HUM 101 Spring semester 2013-2014 Lecturer: Faruk Berat AKCESME (MSc)
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Transcript of HUM 101 Spring semester 2013-2014 Lecturer: Faruk Berat AKCESME (MSc)
HUM 101 Spring semester 2013-2014
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Lecturer: Faruk Berat AKCESME (MSc)
BIOTECHNOLOGY • Biotechnology is the use of living systems and
organisms to develop or make useful products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use.
Here we see bean has many seed coat colors and patterns in nature
Nature has a rich source of variation
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Blue Biotechnology
Green Biotechnology
Red Biotechnology
White Biotechnology
Blue Biotechnology/Marine Biotechnology
To describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its
use is relatively rare.
the application of molecular and cellular biology to marine and fresh water
organisms for the purpose of identifying, developing, and enhancing
products derived from these organisms
Green Biotechnology /Plant Biotechnology
Applied to agricultural processes.
Examples:
• domestication of plants
via micropropagation
• designing of transgenic plants to grow
under specific environments in the
presence (or absence) of chemicals.
Green biotechnology might produce more environmentally friendly
solutions than traditional industrial agriculture
Red biotechnology/Medical biotechnology
Applied to medical processes. Examples:
• examples are the designing of organisms to produce antibiotics
White Biotechnology/Industrial biotechnology
Applied to industrial processes
Example:
• designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical
• using of enzymes as industrial catalysts to either produce
valuable chemicals or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals
An industrial biotechnology plant for the production of modified wheat starch and
gluten
Pioneers in Biotechnology
Antony van Leeuwenhoek 1675 Discovers bacteria using a simple
microscope
Gregor Mendel 1863
Austrian monk who conducted the first genetics experiments using pea plants in the mid 1800s.
Often considered the founder of genetics.
Louis Pasteur 1870’s Disproved the notion of
spontaneous generation, describing the role of bacteria in spoilage and the scientific basis for fermentation
Created the rabies vaccine
Robert Hooke 1665 Invented the compound light
microscope First to observe cells in cork
James Watson & Francis Crick
1953 Englishmen
responsible for the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA using X-ray photographs
Paul Berg 1972 Stanford University
scientist who first developed recombinant DNA technology, a method for insertion of genetic material from one organism into another.
Historical Development of
Biotechnolgoy
1750 B.C. Origins of “biotechnology” emerge in
methods of food production and plant and animal breeding• Use of bacteria to produce cheese (food
preservation)• Use of natural enzymes in yogurt• Use of yeast to produce bread• Use of fermentation for producing wine and
beer
1869 DNA is discovered in trout sperm by
German Miescher
1919 The word “biotechnology” is first
used by a Hungarian agricultural engineer.
1940’s-1950’s Widespread work is undertaken to
investigate the structure and function of DNA
1980 The U.S.
Supreme Court approves the patenting of genetically altered organisms.
1980’s-1990’s A variety of GMO’s and biotechnology
techniques are introduced in fields from agriculture to medicine• Recombinant DNA technology-extracts DNA
from one organism for use in another, allowing more rapid and specific improvements in plants and animals
• Plant Tissue Culture-gains widespread acceptance as a method to quickly and cheaply produce genetically identical plants
1990’s First transgenic organisms (GMO’s)
are introduced in widespread agricultural production, particularly in the area of crops.• Bt corn and soybeans are introduced
offering “natural” insect resistance by the introduction of a gene from the bacterium Baccillus thuringensis
1997 Dolly is the first animal cloned from
diploid cells is produced in Scotland
Late 1990’s-Early 2000’s Human cloning
is outlawed in the U.S. and the first concerns over the use of human stem cells in research begin to arise.
Genetically modified Organism Also called genetically modified organisms (GMO), or GE foods
(Genetically engineered).
Created by inserting DNA from one organism into another (I.e. fish
genes into apples) OR modifying an organism’s DNA to attain a
desirable trait. (I.e. a tomato with reversed DNA to slow down
ripening).
Examples of GMO In 1994, the Flavr Savr tomato was introduced as the first GM food. It is
supposed to be“tastier, firmer and fresher” than the average tomato.
Golden rice – enriched rice containing beta-carotene (Vitamin A). This
vitamin is not found in normal rice.
Bt corn – corn containing a chemical normally found in bacteria (Bacillus
thuringiensis). This is toxic to insects, not humans. Insects try to eat the
plant and die.
Herbicide resistant plants (roundup ready corn). These plants are immune
to a certain herbicide, so they live while all the other plants in the field are
killed.
What is benefits?
Reduces the use of pesticide
Decreases soil erosion
Helps protect water
Conserves land & fossil fuels
What is benefits?
• Farmers are able to see higher crop
yields with biotechnology crops due
to:
• Less competition in the field between crop
and weeds;
• Less crop loss due to insect damage or
plant disease.