Human Physiology(circulatory system)...7 Open Circulatory System: blood is pumped from a simple...

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Human Physiology(circulatory system)

Transcript of Human Physiology(circulatory system)...7 Open Circulatory System: blood is pumped from a simple...

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Human Physiology(circulatory system)

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Circulatory system :

The human circulatory system

demonstrates the organizational

complexity of the human. It is made up

of a number of different tissues

organized into organs such as the heart,

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules

and veins.

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рдпрдХреНрддрд╕реКрдЪрд╛рдп рдкреНрд░рдгрд╛рд░реА : рднрд╛рдирд╡ рд╕реКрдЪрд╛рдп рдкреНрд░рдгрд╛рд░реА рднрд╛рдирд╡ рдХреА рд╕реКрдЧрдардирд╛рддреНрднрдХ рдЬрдЯрд┐рд░рддрд╛ рдХреЛ рдкреНрд░рджрд░реНрд╢рд┐рдд рдХрдпрддреА рд╣реИред рдорд╣ рдЯрджрд░, рдзрднрдирдирдореЛрдВ, рдзрднрдиреА, рдХреЗрд░реНрд╢рдХрд╛рдУреК, рд╡реЗрдиреНрдореВрд▓реНрд╕ рдФрдп рдирд╕реЛрдВ рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рдЕреКрдЧреЛрдВ рднреЗрдВ рд╕реКрдЧрдЯрдардд рдХрдИ рдКрддрдХреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдлрдирд╛ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИред

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Open versus closed circulatory systems

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Open Circulatory System: blood is

pumped from a simple heart and

flows out of blood vessels and

around tissue cells of the organism,

e.g. invertebrates, such as insects.

The blood is then returned to the

heart via small pores called Ostia.

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рдЦреБрд░рд╛ рдйрд░рдпрд╕реКрдЪрдпрдг рддреКрддреНрд░ : рдпрдХреНрдд рд╣реГрджрдо рд╕реЗ рдйреКрдй рдХрд┐рдорд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрдп рдпрдХреНрдд рд╡рд╛рд╣рд╣рд┐рд╛рдУреК рдФрдп рдЬреАрд╡ рд┐реЗ рдКрддрд┐ рд┐реЛрд╢рд┐рд┐рд╛рдУреК рд┐реЗ рдлрд╛рд╣рдп рдлрд╣рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдХрдкрдп рдпрдХреНрдд рд┐реЛ рдУрд╕реНрдЯрд┐рдорд╛ рдирд╛рднрд┐ рдЫреЛрд┐реЗ рдЫрдЫрджреНрд░реЛрдВ рд┐реЗ рднрд╛рдзреНрдордн рд╕реЗ рд╣реГрджрдо рднреЗрдВ рд░реМрд┐рд╛рдорд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред

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Ex-insects and some mollusks (snails, clams) рдЙрджрд╛- рдХреАрдб реЗрдФрдп рдХреБрдЫ рднреЛрд░рд╕реНрдХрд╛ (рдШреЛрдВрдШреЗ, рдХреНрд░реИрдн)

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Closed Circulatory System: blood flows

around the body enclosed in blood

vessels and does not leaves the blood

vessels, e.g. human.

рдлреКрдж рдйрд░рдпрд╕реКрдЪрдпрдг рдкреНрд░рдгрд╛рд░реА: рдпрдХреНрдд рд╡рд╛рд╣рд╣рд┐рд╛рдУреК рднреЗрдВ рд╕реКрд░рдЧреНрди рд┐рдпреАрдп рд┐реЗ рдЪрд╛рдпреЛрдВ рдУрдп рдпрдХреНрдд рдкреНрд░рд╡рд╛рд╣ рд┐рдпрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрдп рдпрдХреНрдд рд╡рд╛рд╣рд╣рд┐рд╛рдУреК рд┐реЛ рдирд╣реАреК рдЫреЛрдбрд╝рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдЙрджрд╛- рднрд╛рдирд╡

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Structure of the human

circulatory system

рднрд╛рдирд╡ рд╕реКрдЪрд╛рдп рдкреНрд░рдгрд╛рд░реА рдХреА рд╕реКрдпрдЪрдирд╛

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The human circulatory system consists

of: рднрд╛рдирд╡ рд╕реКрдЪрд╛рдп рдкреНрд░рдгрд╛рд░реА рднреЗрдВ рдирдирдореНрдирд░реНрд░рдЦрд┐рдд рд╢рд╛рд░реНрднрд░ рд╣реИрдВ:-

Blood vessels/ рдпрдХреНрдд рд╡рд╛рдЯрд╣рдХрд╛рдПреК Heart/рд╣реНрд░рджрдо Blood/рдпрдХреНрдд

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1.Blood vessels/ рдпрдХреНрдд рд╡рд╛рдЯрд╣рдХрд╛рдПреК :

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a)Arteries: blood vessels that carry

blood away from the heart in pulses. It

has a thick wall and small lumen.

рдзрднрдирдирдорд╛реК: рдпрдХреНрдд рд╡рд╛рдЯрд╣рдХрд╛рдПреК рдЬреЛ рдпрдХреНрдд рдХреЛ рд╣реГрджрдо рд╕реЗ рджрдпреВ рд░реЗ рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИрдВред рдЗрд╕рднреЗрдВ рдПрдХ рднреЛрд┐реА рджреАрд╡рд╛рдп рдФрдп рдЫреЛрд┐рд╛ рд░реБрднреЗрди рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИред

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The thick wall of arteries contains a tough outer

layer of collagen that gives strength to the artery

that supports the pressure the blood is under from

the heart.

рдзрднрдирдирдореЛрдВ рдХреА рднреЛрд┐реА рджреАрд╡рд╛рдп рднреЗрдВ рдХреЛрд░реЗрдЬрди рдХреА рдПрдХ рдХрдЯрдарди рдлрд╛рд╣рдпреА рдйрдпрдд рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ рдзрднрдиреА рдХреЛ рддрд╛рдХрдд рджреЗрддреА рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ рдЙрд╕ рджрдлрд╛рд╡ рдХрд╛ рд╕рднрдерд┐рди рдХрдпрддреА рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ рдпрдХреНрдд рд╣реГрджрдо рд╕реЗ рдиреАрдЪреЗ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИред

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It also contains a layer of smooth (involuntary)

muscle that contracts pushing blood along.

рдЗрд╕рднреЗрдВ рдЪрдЪрдХрдиреА (рдЕрдирдЪреИреНрдЫрдЫрдХ) рднрд╛реКрд╕рдйреЗрд░реНрд╢рдореЛрдВ рдХреА рдПрдХ рдйрдпрдд рдмреА рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ рдпрдХреНрдд рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдзрдХреНрдХрд╛ рджреЗрддреА рд╣реИред

The internal layer of the artery is composed of a

layer of cells called the endothelium.

рдзрднрдиреА рдХреА рдЖреКрддрд░рдпрдХ рдйрдпрдд рдХреЛрд░реНрд╢рдХрд╛рдУреК рдХреА рдПрдХ рдйрдпрдд рд╕реЗ рдлрдиреА рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИ рдЪреНрдЬрд╕реЗ рдПреКрдбреЛрдереЗрд░реНрд░рдордн рдХрд╣рд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред

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b)Veins/рдирд╕реЛрдВ : blood vessels that carry blood

towards the heart in an even flow. They have

thin walls, a large lumen and valves.

рдпрдХреНрдд рд╡рд╛рдЯрд╣рдХрд╛рдПреЙ рдЬреЛ рдпрдХреНрдд рдХреЛ рд╣реГрджрдо рдХреА рдУрдп рдПрдХ рд╕рднрд╛рди

рдкреНрд░рд╡рд╛рд╣ рднреЗрдВ рд░реЗ рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИрдВред рдЙрдирдХреЗ рдйрд╛рд╕ рдйрддрд░реА рджреАрд╡рд╛рдпреЗрдВ, рдПрдХ рдлрдбрд╛ рд░реБрднреЗрди рдФрдп рд╡рд╛рд▓реНрд╡ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИрдВред

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Blood pressure in veins is much

lower than arteries, hence the

thinner wall.

рдирд╕реЛрдВ рднреЗрдВ рдпрдХреНрддрдЪрд╛рдй рдзрднрдирдирдореЛрдВ рдХреА рддреБрд░рдирд╛ рднреЗрдВ рдлрд╣реБрдд рдХрдн рд╣реИ, рдЗрд╕рд░реНрд░рдП рдйрддрд░реА рджреАрд╡рд╛рдп рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИред

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They also have smooth muscle to push

blood along in one direction and have

valves to prevent back flow of blood.

рдЙрдирдХреЗ рдйрд╛рд╕ рдпрдХреНрдд рдХреЛ рдПрдХ рдЯрджрд╢рд╛ рднреЗрдВ рдзрдХреЗрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд░реНрд░рдП рдЪрдЪрдХрдиреА рднрд╛реКрд╕рдйреЗрд╢реА рдмреА рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИ рдФрдп рдпрдХреНрдд рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рд╡рд╛рд╣ рдХреЛ рдпреЛрдХрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд░реНрд░рдП рд╡рд╛рд▓реНрд╡ рд╣реЛрдд реЗрд╣реИрдВред

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c)Capillaries: blood vessels with walls one cell

thick that carries blood from arterioles to

venules through tissues, releasing nutrients and

taking away wastes.

рдХреЗрд░реНрд╢рдХрд╛рдПреК: рджреАрд╡рд╛рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдпрдХреНрдд рд╡рд╛рдЯрд╣рдХрд╛рдПреК рдПрдХ рдХреЛрд░реНрд╢рдХрд╛ рднреЛрд┐реА рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИрдВ рдЬреЛ рдпрдХреНрдд рдХреЛ рдзрднрдирдирдореЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рд░реЗрдХрдп рдКрддрдХреЛрдВ рддрдХ

рд░реНрд╢рдпрд╛рдУреК рддрдХ рд░реЗ рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИрдВ, рдйреЛрд╖рдХ рддрддреНрд╡реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЫреЛрдбрддреА рд╣реИрдВ рдФрдп

рдЕрдйрд░реНрд╢рд╖реНрд┐реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдирдирдХрд╛рд░рддреА рд╣реИрдВред

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blood circuits:The human circulatory system consists

of two blood circuits: the systemic circuit and the

pulmonary circuit. This is why the human circulatory

system is described as a double circulatory system.

рдпрдХреНрдд рд╕рд░реНрдХрд┐ рд┐: рднрд╛рдирд╡ рд╕реКрдЪрд╛рдп рдкреНрд░рдгрд╛рд░реА рднреЗрдВ рджреЛ рдпрдХреНрдд рд╕рд░реНрдХрд┐ рд┐ рд╣реЛрдд реЗрд╣реИрдВ, рдкреНрд░рдгрд╛рд░реАрдЧрдд рд╕рд░реНрдХрд┐ рд┐ рдФрдп рдкреБрдлреНрдкреБрд╕реАрдо рд╕рд░реНрдХрд┐ рд┐ рдорд╣реА рдХрд╛рдпрдг рд╣реИ рд░реНрдХ рднрд╛рдирд╡ рд╕реКрдЪрд╛рдп рдкреНрд░рдгрд╛рд░реА рдХреЛ рджреЛрд╣рдпреЗ рд╕реКрдЪрд╛рдп рдкреНрд░рдгрд╛рд░реА рдХреЗ рд░реВрдй рднреЗрдВ рд╡рдЦрдгрд┐рдд рд░реНрдХрдорд╛ рдЧрдорд╛ рд╣реИред

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Systemic circuitsThe systemic circuit carries blood to all the

major organs of the body, except the lungs.

рдкреНрд░рдгрд╛рд░реАрдЧрдд рд╕рд░реНрдХрд┐ рд┐: рдкреНрд░рдгрд╛рд░реАрдЧрдд рд╕рд░реНрдХрд┐ рд┐ рдкреЗрдкрдбреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЫреЛрдбрдХрдп рд╢рдпреАрдп рдХреЗ рд╕рдмреА рдкреНрд░рднреБрд┐ рдЕреКрдЧреЛрдВ рддрдХ рдпрдХреНрдд рдйрд╣реБреКрдЪрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред

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pulmonary circuitsThe lungs have their own blood circuit,

called the pulmonary circuit.

рдкреБрдлреНрдкреБрд╕реАрдо рд╕рд░реНрдХрд┐ рд┐: рдкреЗрдкрдбрд╝ реЗрд┐рд╛ рдЕрдйрдирд╛ рдпрдХреНрдд рд╕рдХрд┐рд┐ рд┐ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рд╕реНрдЬрд╕реЗ рдкреБрдлреНрдкреБрд╕реАрдо рд╕рдХрд┐рд┐ рд┐ рд┐рд╣рд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред

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Heart

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Structure of the heart.

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It is an extremely important part of our body, which is situated on the left side of the chest. The heart weight of a closed gauze is about 300 grams. There are two lungs on either side of it.

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рд╣рднрд╛рдпреЗ рд╢рдпреАрдп рдХрд╛ рдПрдХ рдЕрддреНрдореКрдд рднрд╣рддреНрд╡рдйреВрдгрд┐ рдЕреКрдЧ рд╣реИ, рдЬреЛ рд╡рд║ рднреЗрдВ рдлрд╛рдИрдВ рдУрдп рдЪреНрд╕реНрдердд рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдлреКрдж рднреБрдЯреНрдареА рдХреЗ рдЖрдХрд╛рдп рдХреЗ рд╣реГрджрдо рдХрд╛ рдмрд╛рдп рд░рдЧрдмрдЧ 300 рдЧреНрд░рд╛рдн рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рджреЛрдиреЛрдВ рдУрдп рджреЛ рдкреЗрдкрдб реЗрд╣реЛрдд реЗрд╣реИрдВред

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The heart has a membrane coating, called the pericardium. It has two layers - one layer is in contact with the heart and the other is outside it.

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рд╣реГрджрдо рдйрдп рдЦрдЭрд▓реНрд░реА рдХрд╛ рдлрдирд╛ рдПрдХ рдЖрд╡рдпрдг рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдЪреНрдЬрд╕реЗ рдйреЗрдпреАрдХрд╛рд░реНрдб рд┐рдордн рдХрд╣рдд реЗрд╣реИрдВред рдЗрд╕рдХреА рджреЛ рдйрдпрддреЗрдВ рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИрдВ- рдПрдХ рдйрдпрдд рд╣реГрджрдо рдХреЗ рд╕реКрдйрдХрд┐ рднреЗрдВ рдпрд╣рддреА рд╣реИ рдФрдп рджрд╕реВрдпреА рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдлрд╛рд╣рдп рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИред

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The heart is actually a muscle, inside which blood is filled. This part is called myocardium. The layer inside it, which is in contact with the blood, is called Endocardium.

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рд╣реГрджрдо рд╡рд╛рд╕реНрддрд╡ рднреЗрдВ рдПрдХ рднрд╛реКрд╕рдйреЗрд╢реА рд╣реИ, рдЪреНрдЬрд╕рдХреЗ рдЕреКрджрдп рдпрдХреНрдд рдмрдпрд╛ рдпрд╣рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЗрд╕ рдмрд╛рдЧ рдХреЛ рднрд╛рдореЛрдХрд╛рд░реНрдб рд┐рдордн (Myocardium) рдХрд╣рдд реЗрд╣реИрдВред рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдЕреКрджрдп рдХреА рдйрдпрдд, рдЬреЛ рдпрдХреНрдд рдХреЗ рд╕реКрдйрдХрд┐ рднреЗрдВ рдпрд╣рддреА рд╣реИ, рдПрдиреНрдбреЛрдХрд╛рд░реНрдб рд┐рдордн (Endocardium) рдХрд╣рд░рд╛рддреА рд╣реИред

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Aorta: largest artery in the

body carrying oxygenated blood

away from the left side of the

heart to all the major organs of

the body (except the lungs).

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рднрд╣рд╛рдзрднрдиреА: рд┐рдпреАрдп рднреЗрдВ рд╕рдлрд╕реЗ рдлрдбрд╝реА рдзрднрдиреА рдСрдХреНрд╕реАрдЬрди рдордХреБреНрдд рдпрдХреНрдд рд┐реЛ рд╣реГрджрдо рд┐реЗ рдлрд╛рдИрдВ рдУрдп рд╕реЗ рд┐рдпреАрдп рд┐реЗ рд╕рдмреА рдкреНрд░рднрдЦреБ рдЕреКрдЧреЛрдВ (рдкреЗрдкрдбрд╝реЛрдВ рд┐реЛ рдЫреЛрдбрд╝рд┐рдп) рддрд┐ рд░реЗ рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИред

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Pulmonary artery: carries

deoxygenated blood away from the

right side of the heart to the lungs to

excrete carbon dioxide and absorb

more oxygen.

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рдйрд▓реНрднреЛрдирдпреА рдзрднрдиреА: рд┐рд╛рдлрд┐рди рдбрд╛рдЗрдСрдХреНрд╕рд╛рдЗрдб рд┐реЛ рдлрд╛рд╣рдп рдЫрдирд┐рд╛рд░рдиреЗ рдФрдп рдЕрдзрдзрд┐ рдСрдХреНрд╕реАрдЬрди рд┐реЛ рдЕрд╡рд┐реЛрд╖рд┐рдд рд┐рдпрдиреЗ рд┐реЗ рд╢рд░рдП рд╣реГрджрдо рд┐реЗ рджрд╛рдИрдВ рдУрдп рд╕реЗ рдкреЗрдкрдбрд╝реЛрдВ рддрд┐ рдбреАрдСрдХреНрд╕реАрдЬрдиреЗрд┐реЗрдб рдпрдХреНрдд рд┐реЛ рдйрд╣реБреКрдЪрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред

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Pulmonary vein: carries oxygenated blood

towards the right hand side of the heart from

the lungs.

рдкреБрдлреНрдкреБрд╕реАрдо рд╢рд┐рдпрд╛: рдкреЗрдкрдбрд╝реЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рд╣рджрд░ рд┐реЗ рджрд╛рд╣рд╣рдиреЗ рд╣рд╛рде рд┐реА рдУрдп рдСрдХреНрд╕реАрдЬрди рдореБрдХреНрдд рдпрдХреНрдд рдйрд╣реБреКрдЪрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред

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Left atrium: upper left chamber of the

heart that receives blood from the lungs

and contracts pumping blood into the

left ventricle.рдлрд╛рдорд╛реК рдЖрд╢рд░реКрдж: рд╣реГрджрдо рд┐рд╛ рдКрдйрдпреА рдлрд╛рдорд╛реЙ рд┐рд║ рдЬреЛ рдкреЗрдкрдбрд╝реЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдпрдХреНрдд рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рд┐рдпрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрдп рдпрдХреНрдд рд┐реЛ рдлрд╛рдПреК рд╡реЗрдВрд╣рд┐рд┐рд░ рднреЗрдВ рдйреКрдй рд┐рдпрддрд╛ рд╣реИред

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Inferior vena cava: carries

deoxygenated blood from the lower

half of the body back to the heart.

рд┐рдпреАрдп рд┐реЗ рдЫрдирдЪрд░реЗ рдЖрдзреЗ рд╣рд╣рдЯрд╕реЗ рд╕реЗ рд╡рд╛рдйрд╕ рд╣рджрд░ рддрд┐ рдСрдХреНрд╕реАрдЬрди рдпрд╣рд╣рдд рдпрдХреНрдд рдйрд╣реБреКрдЪрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред

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Tricuspid valve: allows one-way flow of blood

from the right atrium to the right ventricle -

preventing back-flow of blood.

рд┐рд╛рдЗрд┐рд╕рд╖рдйрдб рд╡рд╛рд▓реНрд╡: рджрд╛рдПреК рдЕрд╢рд░реКрдж рд╕реЗ рджрд╛рдПреК рд╡реЗрдВрд╣рд┐рд┐рд░ рднреЗрдВ рдпрдХреНрдд рд┐реЗ рдПрд┐-рддрдпрдлрд╛ рдкреНрд░рд╡рд╛рд╣ рд┐реА рдЕрдиреБрднрдЫрдд рджреЗрддрд╛ рд╣реИ - рдпрдХреНрдд рд┐реЗ рдйреАрдЫреЗ-рдкреНрд░рд╡рд╛рд╣ рд┐реЛ рдпреЛрд┐рдирд╛ред

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Right atrium: upper right chamber of

the heart that receives blood from the

vena cavae and contracts pumping blood

into the right ventricle.

рдпрд╛рдЗрд┐ рдПрдЯрд┐рдордн: рдЯрджрд░ рдХрд╛ рдКрдйрдпреА рджрд╛рдорд╛реЙ рдХрд║ рдЬреЛ рд╡реЗрдирд╛ рдХрд╛рд╡рд╛ рд╕реЗ рдпрдХреНрдд рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рдХрдпрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрдп рдпрдХреНрдд рдХреЛ рд╕рд╣реА рд╡реЗрдВрдЯрд┐рдХрд░ рднреЗрдВ рдйреКрдй рдХрдпрддрд╛ рд╣реИред

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Superior vena cava: carries

deoxygenated blood from the upper

half of the body back to the heart.

рд╕реБрдйреАрд░рдпрдордп рд╡реЗрдирд╛ рдХрд╛рд╡рд╛: рд╢рдпреАрдп рдХреЗ рдКрдйрдпреА рдЖрдзреЗ

рдЯрд╣рд╕реНрд╕реЗ рд╕реЗ рд╡рд╛рдйрд╕ рдЯрджрд░ рддрдХ рдСрдХреНрд╕реАрдЬрди

рдпрдЯрд╣рдд рдпрдХреНрдд рдйрд╣реБреКрдЪрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред

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Semilunar valves: allow one-way flow of

blood out of the heart - prevent back-

flow of blood into the heart.

рд╕реЗрд░реНрднрд░реБрдирдп рд╡рд╛рд▓реНрд╡: рд╣реГрджрдо рд╕реЗ рдпрдХреНрдд рдХреЗ рдПрдХ-рддрдпрдлрд╛ рдкреНрд░рд╡рд╛рд╣ рдХреА рдЕрдиреБрднрдирдд рджреЗрдд реЗрд╣реИрдВ - рд╣реГрджрдо рднреЗрдВ рдпрдХреНрдд рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рд╡рд╛рд╣ рдХреЛ рдпреЛрдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред

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HEART RATE AND CARDIAC OUTAPUT

рд╣рд╛рд┐рд┐ рдпреЗрд┐ рдФрдп рдХрд╛рд░реНрдб рд┐рдордХ рдЖрдЙрд┐The heart beats about 72 times per minute, i.e., these many cardiac

cycles occur in a minute.

рд╣реГрджрдо рдкреНрд░рдирдд рд░реНрднрдирд┐ рд░рдЧрдмрдЧ 72 рдлрд╛рдп рдзрдбрдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдорд╛рдиреА, рдореЗ рдХрдИ рд╣реГрджрдо рдЪрдХреНрд░ рдПрдХ рд░реНрднрдирд┐

рднреЗрдВ рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред

So it could be deduced that the duration of one cardiac cycle is

about 0.8 seconds.

рдПрдХ рд╣реГрджрдо рдЪрдХреНрд░ рдХреА рдЕрд╡рдЪрдз рд░рдЧрдмрдЧ 0.8 рд╕реЗрдХреК рдб рд╣реИред

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ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)

Electrocardiogram is the graphic record of the

electrical potential differences produced by the

excitation of heart muscles as a function of time.

рдЗрд░реЗрдХреНрд┐реЛрдХрд╛рд░реНрдб рд┐рдореЛрдЧреНрд░рд╛рдн рд╕рднрдо рдХреЗ рдПрдХ рд╕рднрд╛рдпреЛрд╣ рдХреЗ рд░реВрдй рднреЗрдВ рд╣реГрджрдо рдХреА рднрд╛реКрд╕рдйреЗрд░реНрд╢рдореЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЙрддреЗреНрддрдЬрдирд╛ рджреНрд╡рд╛рдпрд╛ рдЙрддреНрдйрд╛рдЯрджрдд рд╡рд╡рджреНрдореБрдд рдЕреКрддрдп рдХрд╛ рдЧреНрд░рд╛рд░реНрдкрдХ рд░рдпрдХреЙрдбрд┐ рд╣реИ

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Electrocardiograph is the machine used to monitor the heart

function. To obtain a standard ECG, the patient is connected

to the machine with three electrical leads, one in each of the

wrists and one to the left ankle, that monitor the heart

function.

рдЗрд░реЗрдХреНрд┐реЛрдХрд╛рд░реНрдб рд┐рдореЛрдЧреНрд░рд╛рдк рд╡рд╣ рднрд╢реАрди рд╣реИ рдЪреНрдЬрд╕рдХрд╛ рдЙрдйрдореЛрдЧ рд╣реГрджрдо рд░реНрдХреНрд░рдорд╛ рдХреА рдирдирдЧрдпрд╛рдиреА рдХреЗ рд░реНрд░рдП рд░реНрдХрдорд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдПрдХ рднрд╛рдирдХ ECG рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рдХрдпрдиреЗ рдХреЗ

рд░реНрд░рдП, рдпреЛрдЧреА рдХреЛ рддреАрди рд╡рд╡рджреНрдореБрдд рд░реАрдб рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рднрд╢реАрди рд╕реЗ рдЬреЛрдбрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ,

рдкреНрд░рддреНрдореЗрдХ рдХрд░рд╛рдИ рднреЗрдВ рдПрдХ рдФрдп рдлрд╛рдПреК рд┐рд┐рдиреЗ рднреЗрдВ, рдЬреЛ рд╣реГрджрдо рд╕рднрд╛рдпреЛрд╣ рдХреА рдирдирдЧрдпрд╛рдиреА рдХрдпрддрд╛ рд╣реИред

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57

IMPORTANT FACTS FOR EXAM 1.RBCs рдХреА рдЕрдЪрдзрдХрддрд╛ (рд╕рд╛рднрд╛рдиреНрдо рд╕реЗ рдЬреНрдорд╛рджрд╛): рдйреЛрд░реАрд╕рд╛рдЗрдереАрд░реНрднрдорд╛ (Polycythemia)

2. RBCs рдХреА рдХрднреА (рд╕рд╛рднрд╛рдиреНрдо рд╕реЗ рдХрдн) рдпрдХреНрддрд╛рд▓реНрдйрддрд╛ :(Anaemia)

3. WBCs рдХреА рдЕрдЪрдзрдХрддрд╛ (рд╕рд╛рднрд╛рдиреНрдо рд╕реЗ рдЕрдЪрдзрдХ) рд▓реНрдореВрдХрд░реНрднрдорд╛: (Leukemia)

4.WBCs рдХреА рдХрднреА (рд╕рд╛рднрд╛рдиреНрдо рд╕реЗ рдХрдн): рд▓реНрдореВрдХреЛрдйреАрдирдирдорд╛ (Leucopenia)

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THANK YOU