Human engagement with the Antarctic...Antarctic futures: environmental, cultural & political Th is a...

Human engagement with the

Antarctic

– Daniela Liggett –

CAS/WWRP-PPP-SERA Meeting

Ottawa, Canada 12 March 2015

Research focus

time

breadth Human

behaviour “Futuring”

Antarctic tourism regulation & management

(incl. operator behaviour; Antarctic shipping)

Human impacts - Environmental

risk & management

Values associated with

Antarctica

present 2005

Antarctic futures: environmental,

cultural & political

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

1965/6

6

1966/6

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1967/6

8

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1991/9

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2011/1

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2012/1

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2013/1

4

Expedition cruises (landings) Cruise only (no landings) Land based (air supported) Overflights

Antarctic tourism development


© SCAR (n.d.) © Mirror News (2007)

© Telegraph News (2007) © Shipping times (2007)

© Daylife (2007)

© Daylife (2007)

Regulation & Management


Incidents (1967-2014)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Grounding Oil spill Ice damage Sinking Equipment

failure

Stranded pax. Wildlife collision


Date Vessel Party involved Occurrence

30-Jan-07 Nordkapp Hurtigruten Grounding at Neptune's Bellows, Deception Island, as a result of human error; parts of the hull and tank damaged

23-Nov-07 Explorer G.A.P. Adventures Sank in Bransfield Strait, near the South Shetland Islands after striking submerged ice that damaged the hull

28-Dec-07 Fram Hurtigruten Vessel drifts onto a glacier after an electricity outage and damages one lifeboat at Brown Bluff

4-Dec-08 Ushuaia Antarpply Expeditions Grounding at the entrance of Wilhelmina Bay near Cape Anna; passengers transferred to Chilean naval vessel Aquiles; minor damage to the hull and to two diesel tanks carrying MGO; some leakage of oil

17-Feb-09 Ocean Nova Quark Expeditions Grounding in Marguerite Bay, West of Debenham Island; passengers transferred to Clipper Adventurer for transport to Ushuaia; no leakage of oil reported

4-Jan-10 Clelia II Travel Dynamics International

While landing passengers at Peterman Island, Penola Strait, a southerly current pushed the vessel onto rocks; damage to the starboard engine with some minor leakage of lubricating oil of the drive shaft and a power outage occurred

Feb-11 Berserk Yacht Lost in the Ross Sea region (presumed sunk) and loss of crew of three

9-Dec-11 Sea Spirit Quark Expeditions Grounding of the yacht in Whalers Bay, Deception Island; yacht freed itself when the tide came in

1-Apr-12 Endless Sea Yacht Beset in ice in the vicinity of King George Island, South Shetland Islands and sank (reported to be carrying 8000l of fuel)

7-Apr-12 Mar Sern Firn (yacht)

Independent expedition

Loss of the yacht in Maxwell Bay, South Shetland Islands; all four passengers/crew were rescued unharmed by the Chilean Navy

25-Dec-13 Akademik Shokalskiy

Australiasian Antarctic Expedition "The Spirit of Mawson"

Vessel got trapped in pack ice off East Antarctica but eventually broke free on 8 January 20014; four other vessels provided assistance (L'Astrolabe/France; Xue Long/China; Aurora Australis/Australia; USCGC Polar Star/USA)


Environmental impacts

Social & political impacts

Impacts


To evaluate the effectiveness of the existing regulatory regime for Antarctic tourism drawing on the ethos and practices of Antarctica tour operators.

To discuss the future implications of Antarctic tourism regulation based on the assessment of the regulatory effectiveness of the current regime.

Pre

sent

Fu

ture

Research project 1


Strengths and weaknesses

Self-regulation

ATS regulation

Regime effectiveness

Lessons for the future of Antarctic tourism regulation

Research project 1: Key results


Self-regulation: strengths

Main strengths

Commendable practice of tour operators

Active, quick, flexible decision making

Peer pressure, motivation and cooperation

Operational knowledge and expertise

Great duty of care for environment


Self-regulation: weaknesses

Main weaknesses

Inappropriate for an industry to regulate itself

Self-interest => self-serving system

Inadequate monitoring and lack of independent inspection

Imperfect coverage

Reliance on the goodwill of operators


ATS regulation: strengths

Main strengths

Legal regulatory power

Legitimate, holistic and stable approach

Availability of regulatory options through existing instruments (e.g. Protocol)

Recognised and accepted regime

High levels of environmental protection ensured


© Andrew Jackson

ATS regulation: weaknesses

Main weaknesses

Slow and cumbersome decision making

Inconsistencies in domestic application of regulatory mechanisms

Lack of monitoring and enforcement power

Lack of vision and management planning

Lack of operational knowledge

Confusing array of regulatory mechanisms


Concerns regarding Antarctic tourism activity

Issues ranked by perceived importance

1. Permanent land-based facilities for tourists

2. Incidents and accidents

3. Increasing scale of the Antarctic tourism industry

4. Cumulative impacts (solely tourism-related)

5. Availability of air links for tourist purposes

6. Increasing numbers of tourists visiting Antarctica


Research project 2

(ongoing; in collaboration with Jason Swanson)


Risk profile of Antarctic ship-borne tourism

Regulatory options:

Flag-state jurisdiction vs. Port-state controln (PSC)

Are gateway ports set up for PSC?

ATS Party States Capacity % of Total Operations % of Total

Netherlands 28,981 21.1% 57 9.0%

France 19,532 14.2% 77 12.1%

Russia 10,312 7.5% 104 16.4%

Norway 7,140 5.2% 22 3.5%

Australia 1,101 0.8% 39 6.2%

New Zealand 252 0.2% 4 0.6%

United Kingdom 226 0.2% 19 3.0%

South Africa 146 0.1% 3 0.5%

Germany 99 0.1% 10 1.6%

Belgium 91 0.1% 7 1.1%

Finland 72 0.1% 1 0.2%

Poland 44 0.0% 4 0.6%

Argentina 25 0.0% 3 0.5%

United States 4 0.0% 1 0.2%

Sub-total 68,025 49.4% 351 55.4%

Non-ATS Party States Capacity % of Total Operations % of Total

Bahamas 42,478 30.9% 192 30.3%

Malta 16,866 12.3% 7 1.1%

Marshall Islands 5,766 4.2% 33 5.2%

Union of the Comoros 1,958 1.4% 15 2.4%

Liberia 1,740 1.3% 12 1.9%

Cyprus 467 0.3% 4 0.6%

Antigua and Barbuda 203 0.1% 8 1.3%

BVI 46 0.0% 5 0.8%

Panama 44 0.0% 4 0.6%

Cayman Islands 28 0.0% 2 0.3%

Bermuda 12 0.0% 1 0.2%

Sub-total 69,608 50.6% 283 44.6%

Totals 137,633 100.0% 634 100.0%

ATS Party States Capacity % of Total Operations % of Total

Netherlands 28,981 21.1% 57 9.0%

France 19,532 14.2% 77 12.1%

Russia 10,312 7.5% 104 16.4%

Norway 7,140 5.2% 22 3.5%

Australia 1,101 0.8% 39 6.2%

New Zealand 252 0.2% 4 0.6%

United Kingdom 226 0.2% 19 3.0%

South Africa 146 0.1% 3 0.5%

Germany 99 0.1% 10 1.6%

Belgium 91 0.1% 7 1.1%

Finland 72 0.1% 1 0.2%

Poland 44 0.0% 4 0.6%

Argentina 25 0.0% 3 0.5%

United States 4 0.0% 1 0.2%

Sub-total 68,025 49.4% 351 55.4%

Non-ATS Party States Capacity % of Total Operations % of Total

Bahamas 42,478 30.9% 192 30.3%

Malta 16,866 12.3% 7 1.1%

Marshall Islands 5,766 4.2% 33 5.2%

Union of the Comoros 1,958 1.4% 15 2.4%

Liberia 1,740 1.3% 12 1.9%

Cyprus 467 0.3% 4 0.6%

Antigua and Barbuda 203 0.1% 8 1.3%

BVI 46 0.0% 5 0.8%

Panama 44 0.0% 4 0.6%

Cayman Islands 28 0.0% 2 0.3%

Bermuda 12 0.0% 1 0.2%

Sub-total 69,608 50.6% 283 44.6%

Totals 137,633 100.0% 634 100.0%

Antarctic tourism operations & environmental risk

Literature analysis

Environmental impacts and risk in Antarctica

Antarctic tourism operations

Antarctic tourism data and visitation statistics

Use of ArcGIS

Focus on landed visitors in Antarctic peninsula

Basis: IAATO data and Naveen’s (2003) environmental indices

Pre

para

tion

Mo

de

l

Human impacts - Environmental risk and management

Locations of incidents and accidents reported between 1967 and 2009 (see Liggett et al. 2011)

N © Christoph Rehse (2011)

Human impacts -

Environmental risk &

management

Modelled human-induced environ-mental risk in the Antarctic Peninsula N

Human impacts -

Environmental risk &

management

© Christoph Rehse (2011)

Values associated with Antarctica

SCAR Social Sciences Action

Group

SCAR Humanities and Social

Sciences Expert Group

Values & decision-making

© andescross.com

Conflict between human ambitions and environmental conservation

Dominionistic values most critical => attempts at mastering nature

Liggett, D. & Engelbertz, S. (2013). Values and political decision-making: The case of Antarctic

Tourism. In Lemelin, H., Maher, P. & Liggett, D. (Eds.). From talk to action: How tourism is

changing the Polar Regions. Proceedings of the 3rd International Polar Tourism Research Network

conference.

Values & Antarctic tourism

Values associated with Antarctica

Nationalism, Geopolitics & Cultural Futures

Interdisciplinary study of processes of ‘nationing’ and ‘futuring’ of Antarctica across multiple scales

Collaborators: Juan Salazar, Elle Leane & Alan Hemmings (Australia), Sanjay Chaturvedi (India)

Effectiveness of Antarctic Environmental Regulation

How effective is the 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty in governing a changing Antarctic environment?

Collaborator: Neil Gilbert (NZ)

Antarctic geopolitics and environmental

management

Antarctic futures: environmental, cultural & political

This article was downloaded by: [Peter Convey]On: 13 October 2012, At: 09:39Publisher: Taylor & FrancisInforma Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House,37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

BiodiversityPublication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:

http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tbid20

Continental governance and environmental

management mechanisms under the Antarctic Treaty

System: sufficient for the biodiversity challenges of

this century?Peter Convey

a , Kevin A. Hughes

a & Tina Tin

b

a British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK

b Antarctic Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC), Olivet, France

Version of record first published: 10 Oct 2012.

To cite this article: Peter Convey, Kevin A. Hughes & Tina Tin (2012): Continental governance and environmental

management mechanisms under the Antarctic Treaty System: sufficient for the biodiversity challenges of this century?,

Biodiversity, DOI:10.1080/14888386.2012.703551

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14888386.2012.703551

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematicreproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form toanyone is expressly forbidden.

The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contentswill be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses shouldbe independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims,proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly inconnection with or arising out of the use of this material.

This article was downloaded by: [Peter Convey]On: 13 October 2012, At: 09:39Publisher: Taylor & FrancisInforma Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House,37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

BiodiversityPublication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:

http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tbid20

Continental governance and environmental

management mechanisms under the Antarctic Treaty

System: sufficient for the biodiversity challenges of

this century?Peter Convey

a , Kevin A. Hughes

a & Tina Tin

b

a British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK

b Antarctic Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC), Olivet, France

Version of record first published: 10 Oct 2012.

To cite this article: Peter Convey, Kevin A. Hughes & Tina Tin (2012): Continental governance and environmental

management mechanisms under the Antarctic Treaty System: sufficient for the biodiversity challenges of this century?,

Biodiversity, DOI:10.1080/14888386.2012.703551

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14888386.2012.703551

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematicreproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form toanyone is expressly forbidden.

The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contentswill be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses shouldbe independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims,proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly inconnection with or arising out of the use of this material.

Methods

Qualitative and quantitative approaches

Interviews

Surveys

“Futuring” & Anticipatory logics

Calculating (trend analysis) and imagining futures (Delphi study; forecasting; scenario development)

Horizon scanning

Research approach

Horizon scanning

Research approach

Horizon scanning

Research approach

Goal:

To identify the highest priority scientific questions that researchers should aspire to answer in the next two decades and beyond

Approach

Inclusive & bottom-up

Multi-disciplinary & integrative

Online consultation & retreat

Research approach

Human presence

Questions and Discussion?

Capacity building, education & training of future

polar researchers

Education and outreach

Lithosphere

Cryosphere

Biosphere

Atmosphere

Anthropo-

sphere Hydrosphere

Human activity Human engagement

Management, Regulation

Reflection

Critical thinking

Participation

Analysis

Enthusiasm

Student

activity &

experience

Learning

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