.l~ JI-j]J[S1rOI~Y

OF iNDIAN LOCJrJIC

(ANCIENT, l\1EDIAEVAL AND:LvlODERN SCIIOOLS.)

BYMAHAMAHOPADHYAYA

SATIS CHANDRA VIDYABHUSANA, M.A., PH.D., M.R.A.S., F.A.S.B.,

Pt mc/pal Sanskrit Colleg.e) Calcutta; Jowt Philological Set retary A,wtlC .socuty of Bmgal, Fellow of the Calwtta

Umocrslry; etc.

MOTILAL SANARSIOASS DELHI :: PATNA :: VARANASI

Mahamahopadhyaya Dr. Satischandra Vidyabhushan.

(KAU'!'ILYA.)

" Anvikllliki (Logic) has ever been esteemed as the lamp of all soienoes. the resource of all actions and the shelter of all virtues."itli ~ 111ory of gradual development to explain its growth. And Aristotle might have conceived the idea of syllogistic form into which all reason~ ing could be put as a complete whole. I am inclined, therefore, to think that the syllogism did not actually evolve in Indian Logic out of inference, and that the Hindu logician owed the idea of syllogism to the influence. of Aristotle (viae Appendix B). To me it is one of the most important en+.ke. ""OT.,..,.= I'\{! T n r l i a n .;.."

xvi

INTRODUCTION.

doctrine of inference, which was an indigenous growth, was happily amalgamated with the borrowed art of syllogism into a common structure of logical thought. The Buddhist work Kathavatthu furnishes several logical terms, e.g. upanayana, nigamana, etc., of syllogistic reasoning. But we find not a "Single instance where these terms have been methodically combined so as to form a syllogism proper. An attempt has been made to discuss the point at issue in the Appendix B, and I leave it to the reader to take my views for what they are worth. Ancient logic was called Anvik~iki, or the science of debate. but with the introduction of syllogism or proper reasoning it qame to be called Nyaya from the 1st century A.D. The NyayaSastra in its earliest age flourished in Mithila with Gotama but it attained its high development in Prabhasa with Ak~apada. The mediaeval logic from t,he 4th century A.D. was caned PramaQa Sastra, inasmuch as it dealt with pramana, the means of valid knowledge, i.e. perception and inference. Ujjaini in l\lalwa and Valabhi in Gujarat were the scenes of activi~y of the Jaina logicians of the Svetambara. sect. The Di~~mbaras flourished principally in Pataliputra and Dravida (including KarQata) about the 8th century A.D Buddhist logicians flonrished in llniversi~ies such as Kafictpura Nalanda (vide Appendix C), Odantapuri, Sridhanya-ka~aka, Kasmira and Vikramasila (vide Appendix E). J n Bengal Buddhist Logic attained its highest development during the reigns of the kings of the Pal dynasty (vide Appendix D). Modern Logic commenced from the 10th century A.D. and was, in its first stage, called Prakararta or the Manual of Logic, but it~ real life began from the 13th century A.D., since when it has been called Tarka-Sastra or the science of Dialectics. It flourished in. the University of Mithila (vide Appendix F) during 13th. 14th and 15th centuries~ and afterwards that of Nadia (vide Appendix G) became its stronghold from the 16th century onwards.CALOUTTA,

21.st April, 1920.

BATIS CHANDR.A VIDYABHUSAlS

FOREWORD.Mahamahopadhyaya Dr. Satischandra Vidyabhushan came of a respectable Brahmana family of Faridpore. He was the third son of the weH-known Pandit Pitambar Vidyavagisa and was born on the 30th JUly, 1870, in the village of Khalkula in Faridpore. Satischandra was an infant four years old when he lost his fa ther. The family was large and yet had no earning member; and the eldest son Biswambe-r tJyoti~ar.Q.ava who was then only sixtt'en maintained the family under circumstances of grea.t difficulty. Satischandra first went to the village school at the early age of five and rapidly made his mark amongst his fellow students He stood first in the Minor Vernacular Examination from his Division and secured a scholarship which enabled him to proceed to Navadvip and take admission into the Hindu School. He passed the Entranc(=' Examination of the Calcutta University in 1888, and obtained a scholarship which helped him to come to Calcutta and take his admission into the City College. In due course he passed the F.A Examination and then migrated to the Krishnagar College. He took his B.A. degree with Honours in Sanskrit in 1892, and in the following year passed the M.A. Examination in Sanskrit from the Calcutta Sanskrit College. Meanwhile he had distinguished himself at the Sanskrit E~mina tion held by the Vidagdha Janani Sabha of Navadwip and had obtained the title of Vidyabhil~a'J'ja. It may be mentiened here that while still an undergraduate student in the City College he had married in 1889 the youngest daughter of Babu Gangadhar Acharyya, the first Principal of the Midnapore College. In 1893, Shortly after Satischandra had passed the M.A. Examination in Sanskrit, he settled at Krishnagar as Professor of Sanskrit in the local college. Here he had special opportunity to study Sanskrit Kavya from Mahamahopadhyaya Ajitnath Nyayaratna and Sanskrit Nyaya from Mabaroahopadhyaya Jadunath Sarvabhauma, each the recognised authority on his special subject. Some years later his services were lent by the Government of Bengal to the Buddhist Text Society under whose auspices he edited a number of useful Pali Texts and published several original papers which attracted the attention of scholars in Europe and America. About this time he came into contact with Rai Saratchandra Das, Bahadur, C.I.E., the distinguished Tibetan Explorer at whose request his services were again lent by

xviii

FOREWORD.

the Government for thrfle years to assist in the preparation of a Tibetan-English Dictionary. He was in DarjeE>lmg for this purpose from 1897-1900 and utilised the opportunity to acquire a thorough master.V over the Tibet,an language with the help of the celebrated Lama 1?'~~;::C~l~lOg VVangdan of Lhasa, then resident at Darjeeling. In December, 1900, Satischandra came to Calcutta as a PrOfeRSOl' in the Sanskrit College. At about this ::>eriod he acquired a thorough knowledge of Pali from B.ramanas of Ceylon and Burma. In November, 1901, he appeared a second time at the M.A. Examination of the Calcutta University and chose Pali as his special subjee,t. The University authorities were placed in a difficulty to find a suitable examiner. Ultimately Mr. C. H. Tawney and Prof. E. B. Cowell who had for many years heen connected with the University arranged w~th Professor T. W. Rhys Davids to conduct the examination. Satischandra achieved high distinction and his atta.inments were specially praised by the distjnguished examiner. In March, 1902, he was transferred to the Presidency College as ProfesRor of SanElkrit. In December, 1905, the Tashi Lama came to India in order to visit the places sacred to Buddhists. Satischandra was deputed by the GovE-rnment to accompany him to act as Interpreter and to explain to him the histories and customs at the old Buddhist holy places. The Tashi Lama was highly pleased and presented Satischandra with a Khatag {silken upper garment) in token of high regard. On the 1st January, 1906, the Governor-General bestowed upon him the coveted title of Mahamahopadhyaya. In 1907, on my nomination, Lord Minto, then Chancellor of the Calcutta University appointed him an Ordinary Fellow. At the same time he became a Fellow of the Asiatic Society of Bengal and Joint Philological Secretary., In 1908, the University conferred on him the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded him the Griffith Prize for original research. About this time the question of Principalship of the Sanskrit College had come under the consideration of the Government of Bengal and the s~estion had been put forward that a European scholar should be appointed. The Lieutenant-GovE>rnor felt doubtful as to the advisability of such a step an~ discuRsed the matter with me as Vice-ChancE>llor of the University. I expressed my etnphatic disapproval of the coufse proposed and expressed the opinion that Dr. Satischandra Vidyabhushan would be found admirably qualified for the Principalship if he were offered facilities for further training. This view prevailed and during 1909 and 1910 Satischandra was placed on deputation. In June 1909, ~ went to Ceylon and studied for six months with the venerable High Priest Sumangala, Principal of thE' Vidyodaya Oollege at Colombo.

FOREWORD.

xix

The first six months of the year 1910 he spent at Benares where, under the guidance of Dr. A. Venis, then Prinoipalof the Queen's College, he studied under Subrahmanya Sastri, Bhagavatac.haryya, Sibakumar Sastri, Jibanath Jha and Bamacharan Nyayacharyya. After his return to Calcutta from Benares he studied for six months unde.r the guidance of Dr. George Thibaut and acquired a good working knowledge of Frenoh and German. On the 1st December, 1910, he assumed charge of the Prinoipalship of the Sanskrit College. In 1912 and 1916, he passed with great distinotion the Preliminary and Final Examinations in Tibetan held by the Government, and carried off the sanctionE'd prizes on both occasions. He also acted as Lecturer on PaU and Tibetan in the University. His fame as a profound scholar of versatile attainments had rapidly spread and he was eagerly sought after in literary conferences. In 1913, he was the first President of the All India Digambar Jain Conference held at Benares. In 1914, he was President of the All India Svetambar Jain ConfE-rence held at Jodhpur and of the All India Sanskrit Conference held at Hardwar. In HH6. he was President of the Bengal Literary Confere-nce held at Jessore, and of the District Literary Conference at Krishnagar. In 1919, he was a Vice-President of the Fit'st Oriental Conference held at Poona and President of the section on Pali and Buddhism. During aU this period he worked strenuously as a scholar, and the value of his contributions to Sanskrit, Pali and Tibetan studies cannot be easily appraised by a single individual. In the University itself he was a leading figure, and from 1912, acted~as a Member of the Syndicate. His services were invaluable in reorganising Sanskrit studies of the indigenous type and his work as Secretary to thp Sanskrit Board and the Sanskrit Association founded by the Government will be gratefully remembered by Pandits of the present generation all over this Presidency. There can be little.doubt that he overworked himself, and in 1919 the first signs of failing brealth were indiCated by a mild stroke of paralysis. Friends and well-wishyrs implored him to spare himself, but he was deaf to their entreaties, for as he used to say, it is better to die than to remain invalid. Two other mild attacks followed and the reoovery was slow and gradual. At last on the 25th April, 1920, he passed away as the result of a sudden attaok of apoplexy. The publication of the present volume has a melanoholy interest for me. In 1901 I had come across a monograph on "Hindu Logic as preserved in China and Japan ,) by Sadajiro Sugiura who had offered it Bra a dissertation for _the Degree of Doctor of- Philosophy at the University of Peimsylvania. The work seemed to me of fascinating interest as opening up a

xx

FOREWORD.

new field of investigation full of untold possibilities. I suggested to Satischandra who at the time was engaged in the study of Tibetan that he should undertake to ex,plore the materials available from Tibetan sources. The substance of his first researches in this direction was embodied in his thesis on " Mediaeval School of Indian Logic" which brought him the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy and the Griffith Prize. He was however not content with this preliminary survey and continued steadily to collect fresh materials. The present volume was the result. At his request I read through more than half of the work before it was finally ~rinted off and this made me rf>alise the true value of what he had accomplished. Professor Taraporewala has with -loving care seen through the press all that had not been printed when Satischandra passed awa.y. A list of his many and varied writings (complete as far as it has been possible to make it) bas been compiled by several people and is herewith appended.

ASUTOSH MOOKERJEE.

A LIST OF THE WRITINGS OF THfiJ LATE MAH,A~MAHO~ PADHYAYA DR. SATISCHANDRA VIDYABHUSHAN.lA. Works, original or edited.1.

2. 3. 4. 5.

6.7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

18.19.20.

21. 22.

Avadana Kalpalata: a. Collection of Legendary Stories about the Bodhlsattvas, by K~emendra, with its Tibetan version by Souton Loohava a.nd Lak~mika.ra. Edited from a xylogra.ph of Lhasa and Sanskrit MS. of Nepal by S. C. Das, H. M. Vldyabhusba.n and Mm. S. C. Vidyabbusban (Bib. Ind., Tib. Sat.-1888-1913). Atmatattva pl'akaA (A Bengali work on the Nyaya Philosophy)-lS97. Bhavabhiiti and bis Dramas {in Benga.li)-1899. Lankavatarasiitra, Fabei. i-ii -1900. Kaccaya.na s Pali Grammer (Edited in Uevanagari cbaractern a.nd trauslated into English)-1901. Tibetan Primer, I. by Lama Wangdan -TranscrIbed into Roma.n Characters. Revised and translated by MM. S. C. Vidyabhushan-1902. Tibetan Primer. II- 1902. Ratauautta (a Pali work}.-Edited with an Enp:lish tr~nslation-I902. Notes on Ratnavali, with English and Benga.1I Translations-1903. Buddha-dev (in Bengali)-I904. Urimm's Phonetic Law: of the IndoEuropean Languages-1905. Bauddha-stotra sangrahah: 8. collection of Buddhist Hymns, Vol. I. (BIb Ind., Tib. Ser.-1908): Parikfi\amukha-sfitram: a Digarnbsra Jama work on Log:c (Nyaya) by Manikya Nandi (Bib. Ind., Sans. Ser.-1909). History of the Mediaeval School of Indian Loglc-1909. Amarako~a: a Metrical Dictionary of the Sanskrit Language WIth the Tibetan Version (BIb. Iud, Tib. Ser-1911-12). Amaratika Kamadhenu'l} (Bib. Ind., Tib. Ser.-1912). Maitri or Ma.itrayal).iya Upanif;lad, edIted by E. B. Cowell. Second edition revised by Mm. S. C. Vidyabhushan (Bib. Ind., Sans. Ser. 1913-1919, (In progress.) The Nyaya-sutraa of Qotama, translated into English (Sacred Books of the Hindus. Vol. 8)-Allahabad, 1913. Sahitya-Parii?at-Patdka-Edited by Mm. S. C. Vidyabbushan from (19131916 ? ) Nyayabindu: a Bilingual Index of Sanskrit and Tibetan words (BIb. Ind., Tib. Ser.-19I7). A Report on the Revival of Buddhism.-19l7. A History of Indian Logic-1922.

B. Articles contributed to various English Journals.{i} "The Journal of the RoyaZ Asiatic ..society."

1.

2, 3. 4. 5. 6.

Mahayana. and Hinayana-1900. Brahmanic References to the BuddhlSt Philosop'hy-l901. Old Indian Alphabet-1904. LailkAvatara Sutra-1905. Uddyotakara-1914J Influence of Aristotle on the Development of the Syllogism in India.n Logic-l 91 8.

(il). Tht JoW'tl4l of the Asiatic Society of Bengal."(lxxi, 1.) Abstra.cts also printed in 1. The Licchavi Race of Anoient India' 2. Vratya and Sa.nka.ra. Theories of Caste Proc. A.S.B., 1902.JD,O

J

1 This list has been compiled from several sources and though extensive is by

-------

means }a} (1903). Ratnavah The qran;t.nar Ot BengalI} (1904).

} (1895).

1

J . t

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. lK [9. Kumara~Jlva 20. Amog~avaj~a 1 (1905). 21. Sarvaliia-mltra ( 22. Travels of the Tashi La.ma in India (1906). 23. Travels in Slkkim ~ 24. The University of Vikramaaila (1908). 25. History of the AJphabet 26. Buddha's Tooth in Ceylon (HHO). 27. Na~ariija. tiva in Ceylon (1911).

n.

D. Presidential Addresses) etc.The Birthplace of the great Poet Kalidasa. and the place of his Death (Sa.hitya Sammelan at Bhagalpur). 2. NyayadaISan. 3. Birthplace of Kitlidasa (Sahitya Sammelan at Calcutta.). 4. PresidentIal Address (Siihitya. Sammelan at Jl."qsore). 5. Presidential Address (Literary Section. Sahitya. Samme'lan at .Je'3501'e.)1.

CONTENT~.Page

Portrait of the lute :VIM. Dr Author's Preface

~atischandra

Vldyabhusana .. Frontispiece

ix

Introduction xiii Foreword by Sir Asutosh MukerJee . . xvii A List of the writings of the late MahaUlahopadhyaya Dr. Seltis Chandra Vidyabhul3han XXJ

PART 1.

TH1': ANCIENT SCHOOL OF INDIAN LOGIC.SECTION

I.

~:{NvIK.'~IK1-THE f3CIE)oI(,E OF INQUIRY (650 RO.-lOO A.D.).

OhapleT I.1 2.;~.

-4:

.;6.

7~.

TIlL G10wth 0/ .4nvik~iki into a/~ Art 0/ Debate. The garl" Literature of India Problems' of the Veda~ l].eveJopment of the conception of soul Atmat,irlya, thE' Rcience of soul . . .4..nvik~iki, ,,-hich includes a Theory of H0asons Anviks'tki bi[urca,te'l into Philosophy and Lr>gi(' Anvik?ilci ill its PhiLosophir.:Rl A:;;pect called Da,rSana Variou:-. n,lmPR for Ano"i!.;t!iki in it';l Logical Aspeot

j

2 24 4

56

7

Ohapter 11'The Te(l,ehe!''> of ~4nviksiki (PhilosDphy and Logic).!).

10. 11. 12 1;3. l4. 15. 16.

Cal'vJ,ka, h:s Matermhst.lC Doctrine Kapila, his Doctrine of 1Iiatter and Soul Dattatl'eya, his Parable of a Tree . . Punarvasu Atreya, his Dissel'tn.tion 011 the Senses Sulabha, a Lady Ascetic, her Oanons of Speech Astavakra. a Violent Debater, how he Defeated a SOphIst Astavakra Solves Puzzles Me:dhiUithi Gautama the Founder of Amik.~iki par excellen ('('

9 9

to11 12 13 16

17

Ohapte1l1I.TheDoctri1~e8

of

An'l.ilc~iki.

16. A Council of Debate (Pari,~ad) 17. The Technioal Terms used in the Council of Debate

22 23

xxviii

CONTENTS.

Page

18. Tantra Yukt~, the Terms of ScientIfic Argument19. Medhat.ithi Gautama's Doctrines as reproduced in the Carakasamhita 1. Karyabhimrvrtti, the Aggregate of Resources for the Accompli8hment of an ActIOn. , 11. Pariksa, the Standard of Examination iii. Sambhjj~a or vada-vidhi. the Method of DebateOhapter IV. Reception accorded to Antik~iki.

242527

28 28

20.21.

Anvik/iiki condemned in certain circles Anvik~iki held in high esteem in some quartersSECTION

36 37

II.

NVA.yA-SASTRA-THE SCIENCE OF TRUE REASONING.

(Jhapter I. Phe Growth oj N yayaJastra.

22. Origin of the name N yaya 23. The Antiquity of NyaYaBiistra 24. The Early Teachers of NyayaBQstra 25. Narada, an Expert in N yayasastra 26. Nyaya-8utra, the first systematic work on Nyliyusastra 27. Akl?apada, the Author of the Nyaya-sUtra 28. 8u bjects of the N yaya-s'iUra . 29, The Arrangement of Categories in the N1/aya-sutra 30. The Process of Treatment of the CategoriesOhapter II. Gontents

40 41 42 4346

47 50 52 53

0/ the Nyiiya-sutrc54 54 54

31. The Categories: their Enunciation . 32. The Categories: their Definition 1. The means of Right knowledge (pramii"t}a) 2. The Objects of Right knowledge (prameya) 3. Doubt (samsaya) 4. Purpose (prayojana) 5. Example (dr~!anta) 6. Tenet (siddhiinta) . 7. Members of a Syllogism (avayava) 8. Confutation (tarka) . . 9. Ascertainment (niT'f!-Uya) . 10. Discussion (vada) .

5658

59 59 59 60 61 62

63

CONTENTS.

xxixPage

11. Wrangling (jalpa) .. 12. Ca vi] (vitanq,(i)13. 14. 15. 16.~~3.

63

"Fallacy (kettabkasa) Quibble (chnla) Ana logue (jati) A Point of J)efeat (nigrahastkana)

63 63 6565 66

The Varieties of Analogue l. Balancing the homogeneity 2. Balancing the heterogeneity 3. nalancing an excess 4. Balancing a deficit 5. Balancing the questionable 6 Balancing the unquestionable 7. Balancing the alternative 8 Balancing the question 9. Balancing the co-presence 10. Balancing the mutual absence ]1. Balancing the infinite regrest:lion 12. Balancing the counter-example .. 13. Balancing the non-pl'Oduced 14. Balancing the doubt, 15. Balancing the point at it:lsue or the controversial Hi. Balancing the non-reason 17. Balancing the presumption 18. Balancing the non-difference 19. Balancing the demonstration 20. .Balancing the perception 21. Ralandng the non-perception 22 Balancing the non-eternal 23. Balancing the eternal 24. Balancing the effect Application of the Analogues .. Six-winged Disputation (~a~pak~i katha)

6767

68 68 69 6H70 70 71 71

..