HUMANS CONTROL THEIR WORLD. People Before Agriculture are: 1. Nomads: Highly mobile people who...
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HUMANS CONTROL THEIR WORLD
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People Before Agriculture are:
1. Nomads: Highly mobile people who moved from food source to food source.
2. Hunter-Gatherers: People who live off the land hunting animals and foraging food.
BEFORE AGRICULTURE
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CAVE PAINTINGS BECAME THE FIRST FORMS OF ARTISTIC EXPRESSION BY HUMANS. THEY WERE CREATED AS NOMADS MOVED AROUND AND USED VARIOUS CAVES FOR SHELTER.
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The agricultural revolution that brought wide spread changes to human life as a result of farming.
Food Gathering Food Producing
THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
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Early popular farming technique that involved cutting and burning a field so that the ashes would fertilize the land.
Farmers would use this land for a couple years then move on.
SLASH AND BURN FARMING
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The taming of animals such as goats, horses, dogs, and pigs.
Nomads would build pastures and only move when taking their herds to graze
Villages grow and prosper
DOMESTICATION
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Discovered in modern day Turkey
Believed to be 8,000 years old
Earliest known example of permanent settlement in Mesopotamia
Early example of religion (temples to farming)
CATAL HUYUK: ONE OF THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS
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LESSON #2: THE BIRTHPLACE OF CIVILIZATIONS: THE CITY AND MESOPOTAMIA
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VILLAGES CITIES
Villages began to grow through trading with other villages. (Grow into Cities)
Government, Religion, and Class Systems all began to develop.
Less people for farming means more people for everything else
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5 CHARACTERISTICS OF A CIVILIZATION
1. Advanced Cities
2. Specialized Workers
3. Complex Institutions
4. Record Keeping
5. Advanced Technology
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1. ADVANCED CITIES
Cities were not only large population centers but became the centers of trade which led to the sharing of knowledge and wealth.
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2. SPECIALIZED WORKERS
The large food supply allowed for a group of people to become artisans who made things by hand such as clothing, jewelry, weapons, and pottery.
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3. COMPLEX INSTITUTIONS
Large populations called for government to rule them and religion to inspire them. Government & Religion = Happy People
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4. RECORD KEEPING
With new laws, taxes, and trading taking place, civilizations realized they needed a system of record keeping
Sumerian Scribes developed a system of writing called cuneiform (meaning wedge shaped) in order to keep records.
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5. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
Workers always looked for ways to make their work faster and easier.
Metal workers found that copper and tin together would make bronze which was stronger than other metals. (The Bronze Age)
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UR
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LESSON #3: KICKIN’ IT OLD SCHOOL: THE FIRST EMPIRES
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CITY STATES IN MESOPOTAMIA (2 TERMS)
1. Mesopotamia: Means land between two rivers and is the modern day middle east.
2. Fertile Crescent: Refers to the rich farming area in Mesopotamia
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CHALLENGES IN MESOPOTAMIA
1. Unpredictable Weather
2. No natural barriers for defense
3. Limited natural resources (building materials)
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SOLUTIONS IN MESOPOTAMIA
1. Provide constant water through irrigation
2. Build City Walls for protection
3. Trade goods such as food and tools for raw materials to build with
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THE CITY STATE
A city and the surrounding land formed a city-state.
City-States acted like modern day independent nations.
Sumer became one of the first large ones
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DYNASTIES
Rulers of city-states began passing down power to their eldest sons which kept the power in the family and created ruling dynasties.
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POLYTHEISM
The belief in more than one god.
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CULTURAL DIFFUSION
The process of a new idea or product spreading from one culture to another.
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SUMERIAN (DOMINANT ETHNIC GROUP IN MESOPOTAMIA) ADVANCES
1. Arithmetic and Geometry to help build city walls and massive temples.
2. Architecture such as arches, columns, ramps, and the pyramid.
3. Cuneiform, one of the first known systems of writing.
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THE FIRST EMPIRE: THE AKKADIANS
King Sargon and the Akkadians united all of Mesopotamia under Sargon’s rule creating the first empire.
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BABYLONIAN EMPIRE
An Empire brings together several peoples, nations, or independent states under one ruler.
A nomadic tribe known as the Amorites moved into Mesopotamia and conquered the region.
Their Capital became the city of Babylon
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HAMMURABI
Emperor at the peak of the Babylonian Empire from 1792 BC to 1750 BC.
Established the first known code of laws.
Had the law code written on tablets and spread all over the empire
Contained 282 specific laws and had different laws for rich and poor and men and women.
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CREATE YOUR OWN GOVERNMENT
Create a poster that has the following:
1. Name your Government/Dynasty
2. Name your leader and 3 adjectives to describe them.
3. What type of Religion? Name one or some of your gods
4. What is the most important law in your government? What is the punishment?
5. Draw an image/symbol depicting your government/dynasty
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LESSON #4: GOD KINGS: THE PHARAOHS AND EGYPT
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EGYPT DIVIDED
Upper Egypt: Southern Egypt with a higher elevation and more mountains.
Lower Egypt: Northern Egypt centered around the Nile River Delta.
The Nile River is the lifeline between these two regions.
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EGYPT UNITED
King Narmer unites upper and lower Egypt around 3,000 BC
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A NEW TYPE OF GOVERNMENT
Pharaohs: The Egyptian Kings who were considered living Gods
Mesopotamian kings were considered representatives of the Gods
Theocracy: Government where rule is based on religious authority.
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THE PYRAMIDS
Vast tombs created for the Pharaohs so they could continue to rule and live as a God-King in the Afterlife.
Mummification was a way of preserving the body so that royals would keep their form in the Afterlife.
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EGYPTIAN LIFE
Hieroglyphics: Means sacred carving. It was a system of writing that uses symbols and pictures to represent words and sounds.
Papyrus: Paper like sheets that were created out of pressing marsh reeds together and drying them.
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END OF THE OLD KINGDOM
Pharaohs lost power around 2180 BC with several invasions.
The pharaohs returned to power during two other periods known as the middle and new kingdom periods
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-moO5HZr-Kw
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INDIA: AN ADVANCED AND MYSTERIOUS CIVILIZATION
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THE INDIA SUBCONTINENT
Includes Modern Day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.
The highest mountains in the World, the Himalayas isolate this region from the rest of the world.
Very rich farm land fed by the Indus and Ganges Rivers
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INDIA’S ENVIRONMENT The Monsoons: Seasonal winds dominate India’s climate. As a result, India is split into two distinct wet and dry seasons.
Environment Challenges: 1. Unpredictable Flooding 2. Rivers can change course 3. Amount of rain each season can vary extremely
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THE FIRST INDIANS
First Humans were believed to reach India around 7,000 BC from Africa.
Around 2500 BC, Indians were building their first cities.
This first group of cities is known as the Harrappan Civilization because the largest of these acient cities was discovered near the modern day town of Harrappa.
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HARRAPPAN CITIES
Built cities on a precise grid system (Mesopotamia city buildings were randomly placed)
Vast amounts of roads were built and walls and forts were built to both keep out invaders as well as flood waters.
Created the first plumbing and sewage systems
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HARRAPPAN CULTURE
They had a written language but we have never been able to translate it
Their Religion was Polytheistic with a particular emphasis on animals (Modern Hinduism had its roots with the Harrappans)
Trade drove Harrappan Culture and records show they traded as far away as Mesopotamia
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HARRAPPAN CULTURE ENDS
The true ending of this civilization is a mystery however some geographers believe a period of severe earthquakes and flooding played a major role.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APn07PS-5qc
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CHALK TALK
How can a civilization be destroyed or no longer exist?
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MINOANS
The Minoans dominated Ancient World economics through trade by sea and their powerful navy.
Following their mysterious decline around 1200 BC, the door was wide open for a new empire to control the world economy.
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THE PHOENICIAN EMPIRE
From the area known as Lebanon today
Replaced the Minoans as the naval and trading superpower
Conducted trade with almost every known civilization of the time
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PHOENICIAN CITIES
Phoenicians did not worry about building large land empires but instead based their power through trade wealth.
Phoenician cities became powerful trading centers that sometimes competed with one another.
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PHOENICIANS SKILLS
Skilled craftsmen in metal, wood, and glass and would trade these goods around the world
Expert sailors who built ships that were both faster and could carry more cargo at the same time.
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PHOENICIAN ALPHABET
Phoenicians developed a writing system to assist with trade.
This system was adopted and changed by the Greeks and eventually became the alphabet we use today.
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HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=VZYGCTKLQGY&NR=1&FEATURE=FVWP
HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=O_CNHUZ2HUQ
HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=0TYUMSSB60A
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JUDAISM
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A NEW PEOPLE: THE JEWS
Around 1800 BC, Abraham makes the first Covenant with God and thus officially becoming the first Monotheistic (Belief in one God) Culture.
Abraham was from the land of Canaan which is modern day Israel today and near where the wealthy Phoenicians had their largest cities.
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TO AND FROM EGYPT
The Hebrews moved to Egypt around 1600 BC to avoid drought and at first were greeted with open arms by the Pharaohs.
The Hebrews were soon enslaved when the Egyptians feared they were becoming too powerful.
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MOSES AND THE PROMISED LAND
Moses is chosen by God to lead the Hebrews out of slavery.
A new convenant is made between God and the Hebrews and the Hebrews are given the “promised land”
After 40 years and the death of Moses they return to Caanan.
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KING DAVID
After several wars, the Hebrews gain their promised land and independent nation under King David.
However by 922 BC, discontent and disagreement led to a split in the Kingdom with Israel forming in the North and Judah in the South
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CAPTIVITY
Israel fell after a 100 years to the Empire of Assyria
150 years later Judah came under control of the Babylonian Empire (586 BC)
Judah remained under foreign control as different empires controlled the region (Persia, Greece, Rome)
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INDEPENDENT AGAIN
It was not until 1948 (2,500 years later), when Israel was established, that a Jewish independent nation existed again