Home: Memory and Perception · Figure 5: Annette Arbenz (2014) Crowne Plaza Wang Fu Jing Floor...

!!!!Home: Memory and Perception!‘Understanding the complex layers of home’!!Christina Arbenz!S1230609! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Word Count: 2249!!!!!!

Page � of �1 29BA Interior DesignChristina Arbenz

Table Of Contents!!Chapter 1: Introduction! 3!

1.1 Introduction! 4!

1.2 Third Culture Individuals! 4!

Chapter 2: Methodology! 5! 2.1 Methodology! 6!

Chapter 3: Home! 7! 3.1 House vs. Home! 8!

3.1.1 Definition of Home! 8!

3.1.2 House vs. Home! 8!

3.2 Home and Memory! 8! 3.2.1 Memories of Home! 8!

3.2.2 Memories Found in Objects ! 9!

Figure 1: Annette Arbenz (2014) Ma Quan Ying Floor Plan! 10!

Figure 2: Nick Arbenz (2014) Ma Quan Ying Floor Plan! 10!

Figure 3: Annette Arbenz (2014) Orchid Garden Floor Plan! 11!

Figure 4: Nick Arbenz (2014) Orchid Garden Floor Plan! 11!

Figure 3: Annette Arbenz (2014) Bin He Hua Yuan Floor Plan! 11!

Figure 4: Annette Arbenz (2014) Upper East Side Floor Plan! 11!

Figure 5: Annette Arbenz (2014) Crowne Plaza Wang Fu Jing Floor Plan! 11!

Figure 5: Annette Arbenz (2014) Bin He Hua Yuan Floor Plan! 12!

Figure 6: Annette Arbenz (2014) Upper East Side Floor Plan! 12!

Figure 7: Annette Arbenz (2014) Crowne Plaza Wang Fu Jing Floor Plan! 13!

Figure 8: Christina Arbenz (2013) Ma Quan Ying Floor Plan Photograph! 14!

Figure 9: Christina Arbenz (2012) Orchid Garden Floor Plan Photograph! 15!

Figure 10: Christina Arbenz (2009) Upper East Side Floor Plan Photograph! 15!

Figure 11: Annette Arbenz (2000) Terrigal Floor Plan Photograph! 16!

Figure 12: Christina Arbenz (2014) Shang Hai Floor Plan Existing Furniture! 17!

Figure 13: Christina Arbenz (2014) Shang Hai Floor Plan Theoretical ! 18!

Figure 14: Christina Arbenz (2014) Shang Hai Floor Plan Real! 19!

3.2.3 TCI’s and Objects in the Home! 20!

Chapter 4: Conclusion! 21! 4.1 Conclusion! 22!

Chapter 5: Appendices! 23! 6.1 Appendix 1: Questionnaire ! 24!

Chapter 7: References! 25! 7.1 List of Images! 26! 7.2 List of References! 27! 7.3 Bibliography! 28!


!!!!Chapter 1: Introduction!!


!!!1.1 Introduction!!! ‘Home’: a complex set of psychological layers, making up a metaphysical space and maintaining a special meaning for each individual. This very simple four-letter word has become controversial but significant topic of conversation amongst environmental psychologists over the past couple of decades. Within the more recent years, the complexity of the topic has deepened in correlation to the growth of Third Culture Individuals.!!!!!1.2 Third Culture Individuals!!! “Third Culture Kids (TCKs). Global nomads. Strangers in their own country. Natives in foreign lands. These are some of the many labels for the type of child who grows up in more than one country” (Tokuhama-Espinosa, 2003). These individuals belong to three different cultures; the culture native to their country of origin also known as the ‘passport country’, the culture native to the host country (where they currently reside) and finally the culture shared between TCI’s, also known as the ‘global village’. “The TCK build relationships to all of the cultures, while not having full ownership of any, [which often results in a] type of rootlessness, of not being able to answer the question “where is home?”. Is home where they are now, or where they were born, or where their family members reside?” (Tokuhama-Espinosa, 2003). Being a TCI myself, I understand the feeling of rootlessness, of metaphysical homelessness. Each of us have a different way of making ourselves feel comfortable in a space, trying to make it feel as homely as possible. Through this study, I aim to discover which aspects of my life mould together to make up my ‘home’, what things make a house a ‘home’, and simultaneously find out whether other TCI’s share similar attributes and methodologies. !!!!!!!!!!!!!


!!!!Chapter 2: Methodology!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!


!!!!2.1 Methodology!!!! The aim of this ethnography is to analyse my relationship to my ‘home’ as well as establishing a definition of what ‘home’ is to me. The central point of my personal research will be the living room area within my parents’ house, along with the objects found within this space. To come to these conclusions, I have researched not only a generalised definition of ‘home’, but also focused on the different ways ‘home’ might manifest. Looking specifically at memory, perception and emotional connection to spaces, geographical places as well as psychological expanses, I have looked at different studies around TCI’s and non-TCI’s. Not only have I carried out secondary research of pre-existing studies, I have also conducted a survey inquiring into the more specific details of the spaces, objects and emotions that come with their understanding of ‘home’. This survey was targeted at a variety of TCI’s and non-TCI’s of various ages and genders.!! To study this in relation to my personal family ‘home’, I asked my family questions about the furniture and objects found in the living room space, looking specifically at how these objects relate to their memory and affect their feeling of home. Each of my immediate family members were asked to draw out their memory of previous housing plans, including furniture. This allowed me to examine which aspects of each house were remembered the most, and observe any reoccurring patterns within each illustrated memory. !

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!!!!Chapter 3: Home!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!


!3.1 House vs. Home!!3.1.1 Definition of Home!!An overarching definition of ‘home’ does not exist. The uniqueness of an individual’s life experiences shapes their personal definition of ‘home’, and thus two individuals will have the exact same definition. Nevertheless, similar concepts can be found as underlying themes that construct the idea of ‘home’. “Hayward described home as embracing…concepts such as family, social networks, self-identity, privacy, continuity, personalisation, behaviour, the dwelling and the childhood home” (Smith, 1994). Through the results of my questionnaire, it can be seen that both TCI’s and non-TCI’s believe the presence of family, social networks and personal belongings, alongside emotions of comfort, security and sense of belonging are the essential ingredients in establishing the concept of ‘home’. !!3.1.2 House vs. Home!!! “Norberg-Schultz claims that each individual needs a fixed place, which for him takes the form of the house: “the faithful heart does not like to ramble about without a homestead. It needs a fixed spot to return to, it wants its square house”” (Manzo, 2005). Although this may be true for many non-TCIs, this certainly is not the case for the vast majority of TCIs. Even though many of us understand the concept of what the ‘ideal home’ would be like, we (TCI’s) do not experience it in a fixed geographical space. Similarly to the author of ‘Going Home: A Poetic Memoir’, McElroy, most TCIs believe that “‘home’ is not one stationary location, but the process of travelling itself” (Manzo, 2005).!! “Home need not involve a physical structure, but may exist on any level of existential space” (Norberg-Schultz, quoted by Lam, 2014). For many TCIs, their sense of self-identity is inevitably formed across various countries, let alone different houses. For this reason, the idea of home lives not merely within a set of walls, but rather thrives in our memories, social relationships and personal belongings. As a typical TCI, throughout the 20 years of my life I have moved country four times, city seven times, and house twenty-one times. My life is not based around a ‘childhood home’, ‘university home’, ‘parental home’ and ‘future home’, but is instead “carved… up into countries… each country has a significance as each place I have lived in makes up a time period of my life” (Anonymous, 2014). Each of these time periods preserve unique memories, that ultimately define my various ‘homes’. “Home is not fixed in time and space, but is reinvented time after time in different locations. Memories and projections are the quintessential links in a lifetime cycle of home inventions” (Cieraad, 2010). !!3.2 Home and Memory!!3.2.1 Memories of Home!!! Memories of ‘home’ can incite positive or negative connotations, however it is the memories of extreme emotions that build up the individual’s interpretation of ‘home’. In my questionnaire, 80% of the subjects mentioned that they related ‘home’ to mainly positive emotions, whilst 20% said they related it to an equal number of positive and negative emotions. “Peoples experiences of places remain with them over time through memories of places from their past” (Manzo, 2005). “Home is used metaphorically; it is ‘an abstract signifier of a wide set of associations and meanings’ (Moore, quoted in Manzo, 2003)


‘Home’ can be looked at as a haven or as a trap, depending on who you are talking to and the experiences they have encountered. Nevertheless, each individual will relate the word ‘home’ to a specific set of memories and emotions which strongly back these memories.!!3.2.2 Memories Found in Objects !!! For a house to become a place of living, it must be filled with objects. Personal possessions not only provide a practical purpose, but also tend to uphold a sentimental value representing a different time and place, as well as stimulating treasured memories. It is believed that “material objects of the home.. serve as the repositories for the memories of residents past selves” (Rogers, 2013) which implies that “objects [have a] hidden power to trigger memory” (Cieraad, 2010). !! Having lived in a large number of houses, the house itself is no longer important in establishing my sentiment of home, therefore does not necessarily create a part of my identity. Moreover, these houses do not instil a feeling of ‘home’, unless my personal belongings, or the family belongings, are brought into the house. Focusing specifically on the living room area in each of my previous residences, I have tried to identify which objects create the feeling of ‘home’ for me. Moving more than once a year results in the houses themselves being a constant form of change, however the items within the living room have remained familiar. When I personally think of ‘home’, I picture a certain set of furniture found in my living room, which creates a feeling of security and comfort. For this reason, the closest thing to a ‘geographical space’ representing ‘home’ for me is my transient living room; a space that exists in multiple places and times all at once. Similar to Do Ho Suh’s fabric projects ‘Perfect Home’, my living room seems to have moved around as “a way to deal with cultural displacement”.!!! “The experience was about transporting space from one place to the other - a way of dealing with cultural displacement. And I don’t really get homesick, but I’ve notice that I have this longing for this particular space, and I want to recreate that space or bring that

space wherever I go” (Suh, 2014)!!Familiar objects allow people to feel comfortable within the space. This same thing occurs with my family in the living room. Surrounding ourselves with objects familiar to us helps to create a room that is otherwise cold and unfamiliar, feel satisfactorily like ‘home’. To test my theory, I asked my family members to draw their recollections of previous living rooms from memory, marking in all the significant objects. The illustrated results have been arranged below from most recent to least recent.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!


Figure 1: Annette Arbenz (2014) Ma Quan Ying Floor Plan!

Figure 2: Nick Arbenz (2014) Ma Quan Ying Floor Plan!


!Figure 3: Annette Arbenz (2014) Orchid Garden Floor Plan!

Figure 4: Nick Arbenz (2014) Orchid Garden Floor Plan!!Figure 3: Annette Arbenz (2014) Bin He Hua Yuan Floor Plan!Figure 4: Annette Arbenz (2014) Upper East Side Floor Plan!!!Figure 5: Annette Arbenz (2014) Crowne Plaza Wang Fu Jing Floor Plan!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!


!Figure 5: Annette Arbenz (2014) Bin He Hua Yuan Floor Plan!

!Figure 6: Annette Arbenz (2014) Upper East Side Floor Plan!


Figure 7: Annette Arbenz (2014) Crowne Plaza Wang Fu Jing Floor Plan!!!!!!!!

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! After analysing each of these images, the following pieces of furniture seem to reoccur in each of the plans, and seem to be remembered very specifically.!!

Chinese Glass Cabinet!Red Chinese Cabinet!Chinese Brown Buffet!

Indonesian Bar!Bali Bench!Blue Sofa!

Chinese Lamp!Indonesian Vase!

One Seater!Chinese Coffee Table!

Elephant Statues!!Each of these items holds a special meaning to myself and my immediate family. Most of them were bought in places that meant a great deal to all of us, or where purchased with a positive memory attached. “Many spend their whole life taking pieces of many different places and putting it together into a stained-glass home” (Iyer, 2013). Each of the places we have lived in has been a chapter within our lives, and has shaped our identities to make us who we are today. The furniture within our living room is a collection of memories marking different places and different times. Each piece of furniture represents a specific ‘home’, and they are all rolled into one space every time we move, thereby manifesting all of our previous ‘homes’ within a new house. These objects are then seemingly positioned in ways that subconsciously parallel our previous living space regardless of the shape and structure maintained by the new house.!!Figure 8: Christina Arbenz (2013) Ma Quan Ying Floor Plan Photograph!

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Figure 9: Christina Arbenz (2012) Orchid Garden Floor Plan Photograph!

Figure 10: Christina Arbenz (2009) Upper East Side Floor Plan Photograph!

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!Figure 11: Annette Arbenz (2000) Terrigal Floor Plan Photograph!

![This is before moving to China, meaning all of the Chinese furniture has not yet been purchased]!!!!


! At the beginning of this year, my family moved house once again. As yet, I have not seen the new house. To test my theory that each of these spaces have been recreated to resemble previous ‘homes’, I have asked my parents to draw up an empty floor plan of the new living room including only the furniture which does not belong to us. I have placed the main pieces of furniture into the space according to how I believe would make the space feel most like ‘home’. !!!!!Figure 12: Christina Arbenz (2014) Shang Hai Floor Plan Existing Furniture!!

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!!!!!Figure 13: Christina Arbenz (2014) Shang Hai Floor Plan Theoretical !

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!!!!Figure 14: Christina Arbenz (2014) Shang Hai Floor Plan Real!

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! As can be seen from the drawings above, the majority of the furniture has been placed in the same format that I had predicted. The only elements of inaccuracy were found in smaller pieces of furniture, such as the Indonesian vase, the glass table, the Chinese lamp and the elephants. This proves that our living room spaces are always subconsciously set up in similar ways in order for the space to feel more familiar; more like ‘home’. !!!3.2.3 TCI’s and Objects in the Home!! !! Through the questionnaire, it has become clear that my family and I are not the only TCI’s who adapt their ‘homes’ through the arrangement of furniture and personal belongings. When asked what makes people feel most at ‘home’, one person responded with “Memorabilia and sentimental household objects that I grew up with; familiar furniture” (Anonymous, 2014), whilst another alluded to the “Trinkets of sentimental value that relict each place [they’ve] been to” (Anonymous, 2014). !!

“I feel that as a TCK, I have adopted various paraphernalia from all cultures, and these are exhibited in my room. I am a hoarder of all things - so I will have a shelf with pieces of the Berlin wall, glass beads from Murano, a Chinese calligraphy brush, a Thai elephant statuette, theatre

programmes from London etc. So long as my room is portable, my home is portable” (Anonymous, 2014)!!!


!!!!Chapter 4: Conclusion!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!


4.1 Conclusion!!! !! The definition of ‘home’ remains indefinable; a metaphysical phenomenon. So many factors influence this one simple word, making it impossible for it to truly mean only one thing. Emotion and memory are the two main factors which build up an individual’s understanding of ‘home’. Whether psychological associations focus on the positives or negatives depends entirely on their past, and personal experiences. These memories and emotions are channeled through spaces, objects and personal belongings, where they will stay. The objects will then serve to retrieve these memories, inciting familiarity, regardless of context. This is ‘home’. !! ‘Home’ will always be a transient, metaphysical and somewhat non-existent space to me. I will always be calling everywhere ‘home’, yet truly meaning absolutely nowhere. I feel a sense of ‘homeliness’ in my lack of geographical belonging, and paradoxically feel alien where I should belong. There will never be a point in time where I will truly and completely feel at ‘home’. Nevertheless, the closest symbol to ‘home’ for me will always be in my parent’s living room: a collection of items within this room making up a situation, which does not really exist. These objects form a space that is actually made up of a thousand previous spaces, moments, and memories. The fact that these objects represent those moments in my life, those extreme emotions, makes them feel familiar, and provides a sense of security, stability and comfort, no matter which house they are in. The space becomes an equal mesh of every culture, moment and emotion that shaped me to be the person I am today. !!You could almost say, I belong. !!!!!!!


!!!!Chapter 5: Appendices!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!


!!!!!6.1 Appendix 1: Questionnaire !!Your definition of home:!Where is your home?!How to you refer to your parental home?!How to you refer to your independent home?!What things did you have to do to make your independent home feel like home?!Are there any things in particular that make your childhood home, home?!Is there a specific group of objects that defines your home?!Is there a specific house that you imagine as home?!Did you/do you feel emotional when moving out of or leaving behind a “house”?!Describe your parental home:!Describe your independent home:!Describe your ideal concept of home:!Do you feel you had a happy childhood?!What does your current house mean to you?


!!!!Chapter 7: References!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!


!!!!7.1 List of Images!!Figure 1: Annette Arbenz (2014) Ma Quan Ying Floor Plan!!Figure 2: Nick Arbenz (2014) Ma Quan Ying Floor Plan!!Figure 3: Annette Arbenz (2014) Orchid Garden Floor Plan!!Figure 4: Nick Arbenz (2014) Orchid Garden Floor Plan!!Figure 5: Annette Arbenz (2014) Bin He Hua Yuan Floor Plan!!Figure 6: Annette Arbenz (2014) Upper East Side Floor Plan!!Figure 7: Annette Arbenz (2014) Crowne Plaza Wangfujing Floor Plan!!Figure 8: Christina Arbenz (2013) Ma Quan Ying Floor Plan Photograph!!Figure 9: Christina Arbenz (2012) Orchid Garden Floor Plan Photograph!!Figure 10: Christina Arbenz (2009) Upper East Side Floor Plan Photograph!!Figure 11: Annette Arbenz (2000)Terrigal Floor Plan Photograph!!Figure 12: Christina Arbenz (2014) Shang Hai Floor Plan Existing!!Figure 13: Christina Arbenz (2014) Shang Hai Floor Plan Theoretical!!Figure 14: Christina Arbenz (2014) Shang Hai Floor Plan Real!!!!!!!!!!!


!!!!7.2 List of References!!!!!! Cieraad, I. (2010) ‘Homes from Home: Memories and Projections’. Home Cultures [online] 7(1), 85-102. available from: <http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175174210X12591523182788> [1 March 2014]!! Manzo, L. (2003) ‘Beyond house and haven: toward a revisiting of emotional relationships with places’. Journal of Environmental Psychology. [online] 23(1), 47-61. available from: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00074-9> [4 March 2014]!! Manzo, L. (2005) ‘For better or worse: Exploring multiple dimensions of place meaning’. Journal of Environmental Psychology. [online] 25(1), 67-86. available from: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2005.01.002> [4 March 2014]!! Lam, M. (2014) What Is home And Where Is Home. Unpublished dissertation. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh!! Pico Iyer: Where is Home? (2013) [online] TEDGlobal. June 2013, 14:01. available from <http://www.ted.com/talks/pico_iyer_where_is_home.html> [1 March 2014]!! Rogers, D. (2013) ‘The Poetics of Cartography and Habitation: Home as a Repository of Memories’. Housing, Theory and Society [online] 30(3), 262-280. available from: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14036096.2013.797019> [2 March 2014]!! ! Smith, S. (1994) ‘The Essential Qualities Of A Home’. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 14, 31-46!! Suh, D.H (2012) Perfect Home. Kanazawa, Japan: 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art. <http://www.lehmannmaupin.com/exhibitions/2012-11-23_21st-century-museum-of-contemporary-art-kanazawa-japan> [1 March 2014]!! Tokuhama-Espinosa, T. (2003) ‘Third Culture Kids’. in The Multilingual Mind: Issues Discussed By, For and about People Living with Many Languages. Greenwood Publishing Group, 164-169.!!!!!!!!!!!!


!!7.3 Bibliography!!!Books:!! Tokuhama-Espinosa, T. (2003) ‘Third Culture Kids’. in The Multilingual Mind: Issues Discussed By, For and about People Living with Many Languages. Greenwood Publishing Group, 164-169.!!Dissertation:!! Lam, M. (2014) What Is home And Where Is Home. Unpublished dissertation. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh!!Exhibitions:!! Suh, D.H. (2013) Do Ho Suh Solo Exhibition. Hong Kong: 407 Pedder Building. [online] available from: <http://www.lehmannmaupin.com/exhibitions/2013-11-14_do-ho-suh#5> [1 March 2014]!! Suh, D.H (2011) In Between. Hiroshima, Japan: Hiroshima City Museum Of Contemporary Art.[online] available from: <http://www.lehmannmaupin.com/exhibitions/2012-08-04_hiroshima-city-museum-of-contemporary-art-japan> [1 March 2014]!! Suh, D. H (2013) Home Within Home. Seoul, Korea: National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art. [online] available from: < http://www.lehmannmaupin.com/exhibitions/2013-11-12_national-museum-of-modern-and-contemporary-art-seoul-korea> [1 March 2014]!! Suh, D.H (2012) Perfect Home. Kanazawa, Japan: 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art. <http://www.lehmannmaupin.com/exhibitions/2012-11-23_21st-century-museum-of-contemporary-art-kanazawa-japan> [1 March 2014]!! Suh, D.H (2009) Song Dong: Waste Not. New York: Museum of Modern Art. [online] available from: <http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/projects/song-dong/> [1 March 2013] !!Journals:! !! Cieraad, I. (2010) ‘Homes from Home: Memories and Projections’. Home Cultures [online] 7(1), 85-102. available from: <http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175174210X12591523182788> [1 March 2014]!! Clapham, D. (2011) ‘The Embodied Use of the Material Home: an Affordance Approach’. Housing, Theory and Society. [online] 28(4), 360-376. available from: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14036096.2011.564444> [20 March 2014]!! Graves, J. (1999) ‘When Things Go Wrong.. inside the inside’: A Psychoanalytical History of a Jug’ Journal of Design History [online] 12 (4), 357-367. available from: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1316243> [1 March 2014]!! Manzo, L. (2003) ‘Beyond house and haven: toward a revisiting of emotional relationships with places’. Journal of Environmental Psychology. [online] 23(1), 47-61. available from: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00074-9> [4 March 2014]!! Manzo, L. (2005) ‘For better or worse: Exploring multiple dimensions of place meaning’. Journal of Environmental Psychology. [online] 25(1), 67-86. available from: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2005.01.002> [4 March 2014]!!Podcast:!! Pico Iyer: Where is Home? (2013) [online] TEDGlobal. June 2013, 14:01. available from <http://www.ted.com/talks/pico_iyer_where_is_home.html> [1 March 2014]!!Websites:!


! Art 21 (2012) Do-Ho Suh [online] available from: <http://www.pbs.org/art21/artists/do-ho-suh?> [1 March 2014]!! Barbarican (2012) Song Dong: Waste Not [online] available from: <http://www.barbican.org.uk/artgallery/event-detail.asp?ID=12878> [1 March 2014]!! Lehmann Maupin (2014) Do Ho Suh [online] available from: <http://www.lehmannmaupin.com/artists/do-ho-suh/press_release/0/artist_installation#2> [1 March 2014]!! Moore, A. (2012) ‘Confused or multicultural: Third culture individuals’ cultural identity’. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. [online] 36(4), 553-562. available from: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.11.002> [2 March 2014]!! Moore, J. (2000) ‘Placing Home In Context’, Journal of Environmental Psychology. [online] 20, 207-217. available from: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2000.0178> [4 March 2014]!! Reinders, L. & Van Der Land, M. (2008) ‘Mental Geographies of Home and Place: Introduction to the Special Issue’. Housing, Theory and Society. [online] 25(1), 1-13. available from: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14036090601150998> [20 March 2014]!! Rogers, D. (2013) ‘The Poetics of Cartography and Habitation: Home as a Repository of Memories’. Housing, Theory and Society [online] 30(3), 262-280. available from: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14036096.2013.797019> [2 March 2014]!! Smith, S. (1994) ‘The Essential Qualities Of A Home’. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 14, 31-46!!!!!!!!!


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