Humanitarian ReformHumanitarian Reform(predictability, accountability, equity)(predictability, accountability, equity)

Implications for Implications for Reproductive HealthReproductive Health

Pamela DelargyPamela DelargyUNFPA Humanitarian Response UnitUNFPA Humanitarian Response Unit

IAWG Annual MeetingIAWG Annual Meeting8-10 October 20078-10 October 2007

NairobiNairobi

WHY HUMANITARIAN REFORM?WHY HUMANITARIAN REFORM?

Increasing number and complexity of Increasing number and complexity of crisis situationscrisis situations

Enhanced expectations of UN and NGO Enhanced expectations of UN and NGO roles in crises - need for better deliveryroles in crises - need for better delivery

Increasing public interest in Increasing public interest in humanitarian response – demand for humanitarian response – demand for accountabilityaccountability

Increased humanitarian funding but Increased humanitarian funding but INEQUITABLE INEQUITABLE (doubled in the past decade, creation (doubled in the past decade, creation of CAP)of CAP)

Aspects especially good for us!Aspects especially good for us!

Linking of humanitarian and recovery Linking of humanitarian and recovery programming and the Millennium programming and the Millennium Development GoalsDevelopment Goals

Growing awareness on RH/gender issues Growing awareness on RH/gender issues in crisis in crisis (SecCouncil resolutions 1308 and 1325)(SecCouncil resolutions 1308 and 1325)

Momentum for prevention and response Momentum for prevention and response to SGBV & SEA in conflict and post-to SGBV & SEA in conflict and post-conflict conflict (Media attention, SC work, 2006 Brussels (Media attention, SC work, 2006 Brussels symposium, etc.)symposium, etc.)

Zero-tolerance policyZero-tolerance policy

reformHUMANITARIAN

Inter-Agency Standing Committee Full Members and Standing Invitees

Full Members

Food and Agricultural

Organisation (FAO)

Office for the Coordination of

Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

United Nations Development

Programme (UNDP)

United Nations Population Fund

(UNFPA)

United Nations High Comissioner

for Refugees (UNHCR)

United Nations Children’s Fund

(UNICEF)

World Food Programme (WFP)

World Health Organisation

(WHO)

Standing Invitees

International Committee of the

Red Cross (ICRC)

International Council of Voluntary

Agencies (ICVA)

International Federation of Red

Cross and Red Crescent

Societies (IFRC)

American Council for Voluntary

International Action (InterAction)

International Organisation for

Migration (IOM)

Office of the High Commissioner

for Human Rights (OHCHR)

Office of the Special

Representative of the Secretary

General on the Human Rights of

Internally Displaced Persons

(RSG on HR of IDPs)

Steering Committee for

Humanitarian Response (SCHR)

World Bank (World Bank)

Whose reform?Whose reform?

Inter-Agency Standing Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC)Committee (IASC)

Composed of NGO Composed of NGO consortia, Red Cross consortia, Red Cross and Red Crescent and Red Crescent Movement, IOM, Movement, IOM, World bank and UN World bank and UN agenciesagencies

THREE PILLARS OF REFORM - THREE PILLARS OF REFORM -

AND THE FOUNDATIONAND THE FOUNDATION

CLUSTER APPROACH

Adequate capacity and predictable leadership in all

sectors

HUMANITARIAN COORDINATORS

Effective leadership and coordination in

humanitarian emergencies

HUMANITARIAN FINANCING

Adequate, timely and flexible financing

PARTNERSHIP

Strong partnerships between UN and non-UN actors

PILLAR 1: PILLAR 1: PredictabilityPredictability

Cluster Approach Cluster Approach

What is a cluster?What is a cluster?

A sectoral group comprising organizations and other stakeholders, A sectoral group comprising organizations and other stakeholders, with a designated lead, working in an area of humanitarian with a designated lead, working in an area of humanitarian response in which gaps in response have been identified. response in which gaps in response have been identified. Clusters are organized at both field and global levels.Clusters are organized at both field and global levels.

Aim of the cluster approachAim of the cluster approach

High standards of predictability, accountability and High standards of predictability, accountability and partnerships in all sectors or areas of activitypartnerships in all sectors or areas of activity

More strategic response (filling the gaps)More strategic response (filling the gaps)

Better prioritization of available resourcesBetter prioritization of available resources

IASC

Health Protection Early Recovery

RHSGBV

gender

WatSan

Camp

NutritionLogis Telecom

Shelter

Global Clusters

hygiene

When is the cluster approach applied?When is the cluster approach applied?

Major “new” emergenciesMajor “new” emergencies

On-going emergenciesOn-going emergencies

Contingency planningContingency planning

Global cluster leadsGlobal cluster leads

Cluster/Sector Working GroupCluster/Sector Working Group AgricultureAgriculture Camp Coordination & Camp MgmtCamp Coordination & Camp Mgmt Early RecoveryEarly Recovery EducationEducation Emergency ShelterEmergency Shelter Emergency TelecommsEmergency Telecomms HealthHealth LogisticsLogistics NutritionNutrition ProtectionProtection Water, Sanitation & HygieneWater, Sanitation & Hygiene

Global Cluster Leads FAO

UNHCR & IOM UNDP

UNICEF & Save the ChildrenUNHCR & IFRC (Convenor)OCHA (UNICEF & WFP)WHOWFPUNICEFUNHCRUNICEF

reformHUMANITARIAN

Gender Equality Gender Equality UNFPA and WHO UNFPA and WHO (IASC SWG) (IASC SWG)

HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS UNAIDS (IASC TF)UNAIDS (IASC TF)

EnvironmentEnvironment UNEPUNEP

(Others: human rights, older persons, etc)(Others: human rights, older persons, etc)

Cross-cutting Issues Cross-cutting Issues

Cluster Leadership Approach Cluster Leadership Approach What does the Cluster Lead do?What does the Cluster Lead do?

Partnerships: Partnerships: Identify partners; Identify partners; chair cluster with UN, Red chair cluster with UN, Red Cross/Red Crescent, IOM and NGO Cross/Red Crescent, IOM and NGO participationparticipation

Preparedness: Preparedness: Develop and Develop and maintain predictable cluster maintain predictable cluster response capacity (stockpiles, response capacity (stockpiles, trained staff, rosters, etc)trained staff, rosters, etc)

Standards and policy-settingStandards and policy-setting

Global level:Global level:

Cluster Leadership Approach Cluster Leadership Approach What does the Cluster Lead do?What does the Cluster Lead do?

Identify and work with key technical Identify and work with key technical partnerspartners

Coordinate programme implementation Coordinate programme implementation within sectorwithin sector

Develop a plan, according to needDevelop a plan, according to need Apply standardsApply standards Monitor and report on impactMonitor and report on impact Advocate on behalf of cluster and Advocate on behalf of cluster and

mobilise resources mobilise resources Train & build capacity of national Train & build capacity of national

actors/civil societyactors/civil society

Serve as provider of last resortServe as provider of last resort

Field level (terms of reference):Field level (terms of reference):

The Cluster Lead, in this capacity, is accountable to the Humanitarian Coordinator

Cluster Leadership Approach Cluster Leadership Approach What is meant by “provider of last resort”?What is meant by “provider of last resort”?

“…“…the commitment of cluster leads to do their the commitment of cluster leads to do their utmost to ensure an adequate and appropriate utmost to ensure an adequate and appropriate response.”response.”

“…“…it is necessarily circumscribed by some basic it is necessarily circumscribed by some basic preconditions that affect any framework for preconditions that affect any framework for humanitarian action, namely unimpeded humanitarian action, namely unimpeded access, security, and availability of funding.”access, security, and availability of funding.”

“…“…need to be applied in somewhat different ways, need to be applied in somewhat different ways, depending on the type of cluster.”depending on the type of cluster.”

“…“…determination of when last resort applies will determination of when last resort applies will usually depend on the HC and IASC Country usually depend on the HC and IASC Country Team’s advice that critical needs are not being Team’s advice that critical needs are not being met by existing responses.”met by existing responses.”

Cluster linkagesCluster linkages

• Global cluster leads are accountable to Global cluster leads are accountable to the ERC for carrying out their TORs.the ERC for carrying out their TORs.

• Field cluster leads report to the HC.Field cluster leads report to the HC.

• Field clusters should use the GCL as a Field clusters should use the GCL as a resource. (advice on global standards; resource. (advice on global standards; policies and best practice; operational policies and best practice; operational support; general guidance and training support; general guidance and training programmes) programmes)

IASC Working-Group and IASC Working-Group and subsidiary bodies subsidiary bodies

GENDER SUBWORKING GROUPGENDER SUBWORKING GROUP (Gender mainstreaming (handbook), surge capacity (GENCAP) (Gender mainstreaming (handbook), surge capacity (GENCAP)

and GBV guidelines roll out) and GBV guidelines roll out)

Task Forces:Task Forces: HIV in humanitarian situationsHIV in humanitarian situations Human rights and humanitarian actionHuman rights and humanitarian action Mental health and psychosocial support in emergency Mental health and psychosocial support in emergency

settingssettings Safe access to firewood and alternative energy in Safe access to firewood and alternative energy in

humanitarian settingshumanitarian settings

The cluster approach: The cluster approach: challengeschallenges

Process rolled out before agencies were preparedProcess rolled out before agencies were prepared Cluster leadership very unevenCluster leadership very uneven

Securing comprehensive RH and GBV as priority areas Securing comprehensive RH and GBV as priority areas required intense advocacyrequired intense advocacy

Ensuring that cross-cutting issues such as gender, Ensuring that cross-cutting issues such as gender,

HIV/AIDS and age are mainstreamed in all clusters HIV/AIDS and age are mainstreamed in all clusters requires constant presence and monitoringrequires constant presence and monitoring

The cluster approach: possibilitiesThe cluster approach: possibilities

Greater level of predictability and accountability Greater level of predictability and accountability for provision of servicesfor provision of services

Consolidation/reinforcement of global, national, Consolidation/reinforcement of global, national, and local partnershipsand local partnerships

Opportunities for training and preparednessOpportunities for training and preparedness

Improved surge capacity, including for protection Improved surge capacity, including for protection and gender (eg. GenCap, ProCap)and gender (eg. GenCap, ProCap)

PILLAR 2: LeadershipPILLAR 2: Leadership

Humanitarian CoordinationHumanitarian Coordination

Actions to strengthen the HC systemActions to strengthen the HC system

1.1. Establish broad-based humanitarian country Establish broad-based humanitarian country teamsteams

2.2. Greater Greater inclusivenessinclusiveness, transparency and , transparency and ownership in the appointment of humanitarian ownership in the appointment of humanitarian coordinatorscoordinators

3.3. RC/HC “score card” to be developedRC/HC “score card” to be developed

4.4. TrainingTraining and induction for HCs and induction for HCs

5.5. Support to HCs during emergencies and in Support to HCs during emergencies and in transition (GenCap)transition (GenCap)

Adequate, timely and flexible financing

Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF)

Provides one tool to ensure timely, adequate and flexible funding

$300 million disbursed thus far66 current donors

Funds UN agencies at this Funds UN agencies at this time.time.

UN agencies to fund NGO UN agencies to fund NGO implementing partnersimplementing partners

For more information about CERF, visit ochaonline2.un.org/cerf

CERF CERF

General Assembly in 2006 upgraded the CERF to US$ 500 General Assembly in 2006 upgraded the CERF to US$ 500

million with a US$ 450 million Grant Component.million with a US$ 450 million Grant Component.

Rapid Response (2/3)Rapid Response (2/3)

promote early action and response to reduce loss of lifepromote early action and response to reduce loss of life

enhance response to time-critical requirements enhance response to time-critical requirements

Under-funded Emergencies (1/3)Under-funded Emergencies (1/3)

strengthen core elements of humanitarian response in strengthen core elements of humanitarian response in

under-funded crises (bi-annual allocations)under-funded crises (bi-annual allocations)

CERF CriteriaCERF Criteria

Activities that remedy, mitigate or avert direct physical harm or threats to a Activities that remedy, mitigate or avert direct physical harm or threats to a population or major portion thereofpopulation or major portion thereof

Also common humanitarian services that are necessary to enable life-saving Also common humanitarian services that are necessary to enable life-saving activitiesactivities

Funds will target Funds will target core core life-saving life-saving activities activities as per as per the assessment the assessment of the HC/RCof the HC/RC

What CERF will fund…What CERF will fund…

Within HEALTH:Within HEALTH: CoordinationCoordination SurveillanceSurveillance Emergency PHC (suppt for services)Emergency PHC (suppt for services) SGBV medical and psychosocial supportSGBV medical and psychosocial support Communicable disease controlCommunicable disease control Maternal and neonatal risk, RH emergency Maternal and neonatal risk, RH emergency

interventions (including provision of kits based interventions (including provision of kits based on the MISP)on the MISP)

And on a case by case basis: And on a case by case basis:

HIV/AIDS emergency awareness and HIV/AIDS emergency awareness and provision of educational material/condomsprovision of educational material/condoms

HIV/AIDS counseling, testing and HIV/AIDS counseling, testing and treatment for vulnerable groupstreatment for vulnerable groups

Other areas of support:Other areas of support:

Within EDUCATION:Within EDUCATION: Essential life-saving skillsEssential life-saving skillsWithin NUTRITION:Within NUTRITION: Micronutrient supplementationMicronutrient supplementationWithin PROTECTION:Within PROTECTION: SGBV response, awareness and educationSGBV response, awareness and educationWithin WATSAN:Within WATSAN: Hygiene and sanitation supplies, esp for women Hygiene and sanitation supplies, esp for women

and girlsand girls

What CERF does NOT fund…What CERF does NOT fund…

Recurrent costs (staff salaries, Recurrent costs (staff salaries, maintenance, etc)maintenance, etc)

Generic early warning or prevention Generic early warning or prevention activities or stockpilingactivities or stockpiling

Capacity building and training (unless Capacity building and training (unless related to direct implementation of related to direct implementation of emergency response) emergency response)

CERF support for RH and CERF support for RH and gender-related activitiesgender-related activities

UNFPA example:UNFPA example:

2006 – 8 countries, $1.7m2006 – 8 countries, $1.7m

2007 to date: 22 countries, $7.8m2007 to date: 22 countries, $7.8m

Primarily provision of hygiene supplies, RH Primarily provision of hygiene supplies, RH and GBV programming and GBV programming

Partnerships Between UN and Partnerships Between UN and non-UN Actorsnon-UN Actors

The Global Humanitarian PlatformThe Global Humanitarian Platform Forum of NGOs, Red Cross and Red Forum of NGOs, Red Cross and Red

Crescent Movement, UN and international Crescent Movement, UN and international organizationsorganizations

Shared responsibility in enhancing the Shared responsibility in enhancing the effectiveness of humanitarian actioneffectiveness of humanitarian action

Meets annuallyMeets annually Developing “Principles of Partnerships” Developing “Principles of Partnerships”

(diversity, mutual respect, responsibility, transparency, etc.)(diversity, mutual respect, responsibility, transparency, etc.)

Partnerships Partnerships UN and non-UN ActorsUN and non-UN Actors

IASC Country Teams now a IASC Country Teams now a requirement in all countries with requirement in all countries with Humanitarian CoordinatorsHumanitarian Coordinators

Implications for RHImplications for RH

Window of opportunity to include RH and gender issues Window of opportunity to include RH and gender issues into cluster standards and coordination mechanisms into cluster standards and coordination mechanisms

>>>>donor and stakeholder and HC >>>>donor and stakeholder and HC awarenessawareness

CERF and CHF funding, based on local decision-CERF and CHF funding, based on local decision-making, has proven to be “RH-Friendlier” and “Gender-making, has proven to be “RH-Friendlier” and “Gender-Friendlier” than CAP funding wasFriendlier” than CAP funding was

Standby arrangements such as with NRC, DRC, and Standby arrangements such as with NRC, DRC, and GENCAP can allow for additional specialized staffing to GENCAP can allow for additional specialized staffing to implement RH activitiesimplement RH activities