History of the Earth. Early Earth 4.6 bya VERY HOT (colliding meteorites, erupting volcanoes)...
Transcript of History of the Earth. Early Earth 4.6 bya VERY HOT (colliding meteorites, erupting volcanoes)...
History of the Earth
Early Earth 4.6 bya• VERY HOT (colliding meteorites, erupting
volcanoes)• Atmosphere was mostly nitrogen, carbon
dioxide, water vapor, methane, ammonia but NO OXYGEN!!!
4.4 bya• Earth cools• water vapor condenses into rain creates oceans
(where the first life will form)
Scientific Evidence
• Can scientists be sure that Earth formed this way?
• No• the physical processes of Earth constantly
destroy and reform rock eliminating evidence.
Scientific Evidence
Evidence that we do have!• Fossils = evidence of an organism that lived
long ago and show the great diversity of life
Scientific evidence
• A person who studies fossils is called a paleontologist
Scientific evidence
How is a fossil made?• after an organism is
buried, the sand and clay around it harden to form sedimentary rock. Then erosion brings the fossil to the surface
Scientific evidence
Dating Fossils• Relative Dating- older rocks/fossils are on the
bottom, younger ones are on top• Absolute Dating (also called radiometric
dating)- measures the amount of radioactive substance left in the rock or organism and determines its actual age
Scientific evidence
• By examining rock layers and dating the fossils, scientists have been able to put together a chronology, or calendar of Earth’s history called the GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE.
Remember:Scientific Method
1. Observation2. Hypothesis3. Experiment & Collect Data4. Conclusion
Cell Theory1. all living things are made of cells2. cells are basic unit of structure & function3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
What is the big question this theory raises?
Two questions:1. Where did the first cell come from?2. What can be observed now if it happened so long ago?
Origin of life• The initial belief was that life was created
through spontaneous generation (abiogenesis).
• Example: a piece of decaying meat produces maggots (baby flies)
Origin of lifeDisproving Spontaneous Generation• Francesco Redi was the first to disprove
spontaneous generation in the 1600s.
Origin of life
• Although Redi was able to disprove that large organisms did not simply appear, many scientists thought that microorganisms (bacteria) were so numerous and widespread that they must arise spontaneously- probably from a vital force in the air.
Origin of life
• Louis Pasteur in the mid 1800’s designed an experiment that disproved the spontaneous generation of microorganisms.
Origin of life
• From this time on BIOGENESIS, the idea life comes from life holds true.
• (Ex. Humans give birth to humans, mice to mice, etc.)
Origin of life
• But…. How did the very first life form that start this chain reaction?!!!
• The current theory is that life began in the oceans.
Origin of life
Oparin’s hypothesis: • Energy from the sun and lightning triggered
chemical reactions with the vapors that were present in the early atmosphere to produce small, organic molecules. Then, the rain washed the molecules into the ocean to create what is called the primordial soup (place of the origin of life).
Origin of life
PROOF??• 1953- Stanley Miller
and Harold Urey tested the hypothesis by simulating the conditions of early Earth in a lab.
Origin of life
Simple Molecules to Complex molecules?• Stanley and Urey’s experiments showed that
that simple molecules like amino acids when heated without oxygen link up to form proteins (complex molecules)
Origin of life
Complex Molecules to Cells?• - Sidney Fox showed how amino acid chains
will form protocells
Evolution of cells
1st cells = prokaryotic, anaerobic and heterotrophic what does heterotrophic mean?
2nd cells = autotrophic prokaryoteswhat does autotrophic mean?
3rd cells = photosynthesizing prokaryotes
Evolution of cells
First organisms were prokaryotes• 2 types– Archaebacteria – bacteria that live in harsh
environments, and more closely related to early prokaryotes
– Eubacteria- all other bacteria
Endosymbiotic theory
Endosymbiotic theory
• Pre-eukaryotic bacteria engulfed another – (mitochondria or chloroplast)
Eukaryotic organisms formed much later than prokaryotes