Human Growth and Development
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Transcript of Human Growth and Development
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Human Growth and DevelopmentNCE/CPCE Study Guide
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Foundational issues in HGDA. Stages of human development• Prenatal period (conception to birth)• Infancy (birth to 2 yrs)• Toddlerhood (2 -3 yrs)• Early childhood (3 -5 yrs)• Middle childhood (6-12yrs)• Adolescence (13-19 yrs)• Young adulthood (19 -30)• Middle adulthood (30 -60)• Late adulthood (60 – 75)• Old age ( 75+)
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Foundational issues in HGD•B. Types of aging•Biological aging (metabolic changes –
anabolism and catabolism)•Psychological aging•Social aging
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Foundational issues in HGD•C. Categorizing theories of human
development•Learning, cognitive, psychoanalytic,
humanistic, ethological, language, physical, and moral development.
•Also: Nature vs nurture; continuous development vs discontinuous development; active vs reactive theories.
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Special designs in HGD research•Case study•Naturalistic study•Survey research•Correlation research design•Cross-sectional design studies•Longitudinal design studies•Time-lag studies
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Questions•1. Aging is•A. Biological•B. Social•C. Psychological•D. all of the above
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Questions•2. Which of the following is NOT a true
statement about biological aging?•A. Biological aging depends on metabolic
changes•B. Biological aging refers to people’s
perception of how old or young they feel•C. Biological aging refers to people’s
perceptions of how old or young they feel.•D. Biological aging involves catabolism.
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Questions•3. Catabolism refers to•A. the body’s decline to death from its
peak.•B. the body’s development from birth to
its peak.•C. the metabolic changes that occur in
the elderly•D. none of the above
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Questions•4. Intelligence is accounted for mostly by
a person’s•A. environment•B. genetics•C. genetics and environment in equal
parts•D. educational level.
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Questions•5. Epigenetic theorists emphasize the
importance of•A. nature•B. nurture•C. the combination of nature and nurture•None of the above.
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The Central Nervous System (CNS)•CNS – brain and spinal cord•Peripheral nervous system – network of
nerves that connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body
•Growth of the brain involves addition of new neurons and interconnectedness of these neurons and myelination (i.e. insulation of the neurons to enhance speed of neural transmissions).
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The Brain•Hindbrain – medulla oblongata; cerebellum;
pons; reticular activating system.•Midbrain •Forebrain – left hemisphere; right
hemisphere; corpus callosum; cerebral cortex.•Other structures: thalamus; limbic system
(hypothalamus, the amygdala and hippocampus)
•Hemispheric specialization or lateralization
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Genetic disorders• Three major classes:• 1. Autosomal diseases – genetic disorders that
involve a chromosome other than the sex chromosome.
• 2. X-linked diseases – passed on by the maternal X-chromosome to males.
• 3. Sex chromosomal diseases – some genetic anomaly occurring on the sex-determining pair of chromosomes, usually affecting male or female characteristic displays or sexual reproduction.
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Questions•1. The brain usually reaches its adult
weight by the time a person is•A. 12 years old•B. 16 years old•C. 44 years old•D. 64 years old
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Questions•2. The most primitive part of the brain is•A. hindbrain•B. midbrain•C. forebrain•D. Cerebral cortex
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Questions•3. The ___________is responsible for
regulating arousal and attention.•A. medulla oblongata•B. cerebellum•C. Reticular activating system•D. Hypothalamus
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Questions•4. Sickle cell anemia is•A. an X-linked disease•B. a sex chromosomal disorder•C. an autosomal disorder•D. none of the above
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Questions•5. Males born with an extra X
chromosome have•A. Turner syndrome•B. Tay-Sachs disease•C. phenylketonuria•Klinefelter’s syndrome
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Learning theories•Learning = a relatively permanent change
in behavior or thinking resulting from an individual’s experiences.
•Learning theorists propose that individuals observe and react to their environment.
•1. Stimulus-response theories•2. Social learning theories
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Classical conditioning•Ivan Pavlov – salivating dogs•John B. Watson - “father of American
behaviorism” – Little Albert•Joseph Wolpe- systematic desensitization;
counterconditioning; aversive counterconditioning; flooding.
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Operant conditioning•Edward Thorndike – Law of Effect•B.F. Skinner – Operant conditioning – vast
majority of learning occurs when an individual operates on the environment or when the environment controls the contingencies of reinforcement for the individual. Positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement; punishment; reinforcement schedules.
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Social learning•Albert Bandura•People learn through observation,
imitation, and modeling.•Self-efficacy – (term developed by
Bandura) – individual’s confidence in his or her ability to perform a given behavior or accomplish a given task.
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The Dollard and Miller Approach•John Dollard•Neal Miller•Influenced by the psychoanalytic,
behavioral, and social science concepts that preceded them.
•Anxiety and psychological disturbances were learned from experiences.
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The Dollard and Miller Approach•They identified three primary types of
conflicts:•Approach- approach conflicts•Approach-avoidance conflicts•Avoidance-avoidance conflicts
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Questions•1. In Ivan Pavlov’s famous experiments
with dogs, the conditioned stimulus was•A. the salivation•B. the meat powder•C. the bell, buzzer, or tone.•D. None of the above.
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Questions•2. In classical conditioning, when people
present a conditioned stimulus at the same time as the unconditioned stimulus, they are using
•A. Backward conditioning•B. simultaneous conditioning•C. retroactive conditioning•D. delayed conditioning.
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Questions•3. ________is the most successful form of
conditioning.•A. Backward conditioning•B. Simultaneous conditioning•C. Retroactive conditioning•D. Delayed conditioning
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Questions•4. John B. Watson is most well-known for
his experiments involving•A. a rat•B. dogs•C. ducklings•D. cats
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Questions•_____________is best known for the theory
of operant conditioning.•A. Ivan Pavlov•B. B.F. Skinner•C. John B. Watson•D. Albert Bandura
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Cognitive Development•Jean Piaget’s cognitive development theory•Growth in mental development depended on
one’s ability to order and classify new information: organization
•Changes in cognitive structure occurred through adaptation, which involved assimilation and accommodation
•Schema•Equilibrium•4 stages of cognitive development
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Lev Vygotsky’s Cognitive Development Theory•Constructionist, cognitive developmental
theory that integrated language as well as social and cultural influences.
•Cognitive progress facilitated by language development and occurred in a social context.
•Zone of proximal development•Scaffolding•Described children’s speech during the first
3 years of life
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Cognition and memory• Sensory memory – all the environmental stimuli
to which one is exposed at any given moment in time. This information is ordinarily retained form only a few seconds.
• Short-term memory – temporary information storage that allows information to be retained for seconds to minutes.
• Long-term memory – enables a person to store a large amount of information for relatively permanent amounts of time, depending on how efficiently the person learned the information.
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Cognition and memory•Encode•Retrieval theory•Decay of memory theory•Interference theory•Retroactive inhibition•Proactive inhibition
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Other important concepts in cognitive development•Cognitive dissonance•Attribution theory•Imaginary audience (David Elkind)•Personal fable•Intelligence•Crystallized intelligencee•Creativity
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Questions•1. According to Piaget, when people use
their existing cognitive framework to understand new information, they are involved in the process of adaptation, known as
•A. assimilation•B. accommodation•C. symbolic representation•D. All of the above
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Questions•2. Children learn object permanence in
the _________ stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
•A. sensorimotor•B. Preoperational•C. concrete operational•D. formal operational
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Question•3. Animism refers to•A. only being able to focus on one aspect
of a problem at a time•B. thinking that humans created
everything in the world•C. giving life to lifeless objects•D. the belief that actions cannot be
reversed.
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Questions•4. Individuals can think logically and
abstractly when they reach the _______stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
•A. sensorimotor•B. preoperational•C. concrete operational•D. formal operational
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Questions•5. Some teenagers drive over the speed
limit without wearing seatbelts because they do not believe that they can be hurt. These teenagers
•A. have an imaginary audience•B. have created a personal fable•C. are engaged in magical thinking•D. are using divergent thinking.
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Questions•Noam Chomsky’s theory of language
development is considered to be a(n):•A. learning theory approach•B. nativist approach•C. interactionist approach•D. epigenetic approach
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Cont.•Language rules that transcend specific
languages and cultures are called:•A. surface structures•B. global structures•C. deep structures•D. instrinsic structures
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Cont.•How many morphemes does the word
“books” have?•A. 1•B. 2•C. 3•D. 4
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Cont.•The appropriate use of grammar is the
definition of :•A. Syntax•B. Pragmatics•C. Semantics•D. Phonology
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Cont.•When do babies become adept to
holophrasing?•A. Approx. 8 months of age•B. Approx. 10 months of age•C. Approx. 1 year of age•D. Approx. 1.5 years of age
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Personality Development•Freud believed that fixation results from:•A. overgratification•B. undergratification•C. Both overgratification and
undergratification•D. None of the above
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Cont.•Erikson would consider a normal 4-year-
old child to be in the ____________stage of personality development.
•A. Initiative vs Guilt•B. Basic trust vs. mistrust•C. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt•D. Industry vs. Inferiority
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Cont.•A person who obeys group rules and
seeks familial acceptance is in the ________stage of Loevinger’s ego development theory.
•A. Integrated•B. Conformist•C. Self-awareness•D. Conscientious
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Cont.•According to Maslow, before people can
meet their needs for esteem, they must meet their need for:
•A. Safety•B. Belongingness•C. Survival (Physiological needs)•D. All of the above
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Cont.•Children who are clingy and react
strongly to separation from their caregivers are considered by Mary Ainsworth to display:
•A. secure attachment•B. Avoidant attachment•C. Ambivalent attachment•D. Disorganized attachment