Chapter 26 ~ Early Earth and The Origin of Life. Early history of life l Solar system~ 12 billion...
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Transcript of Chapter 26 ~ Early Earth and The Origin of Life. Early history of life l Solar system~ 12 billion...
![Page 1: Chapter 26 ~ Early Earth and The Origin of Life. Early history of life l Solar system~ 12 billion years ago (bya) l Earth~ 4.5 bya l Life~ 3.5 to 4.0.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033100/56649ce55503460f949b30d6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 26 ~ Early Earth and The Origin of Life
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Early history of life
Solar system~ 12 billion years ago (bya)
Earth~ 4.5 bya Life~ 3.5 to 4.0 bya Prokaryotes~ 3.5 to 2.0 bya
stromatolites Oxygen accumulation~ 2.7 bya
photosynthetic cyanobacteria Eukaryotic life~ 2.1 bya Muticelluar eukaryotes~ 1.2 bya Animal diversity~ 543 mya Land colonization~ 500 mya
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Stromatolites
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Little bit of history:
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek- animalcules (1675)
Spontaneous generation- John Needham (1750)
Biogenesis- Lazzaro Spallanzani(1767), Rudolf Virchow(1858) and Luis Pasteur (1861)
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The Origin of Life Spontaneous generation vs. biogenesis
Needham vs. Pasteur
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The Origin of Life The 4-stage Origin of life Hypothesis: 1- Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers 2- Monomers into Polymers 3- Molecule packaging (“protobionts”) 4- Origin of Self-replicating molecules
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Organic monomers/polymer synthesis
Oparin (Rus.)/Haldane (G.B.): 1920 Hypothesis: primitive earth atmosphere
allowed inorganic precursors to synthesize organic compounds (abiotic process)
reducing atmosphere from volcanic vapors with lightning & UV radiation enhances complex molecule formation (no O2)
Oceans were a solution of organic molecules or “primitive soup” from which life arose
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Organic monomers/polymer synthesis Miller/Urey experiment(1953): Tested Oparin and Haldane’s
hypothesis Hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4),
ammonia(NH3), represented early atmosphere
Water represented early seas Electrodes simulated lightning Condenser cooled gases to simulate rain
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Millers results:
periodically collection and analyzing samples: the following was found-
Oily hydrocarbons Variety of amino acids Nitrogen bases ATP
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Organic monomers/polymer synthesis
Other scientist discovered abiotic polypeptides or proteinoids
Formed from dripping organic monomers on hot sand, clay or rock.
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Organic monomers/polymer synthesis (More abiotic synthesis of organic
compounds) Coacervates = tiny, spherical
droplets of organic molecules (proteins, carbs, lipids) formed via hydrophobic forces– Proposed by Oparin in his version of
the biogenesis theory
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coacervates
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Today: -Miller and Urey = debate - many scientist believe that atmosphere did
not play a significant role in the abiotic formation of organic compounds
Submerged volcanoes and hot deep sea vents probably provided early resources
Exampe: Inorganic sources of sulfur and iron could have been used to produce energy(ATP)
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Other sources for organic compounds:
Nitrogen bases such as Adenine have been formed from cyanide reactions in the clouds of dust between stars
Meteorites carry the organic materials to earth
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Abiotic genetic replication
What was the first genetic material?– DNA or RNA?
Scientists are making a case for RNA
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Evidence for RNA as first genetic material:
1. Ribozymes: – RNA catalysts– Can make complementary copies of short
pieces of RNA – Self splicing– Can excise pieces of different molecules– autocatalytic
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Evidence for RNA as first genetic material:
2. Laboratory observations of natural selection:– RNA can conform to many different shapes– Can interact with surrounding molecules – Certain base sequences could be more stable
and replicate faster
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Abiotic genetic replication
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Evidence for RNA as first genetic material:
3. RNA molecules have the capacity to store information– RNA molecules replicate information
– Can assist in the formation of peptides (modern function of RNA in ribosomes)
– RNA could have acted as a template for DNA nucleotides to assemble
– All of this MAY have taken place in protobionts
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Evidence of Biological Evolution: 1. Geographical 2. Geological 3. Physical 4. Chemical 5. Mathematical Applications 6. Molecular 7. Morphological 8. Genetic
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How is early life on Earth chronicled?
Radiometric dating:– Carbon-14 (good for 50,000 years)– Potassium-40
Magnetic dating: alignment of iron particles frozen in ancient rock with the earth’s magnetic field– Magnetic reversals
Thermoluminescence: heating electrons, measuring and analyzing the light emitted.
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Morphological Evidence:
Morphological homologies:– Embryology– Vestigial structures
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Biochemical and genetic evidence:
mtDNA: Y-chromosome DNA sequencing
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Mathematical Models:
Graphical analysis of allele frequencies– BLAST
Phylogenic trees Sequencing data
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Geological Record:
1. Archeaen Eon 2. Proterozoic Eon 3. Phanerozic Eon
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Evidence of evolution within changing environments:
Speciation and Extinction Five major mass extinctions Human impact
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Mass Extinctions:
Two Mass Extinctions have received the most attention:
–Permian
–Cretaceous
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Permian Mass Extinction:
Permian period- defines the boundary between the Mesozoic and Paleozoic eras.
251 million years ago 96% of aquatic life went extinct (and some
terrestrial life) Occurred in less than 5 million years Volcanic eruptions in Siberia
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Cretaceous Mass Extinction:
Cretaceous period marks the boundary between Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras.
65 million years ago Killed more than half of the aquatic life Exterminated many families of terrestrial
plants and animals Most if not all Dinosaurs
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Cretaceous continued:
Large comet(10km)collided with the Earth: Evidence:
– Crater at the Yucatan Penninsula (chicxulub crater- 180 km in diameter)
– Thin layer of clay enriched Iridium that separates the Mesozoic from the Cenozoic eras
– Caused a spike in volcanic activity
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Prokaryotic Exploitation:
Stromatolites– Oldest known fossils- 3.5 billion years– Layers of bacteria and sediment
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs: – Evolved from protobionts– Only life forms on earth for 1.5 billion years– Nonoxygenic photosynthesis- chemisomotic
synthesis of ATP.
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Photosynthesis and Oxygen Revolution:
Enter cyanobacteria– Saturated oceans with oxygen– Formation of oxides (FeO)
• Accumulates as sediments
• Compressed into rock
– Oxygen gas bubbles out of oceans into atmosphere
• Atmosphere goes from reducing to oxidizing.
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Genesis of Eukaryotes:
Oldest Eukaryotic Fossils: 2.1 billion years ago??
Endosymbiosis- hypothesis that explains how large complex eukaryotes evolved from smaller prokaryotic cells. – Undigested prey– Parasites
• Eventually became mutually benefitial
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What came first?
Mitochondria or the Chloroplast??
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Genetic Chimeras:
Composed of different populations of genetically different cells. – Mitochondria, chloroplasts and nuclear
genomes come from different forms of bacteria.
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Genetic Annealing:
Gene transfer between many different bacterial lineages– Eukaryotic cells may be a product of this
process.
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Multicellularity:
Oldest multicellular organisms = 1.5 – 1.2 billion years ago. – Limited to size because of ice age
• Between 750 - 570
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The Colonial Connection:
Multicellular organisms lived in colonies.– Autonomous– Self replicating– differentiating
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The Cambrian Explosion:
First 20 million years of the Cambrian period most of the major phyla of animals suddenly appear– About 1 billion to 700 million years ago– Animals with exoskeletons and hard shells
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Colonization of land:
500 million years ago Macroscopic life:
– Plants– Fungi– Animals
What are some major problems that terrestrial organisms had to over come?
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Continental Drift:
Pangea Spatial distribution of life
– Reshapes biological diversity Mesozoic- continents start to drift
– Created separate zones of evolution with different lineages of plants and animals
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Taxonomy:
Linnaeus:
– First classification system
– Divided all forms of life into two categories
– Plants and Animals
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Robert H. Whittaker: Cornell University Created five kingdom system of
classification Monera (bacteria- prokaryotic cells) Protista- single celled eukaryotes Fungi – multicellular eukaryotes Plants- multicellular eukaryotes Animals- multicellular eukaryotes
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Three Domain System:
Three Super Kingdoms:– Bacteria– Archaea– Eukarya
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Universal Ancestor: Four Characteristics:
– The cell was surrounded by a lipid cellular membrane
– Genetic code based on DNA
– The genetic code was expressed with single stranded RNA intermediates
– The cell multiplied and duplicated all of its contents, followed by cell division
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The Major Lineages of Life