History of Odessa

8/10/2019 History of Odessa

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History of Odessa

From Odessa, Ukraine Travel Odessa Guide

The city of Odessa itself is very young, founded only in 1794, but the area itself has a mucholder history.

Ukraine's unfortunate geograhic location !at a crossroads bet"een #sia and $uroe% andUkraine's geograhic features !the ma&ority being lo"land stee% have historically madeUkraine a victim of marauding armies and intercontinental military con(uests.

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8th century BC - 4th century !Contents

)hide* 1 +th century - 4th century #

o 1.1 -immerians !before 71/ -%

o 1.0 cythians !71/0// -%

o 1.2 amaritans !0// -2// #%

o 1.4 3th century -

o 1. 1st and 4th century # 0 th century 1th century

o 0.1 th century 1/th century

o 0.0 12th century

o 0.2 14th -entury

o 0.4 1th -entury

2 1+th century

o 2.1 The founding of Odessa

o 2.0 Odessa 5ama

o 2.2 ulgarians in Odessa

4 19th centuryo 4.1 $arly 19th century Odessa

o 4.0 6lague of 1+10

o 4.2 uty ree olicy

o 4.4 1+/

o 4. -rimean 8ar 1+21+3

Odessa istory 19//1941

o .1 19//

o .0 loody unday

o .2 19/ revolution

o .4 191+190/ :evolution

o . 190/1941 :ebuilding

3 19411944
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o 3.1 The ;areat 6atriotic 8ar

o 7.1 :ecovery 194419+/s

+ ?ndeendence for Ukraine

o +.1 Odessa after indeendence

+.1.1 5ayors

o +.0 ;otes

et"een the first millenium - and the 1st century # the follo"ing grous inhabited thestees along the lack ea coast@

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Cimmerians "#efore $%& BC'

-immerians "ere stee nomads that "ere famous for their skill in horsemanshi. or severalyears they raided the northern kingdoms of the 5iddle $ast. They "ere driven of the stees bythe cythians. # small grou of them remained in the -rimea until :oman times, giving that

eninsula its resentday name.

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(cythians "$%&-)&& BC'

# "arlike eole that ket the 6ersian $mire from eAanding into the stees reeated times.They traded "ith the >reek colonies on the lack ea coast. They disaeared from history after

being con(uered by the armatians.

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(amaritans ")&& BC-*&& !'# relatively eaceful grou, "hich eventually slit into three smaller tribes, the ?aoths and uns.

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+th century BC

>reek colonists began to colonireeks migratedbecause their homeland's soil "as thin and rocky, not suited to raising grain or asturing animals,yet their oulation "as booming. ome of the >reek oleis !indeendent citystates% draineda"ay their oulations through coloni


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could be returned to the >reek homeland. This "as esecially true of the foundations on thelack ea shores that are today art of Odessa.

One of the most imortant lack ea to"ns of the eriod "as Olvia, on the outhern uh :iver!21 miles !/ kilometers% north of Odessa% and the large trade center Tyras !21 miles !/kilometers% south"est of Odessa at the site of resent day elgorodniestrovsky%. The distance

bet"een the t"o cities "as 30 miles !1// kilometers%, so an intermediate landing site "as set u"ere resent Odessa is today. :ecently, near the children's alace, archaeologists found traces ofthis ancient >reek settlement.

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%st and 4th century !

The :omans invaded from the "est in the 1st2rd centuries.

The >oths, a grou that "as >ermanic in origin, invaded from the north"est in the 2rd century.6oulation ressures caused them to move "est from >ermany do"n the anube river, until theyreached the lack ea. They used the lack ea coast as a launching oint for raiding :oman#sia 5inor and >reece, :omans territories that had lived in eace and had not eAerienced aninvasion for centuries. ?n the late 2rd century, increased oulation gro"th caused the >oths toslit into t"o smaller tribes, the Ostrogoths and the Bisigoths. The Bisigoths remained in:omania. The Ostrogoths settled on the territories of "hat is no" Ukraine. Under a king named$rmanarich !2/C273% Ostrogothic o"er gre" raidly, not stoing until covered all territory

bet"een the altic and lack eas. $rmanarich reached the Bolga and challenged the unsD theuns reaction "as to destroy the Ostrogoth kingdom.

The uns invaded from the $ast in the 4th century. The name comes from "hat the -hinesecalled them@ Eiongnu, "hich may have been an attemt to imitate the "hinnying of their horses.Originally they lived in 5ongolia. ?n the third century - they built a o"erful kingdom.-hina's resonse "as to build the >reat 8all to kee them out. ;ot able to defeat -hina, theymigrated along the stees to the north shore of the -asian ea. There they stayed until 270,"hen they destroyed the Ostrogoths and then invaded $uroe. The uns eaked in the middle ofthe fifth century under the famous #ttila, illaging :ome and con(uering much of $uroe. #ninsurrection by the sub&ugated >erman tribes a year after #ttila's death destroyed the un$mire.

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th century - %th century

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th century - %&th century

uring the early iddle .esthe $astern lavs, grous of eole living in $astern $uroe,gradually began forming societies.

et"een the +th and /thcenturies the $astern lavs greatly eAanded their area of settlement,including the lack ea #rea.
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#round 8*& !Bikings from candinavia embarked on a vigorous "ave of eAansion,infiltrating into the lands of the $astern lavs, in a (uest to lunder the region of its "ealth. TheBikings "ere eager to get the fabulous treasures of the yenghis Ghan to form the most formidable militaryforce of the 5iddle #ges. The first casualty "as northern -hina, follo"ed by an invasion of

-entral #sia and :ussia. ;eAt the 5ongols ravaged Ukraine. The resistance to the invasion "asgreatly "eakened by the lack of any solidarity bet"een the Gieven :us rincialities. o manyof the lavic eole ended u in cativity that the name lav, "hich originally meant Fglorious,F

became the root for the $nglish "ord Fslave.F

The 5ongols "ithdre" to the $ast after receiving heavy resistance from the ulgars. ?n their"ithdra"al their great leader >enghis Ghan died.

They returned to $uroe in %)*+, con(uering the :ussian cities of :yaenghis Ghan's throne, he called off his invasion and returned to 5ongolia, saring the restof $uroe from comlete destruction.

The 5ongol rule left the area devistated, but in some areas some of the original lav oulationsurvived. uring this time a site called Hinestra "as marked on sea charts, located "ere resentday Odessa is today.

Hinestra, >ab&bey, ad&ibei, Gachuklenov, Ghad&ibey, Gad&ibi ay , Ghad&ibei, Got


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-onfusingly, all of these names "ere used for the area that later became Odessa. This long list ofnames sho"s ho" many nationalities throughout the millenium have controlled the Odessa area.

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%4th Century

?n the mid %*&&0s, =ithuanian rincess increased their takeover of eastern rincialities of Gyiv:us', from 123/ to mid 14//'s the Odessa region "as ruled by the =ithuanian Gingdom.

uring the 14th century and into the beginning of the 1th century, feudal strife led to thedivision of Gievan :us into smaller rincialities. The north"est coast of the lack ea began to

be settled by Ukrainians and :ussians. One of settlements Ghad&


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unable to resuly their garrisons by sea. The follo"ing year the Turks, having assembled theirforces to break through to the ea of #


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?n 1794 Gatherine the >reat formed the con(uered Turkish territories into a rovince called;ovorossiya !;e" :ussia%. 8ith this ne" rovince, :ussia immediately founded many ne"to"ns and orts to consolidate its control of outhern Ukraine. This included building the citiesGherson !177+%, ;ikolayev !17+9%, and Tirasol !1792%. # fortress "as also built at the ort ofGhad&ibey !modern day Odessa%.

The ne" fortress, built in 1792, "as designed to defend the to"n from enemies aroachingfrom the sea. ?t "as built near the ruins of the former Gad&ibi ay fortress. ituated high over thecoastal cliff it "as star shaed "ith five bastions, and "as surrounded by a moat and earthenmounds. ?t covered only a small area of about 0/ hectares !49 acres%. The ne" garrison had 0,///men "ith 10/ cannons. !=ater the fortress lost its military significance and "as turned into amedical (uarantine. Only one "all and a to"er still eAists from the fort, see age XX%

ield 5arshall #leAander uvorov took an active art in the develoment of the fort and Odessa.e clearly understood that it "as essential to erect a (uick fortress and ort to discourage futureTurkish attacks. uvorov also suervised the building of a fortress in Gherson.

Gatherine the >reat aarently considered making a ort of Ochakov, near the mouth of the uhriver, the effective caital of ;ovorossiya. ut Ochakov lacked a good natural harbor. e :ibasand his close collaborator, a utch engineer named ran< e Bolan, :ecommended Ghad&ibei asthe site for the region's rincial ort. The grou also oversa" the building of the fortifications inOvidiool and Tirasol.

uvorov also camaigned vigorously for a harbor and to"n to also be built in Ghad&ibei.Ghad&ibei's harbor "as dee and nearly icefree. reak"aters, on the model of those found at

;ales, =ivorno and #ncona, could be chealy constructed and "ould render the harbor safeeven for large fleets. The >overnor >eneral of ;ovorossiya, 6rince 6laton Yubov one ofGatherine's favorites gave decisive suort to the latter roosal.

On ay )$, %$/4Gatherine the econd gave the follo"ing order@ FTaking into account thefavorable osition. of Ghad&ibei on the lack ea and the ossible rofit connected "ith it, "edeclare it necessary to build a military harbor and merchants ier.F

he immediately sent t"entysiA thousand rubles to e :ibas and e Bolan to build a harbor. Onetember 0nd, 1794, the first iles of the ort "ere sunk. This is considered Odessa's birthday.

The lan "as to build the city and ort "ith three harbors in five years. The "ork "as carried outat a frantic ace, even continuing throughout the "inter.

?n the beginning the ne" settlement "as called Ghad&ibei, but from the beginning of 179 thename Odessa can be found in official documents.

There are many legends about the origin of the name Odessa, including that Gatherine the >reatmade the decree herself, stating F=et Ghad&ibei bear the >reek name, but in the feminine gender,let it be kno"n as Odessa.F

#nother legend says that the city "as named after an ancient >reek colony, Odessos, in resentday Barna, ulgaria that mistakenly "as thought to be at the site of Odessa. The name Odessosmeans Fgreat trade "ayF, a very fitting name for Odessa.

=ike modern Odessites, the ne" inhabitants of Odessa could not art "ith the old name and thename FGhad&ibeiF remained for several years.


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Odessa ama

Odessa has many nicknames, including F:iviera of :ussiaF, the F6earl of the lack eaF,FOdessa 5amaF, F8indo" on $uroeF for :ussians, F8indo" on :ussiaF for foreigners,Fouthern 6almyriaF and Fthe outhern gatesF uke #rmand $mmanual :ichelieu called his

beloved city Fthe best earl in the imerial cro"nF.

The to"n "as "ell lanned, built "ith straight "ide streets !the main thoroughfares are 2/meters "ide% and taking into account the relief of the terrain.

The ne" to"n gre" raidly. 8ithin the first t"o years there "ere already 10// differentbuildings. y 179 the oulation "as 0249 residents. # census sho"ed that there "ere@

1+1 :ussians and Ukrainians

04/ He"s 004 >reeks

3/ ulgarians

y 1+17 the oulation had increased by 1/ times, to 20,/// eole.

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Bul.arians in Odessa
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8oman on eribasovskaya in traditional dress

Odessa attracted thousands of ulgarians fleeing from the tyranny of the Ottoman $mire. Thereare entire villages oulated by ulgarians in the stees around the city "hich eAist to this day.The descendants of those first settlers retrain the language and traditions of their forefathers.#fter the oening of the :ichelieu institute in 1+17, many ulgarians traveled to Odessa to getan education. #t the beginning of the t"entieth century ulgarian revolutionaries, students and"orkers risked their lives transorting through Barna, ulgaria and Odessa the first :ussiannational underground 5arAist aer F?skraF, founded by =enin and ublished abroad under hisguidance.

#fter the defeat of the ulgarians etember urising in 1902 about 1,/// olitical emigrantsarrived in Odessa. #t that time the OdessaBarna route again assumed great imortance. ?t "asthe route along "hich revolutionary literature ublished by the ulgarian refugees "astransorted to ulgaria.--From Odessa, a guide

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%/th century

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1arly %/th century Odessa

Gatherine the >reat, the royal founder of Odessa, died. in the late 1+th century. er son and heir,6avel, rofoundly hated everything involving her memory and deeds, and thus he hated theentire idea of Odessa. ?n 1+/16avel "as murdered by a grou of aristocratic officers. Theyrelaced him "ith his son #leAander.

?n 1+/, -reeks, ?talians, and He"s heled build thecommercial and financial life in Odessa and assumed active roles in the city's cultural and

olitical affairs during much of the nineteenth century.

Odessa served as a haven for refugees fleeing olitical reression from other countries. 5any

refugees fleeing the Ottoman $mire, #lbanians, ulgarians, 5oldavians, and >reeks settled inOdessa.

This accetance of olitical refuges made Odessa, like =ondon, a center for revolutionarymovements. ?n 1+14 the >reek organi


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This free ort made Odessa the number one ort in "heat trade and imort in all of $uroe in thefirst half of the 19th century. ut an unintended conse(uence of the la" "as it encouraged manyillegal imorts of chea foreign goods, "hich moved illegally through Odessa into interiorregions of the country.

This free trade ort la" eAisted until 1+9.

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%8&

?n 1+/, Odessa's oulation of 1//,/// ranked thirdlargest in all of :ussia, after 5osco" and t.6etersburg. ;o other $uroean city can match Odessa's

gro"th rate in the 19th century. Odessa's imortance"as further enhanced "ith the arrival of the railroad in1+33, connecting Giev, Gharkiv, and Hassy, :omania.Odessa became :ussia's rincial ort for graineAorts.

1+/s ma of Odessa

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Crimean ar %8*-%8+

1+90 ma of Odessa
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Turemna&a 6lace6hoto from bet"een 1+9/ and 19//, no" available at the =ibrary of -ongress, Originally fromthe from the etroit 6ublishing -omany 19/.

Odessa suffered bombing from an $nglish and rench s(uadron. (For more about the CrimeanWar, seeCrimean war cannon

The beginning of the revolution in the 1+7/'s ecades of -


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y 19// Odessa had the lo"est number of eole of Ukrainian decent of any other largeUkrainian city. Thirty three ercent of the oulation "ere He"ish and a large minority "ere also:ussian.

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Bloody (unday

?n 19/4 inflation caused rices of basic goods to climb so raidly that real "ages throughout:ussia declined by 0/ er cent.

?n resonse to the oor "orking conditions and rising inflation, "orkers attemted to organiaon called for industrialstrikes. Over 11/,/// "orkers in t. 6etersburg "ent on strike.

?n an attemt to settle the disute, >eorgi >aon decided to make a ersonal aeal to ;icholas??. e dre" u a etition outlining the "orkers' sufferings and demands. These demands includedan eighthour "orkday, imroved "orking conditions, "age increases, and an end to theunoular :ussoHaanese 8ar.

8hen the rocession of "orkers reached the 8inter 6alace, it "as fired uon by the olice. Over1// "orkers "ere killed and 2// "ounded. The incident, kno"n as loody unday, "as thetinderboA that started the 19/ :evolution. trikes took lace throughout the country. 5iddleclass "orkers established the FUnion of UnionsF demanding a constituent assembly. Universitiesclosed "hen entire student bodies staged "alkouts.

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%/& revolution

?n resonse to bloody unday, the Odessa revolutionaries distributed leaflets calling for theoverthro" of the government.

y 5ay 19/, 1J2 of the city's "orkers "ere on strike.

or revolutionary events of the summer of 19/, including the attleshi 6otemkin mutiny, referto the 6otemkin sailor monument.

?n etember and October of 19/ Odessa &oined the rest of :ussian by having university rallies,strikes, and demonstrations.

On October 14, 19/ high school students boycotted classes to suort striking rail"ay "orkers.6olice brutally broke u the rotest, in&uring several students.

?n resonse, on October 13 students and "orkers took to the streets of Odessa. They builtbarricades and fought the olice and military "ith rocks and guns. 5ilitary and olice became

targets of sniers. The authorities resonded by oening fire on the rotestors. y evening theauthorities had control of Odessa streets.
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The neAt day, October 17, the military continued to atrol the city. chools and many businessesremained closed. #t least 4,/// "orkers "ent on strike. 8orkers congregated outside stores that"ere still oen for business, singing songs and drinking vodka.

This same day, in the :ussian caital, the October 5anifesto "as signed by -rous of eole loyal to the -


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imilarly, there "ere eole of various nationalities among the doctors from the ambulancestation, "ho "ent to the areas affected by the ogroms under rain of fire, giving first aid to the"ounded and transorting them to the hositals. ocuments sho" that among the doctors "hoheled the "ounded "as the founder of the ambulance station, r. Iakov ardach, "hose famesread far beyond the city.

These attacks caused nearly 12] of the oulation to flee from Odessa in the follo"ing months.

or more on the history of Odessa attacks on He"s click here.

The mirror of this site can be found on this site here. This site has a Fvirtual tourF of

He"ish historical events in Odessa.

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%/%8-%/)& 5evolution

The -heka !` PRLML QSS% "as the first of many oviet secret oliceorgani


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?n #ugust 1919 troos of nationalist "hite guards, led by the hated >eneral enikin sie. Gotovsky, a oviet revolutionary leader of a cavalry brigade, enteredthe city from the north, and "ith hel of revolutionaries "ithin the city, he crushed the "hites,ending the oviet revolution in Odessa.

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%/)&-%/4% 5e#uildin.

?n the "inter of %/)&-%/)%there "as a mass urising of Ukrainian easants against the ovietsand ne" agricultural olicies.

Odessa suffered greatly from the 1901 famine after the oviet revolution, the result of a largescale drought. The harvest of %/)%in most regions of Ukraine "as enough to sto the famine,

but the oviets re(uired that the suly of food to industrial centers of :ussia not be changed.=enin "as not disturbed by the famine in Ukraine, but by the conditions in 5osco" and othercities. -argo of food from the #merican #dministration of #id !#6#%, "ent to :ussia but "asnot sent to Ukraine.

#fter three years of civil "ar, 9] of the merchant fleet had either been sunk or stolen and 1J2 ofthe houses had been destroyed, but by 190+ the ort had surassed its 1912 industrial outut.

y %/*/the oulation had reached 3//,///.

y %/4&the industrial outut "as eight times "hat it had been in 1912. ?n all areas, from

education, health care, to manufacturing, Odessa had blossomed.

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%/4%-%/44

Odessa, !#!-!##: $ Case %tud& o' %oiet

)erritor& *nder Foreign +uleby le6ander!allin. ?aiOAford6ortland@ -enter for:omanian tudies, 199+ !hardcover, ?;@

9729+2911+%.

ull book available online

:evie" of the book

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The 7ai invasion
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On Hune 00, 1941 >ermanyattacked the U:. Thestrategic imortance ofOdessa to the ;a


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Only 2/ aircraft defended Odessa.

On #ugust 19 the ;a


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Old fishermen today say that "hen the last caravan sailed out of Odessa, it "as accomanied bya vast amount of seagulls. They too left Odessa.

uring the 72 day long siege of Odessa, over 13/,/// ;aallo"s "ere set u on the s(uares, and thousands of eole, mostly He"s, "ere deorted toconcentration cams in the region. uring occuation it "as under :omanian administration asthe caital of Tranistra.

everal artisan grous formed to resist the ;a


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5ore than a (uarter of a million eole, 0+/,/// Odessites !mostly He"s% "ere killed during theoccuation, many in concentration cams.

8orld 8ar T"o !The >reat 6atriotic 8ar% had a rofound sychological effect on the oviets.Tens of millions of oviets died. #lmost every erson in the former U: lost at least onefamily member in the "ar.

Ukrainians believe that the oviets "on 8orld 8ar T"o. They refer to the fact that #merica only&oined the $uroean land "ar in the later art of the conflict, after the #Ais "as in retreat.eaking "ith some Ukrainians you get a sense that Ukrainians feel that #merica in 880 "asoortunistic, only "anting to control the soils of "hat the :ussians had already "on "ith theiro"n blood. One historian said that #merica F"on the "arF "ith the lives of the oviet soldiers.There is some &ustification to this vie"D the U: lost more lives in the >reat 6atriotic 8ar thanany other nation.

Throughout the -old 8ar, the oviets built hundreds of thousands of monuments in memory ofthe >reat 6atriotic 8ar. uring the -old 8ar the oviets "anted to be assured that their military

defense "as strong, to make sure that a devastating invasion "ould never haen again. Theoviet memory of the >reat 6atriotic 8ar shaed much of the -old 8ar.

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Odessa after the Great 2atriotic ar

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5ecovery %/44-%/8&s

19+0 ma of Odessa from berkeley.edu

# corresonent of the ne"saer )rudvisited Odessa on its 1/th anniversary. The na


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#fter the "ar, the oviets focused more on industry in Odessa instead of international trade. ;e"industries "ere built as do


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The ne" country's government has been slo" to reform the oviet $ra state run economy. :eal"ages and standard of living for most Ukrainians, esecially the elderly, has declinessignificantly since the fall of the oviet Union. 6eole are Fvoting "ith there feetF and leavingthe country. The oulation has decreased by three million eole since 19+9, from 0 million to49 million today. =o"er birth rates !because coules feel they cannot afford to have a baby% andhigher mortality rates are also resonsible for this do"n"ard trend.

candals have not heled this fledgling democracy. The former 6rime 5inister of Ukraine sits inan #merican &ail, charged "ith embe


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-onstruction "orker's belo" the flag.)edit*

ayors

ayor Hurvets and ayor Bodelan

$duard urvits "as elected mayor of Odessa in 1994. urvits "as "idely oular. e made thetram system free, "hich "as "ell received but almost bankruted the ublic transortationsystem in Odessa. urvits ran a classic Ukrainian olitical machine, a"arding cronies lush &obsand city construction contracts. The Odessa Oil terminal, a rimary outlet for iberian crude oileAorts, led a local economic boom.

ut the government in Giev ob&ected to all this indeendence. 5uch of the cash "asn't gettingback to the central government. The regional chairman, :uslan odelan, a ovietera-ommunist 6arty chairman for Odessa :egion, "ith suort from Guchma, the current

6resident, severely critici


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Today in Odessa, ensions are aid on time !though they are still less than j0/ a month% andfood rices are lo"er after antiorgani in $uroe and the

8estF !6enguin ooks. 0///%, . 09

:etrieved from Fhtt@JJ""".0odessa.comJ"ikiJindeA.hCtitleistoryofOdessaF
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