HUMANISM

DEFINITION• Humanism was a cultural movement that

began in Italy in the 15th century.

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS

• Importance of the human being. Human being will be the new centre of the Universe.

• Interest in scientific and and technological progress, based in observation and experimentation.

• Interest in Greek and Latin classical cultures.

• Use of the languages of each country.

The ambassadors by Hans Holbein.

Which objects are associated with the two men?

THE SPREAD OF HUMANISM• Schools and Universities were the driving

force behing humanist thought.

• Schools were supported by patrons, who offered economic support.

• The invention of the printing press by Juan Gutemberg (1450) was the most important contribution to the spread of humanist ideas.

• The first printed book was the Bible, printed in Mainz in 1455.

The Spread of the Printing PressThe Spread of the Printing Press

LET’S REMEMBER THE WAY OF THINGKING

• The human being is, after God, in a privileged place in the Universe.

• Human being are free and they can decide their own destination.

• God created man in his image and likeness. Man must aspire to the highest.

¿QUÉ ES EL HUMANISMO?

• FUE UN MOVIMIENTO INTELECTUAL QUE SE DIFUNDIÓ DESDE ITALIA AL RESTO DE EUROPA

• LOS PILARES DE ESTE MOVIMIENTO FUERON LA REVALORIZACIÓN DEL ANTIGUO MUNDO CLÁSICO Y LA EXALTACIÓN DEL SER HUMANO.

MUNDO MEDIEVAL TEOCÉNTRICO

MUNDO MODERNO ANTROPOCÉNTRICO

PENSAMIENTO Y CREACIÓN ARTÍSTICA CENTRADA EN DIOS Y EN LA RELIGIOSIDAD.

MENTALIDAD EUROPEA LAS IDEAS, EL PENSAMIENTO, EL ARTE Y EL CONOCIMIENTO SE FOCALIZAN MÁS EN EL SER HUMANO Y SUS CAPACIDADES QUE EN DIOS, SIN ABANDONARLO.

ESTAMENTAL: NOBLEZA, CLERO, CAMPESINOS. RELACIONES DE VASALLAJE.

SOCIEDAD ESTAMENTAL. LA BURGUESÍA ADQUIERE MAYOR IMPORTANCIA.

ECONOMÍA CERRADA. BASE AGRARIA Y FEUDAL: AUTARQUÍA O AUTOCONSUMO.

ECONOMÍA ECONOMÍA ABIERTA. DESARROLLO COMERCIAL Y PREDOMINIO DEL CAPITALISMO.

REINOS PATRIMONIALES FUERTE UNIÓN DEL PODER POLÍTICO Y DEL ECLESIÁSTICO

ORGANIZACIÓN POLÍTICA

CONFORMACIÓN DE ESTADOS NACIONALES

CERRADO, POCOS DESPLAZAMIENTOS DE POBLACIÓN

ESPACIO TERRITORIAL ABIERTO, AUMENTO DE LAS MIGRACIONES Y DE LAS EXPLORACIONES GEOGRÁFICAS FUERA DE EUROPA

SEVERAL EVENTS• 1492 : Columbus discovered América• 1503-1507 : La Gioconda, de Da Vinci• 1515-1547 : reign of François 1er

• 1519 : Cortés conquered México – first world tour by Magallanes and Elcano.

• 1532 : Pizarro conquered Peru. Pantagruel, by Rabelais• 1538 : Mercator prepared the first world map. • 1543 : Copérnico did his theory heliocentric of the

Universe. • 1547 : Miguel Ángel built the dome of San Pedro in The

Vatican.

MAIN HUMANISTS

• ERASMO DE ROTTERDAM (1466-1536)

• “ELOGIO DE LA LOCURA”

• CHRISTIAN HUMANISM

MAIN HUMANISM

• DANTE ALIGHIERI (1265-1321)

• HE WAS THE FIRST HUMANIST.

• HIS MAIN WORK IS TITLED “LA DIVINA COMEDIA”

MAIN HUMANISTS

• FRANCISCO PETRARCA (1304-1374). POET.

• WITH DANTE ALIGHERI, HE IS CONSIDERED THE FATHER OF HUMANISM.

MAIN HUMANISTS

• NICOLÁS MAQUIAVELO (1469-1527)

• IN HIS MOST IMPORTANT WORK “EL PRÍNCIPE”, HE DESCRIBED THE PERFECT GOVERNOR.

MAIN HUMANISTS

• TOMAS MORO (1478-1535)

• IN HIS WORK “LA UTOPÍA”, HE DESCRIBED AN IDEAL CITY.

DOMAINS: L’UNIVERSE

Aristote, Ptolémée et Copernic

Experimientation

Carte du monde par Mercator

Christopher Columbus in the Royal Court of Spain, in Barcelona

Science: research to cure a luxation in the back

THE REFORMATI

ON

What was the Reformation?• The reformation was a split in the Christian

church. It happened because people were

unhappy about the Church.

What was the Reformation?• They are called

Protestants because they protested and started a new religion.

• It is called the Reformation because they set out to reform the Church.

CAUSES OF THE REFORMATION

• Attitudes of the high clergy: luxurious lifestyles, lack of chastity.

• Lack of preparation of clergy.

• The sale of ecclesiastical charges.

• The sale of indulgences: payments received for pardoning sins.

• The sale of bulas: documents that allowed to do things that were prohibited by the Church.

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Why Reform?

• Popes corrupted by power & lose focus of spiritual leadership

• People wanted to know how to save souls• Indulgences –a release

of a soul from purgatory For monetary donation –

a HUGE abuse of Church power!

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The Pope’s Corruption• The Pope spent too much money on the

arts

• Spent on personal pleasure

• Fought Wars

• Pope Alexander VI fathered several children

• Priests were uneducated, drank, and gambled

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http://www.history.com/videos/martin-luther-sparks-a-revolution#martin-luther-sparks-a-revolution

Pope Alejandro VI, his daughter Lucrecia and his son César.

Abuses in the Church:

a. Ignorant priests who didn’t even understand the mass

b. Wealthy bishops who had more interest in money than religion

c. Immoral popes like Alexander VI who had mistresses and 7 children and Sixtus who planned to assassinate Lorenzo de Medici

d. Also, simony, nepotism and absenteesim

Simony To bribe people to elect you to high position in the church

Nepotism To give important jobs in the church to your relatives

Absenteeism To neglect your parish or dioceses because you don’t live there

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MARTIN LUTHER

• He was a German Priest• Saw problems in the Church• All he wanted was to be a good Christian• Church believed salvation gained • from faith + good work

– Luther thought faith alone gained salvation

• Oct 31, 1517 – Posted 95 Theses

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95 Thesis

• Attacked the “Pardon Merchants”

• Lead to the Founding of Christian Churches that did not accept the Pope’s authority

• Posted on church door in Wittenburg, Germany

• Thousands of copies distributed throughout Germany

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95 Theses:

Luther posted them to the

door

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• Luther’s 95 Theses was a description of the 95 problems that he had with the Catholic Church and the way they were acting.

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““I do not accept the authority of popes and councils… my I do not accept the authority of popes and councils… my conscience is captive to the word of God. …Here I stand conscience is captive to the word of God. …Here I stand and I can not do otherwise. God help me. Amen.and I can not do otherwise. God help me. Amen.””

– – Martin Luther April 18Martin Luther April 18thth, 1521, 1521

The Pope & Luther

• The Pope issued a papal bull or bula (a papal bull is an official document from the pope)

• He warned Luther to give up his ideas

• Luther burned the bull in public

• The Pope responded by excommunicating Luther and declaring him a heretic

Spread of Lutheranism

• Some German princes liked Luther’s ideas.

• German states were run by princes but were part of the

Holy Roman Empire

• Emperor Charles V called a meeting of the princes

called the Diet of Worms. Luther refused to give up his

ideas.

• Charles V issued the Edict of Worms which said Luther

was an outlaw.

PRINCIPLES OF LUTHERANISM

• Lutheranism was based on three

fundamental principles:

Salvation through faith alone.

Universal priesthood.

The authority and free interpretation of the

Bible.

CARACTERÍSTICAS DEL LUTERANISMO

• Las personas se salvaban por la fe, no por las obras.

• La fuente de verdad eran los libros sagrados.

• Sólo hay dos sacramentos: el bautismo y la eucaristía.

• El culto a la Virgen y los santos debe prohibirse.

• Negaba la autoridad del Papa.

DIFFERENCESLutheran• Only faith in Jesus saves

your soul (Justification by faith alone)

• Religious truth is in the Bible

• 2 sacraments exist: baptism and communion

• The local prince rules the church

• Priests can marry

Catholic• Faith in God and good

works saves your soul• Religious truth is in

the Bible and church teaching

• 7 sacraments exist• The head of the church is

the Pope in Rome• Priests must not marry

The Differences: Churches

Protestant• Protestant churches

were plain and simple• No statues or art• Priests wore plain

garments • The service was in

the vernacular language, not Latin

Catholic• Catholic Churches

were richly decorated• Lots of statues and

art work• Priests wore rich

garments• They said mass in

Latin

The Spread of LutheranismThe Spread of Lutheranism

King Henry VIII

• Famous King of England.

• He wanted to divorce his first wife

(Catalina de Aragón, daughter of the

Catholic Monarchas), because she

could not produce a male heir, but

Catholic Church would not allow it.

King Henry VIII

• He broke away from the Catholic

Church of England with the Pope in

Rome

• And created a new religion: the

Anglicanism, in which he was the

Head.

• He remarried six times

John Calvin

• He was one of the new leaders of

Protestantism

• Being close to Luther, also believed in

the doctrine of justification by faith alone

to explain how humans achieved

salvation

• Believed in predestination, which

meant that God determined in advance

who would be saved and who would be

damned

Calvinism:

• belief in predestination gave firm conviction

they were doing God’s work on Earth

• conviction made them determined to spread

faith to other people

• became dynamic and activist faith

• replaced Lutheranism as most important,

dynamic form of Protestantism.

• Calvinism spread throughout Switzerland and

France.

THE COUNTER-

REFORMATION

• The spread of Reformation in Europe led the Catholic authorities in Rome to persecute Protestants and begin a reform of their own Church.

• The reform of the Catholic Church, known as the Counter-Reformation began with the Council of Trent (Concilio de Trento), between 1545 and 1563, convened (convocado) by the Pope Pablo III (later presided by Julio III and Pío IV).

• The Council of Trent was a meeting of the most important members of the ecclesiastical hierarchy and certain kings.

• The Council reaffirmed the main dogmas of Catholicism: Faith and validity of good deeds (buenas

obras) to get salvation. The santity of Mass. The seven sacraments. The worship of the Virgin Mary and the

saints. Reaffirmed the authority of the Pope. The only admitted version of the Bible will be

the Vulgata by San Jerónimo.

Inmaculada Concepción

(Murillo), de acuerdo a los

preceptos del Concilio de

Trento.

• The Council also did several reforms in the Catholic Church: It prohibited the sale of indulgences. It created seminaries to prepare and train

priests. It insisted on celibacy among the clergy.

• These reforms were carried out in many

Catholic religious orders, such us the

Carmelites (reformed by Saint Teresa de

Jesús).

• New orders were created, such as la

Compañía de Jesús or los Jesuitas (the

Society of Jesus or the Jesuits), founded by

Saint Ignacio de Loyola.

• The Churh encouraged the role of the

Court of the Inquisition, to judge the cases

of heresy (acts against the faith, for

example, to become protestant).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=qd_nTF3Lrpo