Homo ergaster WT 15000 Nariokotome, Kenya 1.6 mya
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Homo ergasterWT 15000 Nariokotome, Kenya
1.6 mya
Olduwan chopperGadeb, Ethiopia2.4-1.5 mya
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Australopithecus afarensis
A.L. 200-1, Hadar Ethiopia~3 mya
Homo sp. early Homo
A.L. 666-1, Hadar Ethiopia
2.3 mya
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Australopithecus afarensisAL 288-1, Lucy
Hadar, Ethiopia, 3.2 mya
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Australopithecus afarensisHadar, Ethiopia, ~3 mya
• A. afarensis endocranial capacity = 387-550• consistent morphologies – more apelike than other
australopithecines• dimorphism = sexual or increase in size through time?
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chimpanzee & A. afarensis share•subnasal prognathism•large anterior dentition•diastema between lateral incisor & canine•confluence of temporal & nuchal lines•broad pneumatized cranial base•note that A. afarensis is distinct from other australopithecines in these traits
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the 3rd premolar (P3) in A afarensis = intermediate between chimpanzee 7 modern human morphologies
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Australopithecus africanusSts 71, Sterkfontein South Africa, 2.5 mya
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Australopithecus sebida, 1.9-1.78 mya South Africa
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•endocranial capacity= 420-450 cc•not greater than A. africanus•likely contemporaneous with H. ergaster
Australopithecus sediba
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Paranthropus boiseiOH 5
1.8 mya
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Homo habilisKNM ER-1813
Koobi Fora, Kenya
1.9 mya
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Homo habilis - “handy man”
•mixed morphologies•not a clearly identifiable taxon•potentially represent multiple species•demonstrates selective pressures & changes
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KNM-ER 1470, Kenya1.8-1.9 mya
KNM ER-1813 Kenya
1.9 mya
Homo habilis from
Koobi Fora
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Homo habilisKNM ER-
1813 Koobi Fora, Kenya
1.9 mya
•small brain (~510 cc)•small teeth•australopithecine-like
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Homo habilisKNM-ER 1470, Koobi Fora, Kenya
1.8-1.9 mya
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Homo habilisKNM-ER 1470,
Koobi Fora, Kenya
1.8-1.9 mya
•large brain (~750 cc)•large teeth
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Homo rudolfensis
“solution”= create another species
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Homo ergasterendocranial
capacity = 870 cc
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KNM ER 15000, Homo
ergaster, Nariokotome,
Kenya, 1.5 mya
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Homo ergasterWT 15000 Nariokotome, Kenya
1.6 mya
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Homo ergaster, Kenya, 1.6 mya
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Homo ergaster~1.8-1.7 mya•possibly as late as 600 kya•considered ancestral to all subsequent Homo•increased brain size•increased body size•possibly more modern growth & development
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Homo ergaster, Swartskrans, South Africa,1.8-1.9 mya
•contemporaneous with P. robustus in South Africa•dental eruption may be more modern•tooth crown formation may be more apelike
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Australopithecus afarensis
L.H.-4, Laetoli, Tanzania3.6 mya Homo ergaster
KNM-ER 992, Kenya~1.5 mya
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Homo ergaster, OH9, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, ~1.2 mya
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Homo ergaster KNM-ER 3733, Koobi Fora, Kenya
1.75 mya
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Homo erectus, Daka, Middle Awash Valley,
Ethiopia, 1-0.8 mya
resembles H. erectus in:•endocranial capacity =995 cc•broad base•sagital keelresembles H. ergaster in:•thin vault bones•height of vault•no occipital torus
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H. Erectus or H. ergaster?,
Dmanisi, Georgia,
1.75-2.0 mya
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Reorganization of :•limb proportions•longer legs•shorter arms•trunk dimensions•ribcage=more barrel shaped •gut area reduced
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Brain
•not just an increase in size•differences in brain organization•cognition•thought•emotions•brain is a costly tissue•affects dietary needs•growth & development•birth
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Comparative primate allometric expectations of proportions of human
organ mass
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Human gut lengths short•compared to other primates of our size•longer gut lengths associated with processing high volumes of low-quality foods
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Selection on hominins appears to be:•on increased cognition-grow the size of the brain•support that through higher quality foods•and reduction in another costly tissue•the gut•is selection primarily on brains?•or on increased dietary quality?
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complex interrelationship between diet, brain size increase, behavior, & morphology
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antelope humerus, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, ~1.8 mya
David Brill
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FLK “Zinj” site in Olduvai Gorge, Bed 1 deposits, 1.8-1.76 mya •~100 bones show cutmarks-percussion marks•3,500 large mammal bones•2,500 Olduwan tools•hunting?•scavenging”?•carnivore remains? •natural death?•
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C. K Brain
•questioned associations of bones with australopithecines as food remains•initated modern taphonomic research
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Taponomycomplex sources of deposition of animal bones in sites with archaeological remains and hominin fossils•natural death•carnivores•geologic accmualtion•hominins
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Cutmarks•identifying stone tool marks•natural scratches•overprinting•excavator marks•using them to understand potential butchering patterns
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Cladistics
Can get varying relationships depending on emphasis of different traits
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multiple contemporaneous hominins-what specializations?
Paranthropus boisei
Homo habilis
Homo rudolfensis
Homo ergaster
Scientific American 8/25/2003:22-23
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Homo ergasterWT 15000 Nariokotome, Kenya
1.6 mya
Acheulean handaxe