Development Homework #2 is due 10/17 Bonus #1 is due 10/24.
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Transcript of Development Homework #2 is due 10/17 Bonus #1 is due 10/24.
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Development
•Homework #2 is due 10/17
•Bonus #1 is due 10/24
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So,
Smoking during pregnancy may have indirect and/or direct affects on fetal development, and these affects may manifest themselves in adults.
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Correlation of weight (BMI) %
Biological siblings 34
Parents and children living together 26
Identical twins reared together 80
Identical twins reared apart 72
Fraternal twins reared together 43
Adopted children and parents 4
Unrelated children living together 1
Correlation of weight and relatedness
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Nature and Nurture:
Are traits coded for by genes fixed while traits coded for by the environment are under our control?
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Fig 12.1
Developmental mutants of Drosophila melanogaster
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Vertebrate Development:
from zygote to adult
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Besides adding cells, development can involve cell death.
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CB 21.19
Development of a mouse paw: yellow areas show dying cells
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Early embryo development
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Totipotent: ability to differentiate into any cell-type
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Totipotency is limited to early stages of animal development
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Mature, differentiated plant cells are totipotent
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Why do cells lose totipotency?
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Why do cells lose totipotency?
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•Gene expression can be controlled at many points between DNA and making the final proteins.
•Changes in the various steps of gene expression control when and how much of a product are produced.
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Why change gene expression?•Different cells need different components•Responding to the environment•Replacement of damaged/worn-out parts
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DNA packaging fluctuates…genes being expressed are unpackaged, genes not needed are tightly packaged.
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Normally DNA is loosely packaged
During mitosis DNA is tightly packaged as chromosomes and
individually visible
box 2.1
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DNA packaging fluctuates…Some of the tight packaging of DNA is irreversible.
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Irreversible packaging of DNA partially explains the loss of totipotency.
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Stem cells still have totipotency
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Embryonic Stem Cells are totipotent
Adult Stem Cells are pluripotent (only form some cell types)
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Fig 12.2
Developmental information can be encoded by both genetic and non-genetic information.
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What genetic mechanisms regulate/allow development?
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All humans are female for the first nine weeks of development
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All humans are female for
the first nine weeks of
development
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Down’s Syndrome is caused by an extra chromosome 21.
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Down’s Syndrome is caused by an extra chromosome 21.
Too much information disrupts normal development.
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Flower parts:Complexity from a few simple genes
4 whorls of a flower
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CB 21.20
Each whorl expresses a specific combination of three genes
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Changing expression of A, B, or C genes
changes organ identity
CB 21.20
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Development
•Homework #2 is due 10/17•Bonus #1 is due 10/24