Human Anatomy and Body Systems
description
Transcript of Human Anatomy and Body Systems
![Page 1: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Human Anatomy and Body Systems
![Page 2: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Levels of Organization
Remember, the human body is organized in several levels, from the simplest to the most complex. . .
Cells – the basic unit of life
Tissues – clusters of cells performing a similar function
Organs – made of tissues that perform one specific function
Organ Systems – groups of organs that perform a specific purpose in the human body
***The purpose of the 11 organ systems is for the human body to maintain homeostasis.
![Page 3: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The 11 Human Body SystemsThe 11 human body systems are as follows:
-- nervous system -- integumentary system
-- respiratory system -- digestive system
-- excretory system -- skeletal system
-- muscular system -- circulatory system
-- endocrine system -- reproductive system
-- lymphatic (immune) system
![Page 4: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Digestive SystemFunction: to convert food particles into simple
molecules that can be absorbed into the blood and used by the body
Major Organs and their Functions:Mouth – to chew and grind up food (mechanical)
-- amylase in the saliva begins the chemical breakdown
Esophagus – pipe connecting mouth to stomach
Stomach – secretes pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down food.
The stomach has a pH of 2.
![Page 5: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
•Small Intestine – after digestion is complete, the chyme (processed stomach contents) enters the small intestine where it is absorbed into the bloodstream by the help of small hairs called villi.
![Page 6: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
•Large Intestine – removes water from the chyme and gets the waste ready for excretion
The nutrients that are absorbed during digestion travel into the Circulatory System to be distributed through the body!
![Page 7: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Liver – produces bile, which breaks down fats in foods. This is an accessory organ.
Gallbladder – pouch-like organ that stores bile for future use
![Page 8: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Digestive System
![Page 9: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Explain how the Digestive system works closely with the:
Circulatory systemMuscular systemEndocrine system
![Page 10: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Excretory System
Kidneys-Ureter-Bladder-Urethra
Function: to rid the body of wastes, including excess water and salts
![Page 14: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Major Organs of excretion
Kidneys – the main organ of the excretory system; excretion begins here
-- Kidneys filter the blood, removing wastes
![Page 15: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
More excretory organs:•Skin – sweat glands remove excess water and salts from the body
•Lungs – expel the waste product carbon dioxide (cellular respiration)
•Question: Can one organ be part of TWO systems?
![Page 16: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Explain how the excretory system works closely with the:
Circulatory systemIntegumentary systemHomeostasis
![Page 18: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Nervous System
Function: to coordinate the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environment
The basic unit of structure in the nervous system is the neuron (nerve cell)
![Page 19: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Major Organs of the Central Nervous System
Brain – control center of the body
• Divided into 2 halves
• Controls conscious activities, intelligence, memory, language, muscle movement, senses
![Page 20: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Brain stem controls breathing and heart rate
Medulla oblongata reacts to increased CO2 levels to increase rate of breathing
![Page 21: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
•Spinal Cord – sends instructions from the brain to the rest of the body and vice versa
-- any organism with a major nerve cord is classified as a chordate
•Nerves – conduct impulses to muscle cells throughout the body
![Page 22: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Explain how the nervous system works closely with the:
Integumentary systemMuscular systemEndocrine system
![Page 23: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Which 2 body systems are working together in this image?
![Page 24: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Circulatory SystemFunction: to deliver oxygen to the body and brain; to deliver nutrients from the digestive system.
![Page 25: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Image of the Circulatory System
![Page 26: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
•Heart – the major muscle of the circulatory system
•pumps blood through its four chambers (two ventricles and two atria)
•pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs, where it gets oxygenated, returns it to the heart, and then pumps out through the aorta to the rest of the body
•valves regulate the flow of blood between the chambers
![Page 27: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Arteries – carry blood away from the heart and to the major organs of the body
Veins – carry blood back to the heart away from the major organs of the body
Capillaries – small blood vessels (one cell thick) where gas exchange occurs, connects arteries and veins
![Page 29: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Red Blood Cells: contain hemoglobin; carries oxygen throughout body
White Blood Cells: fight disease
Platelets: fragments that help blood clot
Plasma: liquid part of the blood
![Page 30: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Explain how the circulatory system works closely with the:
Respiratory systemDigestive systemEndocrine system
![Page 31: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The Respiratory SystemFunction: to provide the body with a fresh supply of oxygen for cellular respiration and remove the waste product carbon dioxide
![Page 32: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
•Major Organs•Nose – internal entry and exit point for air
•Trachea – the “windpipe”•Bronchial Tubes – the two large passageways that lead from the trachea to your lungs (one for each lung)
•Alveoli – clusters of tiny sacs where gases are exchanged with the bloodstream.
![Page 33: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Diaphragm - the muscle that causes you to breath
Cilia – tiny hairs that line the air passages that trap tiny particles
![Page 34: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The respiratory system and circulatory system work closely together:
![Page 35: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Explain how the respiratory system works closely with the:
Circulatory systemMuscular systemEndocrine system
![Page 36: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The Muscular SystemFunction: works with the skeletal and nervous system to produce movement, also helps to circulate blood through the human body
![Page 37: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Muscle contractions can be:Voluntary: skeletal musclesInvoluntary: smooth (intestinal)
muscles, cardiac muscle
Major Skeletal Muscles-- biceps (flexor) -- triceps (extend)-- deltoids -- rectus abdominus-- gluteus maximus -- hamstrings
![Page 38: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
•Over 600 muscles in your body•Control movement•Voluntary: you choose to move them
•Involuntary: controlled unconsciously by the brain
Which muscle would raise this arm? Straighten the arm?
![Page 39: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Explain how the muscular system works closely with the:
Circulatory systemSkeletal systemNervous system
![Page 40: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Integumentary System•Comprised of the largest organ in the
body which is our skin. Hair and nails are also in this system.
Functions:•Skin is our first line of defense against
disease. It also helps regulate body temperature, excretes wastes through sweating, and maintains homeostasis in a variety of ways.
![Page 41: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Examples of human HOMEOSTASIS:
1. Sweating2. Shivering3. Thirst4. Increased/decreased breathing5. Increased/decreased heart rate
Integumentary
![Page 42: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Explain how the integumentary system works closely with the:
Circulatory systemNervous systemExcretory system
![Page 44: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The Skeletal SystemFunction: to provide structure and support to the human body
Bones are where new blood cells are generated (in the marrow), and require the mineral calcium for strengthMajor Bones of the Human Body-- femur (thigh bone) -- humerus (upper arm)
-- radius and ulna (lower arm) -- cranium (skull)
-- sternum (breastbone) -- clavicle (shoulder blade)
-- fibula and tibia (calf) -- vertebrae (back)
-- scalpula (shoulder) -- pelvic bone
![Page 45: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
•Axial Skeleton: (white)skull, ribs, spine
•Appendicular Skeleton: (purple) arms, legs, pelvis
![Page 46: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
•Bones are living tissue
•There are 206 bones in the human body
•The skeletal system works closely with the muscular system (the muscles move the bones)
![Page 47: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Explain how the skeletal system works closely with the:
Respiratory systemMuscular systemEndocrine system
![Page 48: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The Lymphatic (Immune) SystemFunction: to remove infectious diseases and other pathogens from the human body
The lymphatic system transports tissue fluid (called lymph) and filters out disease-causing pathogens (through lymph nodes)
![Page 50: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
•Major Organs•Skin –the body’s first line of defense•Tonsils – trap bacteria that enter mouth/nose
•Lymph Nodes – help restore fluid lost by the blood and return it to the circulatory system
•Spleen – filters out and destroys bacteria and worn out blood cells
![Page 52: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
•White Blood Cells – recognize pathogens and create antibodies to tag and remove these
•HIV attacks helper T cells (a type of white blood cell)
![Page 53: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Explain how the lymphatic system works closely with the:
Circulatory systemIntegumentary systemSkeletal system
![Page 54: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Reproductive SystemFunction: The reproductive system helps humans reproduce and ensures the survival of the species.
![Page 56: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
•The primary female reproductive organs are the ovaries, and the primary male reproductive organs are the testes.
•Ovaries produce the female hormones estrogen and progesterone and the testes produce testosterone.
![Page 57: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
•Through meiosis, the female (eggs) and male (sperm) gametes are produced. They have HALF the number of chromosomes as other cells (haploid).
•When an egg and sperm fuse, fertilization takes place and a zygote is formed. It develops into an embryo which becomes a baby.
•Sperm cells have flagella for movement
![Page 58: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
. Each month, an egg is released by one of the 2 ovaries. If fertilization occurs, it will occur in the oviduct.
The fertilized egg (zygote) travels to the uterus and implants into the uterine wall. The fetus will develop in the uterus for 9 months.
![Page 59: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
If a human body cell has 46 chromosomes, how many
chromosomes does each gamete have after meiosis?
![Page 60: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Explain how the reproductive system works closely with the:
Endocrine systemMuscular systemNervous system
![Page 61: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
The Endocrine SystemFunction: to control growth, development, metabolism and reproduction through the production and secretion of hormones
![Page 62: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Major Organs
Pancreas: secretes insulin which regulates blood sugar
Pituitary gland (brain): secretes growth hormone
Thyroid: regulates metabolism
Adrenal Glands: prepare body for fight or flight
Testes & Ovaries: produce sex hormones
![Page 63: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Explain how the endocrine system works closely with the:
Circulatory systemNervous systemRespiratory system
![Page 64: Human Anatomy and Body Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081420/56815ec3550346895dcd4b72/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
B.10B Oct 2005 64