Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24
description
Transcript of Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24
![Page 1: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Homework #1 is due nowBonus #1 is posted and due 10/24
![Page 2: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Fig 8.11
DNA contains the information to make RNA and/or proteins.
Protein
![Page 3: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
General model of Ca++ signaling
![Page 4: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Ca++ is involved in signal transduction for responses of:
in Plants• Development• Cold• Guard cell closing• Osmotic shock• Light• Fungal infection• Touch• Pollen tube growth• Wounding…
in Animals• Neurons• Muscle movement• Wounding• Development• Fertilization• Hormones• …
How can there be specificity?
![Page 5: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Everything has its place…
![Page 6: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Fig 1. Scrase-Field and Knight, Current Opinion in Plant Biology 2003, 6:500–506
2 hypotheses about how Ca++ signals are transduced:Signatures vs. Switches
![Page 7: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Stomata regulate gas exchange: CO2 in, O2 and
water out
H2OH2O
![Page 8: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Stomata
closedopen
![Page 9: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Fig 5. Sanders et al., The Plant Cell, S401–S417, Supplement 2002
Ca++ fluxes in guard cells in response to hormone or stress that cause stomatal closing.
Wildtype vs. det3 and gca2: mutants that fail to close stomata following treatment
![Page 10: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Fig 1. Allen et al., Nature, Vol 411:1053-1057, 28 June 2001
Stomata aperture in response to Ca++ spikes:More spikes= more closing
![Page 11: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Fig 2. Allen et al., Nature, Vol 411:1053-1057, 28 June 2001
Spike timing is critical for response
![Page 12: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Fig 2. Allen et al., Nature, Vol 411:1053-1057, 28 June 2001
Duration of spikes for stomata closing
![Page 13: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Fig 1. Scrase-Field and Knight, Current Opinion in Plant Biology 2003, 6:500–506
2 hypotheses about how Ca++ signals are transduced:Signatures vs. Switches
![Page 14: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Signal transduction
– such as changes in
cellular components
or production of new cellular components
![Page 15: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Fig 8.11
How do cells express genes?
![Page 16: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
a gene
The relationship between DNA and genes
promoter coding region terminator non-geneDNA
Fig 8.3
![Page 17: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.
![Page 18: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• Overview of transcription
Figure 8-4
Fig 8.4
![Page 19: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Fig 7.5 +8.2
Each nucleotide carbon is numbered
![Page 20: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Fig 7.8
Each nucleotide is connected from the 5’ carbon through the phosphate to the next 3’ carbon.
![Page 21: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Fig 7.8
Each nucleotide is connected from the 5’ carbon through the phosphate to the next 3’ carbon.
![Page 22: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The relationship between DNA and RNA
Fig 8.6
![Page 23: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Fig 8.4
What is so magic about adding nucleotides to the 3’ end?
![Page 24: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Fig 8.8
How does the RNA polymerase know which strand to transcribe?
![Page 25: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
5’5’3’
3’5’
Reverse promoter, reverse direction and strand transcribed.
RNA
![Page 26: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
DNARNA RNA
DNA
UU
Why do polymerases only add nucleotides to the 3’ end?
![Page 27: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
3’
5’Hypothetically, nucleotides could be added at the 5’ end.
Incoming nucleotide
![Page 28: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
P
Error
P-P
![Page 29: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The 5’ tri-P’s can supply energy for repair
Error
P
P-P-PP
U
![Page 30: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
3’
5’
Error repair on 5’ end not possible.
Incoming nucleotide
![Page 31: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
DNARNA RNA
DNA
UU
Need for error repair limits nucleotide additions to 3’ end.
![Page 32: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Fig 8.11
DNA contains the information to make RNA and/or proteins.
Protein
![Page 33: Homework #1 is due now Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/24](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/568139bb550346895da15cba/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Homework #1 is due nowBonus #1 is posted and due 10/24