Human Anatomy & Physiology Labeling TestisEpididymis ScrotumVas deferens ProstateSeminal vesicle Urinary bladder Rectum PenisCowpers Glands Urethra Testes (2 of them) Male gonads Seminiferous tubules Site of sperm formation in the testes FSH stimulates sperm production Leydig cells (interstitial cells) Scattered among the seminiferous tubules Produce testosterone LH stimulates testosterone production Epididymis Tube in the testes where sperm gain mobility Suspended in the scrotum Sperm leave the testes and enter the epididymis Tightly coiled tube, 20 feet long Located in the scrotum, just above the testes Function Store sperm until it matures and gains motility Produce fluid which becomes part of semen Consists of: a head containing the nucleus a midpiece containing energy- releasing mitochondria a tail, which propels the cell forward Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Head Nucleus Midpiece Mitochondria Tail Function Receives sperm from the epididymis Temporarily stores sperm Tube that is cut during a vasectomy, the procedure to produce sterility in males 2 small tubes located behind the bladder Function Produce a thick, yellow, rich in sugar that nourish the sperm This fluid composes a large part of the semen 2 short tubes Carry sperm and fluids known as semen through the prostate gland into the urethra Located below the bladder Produces an alkaline secretion that increases sperm motility and neutralizes the acidity of the vagina During ejaculation, the prostate gland Contracts causing the expulsion of semen Closes off the urethra, preventing urine passage through the urethra 2 small glands located below the prostate gland Secrete a mucous- like fluid that serves as a lubricant for intercourse and an alkaline fluid to decrease the acidity of the urine residue in the urethra Tube that extends from the bladder, through the penis, to the outside of the body Carries semen and urine 5-7 inches long in male External male reproductive organ Glans penis - enlarged structure on the end of the penis This is covered by the prepuce or foreskin The foreskin is removed in a procedure called circumcision Penis is made of spongy, erectile tissue During sexual arousal, the erectile tissue fills with blood from the arteries, causing an erection Functions male organ of copulation/intercourse Elimination of urine from the bladder Ejaculation The male gonads, or testes, consist of highly coiled tubes surrounded by connective tissue Sperm form in these seminiferous tubules From the seminiferous tubules of a testis, sperm pass into the coiled tubules of the epididymis During ejaculation, sperm are propelled through the muscular vas deferens and the ejaculatory duct, and then exit the penis through the urethra Semen Three sets of accessory glands add secretions to the semen, the fluid that is ejaculated The two seminal vesicles contribute about 60% of the total volume of semen The prostate gland secretes its thin milky fluid containing enzymes and sperm nourishment directly into the urethra The Cowpers gland secretes a clear mucus before ejaculation that neutralizes acidic urine remaining in the urethra Androgen: Testosterone Primary sex characteristics development of the vas deferens and other ducts development of the external reproductive structures sperm production Secondary sex characteristics Deeper voice Axillary and pubic hair Chest and facial hair Lengthen bones Increased size of testes for sperm production Gonadotropic Hormones Released from the Anterior Pituitary Gland Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) stimulates production of sperm Luteinizing Hormone (LH) stimulates secretion of testosterone The male hormone pattern is continuous. The principle male sex hormones are androgens specifically testosterone. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Produced by the hypothalamus Regulates FSH and LH levels Controlled by negative feedback from FSH and LH Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Process of sperm production Continuous process that begins at puberty and continues through life LH induces Leydig cells to produce testosterone Together with FSH, testoterone stimulates sperm production in the seminiferous tubules. Cancer of the testicles Frequent in men Highly malignant and spreads quickly Treatment Orchiectomy, radiation ACS American Cancer Society Recommends STE Self testicular exam Female gonads 2 small almond-shaped glands, located in the abdominal cavity, attached to the uterus by ligaments Contains thousands of small sacs called follicles Each follicle contains an immature egg or ovum Produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone Responsible for the secondary sex characteristics breasts, hips widen, body hair The maturing and release of an egg every Occurs every 28 days If egg is not fertilized, the body sheds the lining of the uterus and menstruation occurs 2 of them 5 inches in length Attached to the upper part of the uterus Function Move the ovum from the ovary to the uterus Cilia and peristalsis keep the ovum moving Site of fertilization, the union of the egg and sperm Hollow, muscular, pear- shaped organ 3 parts Fundus top Body middle Cervix narrow bottom Function Organ of menstruation Allows for the development and growth of the fetus Contracts during birth to aid in the expulsion of the fetus Layers - endometrial - If fertilization does not occur, this lining deteriorate, resulting in menstruation Muscular tube that connects the cervix to the outside of the body Function Passageway for menstrual flow Receives sperm and semen from the male Female organ of copulation Birth canal during delivery of the infant 2 small glands on either side of the vaginal opening Secretes mucous for lubrication during intercourse Collective name for the external female genitalia Includes Mons pubis - pad of fat Labia majora outer folds of tissue covered with pubic hair Labia minora inner folds of tissue Perineum area between the vagina and anus Mammary glands Contain lobes that surface at the nipples Function Secrete milk lactate after childbirth Female Reproductive System Benign or American Cancer Society recommends SBE Self Breast Examination every month for adult females at the end of menstruation ACS recommends a baseline test between 35-40 Lumpectomy Simple mastectomy Radical mastectomy Radiation Chemotherapy Detected by a PAP smear Treatment Hysterectomy Removal of cervix and uterus Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus Can occur during surgery, through the fallopian tubes, blood and lymph Group of symptoms that appear 3-14 days before menstruation Cause unknown Related to hormonal changes or biochemical imbalance Implantation of blastocyst Day 7 Fertilization Day 4 Day 3 Day 2 Day 1 Day 0 Egg released by ovary Section 39-4 Uterine wall Blastocys t Morula 4 cells2 cells Zygote Ovary Fallopian tube Most common malignancy of US women 180,000 American women 1 in 8 women will develop breast cancer. Arises from epithelial cells of the ducts, small clusters of cancer cells grow into a lump in the breast from which cells eventually metastasize. Risk factors: 1. early onset of menopause 2. no pregnancies or first pregnancy late in life 3. history of breast cancer 4. silicone breast implants 5. high estrogen concentrations 6. cigarette smoking 7. excessive alcohol intake 8. hereditary defects 70% of women who develop breast cancer have no known risk factors for the disease. Changes in skin texture Puckering Leakage from nipple Lumps in breast Monthly self breast exam Mammogram x-ray that can detect cancer smaller than 1 cm, recommended every 2 years from women between and then yearly from age 50. Radiation Chemotherapy Surgery followed by radiation or chemo Lumpectomy- only cancerous lump removed. Simple masectomy- removal of breast tissue only. Radical mastectomy- removal of entire affected breast, muscles, fascia, and lymph nodes. Bacterial Chlamydia 3 million cases every year Syphilis Gonorrhea Viral Hepatitis B Genital Herpes Genital Warts HIV (AIDS) HormoneProduced byFunction TestosteroneTesticlesMale sex traits FSHPituitaryStimulates egg/sperm dvlp Stimulate estrogen LHPituitaryStim. Testosterone Release of egg, corpus luteum, progesterone EstrogenOvariesFemale sex traits ProgesteroneCorpus luteumMaintains Uterus lining Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall CYCLIC OOGENESIS FERTILIZATION PREGNANCY DELIVERY MENOPAUSE FOLLICULAR PHASE LEUTEAL PHASE ONLY INTERRUPTED BY PREGNANCY ENDS AT MENOPAUSE PRIMARY OOCYTE IS IN A PREPARATORY PHASE FIRST MEIOTIC DIVISION OVULATION ESTROGEN SECRETED FROM FOLLICLE HYPOTHALAMUS ANTERIOR PITUITARY GRH + OVARY LOW LEVELS OF ESTROGEN INHIBIN FSHLH AFTER OVULATION DEVELOPMENT OF CORPUS LUTEUM SECRETES PROGESTERONE AND ESTROGEN DEGENERATES AFTER 2 WEEKS IF NOT FERTILIZED HYPOTHALAMUS ANTERIOR PITUITARY GNRH + OVARY HIGH LEVELS OF PROGESTERONE LH CORPUS LUTEUM MODERATE LEVELS OF ESTROGEN Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ovulation Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall CORPUS LEUTEUM DEGENERATES ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE LEVELS FALL MENSTRUAL PHASE INVOLVES SLOUGHING OF PREPARED ENDOMETRIUM NEW CYCLE STARTS-NEW FOLLICLES DEVELOP AND BEGIN SECRETING ESTROGEN HYPOTHALAMUS ANTERIOR PITUITARY GNRH + OVARY HIGH LEVELS OF ESTROGEN OVULATION FSHLH MATURE FOLLICLE IN OVIDUCT SPERM DEPOSITED IN VAGINA AT EJACULATION TRAVEL TO OVIDUCT TAKES A LITTLE OVER 1/2 HOUR CERVICAL CANAL IS OPEN DUE TO ESTROGEN BEING HIGH AND REMAINS OPEN TWO TO THREE DAYS SPERM ENTER UTERUS AND ARE CHURNED AROUND WHEN REACH OVIDUCT, SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS PROPELL THEM ONWARD MATURE EGG RELEASES A CHEMOTACTIC AGENT OUT OF SEVERAL HUNDRED MILLION ONLY A FEW THOUSAND MAKE IT TAIL OF SPERM MANEUVERS IT FOR FINAL PENETRATION PLACENTA IS ORGAN OF EXCHANGE PLACENTA SECRETES HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN (HCG)-PROLONGS LIFE OF CORPUS LUTEUM ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE LEVELS EVEN HIGHER NOW AFTER 10 WEEKS PLACENTA TAKES OVER POSITIVE FEEDBACK CERVICAL DILATION DELIVERY DELIVERY OF PLACENTA MAMMARY GLANDS OR BREASTS MILK PRODUCING GLANDS AND FAT ACTION OF ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE IS TO PREPARE GLANDS DURING PREGNANCY ALSO BLOCK PROLACTINS STIMULATION OXYTOCIN-MILK EJECTION SUCKLING TRIGGERS OXYTOCIN RELEASE Induced by increased LH, FSH, estrogen, and progesterone hormone levels Axillary and pubic hair Widen pelvis Enlarge mammary tissue Begin menstrual cycles Occurs in upper 1/3 of Fallopian tube Once one sperm enters, egg membrane changes Fertilized egg = zygote Implanted into thick walls of uterus Chorion membranes dig into uterus to form placenta Embryo supported via umbilical cord Once pregnant, progesterone levels stay high in mom Heart develops first Neural tube develops All body systems appear by Week 8 Now a Fetus Mostly growth Looks more like a baby Some preemies survive at this stage More growth Kicking, rolling, stretching Eyes open Week 32 Lungs mature Rotates to head-down position Labor Uterine contractions begin Cervix dilates to 10 cm. Birth Uterus pushes baby through vaginal canal Placenta delivered after Gonadotropic Hormones Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Male: stimulates production of sperm Female: stimulates ovary follicles to produce estrogen Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Male: stimulates secretion of testosterone Female: stimulates follicle to secrete estrogen, triggers ovulation, and stimulates follicle to produce progesterone Estrogens Female: affects fat deposits in breasts and hips, water retention, calcium metabolism, uterus and vagina development, and pubic and auxiliary hair development, broadens the pelvis and determines sexual behavior Progesterone Female: inhibits uterus contractions and growth of new follicles immediately after ovulation if there is no fertilization of an egg, and maintains pregnancy if there is fertilization Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) Female: keeps the corpus luteum from deteriorating and stops the normal menstrual cycle if fertilization occurs Oxytocin Female: stimulates uterus contractions during birth and stimulates milk flow from breasts after birth The male hormone pattern is continuous. The principle male sex hormones are androgens. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Produced by the hypothalamus Regulates FSH and LH levels Controlled by negative feedback from FSH and LH The female hormone pattern is cyclic. Humans and other primates have menstrual cycles and other mammals have estrous cycles. Hormones (specifically GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogens, and progesterone) coordinate the menstrual cycle with the ovarian cycle. Follicular Phase GnRH stimulates pituitary to secrete FSH and LH. FSH stimulates follicle growth. Follicles slowly secrete estrogens. Pituitary hormones keep FSH and LH levels low. Increasing levels of estrogens stimulate the hypothalamus to secrete GnRH. GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion. Follicle increases estrogens secretion. Ovulation. Luteal Phase Leftover follicular tissue forms the corpus luteum. LH stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete estrogens and progesterone. The hypothalamus and pituitary stop secreting GnRH, FSH and LH. The corpus luteum disintegrates. Estrogens and progesterone levels decrease. The hypothalamus and pituitary start secretion again. There is enough LSH to stimulate new follicles to grow. Menstrual Flow Phase Proliferative Phase (similar timing as the follicular phase in the ovarian cycle) Estrogens from the follicles stimulate the uterus. The endometrium thickens. The uterus is preparing for implantation. Ovulation. Secretory Phase (parallel to the luteal phase in the ovarian cycle) Estrogens and progesterone from the corpus luteum stimulate the endometrium to further thicken, the arteries in the uterus to grow, and the endometrial glands to grow. Artery spasms stop blood flow to the endometrium. Menstruation. Occurs in human females between the ages of 46 and 54 When ovulation and menstruation stop The ovaries stop responding to FSH and LH and therefore stop producing estrogens. Most other species remain capable of reproduction their whole life. The sixth edition Campbell biology textbook ologyPages/H/Hormones.htmlologyPages/H/Hormones.html problem_sets/Human_Reproduction/human_r eproduction.htmlproblem_sets/Human_Reproduction/human_r eproduction.html s/bodybasics_female_repro.html GlMGlM Aks&feature=channel