HOEKKLIP-ZANDKOPSDRIFT 132 KV POWER LINEprojects.gibb.co.za/Portals/3/App D3 - Avifaunal...

HOEKKLIP-ZANDKOPSDRIFT 132 KV POWER LINE

AVIAN IMPACT ASSESSMENT

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1. INTRODUCTION Eskom is planning to construct a 132 kV power line from Hoekklip to the Zandkopsdrift Mine in the Lutzville/Bitterfontein area of the Western/Northern Cape Provinces, South Africa. GIBB was appointed to do the Basic Assessment and EMP for this development, and subsequently sub-contracted Dr Andrew Jenkins (AVISENSE Consulting cc) to conduct the required specialist avifaunal study. Dr Jenkins is an experienced ornithologist, with over 20 years of experience in avian research and impact assessment work. He has been involved in many power line EIA and EMP studies in South Africa, and also does scientific research on the avian taxa most affected by power line impacts (raptors, bustards and cranes) in various parts of the country. 2. DEVELOPMENT PROPOSAL

The proposed Hoekklip-Zandkopsdrift 132 kV power line about 90 km long, and traverses between the proposed Hoekklip substation (about 4 km north-east of Koekenaap), via the proposed Landplaas switching station (about 27 km south-west of Nuwerus), to the Zandkopsdrift mine (about 17 km north-east of Kotzerus) (Fig. 1). There are two routing options, both of which traverse more or less directly north-west from Hoekklip to the Landplaas switching station (Alternative 1 deviating slightly east of the R363, and Alternative 2 slightly to the west), and again traverses north-west to the mine, with Alternative 2 perhaps assuming a slightly more direct route (Fig. 1). Alternative 2 is Eskom’s preferred route for the line.

3. SCOPE

The required scope of the specialist avifaunal study included the provision of:

(i) A baseline description of the study area in terms of its avifauna and avian habitats;

(ii) A review of bird:power line interactions generally, and specification of the likely impacts of the proposed development on the region’s birds.

(iii) An assessment of information gaps, uncertainties, study limitations and underlying assumptions;

(iv) A formal assessment of potential avifaunal impacts associated with the development, and a comparison of the impacts stemming from each of the two routing options, according to the impact assessment methodology specified by GIBB;

(v) A description of relevant and implementable mitigation measures to reduce, avoid, or minimise negative impacts and enhance positive impacts;

(vi) A comprehensive list of all referenced information sources.

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Figure 1. Proposed layout of the Hoekklip-Zandkopsdrift 132 kV power line, with the preferred routing option (Alternative 2) in orange.

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4. METHODS

The study included the following steps:

(i) The compilation of a brief review of available published and unpublished literature pertaining to bird interactions with power lines and the impacts of new power line installations, summarizing the issues involved and the current level of knowledge in this field.

(ii) The perusal of existing information on the natural vegetation, avian habitats, and bird recorded in the general area, to determine the nature of the avifauna likely to be affected by the new line.

(iii) The compilation of a short-list of priority bird species (defined in terms of conservation status and endemism) which could be impacted by the proposed line. These species were subsequently considered as adequate surrogates for the local avifauna generally, and mitigation of impacts on these species was considered likely to accommodate any less important bird populations that may also potentially be affected.

(iv) A site visit conducted on June 04 2013 to ground-truth predicted habitats and birds present, mainly by visiting as much of the inclusive area of the proposed development as possible.

(v) An assessment of the likely impacts of the proposed new power line on the local avifauna, and a comparison of the two alignment options in terms of impacts and possible mitigation.

The following data sources were used:

(i) Bird distribution data of the Southern African Bird Atlas Project (SABAP – Harrison et al. 1997) were obtained from the Animal Demography Unit website (http://sabap2.adu.org.za/index.php) for the SABAP 1 quarter-degree square in the area with the best coverage (3117BA and BB Ruitersvlei, only six cards submitted – also note that the SABAP 1 data are now >15 years old), and for the relevant SABAP 2 pentads (3050-3125_1745-1815 – 12 pentads, only four atlas cards submitted to date for all these pentads combined). This information on birds recorded in the area was refined by a more specific assessment of the actual habitats affected and general knowledge of birds in the region, to draw up an inclusive list of expected species.

(ii) The conservation status and endemism of all species considered likely to occur in the area was determined from the national Red-list for birds (Barnes 2000), informed by a more recent revision for raptors (Jenkins 2009), the most recent iteration of the global list of threatened species (http://www.iucnredlist.org), and the most up to date and comprehensive summary of southern African bird biology (Hockey et al. 2005).

(iii) Coordinated Avifaunal Roadcount (CAR) data for large terrestrial birds and Black Harrier Circus maurus (available from the Animal Demography Unit, UCT - http://adu.org.za/), and the relevant published reference (Young et al. 2003).

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(iv) Information detailed in the scoping study for a proposed wind farm in the same general area (Jenkins 2010).

5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF POWER LINES

The construction and maintenance of new power lines, including associated infrastructure such as substations, servitudes and roadways causes both temporary and permanent habitat destruction and disturbance, and the power lines themselves pose a collision risk for overflying birds, and a risk of electrocution for certain species (Van Rooyen 2004, Lehman et al. 2007, Jenkins et al. 2010).

Construction and maintenance of power lines

Some habitat destruction and alteration inevitably takes place during the construction of power lines, substations and associated roadways. Also, power line service roads or servitudes have to be cleared of excess vegetation at regular intervals in order to allow access to the line for maintenance, and to prevent vegetation from intruding into the legally prescribed clearance gaps between the ground and the conductors. These activities have an impact on birds breeding, foraging and roosting in or in close proximity to the servitude, and retention of cleared servitudes can have the effect of altering bird community structure along the length of any given power line (e.g. King & Byers 2002).

Collision risk

Overhead power lines pose a collision risk to all birds, but particularly collision prone birds are generally either (i) large species and/or species with high ratios of body weight to wing surface area (wing loading), which confers low manoeuvrability (cranes, bustards, vultures, gamebirds, waterfowl, falcons), (ii) species which fly at high speeds (gamebirds, pigeons and sandgrouse, swifts, falcons), (iii) species which are distracted in flight - predators or species with aerial displays (many raptors, aerial insectivores, some open country passerines), (iv) species which habitually fly in low light conditions, and (v) species with narrow fields of forward binocular vision (Bevanger 1994, 1995, 1998, Janss 2000b, Anderson 2001, Drewitt & Langston 2006, 2008, Jenkins et al. 2010, Noguera et al. 2010). These traits confer high levels of susceptibility, which may be compounded by high levels of exposure to man-made obstacles such as overhead power lines and wind turbine areas (Jenkins et al. 2010). Exposure is greatest in (i) very aerial species, (ii) species inclined to make regular and/or long distance movements (migrants, any species with widely separated resource areas - food, water, roost and nest sites), (iii) species that regularly fly in flocks (increasing the chances of incurring multiple fatalities in single collision incidents).

Mitigation of collision risk involves the informed selection of low impact alignments for new power lines relative to movements and concentrations of high risk species, and the use of either static or dynamic marking devices to make the lines, and in particular the earthwires, more conspicuous. While various marking devices have been used globally, many remain largely untested in terms of their efficacy in reducing collision incidence, and those that have been fully assessed have all been found to be only partially effective (Drewitt & Langston 2008, Jenkins et al. 2010, Barrientos et al. 2011).

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Electrocution risk

Avian electrocutions occur when a bird perches or attempts to perch on an electrical structure and causes an electrical short circuit by physically bridging the air gap between live components and/or live and earthed components (van Rooyen 2004, Lehman et al. 2007). Electrocution risk is strongly influenced by the voltage and design of the power lines erected (generally occurring on lower voltage infrastructure where air gaps are relatively small), and mainly affects larger, perching species, such as vultures, eagles and storks, easily capable of spanning the spaces between energized components. Mitigation of electrocution risk involves the use of bird-safe structures (ideally with critical air gaps >2 m), the physical exclusion of birds from high risk areas of live infrastructure, and comprehensive insulation of such areas (van Rooyen 2004, Lehman et al. 2007).

6. THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT

The inclusive study area is located in the Namaqualand Hardeveld (east) and Namaqualand Sandveld (west, coastal) Bioregions of the Succulent Biome (Mucina & Rutherford 2006). The natural vegetation is predominantly Namaqualand Klipkoppe Shrubland, with Namaqualand Strandveld and perhaps elements of Namaqualand Sand Fynbos in the south and western fringes of the affected area (Mucina & Rutherford 2006). The area traversed by the power line rises from about 75 m above sea level to about 280 m a.s.l. The area receives around 100 mm of rainfall annually, most of which falls in winter. Mean daily temperatures range from about 6ºC at night in winter, to about 32ºC at midday in summer. The affected area includes a substantial number of private properties, the vast majority of which are used for a mix of small stock farming (mainly sheep, some goats, game ostriches) and cereal agriculture. The area is criss-crossed by a network of public tar and gravel roads, private farm roads and tracks, and an existing network of transmission, distribution and reticulation power lines, servicing private farmsteads, the Namakwa Sands mine on the coast at the Sout River mouth, and the settlements of Lepeslfontein and Kotzesrus.

Avian habitats include large tracts of open, heavily grazed Karoo (Fig. 2), wetlands including the lower reaches of the Sout and Brak Rivers (Alternative 2 only), and a scattering of small to medium-sized farm dams, rocky outcrops (particularly along Alternative 1, which features greater topographic relief), areas or strips of ploughed and cultivated lands, small, isolated plantations of alien trees (mainly eucalypts), supplemented by utility structures (used as perching, roosting and nesting sites by tree-nesting raptors).

7. THE AVIFAUNA

The inclusive impact zone of the proposed power line and its associated infrastructure could support as many as 215 bird species (Appendix 1), of which 17 species are red-listed, 60 species are regional endemics or near-endemics, and three species - Ludwig’s Bustard Neotis ludwigii, Blue Crane Anthropoides paradiseus, and Black Harrier Circus maurus - are red-listed endemics (Barnes 2000, Hockey et al. 2005).

The southern end of the study area is located about 12 km north-east of the Olifants River Estuary (including the Papendorp Salt Works, situated just east of the mouth), which has been recognised as a national Important Bird Area (IBA - Barnes 1998). It is one of only four

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perennial estuaries on the west coast, making it an extremely attractive haven for many coastal bird species, including both Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber and Lesser Flamingo Phoenicopterus minor, both of which are red-listed and prone to power line collisions, and both of which have also been seen on the Sout River estuary (Jenkins 2010).The lower Olifants River floodplain and other, smaller river systems along this section of coastline (e.g. the Sout River ) are also known to support breeding Black Harrier (Curtis et al. 2004, R.E. Simmons pers. comm.), while Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus is known to breed on utility structures in the general area (Pers. obs, Jenkins et al. 2013). The surrounding open Karoo is likely to receive erratic influxes of Ludwig’s Bustard and possibly Blue Crane after good rains (Allan & Jenkins 1990, Allan 1994), with these birds being particularly prevalent in cultivated lands (J. Shaw pers. comm.). Both these threatened species are notoriously susceptible to collision with power lines (Jenkins et al. 2011, Shaw et al. 2010a & b).

Fifty-six species were seen during the June site visit, which included as much of both proposed alignments as possible. Particularly relevant sightings included two Martial Eagle nest structures (neither of them obviously active), with one adult eagle present, on the existing wooden pole line next to the R363 just north of Hoekklip (31°25.642 S, 18º16.472 E), and a second possible Martial Eagle nest site in a small stand of gums (again apparently inactive and no birds seen in the area), located just north-east of Waterklip (at 31°13.705 S, 18º07.271 E). Ludwig’s Bustard (x4) and Blue Crane (x2) were both seen around the croplands in the south of the development area, near Karoovlei, and a single Secretarybird was seen just east of Hendriksvlei, at the southern end of route Alternative 2. In addition, the general area clearly supports high densities of a diversity of endemic lark species, including Cape Clapper Lark Mirafra apiata, Karoo Lark Calendulauda albescens and Cape Long-billed Lark Certhilauda curvirostris. The area also features good populations of Southern Pale Chanting Goshawk Melierax canorus, Jackal Buzzard Buteo rufofuscus, Pied Crow Corvus albus and Cape Crow Corvus capensis, all of which are likely to build nests in existing and any new power line infrastructure, while Greater Kestrel Falco rupicoloides (and possibly Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus) are likely to take over and breed in such structures.

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Figure 2 . Avian habitats present in the vicinity of the two alternative routes for the proposed Eskom Hoekklip-Zandkopsdrift 132 kV power line, (above) open Succulent Karoo in the north, near Zandkopsdrift, (centre) granite koppies along both route alternatives, (below) Martial Eagle nest structure in an existing wooden pole power pylon just north of Hoekklip.

Table 1. Priority bird species considered central to the avian impact assessment process for the Hoekklip-Zandkopsdrift 132 kV power line, selected mainly on the basis of South African (Barnes 2000) or global conservation status (www.iucnredlist.org or http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/), level of endemism, estimated conservation or ecological significance of the local population. Red-listed endemic species are shaded in grey.

Common name

Scientific name

SA conservation status/

(Global conservation status)

Regional endemism

Estimated importance of local population

Preferred habitat

Risk posed by

Collision Electrocution Disturbance / habitat loss

Cape Eagle-Owl Bubo capensis - - Moderate Rocky ridges - High Moderate

Kori Bustard Ardeotis kori Vulnerable - Low Open Karoo, drainage lines

High - Moderate

Ludwig’s Bustard Neotis ludwigii Vulnerable

(Endangered)

Near-endemic

High Open Karoo, croplands High - Moderate

Blue Crane Anthropoides paradiseus

Vulnerable (Vulnerable)

Endemic Moderate Croplands, open Karoo High - Moderate

Black Harrier Circus maurus Near-threatened (Vulnerable)

Endemic Moderate Heathland, open Karoo, croplands

Moderate - High

Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus

Vulnerable - Moderate Open Karoo High High Moderate

Secretarybird Sagittarius serpentarius

Near-threatened - Low Croplands High - Moderate

Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus Near-threatened - Moderate Rocky ridges, fynbos slopes, croplands

High Moderate -

Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber

Near-threatened - High Floodplain, flying through High - Moderate

Lesser Flamingo Phoenicopterus minor

Near-threatened - High Floodplain, flying through High - Moderate

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8. IMPACTS AND MITIGATION

Of the total avifauna, ten priority species are recognized as key in the assessment of avian impacts of the proposed Hoekklip-Zandkopsdrift 132 kV (Table 1). These are mostly nationally and/or globally threatened species which are known to occur, or could occur in relatively high numbers in the development area and which are likely to be, or could be, negatively affected by the proposed new power line.

In terms of these key species, the impacts of the proposed line (Tables 2 and 3) are most likely to be manifest in the following ways:

(i) Mortality of large terrestrial birds (especially Ludwig’s Bustard, Blue Crane and Secretarybird) birds in collisions with the line while commuting between resource areas (croplands, nest sites, roost sites/wetlands), and/or disturbance of resident or visiting large terrestrial birds from nesting and/or foraging areas by construction and/or maintenance of the line.

(ii) Disturbance of resident/breeding raptors (especially Martial Eagle, but possibly including Lanner Falcon and Black Harrier) from nesting and/or foraging areas by construction and/or maintenance of the line, and /or mortality of these species in collisions with the line while hunting, or by electrocution when perched on pylons, transformers or substation infrastructure.

(iii) Mortality of wetland birds (especially flamingos) in collisions with the line while commuting between resource areas (wetlands, and/or disturbance of wetland birds from nesting and/or foraging areas by construction and/or maintenance of the line.

Mitigation of these impacts will be best achieved in the following ways:

(i) Minimizing the disturbance impacts associated with the construction of the line by abbreviating construction time, scheduling construction activities around avian breeding schedules where necessary, lowering levels of associated noise, and reducing the size of the inclusive development footprint. This may be particularly relevant where the new line is located close to an existing line where key species – e.g. Martial Eagle – are already resident and breeding. Ideally, the construction corridor of the selected alignment should be closely inspected immediately before the start of construction in order to locate any active nests, and a case-specific mitigation plan to minimise disturbance at each.

(ii) Minimizing the disturbance impacts associated with the maintenance of the line, by abbreviating maintenance times, scheduling maintenance activities around avian breeding schedules where necessary, and lowering levels of associated noise. The mitigation plans developed for particular sites as per (i) above should also include recommendations to minimise harmful disturbance of these sites associated with on-going maintenance.

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Table 2. Impact predictions pre- and post-mitigation for route Alternatives 1 and 2 of the proposed Hoekklip-Zandkopsdrift 132 kV power line.

Impact Nature Cumulative Irreplaceable Reversibility Intensity Extent Duration Probability Confidence Consequence Significance

Construction

Disturbance of raptors

Negative No Yes Low Medium Regional Medium-term

Highly probable

High Medium Medium

With mitigation Negative No Yes Medium Low-Medium

Local Short-term Highly probable

High Low Low

Disturbance of large terrestrial birds

Negative No No High Low Local Short-term Highly probable

High Low Low

With mitigation Negative No No High Low Local Short-term Probable High Low Low

Disturbance of wetland birds

Negative No No High Low Local Short-term Probable High Low Low

With mitigation Negative No No High Negligible Local Short-term Improbable High Low Low

Operation

Disturbance of raptors

Negative No Yes Low Low-Medium

Local Medium-term

Probable High Medium Medium

With mitigation Negative No Yes Medium Low Local Medium-term

Probable High Low Low

Mortality of raptors

Negative Yes Yes Low Medium Regional Long-term Probable Medium Medium Medium

With mitigation Negative Yes Yes Low Low-Medium

Local Long-term Improbable Medium Low Low

Disturbance of large terrestrial birds

Negative No No High Low Local Short-term Probable High Low Low


Mortality of large terrestrial birds

Negative Yes Yes Low Medium-High

Regional Long-term Highly probable

Medium Medium-High Medium-High


Local Long-term Probable Medium Low-Medium Low-Medium

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Impact Nature Cumulative Irreplaceable Reversibility Intensity Extent Duration Probability Confidence Consequence Significance

Disturbance of wetland birds

Negative No No High Negligible Local Short-term Improbable High Low Low


Mortality of wetland birds

Negative Yes Yes Low Low-Medium

Local Long-term Probable Medium Low Low


Local Long-term Improbable Medium Low Low

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(iii) Ensuring that all new lines are marked with bird flight diverters along their entire length (Jenkins et al. 2010), using industry standard markers and marker fitting protocols (e.g. Van Rooyen 2004). Note that current understanding of power line collision risk in birds precludes any guarantee of successfully distinguishing high risk from medium or low risk sections of a new line (Bevanger 1994, Jenkins et al. 2010, Barrientos et al. 2011). The relatively low cost of marking the entire length of a new line during construction, especially quite a short length of line in an area frequented by collision prone birds, more than offsets the risk of not marking the line, causing unnecessary mortality of birds, and then incurring the much greater cost of retro-fitting the line post-construction. In situations where new lines traverse in parallel with existing, unmarked power lines, this approach has the added benefit of reducing the collision risk posed by the older line.

(iv) Ensuring that all new power infrastructure is adequately insulated and bird-friendly in configuration (Bevanger 1994, Lehman et al. 2007).

(v) Establishing a practical and sustainable management plan for dealing with raptor stick-nests built on the new line. These may include nest sites of red-listed species such as Martial Eagle and Lanner Falcon.

9. ROUTE SELECTION

In terms of a comparison of the various bird impact and mitigation scenarios (Table 2), there is no appreciable difference in the relative sustainability of the two route alternatives, provided that the stipulated mitigation measures are applied uniformly to both. Given that Alternative 2 steers further away from the known Martial Eagle nest on an existing line just north of Hoekklip, and is marginally shorter than Alternative 1 (81.5 km vs 82 km), this is probably the preferable option, likely to yield very slightly lower bird impacts.

10. REFERENCES

Anderson, M.D. 2001. The effectiveness of two different marking devices to reduce large terrestrial bird collisions with overhead electricity cables in the eastern Karoo, South Africa. Draft report to Eskom Resources and Strategy Division. Johannesburg. South Africa.

Barnes, K.N. (ed.) 1998. The Important Bird Areas of southern Africa. BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg.

Barnes, K.N. (ed.) 2000. The Eskom Red Data Book of Birds of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg.

Barrientos, R., Alonso, J.C., Ponce, C. & Palacín, C. 2011. Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of

marked wire in reducing avian collisions with power lines. Conservation Biology 25: 893-903.

Bevanger, K. 1994. Bird interactions with utility structures: collision and electrocution, causes and mitigating measures. Ibis 136: 412-425.

Bevanger, K. 1995. Estimates and population consequences of Tetraonid mortality caused by collisions with high tension power lines in Norway. Journal of Applied Ecology 32: 745-753.

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Bevanger, K. 1998. Biological and conservation aspects of bird mortality caused by electric power lines. Biological Conservation 86: 67-76.

Curtis, O., Simmons, R.E. & Jenkins, A.R. 2004. Black Harrier Circus maurus of the Fynbos biome, South Africa: a threatened specialist or an adaptable survivor? Bird Conservation International 14: 233-245.

Harrison, J.A., Allan, D.G., Underhill, L.G., Herremans, M., Tree, A.J., Parker, V & Brown, C.J. (eds). 1997. The atlas of southern African birds. Vol. 1&2. BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg.

Hockey, P.A.R., Dean, W.R.J., Ryan, P.G. (Eds) 2005. Roberts – Birds of Southern Africa, VIIth ed. The Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Book Fund, Cape Town.

Janss, G.F.E. 2000b. Avian mortality from power lines: a morphologic approach of a species-specific mortality. Biological Conservation 95: 353-359.

Jenkins, A.R. 2008. A proposed new list of the threatened raptors of southern Africa. Gabar 19 (1): 27-40.

Jenkins, A.R. 2010. Exxaro Namakwa Sands wind energy facility: Avian impact assessment. Report to Savannah Environmental (Pty) Ltd.

Jenkins, A.R., Smallie, J.J. & Diamond, M. 2010. Avian collisions with power lines: a global review of causes and mitigation with a South African perspective. Bird Conservation International. Published online 19 March 2010.

King, D.I. & Byers, B.E. 2002. An evaluation of powerline rights-of-way as habitat for early-successional shrubland birds. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30: 868-874.

Lehman, R.N., Kennedy, P.L. & Savidge, J.A. 2007. The state of the art in raptor electrocution research: a global review. Biological Conservation 136: 159-174.

Mucina. L. & Rutherford, M.C. (Eds) 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.

Shaw, J., Jenkins, A.R., Ryan, P.G. & Smallie, J. 2010a. A preliminary survey of avian mortality on power lines in the Overberg, South Africa. Ostrich 81: 109-113.

Shaw, J., Jenkins, A.R. & Ryan, P.G. 2010b. Modelling power line collision risk in the Blue Crane Anthropoides paradiseus in South Africa. Ibis 152: 590-599.

Van Rooyen, C.S. 2004. The Management of Wildlife Interactions with overhead lines. In: The fundamentals and practice of Overhead Line Maintenance (132kV and above), pp217-245. Eskom Technology, Services International, Johannesburg.

Young, D.J., Harrison, J.A., Navarro, R.A., Anderson, M.D. & Colahan, B.D. (eds). 2003. Big birds on farms: Mazda CAR report 1993-2001. Avian Demography Unit, Cape Town.

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Appendix 1. Annotated list of the bird species considered likely to occur within the broader impact zone of the Hoekklip-Zandkopsdrift 132 kV power line. Species

seen during the June site visit appear in bold .

Common name Scientific name Conservation status

Regional endemism

Preferred habitat Susceptibility to

Open Karoo Wetlands Rocky outcrops

Alien trees

Cultivated lands

Collision Electro-cution

Disturbance and habitat loss

Common Ostrich

Struthio camelus

- - X X - - Moderate

Grey-winged Francolin

Scleroptila africanus

- Endemic X X X Moderate -

Cape Spurfowl Pternistis capensis

- Endemic X Moderate - Moderate

Common Quail Coturnix coturnix

- - X X - Moderate

Helmeted Guineafowl

Numida meleagris

- - X X X Moderate - Moderate

Maccoa Duck Oxyura maccoa - - X Moderate - -

Egyptian Goose

Alopochen aegyptiaca

- - X High High -

South African Shelduck

Tadorna cana - Endemic X High - -

Spur-winged Goose

Plectropterus gambensis

- - X High High -

Cape Teal Anas capensis - - X Moderate - -

African Black Duck

Anas sparsa - - X Moderate - -

Mallard Anas platyrhynchos

- - X Moderate - -

Yellow-billed Duck

Anas undulata - - X Moderate - -

Cape Shoveler Anas smithii - Endemic X Moderate - -

Red-billed Teal Anas erythrorhyncha

- - X Moderate - -

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Regional endemism



Alien trees

Cultivated lands



Southern Pochard

Netta erythrophthalma

- - X Moderate - -

Greater Honeyguide

Indicator indicator

- - X - - Moderate

Ground Woodpecker

Geocolaptes olivaceus

- Endemic X X - - Moderate

Cardinal Woodpecker

Dendropicos fuscescens

- - X - - Moderate

Acacia Pied Barbet

Tricholaema leucomelas

- Near-endemic X - - Moderate

African Hoopoe Upupa africana - - X X - - Moderate

Malachite Kingfisher

Alcedo cristata - - X - - Moderate

Giant Kingfisher Megaceryle maximus

- - X - - Moderate

Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis - - X - - Moderate

European Bee-eater

Merops apiaster


White-backed Mousebird

Colius colius - Endemic X - - Moderate

Speckled Mousebird

Colius striatus - - X - - Moderate

Red-faced Mousebird

Urocolius indicus

- - X - - Moderate

Klaas's Cuckoo Chrysococcyx klaas

- - X X - - -

Diderick Cuckoo

Chrysococcyx caprius

- - X X - - -

Burchell's Coucal

Centropus burchellii

- - X - - Moderate

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Regional endemism



Alien trees

Cultivated lands



Alpine Swift Tachymarptis melba

- - X X - - -

Common Swift Apus apus - - X X X X X - - -

African Black Swift

Apus barbatus - - X X - - -

Little Swift Apus affinis - - X X - - -

Horus Swift Apus horus - - X X - - -

White-rumped Swift

Apus caffer - - X X X - - -

Barn Owl Tyto alba - - X X X X - Moderate Moderate

Cape Eagle-Owl

Bubo capensis - - X - High Moderate

Spotted Eagle-Owl

Bubo africanus - - X X X X - High Moderate

Fiery-necked Nightjar

Caprimulgus pectoralis

- - X X X - - Moderate

Freckled Nightjar

Caprimulgus tristigma

- - X - - Moderate

Rufous-cheeked Nightjar

Caprimulgus rufigena


Rock Dove Columba livia - - X X - - -

Speckled Pigeon

Columba guinea

- - X X - - -

Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis


Cape Turtle-Dove

Streptopelia capicola


Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata


Namaqua Dove

Oena capensis


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Regional endemism



Alien trees

Cultivated lands



Ludwig's Bustard

Neotis ludwigii

Vulnerable Near-endemic X X High - Moderate

Kori Bustard Ardeotis kori Vulnerable - X High - Moderate

Southern Black Korhaan

Afrotis afra - Endemic X X Moderate - Moderate

Karoo Korhaan Eupodotis vigorsii

- Endemic X Moderate - Moderate

Blue Crane Anthropoides paradiseus

Vulnerable Endemic X X X High - Moderate

Red-chested Flufftail

Sarothrura rufa - - X - - Moderate

African Rail Rallus caerulescens

- - X - - -

Black Crake Amaurornis flavirostris

- - X - - -

African Purple Swamphen

Porphyrio madagascariensis

- - X - - -

Common Moorhen

Gallinula chloropus

- - X - - -

Red-knobbed Coot

Fulica cristata - - X - - -

Namaqua Sandgrouse

Pterocles namaqua

- Near-endemic X X - - -

African Snipe Gallinago nigripennis

- - X - - Moderate

Common Greenshank

Tringa nebularia

- - X - - -

Spotted Thick-knee

Burhinus capensis

- - X X Moderate - Moderate

Black-winged Stilt

Himantopus himantopus

- - X Moderate - -

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Regional endemism



Alien trees

Cultivated lands



Pied Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta

- - X Moderate - -

Kittlitz's Plover Charadrius pecuarius

- - X X - - -

Three-banded Plover

Charadrius tricollaris

- - X - - -

Chestnut-banded Plover

Charadrius pallidus

Near-threatened - X - - -

White-fronted Plover

Charadrius marginatus

- - X X - - -

Blacksmith Lapwing

Vanellus armatus

- - X Moderate - -

Crowned Lapwing

Vanellus coronatus

- - X Moderate - Moderate

Double-banded Courser

Rhinoptilus africanus


Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus

- - X Moderate Moderate -

Hartlaub's Gull Larus hartlaubii - Endemic X X Moderate - -

Caspian Tern Sterna caspia Near-threatened - X Moderate - -

White-winged Tern

Chlidonias leucopterus

- - X Moderate - -

Osprey Pandion haliaetus

- - X Moderate Moderate -

Black-shouldered Kite

Elanus caeruleus

- - X X X Moderate - Moderate

Black Kite Milvus migrans - - X X X Moderate - -

African Fish-Eagle

Haliaeetus vocifer

- - X Moderate High -

20


Regional endemism



Alien trees

Cultivated lands



Black-chested Snake-Eagle

Circaetus pectoralis

- - X Moderate Moderate Moderate

African Marsh-Harrier

Circus ranivorus

Vulnerable - X X X Moderate - Moderate

Black Harrier Circus maurus Near-threatened Endemic X X X High - Moderate

African Harrier-Hawk

Polyboroides typus

- - X Moderate - -

Southern Pale Chanting Goshawk

Melierax canorus

- Near-endemic X Moderate Moderate Moderate

Gabar Goshawk

Melierax gabar - - X Moderate - Moderate

Black Sparrowhawk

Accipiter melanoleucus


Steppe Buzzard Buteo vulpinus - - X X X Moderate Moderate -

Jackal Buzzard

Buteo rufofuscus

- Endemic X X X X Moderate Moderate Moderate

Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax Vulnerable - X High High Moderate

Verreauxs' Eagle

Aquila verreauxii

- - X High High -

Booted Eagle Aquila pennatus

- - X X X Moderate - -

Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus

Vulnerable - X X High High Moderate

Secretarybird Sagittarius serpentarius

Near-threatened

- X X High - Moderate

Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni

Vulnerable - X X X - - Moderate

Rock Kestrel Falco rupicolus


21


Regional endemism



Alien trees

Cultivated lands



Greater Kestrel

Falco rupicoloides

- - X - - Moderate

Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus Near-threatened - X X X High Moderate Moderate

Peregrine Falcon

Falco peregrinus

Near-threatened - X X X High Moderate -

Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis

- - X - - -

Great Crested Grebe

Podiceps cristatus

- - X Moderate - -

Black-necked Grebe

Podiceps nigricollis

- - X Moderate - -

White-breasted Cormorant

Phalacrocorax lucidus

- - X X Moderate Moderate -

Little Egret Egretta garzetta

- - X X - - -

Yellow-billed Egret

Egretta intermedia

- - X - - -

Great Egret Egretta alba - - X - - -

Grey Heron Ardea cinerea - - X Moderate Moderate -

Black-headed Heron

Ardea melanocephala

- - X X Moderate Moderate Moderate

Purple Heron Ardea purpurea - - X - - -

Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis - - X X - - -

Black-crowned Night-Heron

Nycticorax nycticorax

- - X - - -

Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus

- - X - - -

Hamerkop Scopus umbretta

- - X - - -

Greater Flamingo

Phoenicopterus ruber

Near-threatened - X High - -

22


Regional endemism



Alien trees

Cultivated lands



Lesser Flamingo

Phoenicopterus minor


Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus

- - X - - -

Hadeda Ibis Bostrychia hagedash

- - X X X Moderate - -

African Sacred Ibis

Threskiornis aethiopicus

- - X X Moderate - -

African Spoonbill

Platalea alba - - X Moderate - -

Great White Pelican

Pelecanus onocrotalus


Black Stork Ciconia nigra Near-threatened - X X High Moderate -

White Stork Ciconia ciconia - - X X X High High -

Fork-tailed Drongo

Dicrurus adsimilis

- - X - - Moderate

Bokmakierie Telophorus zeylonus


Pririt Batis Batis pririt - Near-endemic X - - Moderate

Cape Crow Corvus capensis


Pied Crow Corvus albus - - X X X - - Moderate

White-necked Raven

Corvus albicollis

- - X X X X - - -

Red-backed Shrike

Lanius collurio - - X - - -

Common Fiscal

Lanius collaris - - X X X - - Moderate

Cape Penduline-Tit

Anthoscopus minutus


Grey Tit Parus afer - Endemic X - - Moderate

23


Regional endemism



Alien trees

Cultivated lands



Sand Martin Riparia riparia - - X - - -

Brown-throated Martin

Riparia paludicola

- - X - - Moderate

Banded Martin Riparia cincta - - X X - - -

Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica - - X X X - - -

White-throated Swallow

Hirundo albigularis

- - X - - Moderate

Pearl-breasted Swallow

Hirundo dimidiata


Greater Striped Swallow

Hirundo cucullata


Rock Martin Hirundo fuligula

- - X - - Moderate

Cape Bulbul Pycnonotus capensis

- Endemic X - - Moderate

Fairy Flycatcher Stenostira scita - Endemic X - - Moderate

Cape Grassbird Sphenoeacus afer


Long-billed Crombec

Sylvietta rufescens

- - X - - Moderate

Yellow-bellied Eremomela

Eremomela icteropygialis

- - X - - Moderate

Karoo Eremomela

Eremomela gregalis


Little Rush-Warbler

Bradypterus baboecala

- - X - - Moderate

African Reed-Warbler

Acrocephalus baeticatus

- - X - - Moderate

Greater Swamp-Warbler

Acrocephalus rufescens

- - X - - Moderate

24


Regional endemism



Alien trees

Cultivated lands



Lesser Swamp-Warbler

Acrocephalus gracilirostris

- - X - - Moderate

Layard's Tit-Babbler

Parisoma layardi


Chestnut-vented Tit-Babbler

Parisoma subcaeruleum


Cape White-eye

Zosterops virens


Grey-backed Cisticola

Cisticola subruficapilla


Levaillant's Cisticola

Cisticola tinniens


Zitting Cisticola Cisticola juncidis

- - X - - Moderate

Cloud Cisticola Cisticola textrix - Near-endemic X - - Moderate

Karoo Prinia Prinia maculosa


Namaqua Warbler

Phragmacia substriata


Rufous-eared Warbler

Malcorus pectoralis


Bar-throated Apalis

Apalis thoracica

- - X - - Moderate

Cape Clapper Lark

Mirafra apiata - Endemic X X - - Moderate

Karoo Lark Calendulauda albescens


Spike-heeled Lark

Chersomanes albofasciata


Cape Long-billed Lark

Certhilauda curvirostris


25


Regional endemism



Alien trees

Cultivated lands



Grey-backed Sparrowlark

Eremopterix verticalis

- Near-endemic X X - - Moderate

Red-capped Lark

Calandrella cinerea


Large-billed Lark

Galerida magnirostris


Cape Rock-Thrush

Monticola rupestris


Sentinel Rock-Thrush

Monticola explorator


Karoo Thrush Turdus smithi - Endemic X - - Moderate

Chat Flycatcher

Bradornis infuscatus


Fiscal Flycatcher

Sigelus silens - Endemic X X - - Moderate

Spotted Flycatcher

Mucicapa striata

- - X - - Moderate

Cape Robin-Chat

Cossypha caffra


Karoo Scrub-Robin

Cercotrichas coryphoeus


African Stonechat

Saxicola torquatus


Mountain Wheatear

Oenanthe monticola


Capped Wheatear

Oenanthe pileata

- - X - - Moderate

Sickle-winged Chat

Cercomela sinuata


Karoo Chat Cercomela schlegelii


26


Regional endemism



Alien trees

Cultivated lands



Tractrac Chat Cercomela tractrac


Familiar Chat Cercomela familiaris


Ant-eating Chat

Myrmecocichla formicivora


Red-winged Starling

Onychognathus morio


Pied Starling Spreo bicolor - Endemic X X - - Moderate

Wattled Starling

Creatophora cinerea


Common Starling

Sturnus vulgaris

- - X - - Moderate

Malachite Sunbird

Nectarinia famosa


Southern Double-collared Sunbird

Cinnyris chalybeus


Dusky Sunbird Cinnyris fuscus - Near-endemic X - - Moderate

Cape Weaver Ploceus capensis

- Endemic X X X X - - Moderate

Southern Masked-Weaver

Ploceus velatus - - X X X X - - Moderate

Red-billed Quelea

Quelea quelea - - X X X - - Moderate

Southern Red Bishop

Euplectes orix - - X X X - - Moderate

Yellow Bishop Euplectes capensis

- - X - - Moderate

27


Regional endemism



Alien trees

Cultivated lands



African Quailfinch

Ortygospiza atricollis

- - X - - Moderate

Common Waxbill

Estrilda astrild - - X X - - Moderate

Pin-tailed Whydah

Vidua macroura


House Sparrow

Passer domesticus

- - X - - Moderate

Cape Sparrow Passer melanurus

- Near-endemic X X X - - Moderate

Cape Wagtail Motacilla capensis

- - X X X X - - Moderate

Cape Longclaw Macronyx capensis


African Pipit Anthus cinnamomeus


Plain-backed Pipit

Anthus leucophrys

- - X - - Moderate

Long-billed Pipit Anthus similis - - X - - Moderate

Cape Canary Serinus canicollis


Black-headed Canary

Serinus alario - Endemic X - - Moderate

Black-throated Canary

Crithagra atrogularis


Yellow Canary Crithagra flaviventris


White-throated Canary

Crithagra albogularis


Lark-like Bunting

Emberiza impetuani


28


Regional endemism



Alien trees

Cultivated lands



Cape Bunting Emberiza capensis


HOEKKLIP-ZANDKOPSDRIFT 132 KV POWER LINEprojects.gibb.co.za/Portals/3/App D3 - Avifaunal...

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Transcript of HOEKKLIP-ZANDKOPSDRIFT 132 KV POWER LINEprojects.gibb.co.za/Portals/3/App D3 - Avifaunal...