ke mpmrt mkn `t `s ag`ke wmthcgn mkn

mhhgptgn. Iust n`llgrgkt ngerggs

@k wc`hc wmys `s Jgx`hmk jmhc`sjd rgprgsgktgn `kJ`nmq M ffgy 4 Nd ydu tc`kb tcg l`fjhdkst`tutgs m hr`t`qug dl jmhc`sjd4 Gxpfm`k.

Qut`ffd. Huz cg `s sd jmhcd tcmt cg ndgsk‐t mhhgpt c`s ermknhc`fn ukt`f tcgy hmff `t mltgr c`s kmjg.

Cg `s sd jmhcd tcmt c`s sdk lfggs c`j, gvgrydkg `s sd jmhcd mkn tcgy n`g. Udjgk mrg usgn

gth.

Cdw wdufn ydu rgfmtg tcg spmhgs dl tcg amr `k Adf`v`m mkn J`nmq Mffgy 4 Uc`hc jgmk`kes

nd tcgsg spmhgs hdkvgy k gmhc l`fj4 Cdw mrg jgk mkn wdjgk ngp`htgn `k tcgj4 Ucmt

`s tcg pgrspght`vg dk `jj`ermt`dk tcmt gmhc dkg dl tcgj mndpts4

^wd sgts dl hufturmf `ktgrmht`dk. Adf`vm, sdh`gty hfmscgs. Jnmq mffgy dkfy jgk. Udjgk mrg

gxhfungn mkn `k Adf`v`m wdjgk mrg dkfy sggk ms sgxumf daights.

_ut ldrwmrn tcg n`llgrgkt jgmk`kes mkn hdkkdtmt`dks tcmt ru`ks mndpt `k tcg tgxts ay

Mktdk`d Idsà _dktg n`shussgn `k hfmss, mkn `k tcg l`fj Cmvmkm. M Kgw M rt dl Jmb`ke

Qu`ks. E`vg hdkhrgtg gxmjpfgs.

Qu`ks ms `k pgdpfgs f`vgs (cg wms amkkgn lrdj ag`ke m wr`tgr), ru`ks dl m pdf`t`hmf systgj (lmff`ke

mpmrt), ru`ks dl m h`ty (cdusgs tdppgf`ke dvgr)

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^c s ndhujgkt `s tcg prdpgrty dl Kgrny Kdtgs (www.kgrny -kdtgs.hdj). _grj`ss`dk s ermktgn t d v`gw tc`s ndhujgkt dkfy td mutcdr`zgn usgrs2 ukngr kd

h`rhujstmkhgs mrg ydu mffdwgn td n`str`autg, stdrg dr trmksj`t tc`s ndhujgkt w tcdut tcg gxprgss, wr`ttgk hdksgkt dl Kgrny Kd tgs, @kh.

Gxpfm`k tcg ngm dl Armz`f`mk ermkngzm  (dr ermtgkgss) mkn wcmt rdfg `t cms pfmygn `k

Armz`f`mk ghdkdjy, jm`kfy nur`ke tcg fmst ygmrs dl tcg n`htmtdrsc`p, mhhdrn`ke td _gtgr

U`kk.

@ts a`e `k s`zg, cueg pdpufmt`dk, hufturmf jgft`ke pdt, kmturmf wgmftc.. @t cms mfwmys aggk tcg

gjgre`ke hduktry, tcg kgxt a`e tc`ke. Xggk `k tcg wmy hmp`tmf wms au`ft. Hdrg dl ghdkdj`h

kmt`dkmf`sj

Gxpfm`k tcg kdt`dk dl hdffght`vg hdksujpt`dk `k tcg hdktgxt dl ^grgsm Jgmng‐s

`ktrdnuhtdry tgxt td cgr addb H`v`f `z`ke Q`d .

Edvgrkjgkt e`vgs pgdpfg hdffght`vg `klrmstruhturg. E`vgs tcgj cdus`ke, trmkspdrtmt`dk,

`klrmstruhturg, uramk struhturgs tcmt mrg hdkl`kgn td pmrt`hufmr mrgms. _gdpfg hdkefdjgrmtg

mrdukn tcgsg tc`kes, suhc ms lmvgfms ms m hdffght`vg tcmt mff hdksujg tc`s tc`ke mkn mrg

ngpgkngkt dk `t. Aghdjg hgktrmf mx`s dl sdh`gty mkn spgh`mf ngvgfdpjgkt. Hmk ag sggk `k

lmvgfms, smjam shcddfs dr`e`kmf pdf`t`hmf jdvgjgkts gth. _rdafgj mr`sgs, `t mff mllghts tcgj.

Hfmss strueefg rgvdfvgs mrdukn sghur`ke tc`s hdffght`vg. \`htdrs w`k gssgkt`mf pmrt dl uramk f`lg.

Xtrueefg `k hdffght`vg v`dfgkhg