Honeycomb Structures: Teacher Notes
Transcript of Honeycomb Structures: Teacher Notes
Page|30 TeacherNotes–HoneycombStructures–RemSTEP(DeakinUniversity)
T E A C H E R N O T E S
HoneycombStructures:TeacherNotes
Overview/IntroductionThisactivityhasitsgenesisinthematerialsscienceresearchconductedatDeakinUniversity’sInstituteofFrontierMaterials.http://www.deakin.edu.au/research/ifm/.
ThisLaboratoryLearningActivity(LLA)addressessomeoftheprinciplesthatarecurrentlybeinginvestigatedthroughresearchanddesignattheInstitute.
Acommonaimofmaterialsscientistsandengineersistocreatematerialswiththegreateststrengthandtheminimumweightandminimumamountofmaterials(minimumcost).Honeycombsandwichstructuresareoftenusedtoachievetheseoutcomesandareusedinaerospace,automotive,housing,packaging,sports-equipmentandotherindustries.
Beingstrongaswellaslightmakeshoneycombmaterialsidealforthemanufactureofcrashhelmetsforracingcardrivers,motorcyclistsandevenbicyclists.
Ahoneycombstructuredmaterialisproducedusinganarrayofhollowtubesorcells(usually)sandwichedbetweentwosolidwalls.AttheInstituteofFrontierMaterialsscientistshaveproducedandtestedahoneycombsandwichstructuremadefromtwolayersofcarbonfibrecompositeseparatedbyahoneycomblayerofKevlar.
Whilethehexagonalshapeoftruehoneycombisusuallythestrongestshape.Thecellscouldbetubular,triangularorsquareshaped.
Thisisanopen-endedinquiryactivityinwhichstudentscandevisetheirownquestiontotest;deviseamethod,conducttests,collectandanalysedateandreporttheirfindings
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Studentsmighttestdifferentcellsizes,differentshapes,differentthicknessesofthehoneycombsandwichandsoon.
CurriculumOutcomes:AustralianCurriculum-ScienceF-10
[Footnote4]
Years5and6
Scienceasahumanendeavour:Useandinfluenceofscience• Scientificknowledgeisusedtosolveproblemsandinform
personalandcommunitydecisions(ACSHE083&ACSHE100)
Year7
Scienceasahumanendeavour• Peopleusescienceunderstandingandskillsintheiroccupations
andthesehaveinfluencedthedevelopmentofpracticesinareasofhumanactivity(ACSHE121)
ScienceUnderstanding:PhysicalSciences• Changetoanobject’smotioniscausedbyunbalancedforces,
includingEarth’sgravitationalattraction,actingontheobject(ACSSU117)
Year8
Scienceasahumanendeavour• Peopleusescienceunderstandingandskillsintheiroccupations
andthesehaveinfluencedthedevelopmentofpracticesinareasofhumanactivity(ACSHE136)
ScienceUnderstanding:ChemicalSciences• Propertiesofthedifferentstatesofmattercanbeexplainedin
termsofthemotionandarrangementofparticles(ACSSU151)
4http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/science/curriculum/f-10?layout=1#level5
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CurriculumOutcomes:AustralianCurriculum-DesignTechnologies
Years5and6
DesignTechnologies• Explorethecharacteristicsandpropertiesofmaterialsand
componentsthatareusedtoproducedesignedsolutions(ACTDEK004)
CurriculumOutcomes:VictorianCurriculumF-10[Footnote5]
Levels5and6
ScienceUnderstanding:Scienceasahumanendeavour• Scientificunderstandings,discoveriesandinventionsareusedto
informpersonalandcommunitydecisionsandtosolveproblemsthatdirectlyaffectpeople’slives(VCSSU073)
ScienceUnderstanding:Chemicalsciences• Solids,liquidsandgasesbehaveindifferentwaysandhave
observablepropertiesthathelptoclassifythem(VCSSU076)
Levels7and8
ScienceUnderstanding:Scienceasahumanendeavour• Scientificknowledgeandunderstandingoftheworldchangesas
newevidencebecomesavailable;scienceknowledgecandevelopthroughcollaborationandconnectingideasacrossthedisciplinesandpracticeofscience(VCSSU089)
• Scienceandtechnologycontributetofindingsolutionstoarangeofcontemporaryissues;thesesolutionsmayimpactonotherareasofsocietyandinvolveethicalconsiderations(VCSSU090)
5http://victoriancurriculum.vcaa.vic.edu.au/Print
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ScienceUnderstanding:ChemicalSciences• Thepropertiesofthedifferentstatesofmattercanbeexplained
intermsofthemotionandarrangementofparticles(VCSSU096)o modellingthearrangementofparticlesinsolids,liquids
andgases.
ScienceUnderstanding:Physicalsciences• Changetoanobject’smotioniscausedbyunbalancedforces
actingontheobject;Earth’sgravitypullsobjectstowardsthecentreofEarth(VCSSU103)
o investigatingtheeffectsofapplyingdifferentforcestofamiliarobjects.
CurriculumOutcomes:VictorianCurriculum–TechnologiesF-10[Footnote6]
DesignandTechnologies:TechnologiesContexts• Engineeringprinciplesandsystems.Analysehowmotion,force
andenergyareusedtomanipulateandcontrolelectromechanicalsystemswhendesigningsimple,engineeredsolutions(VCDSTC045)
o experimentingtoselectthemostappropriateprinciplesandsystemsonwhichtobasedesignideas,forexamplestructuralcomponentstobetestedforstrength
• Materialsandtechnologiesspecialisation.Analysewaystoproducedesignedsolutionsthroughselectingandcombiningcharacteristicsandpropertiesofmaterials,systems,components,toolsandequipment(VCDSTC048)
KeyKnowledgeandSkillsIncompletingthisactivity,studentsexploreandapplyarangeofconceptsandterms.Someofthesetermsandconceptsaredescribed,definedandexplainedbelow.
6http://victoriancurriculum.vcaa.vic.edu.au/level8?layout=1&d=DE
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Force-Aforceisapushorapull.Aforcecancausemovementinanobjectorcausecompression,tensionortorsionwithintheobject.
Impact-Impactorimpactforceisashockorlargeforceappliedforaveryshorttime.
Compressionforce–apushthatsqueezesanobjecttotrytomakeitsmallerorshorter.
Tensionforce–apullstretchesanobjecttotrytomakeitbiggerorlonger.
Strength–Theabilityofamaterialtoresistbreakingwhenaforceisapplied.
Strengthtomassratio-Thisisameasureofthestrengthofamaterialcomparedtoitsmass.
Investigation-Ascientificprocessofansweringaquestion,exploringanideaorsolvingaproblemthatrequiresactivitiessuchasplanningacourseofaction,collectingdata,interpretingdata,reachingaconclusionandcommunicatingtheseactivities
Variable-Somethingthatcanchange.
Dependentvariable-Variablethatchangesinresponsetochangesintheindependentvariableandthatisobservedormeasured.
Independentvariable-Variablethatisdeliberatelychanged.
Controlledvariables-Variablesthatarekeptconstant.
Fairtest-Whentestingdifferentmaterialsallthevariablesexcepttheonebeingtestedneedtobekeptthesame.
KeyScienceInquirySkillsInconductingtheseactivities,studentsneedto:
• identifyaquestionandformulateahypothesis• identifyvariablesrelevantinthetest• determinetheindependent,dependentandcontrolvariables• takestepstoensureaccuracyinmeasurement• planandconductaninvestigation• recorddatasystematically
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• analysedata• drawconclusionsbasedonevidence
BackgroundinformationHoneycombstructuresgenerallyhavetwomajortypesofdesign.
Onetypeofhoneycombstructureusesanarrangementoftubessandwichedbetweentwowalls.Corrugatedcardboardisoftenmadebysandwichingasheetofwavypaperbetweentwosheetsofthickpaper.Thewaves,orcorrugations,formchannelsthatrunparalleltothewalls.
Forcesappliedatrightanglestothehoneycombchannelswillcausethestructure
todeform.
Diagramofcorrugatedcardboard.
DiagrambyKieranFLim.
Thistypeofhoneycombstructurewilldeformtoabsorbforcesthatareappliedatrightanglestothehoneycombchannels.
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Honeycombcrashabsorptionstructuremadeofinjectionmoulded
thermoplasticpolymeronaBMWi3.PhotographbyAutomobilePassion,andusedunderaCreative
Commons(CCBY2.0)licence.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013_IAA_BMW_i3_Honeycomb_st
ructure.jpg>
Inotherhoneycombstructurestheopentubesarearrangedatrightanglestothewalls.Thesetubescanbedifferentshapesincrosssection.Theycouldbecircles,squares,trianglesorhexagons(likehoneycomb).
Honeycombpatternforstrengthincardboard.Imageby
sciencestockphotos.com.<http://sciencestockphotos.com/free/engineering/slides/cardboard_str
ength.html>
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Forcesappliedalongasinglehoneycombchannelwillcausethestructuretodeform.
Asinglehoneycombtubeorchannelwilldeformandcollapse.
DiagrambyKieranFLim.
Compressionforcesappliedalongthehoneycombchannel(s).
Wallsofadjacenthoneycombchannel(s)exertforcestokeepeachhoneycombchannelrigidandundeformed.
Thewallsofadjacenthoneycombtubesorchannelsacttoprevent
centralhoneycombtubedeforming.DiagrambyKieranFLim.
Asingletubestructurewilldeform(changeshape)whencompressionforcesareappliedparalleltothetubeorchannel.Assoonasthe
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structuredeforms,theforcesarenownotparalleltothetubeorchannel,whichthencollapses.
Ahoneycombstructureconsistsofadjacenttubeswhichsharejoinedwalls.Thewallsofadjacenttubesprovidesidewaysforcestomaintaintheshapeofeveryotheradjacenttubeorchannel.Thismeansthatahoneycombstructureisverystrongundercompressionforcesappliedparalleltothehoneycombchannels.
HoneycombtiresResilientTechnologiesandWisconsin-Madison’sPolymerEngineeringCenterhavedevelopedahoneycombtire.Thisisavariationofthefirsttypeofhoneycombstructure,inwhichtheforcesareappliedatrightanglestothechannelsofthehoneycombstructure.
Wedonothavepermissiontoincludepicturesofthehoneycombtire;moreinformationcanbefoundat:
• AirlessTires(2015).AirlessTires.Retrieved9October2017from<http://airlesstiresonline.com/>.
• Corky’sPestControl(2016).Architectsandengineers;bio-inspiredtodesignandcreatebynature’sfinestbuilders,insects!Retrieved9October2017from<http://blog.corkyspest.com/?p=853>.
• DavidRussellSchilling(2015).Newairlesstiresimprovebattlefieldandoff-roadperformance.Retrieved9October2017from<http://www.industrytap.com/new-airless-tires-improve-battlefield-off-road-performance/24703>.
Theairinnormaltiresprovidestructureandrigiditywhentheairiscompressed.Whenstretchedinonedirection,thehoneycombscollapseinthedirectionatrightanglestothetensionforces.Whenstretchedinmultipledirections,thehoneycombsinthesetiresarestrongundertension(stretching).Thethicktireoutsides(thesurfaceincontactwiththeroad)providestructureandrigidity–thevehicleaxleisactuallyhangingfromthetopedgeofthetireandtheforcesaredistributedaroundthetireandontotheroadsurfacebythehoneycombstructure.
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Pedagogy
InquirySkillsThisisaninquiryactivitythatcanbeadjustedbytheteachertobeasguidedorasopen-endedasdesired.SincethisactivityoccurstowardstheendoftheIFM/ReMSTEPsequenceofactivities,thestudentnotesaredesignedtobeatmoreindependentinvestigationendoftherange.Theteachermay,however,decidetoprovidecloserguidanceanddirectionthroughouttheactivity.
Teachersmayusetheinquiryscaffoldingtool7toassistdecisionmakingaboutthedegreeofsupporttoprovidestudentsforeachphaseoftheinquiryprocess.
7 Inquiryscaffoldingtool.NationalResearchCouncil(2000);Bruck,L.B.,Bretz,S.L.,&Towns,M.H.,2008.AdaptedfortheVictorianCurriculumbyLim,K.F.(2016),unpublished.)
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ConceptualDevelopmentWhilethisisinanopen-endedinquiry,studentsarestilllikelytoneedsomeassistanceformulatingaquestion.Leadingquestionsmayalsoberequiredtoensurethatthestudentsdesignafairtestoftheirquestionandcollectaccurateandreliabledata.
Studentsmayneedsomeguidanceregardingmaterialstheycoulduse.Circular,squareandtriangularshapetubescouldbemadefrompaperandthenthetubesgluedtogether.Alternatively,studentscouldusestraws(preferablypapertosavetheenvironment).
Anotheralternativeistosticksheetsofpapertogethertomakeanexpandedstructureasshowninthepicture.Usingthisapproachstudentscanvarythesizeofthecells.
Paperhoneycombstructure.PhotographbyIanBentley.
Ifstudentsarerequiredtocompleteareportinaccordancewiththe“Communicateideas,findingsandsolutionsusingscientificlanguage”outcome,teacherswillneedtospecifythenatureofthereportandtheintendedaudience.
RepresentationconstructionapproachUsingarepresentationconstructionapproach(Tytler,Prain,HubberandWaldrip2013)canhelp.Theteachercanencouragethestudentstorepresentahoneycombstructure.Therepresentationcouldshowtheforcesinvolvedandshapechangesasloadsareaddedtothevariousstructures.
Therepresentationswillmostlikelytobedrawings(annotateddiagrams),buttheycouldalsobemodelsorroleplays.Suchrepresentationsprovideinsightintostudents’conceptions.Whatever
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formtherepresentationstaketheyaffordanopportunitytoengagewiththestudentsindialogueabouttheirconceptionswiththepurposeofdevelopingandrefiningtheirrepresentationsandhencetheirconceptualisationofcompositematerialsandtheircomponents.
PossibledesignsforhoneycombstructuresThisisintendedasanon-exhaustivelistofideas.
HexagonalhoneycombstructureFoldpaperinparallelfolds:twofoldsup,twofoldsdown,andrepeatingthispattern.Smallfoldsabout1cmapartworkbest.
DiagrambyKieranFLim.
Makesomemoreofthesefoldedstripsandgluethetouchingsurfacestogetherasindicatedbythearrows.
Applygluetotouchingsurfaces
DiagrambyKieranFLim.
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Extension:isthehoneycombstrongerifastripofpaperisgluedtothearoundtheoutsideofthehoneycomb?
Extension:isthehoneycombstrongeriftheopeningsaresmallerorbigger(asthespacingofthefoldsisvaried)?
TrigonalhoneycombstructureFoldandgluepaperintoatriangular“roll”ortube.Aquick-dryingglueworksbest.Bundlethe“rolls”ortubestogetherandstickastripofpaperaroundtheoutside.
PhotographsbyKieranFLimandEstherWan.
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Extension:whatisthepurposeofthestripofpaperaroundtheoutsideofthebundleoftubes?
Extension:isthehoneycombstrongerifthetubesaregluedtoeachother?
Extension:isthehoneycombstrongerifthetubessmallerorbigger?
Extension:Doesthestrengthofthehoneycombdependonhavingallthetubesofthesamesize?
TubularhoneycombstructureRollpaperintosmalltubeswithca.2-cmdiameter.Aquick-dryingglueworksbest.Bundlethetubestogetherandstickastripofpaperaroundtheoutside.
PhotographbyKieranFLimandEstherWan.
Extension:whatisthepurposeofthestripofpaperaroundtheoutsideofthebundleoftubes?
Extension:isthehoneycombstrongerifthetubesaregluedtoeachother?
Extension:isthehoneycombstrongerifthetubessmallerorbigger?
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Extension:Doesthestrengthofthehoneycombdependonhavingallthetubesofthesamesize?
KirigamihexagonalhoneycombstructureTheJapaneseartofkirigamiinvolvesbothcuttingandfoldingsheetsofpapertoobtainthree-dimensionalshapes.Recently,Neville,Scarpa,andPirrera(2016)usedkirigamitocreateshape-shiftingmetamaterials,whichcouldhavelargeshapeandvolumechangesandwithextremelydirectional,tuneablemechanicalproperties.Theydescribehowtoconstructthreedifferenthoneycombstructures.Theirdesignsareintendedtobeflexible.Theversionhereisbasedontheir“openrectangular”hexagonalhoneycombstructureandhasbeenalteredtoincludegluingtomakearigidstructure.(Thename“openrectangular”structurereferstotherectangularshapeofthewallsformingthestructure.)
Kirigamihexagonalhoneycombstructure.ExtractfromFigure1of
Neville,Scarpa,andPirrera(2016).FigureusedunderaCreativeCommons(CCBY4.0)licence.
<https://www.nature.com/articles/srep31067>
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Makingakirigamihexagonalhoneycombstructure.Figure2ofNeville,
Scarpa,andPirrera(2016).FigureusedunderaCreativeCommons(CCBY4.0)licence.
<https://www.nature.com/articles/srep31067>
InthepaperbyNeville,Scarpa,andPirrera(2016),thehoneycombstructurewasnotgluedandstringspassedthroughtheholeswereusedtoflexthestructureandchangeitsshape.Inthecurrentapplication,therearenoneedfortheholes,andthestructureshouldbegluedwherefoldscausetwopartsofthestructuretotouch.
Drinking-strawhoneycombstructureThisversionhasnotbeentested.Itwouldbesimilartothetubularhoneycombstructure.
PVA-glueandpaperhoneycombstructureThisismadebytakingapaperhoneycombstructure(oneoftheabovedesigns)andpouringPVAglue(Footnote8)alloverthestructure.Thiswilltakeseveralhourstodry.Whenwetestedthisversion,thestructurewasdriedovernightwithhotairblowingonthestructure.
8 TherearevariousbrandsofPVACraftGlue,andPVAWoodGlue.
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Thisessentiallygivesapolymer-and-paperhoneycombstructure.Thisissimilartothecommercialhoneycombstructuresmadebycoating(orsoaking)paperhoneycombswith(in)differentresins(Footnote9).
Possiblescientificquestions• Howdoesthestrengthofthehoneycombstructuredependon
thenumberoftubes?(Thisisapossiblequantitativeinvestigation.)
Whatloadcanbesupportedbyanumberofseparate(but
identical)“tubes”?independentvariable:numberofseparate“tubes”.
Dependentvariable:maximumload.DiagrambyKieranFLim.
9 Examplesofresin-and-paperhoneycombsinclude:AdvancedHoneycombTechnologies(2005)AHKKraftpaper/phenoliccoatedhoneycomb<http://www.ahtinc.com/products/kraft.htm>;AxxorIPHC(2015)AxxorIPHCtoimpregnatepaperhoneycombwithresins<http://axxor.eu/paginas/1970/axxoriphctoimpregnatepaperhoneycombwithresins>.
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• Doesthestrengthofthehoneycombstructuredependonwhetherthetubesaregluedtogether?(Whencombinedwiththepreviousquestion,thisisagoodquantitativeinvestigation.)
Whatloadcanbesupportedbyanumberofjoinedidentical
“tubes”?independentvariable:numberof“tubes”.
Controlledvariable:arrangementof“tubes”.Dependentvariable:maximumload.
DiagrambyKieranFLim.
• Doesthestrengthofthehoneycombstructuredependonthecross-sectionalshapeofthetubes?
• Howdoesthestrengthofthehoneycombstructuredependontheheight,anddiameteroftheopeningofthe“tubes”?
OtherteachingnotesforhoneycombstructuresWehavetestedanumberofglues.Thebestgluesaregluesticks(Footnote10).AliquidgluelikePVAglue(Footnote8)takesseveralhourstodry.StudentsmustuseminimalamountsofglueunlesstheyaretryingtomakeaPVA-glueandpaperhoneycombstructure.
10The´variousbrandsofgluestickinclude:BostikGluStik,KejiGlueStick,StudymateBlueStick,UHUGlueStic,andsimilarproducts.
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LinkstosimilaractivitiesAfterthisactivitywasdesigned,theauthorsbecameawareofasimilaractivities:
• bertus52x11(n.d.).Coffeecup-honeycombsandwichstructure.Retrieved10October2017from<http://www.instructables.com/id/Coffee-Cup-Honeycomb-Sandwich-Structure/>.
Coffeecup-honeycombsandwichstructure.
Photographbybertus52x11,andusedunderaCreativeCommonsGeneric(CCBY-NC-SA2.5)licence.
<http://www.instructables.com/id/Coffee-Cup-Honeycomb-Sandwich-Structure/>
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• CuriosityMachine(n.d.).Buildastronghoneycombstructure.Retrieved9October2017from<https://www.curiositymachine.org/challenges/50/>.
AssessmentTheteacherscancomparethestudent’sperformancewiththecurriculumdescriptorsandmakejudgementsaboutwhethertheoutcomeshavebeenachieved.Peerandself-assessmentofeffectivenessofcreatedcompositestructures.
ReferencesBruck,L.B.,Bretz,S.L.,&Towns,M.H.(2008)Characterizingthelevelofinquiryintheundergraduatelaboratory.JournalofCollegeScience,38(1),52-58.
NationalResearchCouncil(2000).Inquiryandthenationalscienceeducationstandards:Aguideforteachingandlearning.WashingtonDC:NationalAcademicPress.
Tytler,R.,Prain,V.,Hubber,P.,&Waldrip,B.(Eds.).(2013).Constructingrepresentationstolearninscience.SpringerScience&BusinessMedia.
Neville,R.M.,Scarpa,F.,&Pirrera,A.(2016).ShapemorphingKirigamimechanicalmetamaterials.ScientificReports,6,Articlenumber31067.doi:10.1038/srep31067.Retrieved10October2017from<https://www.nature.com/articles/srep31067>
AirlessTires(2015).AirlessTires.Retrieved9October2017from<http://airlesstiresonline.com/>.
Corky’sPestControl(2016).Architectsandengineers;bio-inspiredtodesignandcreatebynature’sfinestbuilders,insects!Retrieved9October2017from<http://blog.corkyspest.com/?p=853>.
DavidRussellSchilling(2015).Newairlesstiresimprovebattlefieldandoff-roadperformance.Retrieved9October2017from<http://www.industrytap.com/new-airless-tires-improve-battlefield-off-road-performance/24703>.
• Honicel(n.d.).Honicelpaperhoneycombapplications.Retrieved11October2017from<http://www.honicel.com/page/2543/applications.html>.
FederalAviationAdministration(USA)(2012).Chapter7:AdvancedCompositeMaterials,inAviationMaintenanceTechnicianHandbook—AirframeVolume1(FAA-H-8083-31).Retrieved9October2017from
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<https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aircraft/amt_airframe_handbook/media/ama_ch07.pdf>.
RainerGroh(2012).SandwichStructuresandCompositeMaterials,inABriefHistoryofAircraftStructure.AerospaceEngineeringBlog.Retrieved9October2017from<http://aerospaceengineeringblog.com/aircraft-structures/>.
Bertus52x11(n.d.).Coffeecup-honeycombsandwichstructure.Retrieved10October2017from<http://www.instructables.com/id/Coffee-Cup-Honeycomb-Sandwich-Structure/>.
CuriosityMachine(n.d.).Buildastronghoneycombstructure.Retrieved9October2017from<https://www.curiositymachine.org/challenges/50/>.
AdvancedHoneycombTechnologies(2005)AHKKraftpaper/phenoliccoatedhoneycomb.Retrieved10October2017from<http://www.ahtinc.com/products/kraft.htm>.
AxxorIPHC(2015)AxxorIPHCtoimpregnatepaperhoneycombwithresins.Retrieved10October2017from<http://axxor.eu/paginas/1970/axxoriphctoimpregnatepaperhoneycombwithresins>.
SuggestionsSuggestionsforimprovementsoftheseactivitiesshouldbesenttotheProjectOfficer,ASELLforSchools(Victoria),[email protected]
AcknowledgementsThecontributionsofmembersofScoutsVictoriatotherefinementofthislaboratorylearningactivityaregratefullyacknowledged.
• PhotographofahoneycombcrashabsorptionstructuremadeofinjectionmouldedthermoplasticpolymeronaBMWi3,byAutomobilePassion,hasbeenusedandredistributedunderaCreativeCommons(CCBY2.0)licence<https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en>.
• PhotographofahoneycombpatternforstrengthincardboardhasbeenusedandredistributedunderaCreativeCommons(CCBY4.0)licence<sciencestockphotos.com/imagelicense.html>.
• FiguresfromNeville,Scarpa,&Pirrera(2016)“ShapemorphingKirigamimechanicalmetamaterials”havebeenusedand
Page|52 TeacherNotes–HoneycombStructures–RemSTEP(DeakinUniversity)
redistributedunderaCreativeCommons(CCBY4.0)licence<https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/>.
• PhotographofacoffeecuphoneycombsandwichstructurehasbeenusedandredistributedunderaCreativeCommons(CCBY-NC-SA2.5)licence<https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/>.
CopyrightandCreativeCommonsExceptinglogos,trademarksorotherthird-partycontentasindicated,thisresourceisdistributedunderaCreativeCommons‘Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike’4.0InternationalLicense.Themoralrightsoftheauthors,KieranLim,StuartPalmer,IanBentley,PetaWhite,JohnLong,RussellTytler,andMaryVamvakas,havebeenassertedundertheAustralianCopyrightAct1968(Cth).