GROUP MEMBERSAYESHA AFZAL

JUTTMUHAMMAD ASIM JUTTEMAN BUTT

IQRA JAWED MALIK

SYED AHMAD GHAZNAVIAQEEL ABBAS RANJHA

SHUJAH JAMSHAID BUTTSADAF SHAFI

TOPICHISTORY OF LOGIC

Functions of Language&

The tools for distinguish between true and false. ( AVERROES )

LOGICDefinitions

The sceinse as well as art of reasoning. ( J.R WATSON )

The history of logic is the study of the development of the science of valid inference (logic). logic was developed in ancient times in China, India, and Greece. Greek logic, particularly Aristotelian logic, found wide application and acceptance in science and mathematics.

HISTORY OF LOGIC

In philosophy, term logic, also known as traditional logic or Aristotelian logic.

 Aristotelian

Aristotle's logic was further developed by Islamic and Christian philosophers in the Middle Ages, reaching a high point in the mid-fourteenth century. The period between the fourteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century was largely one of decline and neglect, and is regarded as barren by at least one historian of logic.

HISTORY CONT…

Progress in mathematical logic in the first few decades of the twentieth century, particularly arising from the work ofGödel and Tarski, had a significant impact on analytic philosophy and philosophical logic, particularly from the 1950s to onwards.

PROGRESS IN LOGIC

The other great school of Greek logic is that of the Stoics. Stoic logic traces its roots back to the late 5th century BC The most important member of the school was  Chrysippus. (206– 278 BC) who was its third head.

SCHOOL OF LOGIC

Chrysippus

None of the surviving works of the great fourth-century philosopher Plato (347–428 BC) include any formal logic but they include important contributions to the field of philosophical logic. Plato raises three questions:1-What is it that can properly be called true or false?2-What is the nature of the connection between the assumptions of a valid argument and its conclusion?3-What is the nature of definition?Plato academy

Plato

In China, a contemporary of Confucius, Mozi, "Master Mo", is credited with founding the Mohist school.

LOGIC IN ASIA In China

Mohist school

Logic began independently inIndia and continued to develop through to early modern times, without any known influence from Greek logic.Gautama (6th century BC) founded the tarka school of logic.The Mahabharata  around the 5th century BC, refers to tarkaschools of logic. Panini (5th century BC) developed a form of logic.

IN INDIA

The works of Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, ibn sina, Al-Ghazali,  and other Muslim were important in communicating the ideas of the ancient world to the middle West.Al-Farabi (Alfarabi) (873–950) was an logician who discussed the topics between logic and grammar.

Logic in the Middle East

Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288)

Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037) 

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (b. 1149)

 Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) 

A text by ibn sina

MIDDLE EAST PHILOSOPHERS

Traditional logic generally means the textbook tradition that begins with  Annual and Pierre Nicole's Logic, or the Art of Thinking, better known as the Port-Royal Logic.Published in 1662.

Traditional logicThe Textbook Tradition

10 GREAT PHILOSOPHER IN THE HISTORY1-Aristotle2-Plato3-Paul of Tarsus 4-Rene Descartes5-Confucius

6-Thomas Aquinas 7-Avicenna 8-Zeno of Citium 9-Epicurus10-John Locke

1-ARISTOTLE

2-PLATOPlato lived from 348 to 428 BC, and founded the Western world’s first school of higher education, the Academy of logic.

3-Paul of Tarsus

4-Rene DescartesDescartes lived from 1596 to 1650,

and today he is referred to as “the Father of Modern Philosophy .

5-ConfuciusMaster Kong Qiu, as his name translates from Chinese, lived from 479 to 551 BC, and remains the most important single philosopher in Eastern history.

Thomas proved the existence of God by arguing that the Universe had to have been created by something, since everything in existence has a beginning and an end. He made five famous arguments for the existence of God.

6-Thomas Aquinas

7-AvicennaHis full name is Abu ʿAli al-Husayn ibn ʿAbd Allah ibn Sina, He lived in the Persian Empire from. 980 to 1037 BC.

8-Zeno of Citium

Locke is referred to as the “Father of Liberalism,” because of his development of the principles of humanism and individual freedom.

9-Epicurus

10-John Locke

Rise of modren logicThe period between the fourteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century had been largely one of decline and neglect, and is generally regarded as barren by historians of logic.The revival of logic occurred in the mid-nineteenth century, at the beginning of a revolutionary period where the subject developed into a formalistic discipline whose exemplar was the exact method of proof used in mathematics. The development of the modern so-called "symbolic" or "mathematical" logic during this period is the most significant in the 2,000-year history of logic.

Functions of Language

Three Basic Functions are generally noted: there is perhaps nothing more subtitle than language is and nothing has as many different uses.

Without a doubt, identifying just these Three basic functions is an over simplification, but an awareness of these functions is a good introduction to the complexity of language .

1-Informative language function: essentially, the communication of information.a. The informative function affirms or denies propositions, as in science.

The Functions of Language

1-Informative language2-Expressive language3-Directive language

b. This function is used to describe the world or reason about it (e.g… whether a state of affairs is true or false).

c. These sentences have a truth value; hence, they are important for logic.

2-Expressive language function: reports feelings or attitudes of the writer (or speaker), or of the subject, or evokes feelings in the reader (or listener).

a. Poetry is one of the best examples, but much of, perhaps most of, ordinary language discourse is the expression of emotions, feelings or attitudes.

b. Two main aspects are generally noted : (1) to evoke certain feelings and (2) to express feelings. c. Expressive discourse, qua expressive discourse, is best regarded as neither true or false. E.g., Shakespeare's King Lear's lament, "Ripeness is all!" Even so, the nature of "fictional statements" is an interesting area of inquiry.

3.Directive language function: language used for the purpose of Causing (or preventing) overt actions. a. The directive function is most commonly found in commands and requests. b. Directive language is not normally considered true or false (although a logic of commands have been developed). c. Example: "Close the windows."

Many of the most common words and phrases of any language have both a literal or descriptive meaning that refers to the way things are and an emotive meaning that expresses some (positive or negative) feeling about them.

emotive meaning

FACTORS OF COMMUNICATION AND FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE According to Jakobson any act of verbal communication is composed of six elements, or factors (the terms of the model):1) a context (theco-text, that is, the other verbal signs in the same message, and the world in which the message takes place)

(2) an addresser (a sender, or enunciator ).(3) an addressee (a receiver, or enunciatee).(4) a contact between an addresser and addressee.(5) a common code and(6) a message.

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