History of Gardens

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History of gardeningFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards . Pleaseimprove this article if you can. (November 2007)

For the art and craft of growing plants, considered as a circumscribed form of individualagriculture, see subsistence gardening .

This entry concerns the history of ornamental gardening considered as an amenity of civilized life, as a vehicle for style, for conspicuous show and even an expression of

philosophy.

The history of gardening extends across at least 4,000 years of human civilization. Egyptian tomb paintings of the 1500s BC are some of the earliest physical evidence of ornamentalhorticulture and landscape design; they depict lotus ponds surrounded by symmetrical rowsof acacias and palms . Another ancient gardening tradition is of Persia : Darius the Great wassaid to have had a " paradise garden " and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were renowned asa Wonder of the World . Persian gardens were also organized symmetrically, along a center line known as an axis .

Persian influences extended to post-Alexander's Greece: around 350 BC there were gardensat the Academy of Athens , and Theophrastus , who wrote on botany , was supposed to haveinherited a garden from Aristotle . Epicurus also had a garden where he walked and taught,and bequeathed it to Hermarchus of Mytilene . Alciphron also mentions private gardens.

The most influential ancient gardens in the western world were the Ptolemy's gardens atAlexandria and the gardening tradition brought to Rome by Lucullus . Wall paintings inPompeii attest to elaborate development later. The wealthiest Romans built extensive villagardens with water features, topiary and cultivated roses and shaded arcades. Archeological

evidence survives at sites such as Hadrian's Villa .
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Byzantium and Moorish Spain kept garden traditions alive after the 4th century AD and thefall of Rome. By this time a separate gardening tradition had arisen in China, which wastransmitted to Japan, where it developed into aristocratic miniature landscapes centered on

ponds and separately into the severe Zen gardens of temples.

In Europe, gardening revived in Languedoc and the Ile-de-France in the 13th century. Therediscovery of descriptions of antique Roman villas and gardens led to the creation of a newform of garden, the Italian Renaissance garden in the late 15th and early 16th century. .Theformal Garden la franaise , exemplified by the Gardens of Versailles , became the dominantstyle of garden in Europe until the middle of the 18th century when it was replaced by theEnglish landscape garden and the French landscape garden . The 19th century saw a welter of historical revivals and Romantic cottage-inspired gardening. In England, William Robinsonand Gertrude Jekyll were strong proponents of the wild garden and the perennial gardenrespectively. Andrew Jackson Downing and Frederick Law Olmsted adapted European stylesfor North America, especially influencing public parks, campuses and suburban landscapes.Olmsted's influence extended well into the 20th century.

The 20th century also saw the influence of modernism in the garden: from Thomas Church 'skidney-shaped swimming pool to the bold colors and forms of Roberto Burle-Marx . A strongenvironmental consciousness is driving new considerations in gardening today.

Contents[hide ]

1 The historical development of garden styles 1.1 Persian gardens 1.2 Egyptian gardens 1.3 Hellenistic and Roman gardens

1.3.1 Hellenistic gardens

1.3.2 Roman gardens 1.4 Gardens of Byzantium 1.5 Chinese and Japanese gardens

1.5.1 Chinese scholar gardens 1.6 European gardens: Medieval

1.6.1 European gardens: Italian Renaissance

1.6.2 European gardens: French Baroque

1.6.3 European gardens: Anglo-Dutch gardens

1.6.4 Landscape gardens

1.6.5 Romantic gardens

1.6.6 Picturesque gardens

1.6.7 'Gardenesque' gardens

1.6.8 Pattern gardens: revived parterres

1.6.9 "Wild" gardens and herbaceous borders 1.7 Modern gardens

2 Historic gardeners
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3 Notable historic gardens 3.1 China 3.2 England 3.3 France 3.4 India 3.5 Iraq 3.6 Ireland 3.7 Italy 3.8 Japan 3.9 Netherlands 3.10 Pakistan

3.11 Poland 3.12 Russia 3.13 Spain 3.14 Ukraine 3.15 United States

4 See also 5 References

5.1 Notes

5.2 Bibliography 6 External links

[edit ] The historical development of garden styles[edit ] Persian gardensAll Persian gardens, from the ancient to the high classical were developed in opposition to theharsh and arid landscape of the Iranian Plateau. Unlike historical European gardens, whichseemed carved or re-ordered from within their existing landscape, Persian gardens appearedas impossibilities. Their ethereal and delicate qualities emphasized their intrinsic contrast tothe hostile environment.

The heart of Persia , modern day Iran, is high and dry. A series of basins and plateaus areseparated by the two main mountain ranges, the Albourz and the Zagros. Since ancient times,lush gardens have grown in the region due to an ingenious engineering system of underground aqueducts called qanats . Originating in northeastern Iran around 800bc, qanats

brought the water from the snow melt to the plains for irrigation and human use. The very presence and abundance of water became the essence of the Persian garden. A rich variety of species thrived while thin channels delivered water throughout the garden, feeding fountainsand pools, cooling the atmosphere and providing tender, constant music in the air. Althoughgardens were places for poetry, contemplation and seclusion, they were not limited to

pleasure and refuge. Throughout Persias history, gardens were central to the political life of the ruling class. The Achaemenian king Cyrus placed his throne within his garden atPasargadae. Persian miniature paintings from the 15th to the 17th century depict kingsreceiving diplomats in their gardens, treaties being signed there, feasts and celebrations, and
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all defining moments of national identity along with portrayals of legendary loves. Theillustrated history, Shahnameh , Book of Kings detail both the dreamy and the practical incourt life.

The ancient gardens before Cyrus and those of his descendents show evidence of thecharacteristics that continued to define gardens in Persia and in places that drew on Persianideas, from India to Spain. Gardens typically were divided into quadrants by channels of water, often punctuated by geometrically shaped basins. At a central intersection point was a

platform for viewing, which later evolved into a formal open pavilion, sometimes decoratedwith coffered ceiling structures that represented the complexity of the heavens. Geometry as ademonstration of the ordered universe was celebrated throughout Persian gardens from thesurface design features to the basic ground plane and its fourfold chahar bagh format,representing the four corners of the world in the ancient vernacular, and the four rivers of

paradise more predominately associated with the Islamic period. The roots of an earthly paradise however, originate in Mesopotamia thousands of years before the Achaemenians,long before the Islamic period. Persian design aspects proved to have a natural affinity tocertain Islamic concepts but because they were so deeply embedded in the culture of the area,

they maintained their Persian-ness throughout the countrys tumultuous history.The relationship of architecture to the Persian garden is layered; influenced by climate andgeography and infused with a sense of the ephemeral qualities of light and reflection. The

border between interior and exterior spaces was permeable and often transparent through theuse of carved screens, deep archways, multiple vaults and honeycomb patterned ceilings

punctured with tiny windows of light. Through these devices, the stone, mud and ceramicmaterials appear as delicate and malleable as paper, conveying the fugitive qualities of lightand shadow while playing with what is revealed and what is veiled.

Classical Persian gardens were lived spaces; one imagines that they are best seen fromwithin. As 17th century European gardens expressed the concept of a privileged point of view

as demonstrated in Renaissance painting, Persian gardens can also be viewed in relation totheir classical tradition of painting during the Safavid period, contemporaneous of theEuropean Renaissance. Where the space of the paintings appears flat and perplexing, a

balance is found in multiple entry points and equal attention to every detail whether it is thekings action, a servants gesture or the ruby red of a bowl of pomegranates. Despite ahierarchical, feudal society, everything is painted equally and in sharp focus. As the viewer,you are at once, inside and everywhere.

The Islamic gardens of Spain constructed during the 14th century are far more elaborate andextensive than northern European gardens of that period. Featuring open garden rooms,intricate tile designs, water features and sculpture, the designs were influenced by the Moors.Unlike the medieval gardens depicted above, these gardens were ornate outdoor spaces where

members of the court could convene and cool themselves from the intense heat of the sun.The Alhambra Palace as well as the Generalife gardens that surround the palace in Grenada,Spain survive today as well-preserved examples of the Moors mark on Spanish architectureand landscape design.
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Rectangular fishpond with ducks and lotus planted round with date palms and fruit trees, in afresco from the Tomb of Nebamun, Thebes, 18th Dynasty

A funerary model of a garden, dating to the Eleventh dynasty of Egypt , circa 20091998 BC.Made of painted and gessoed wood, originally from Thebes .

[edit ] Egyptian gardensGardens were much cherished in the Egyptian times and were kept both for secular purposesand attached to temple compounds. Gardens in private homes and villas before the NewKingdom were mostly used for growing vegetables and located close to a canal or the river.However, in the New Kingdom they were often surrounded by walls and their purposeincorporated pleasure and beauty besides utility. Garden produce made out an important partof foodstuff but flowers were also cultivated for use in garlands to wear at festive occasions

and for medicinal purposes. While the poor kept a patch for growing vegetables, the rich people could afford gardens lined with sheltering trees and decorative pools with fish andwaterfowl. There could be wooden structrures forming pergolas to support vines of grapesfrom which raisins and wine were produced. There could even be elaborate stone kiosks for ornamental reasons, with decorative statues.

Temple gardens had plots for cultivating special vegetables, plants or herbs considered sacredto a certain deity and which were required in rituals and offerings like lettuce to Min. Sacredgroves and ornamental trees were planted in front of or near both cult temples and mortuarytemples. As temples were representations of heaven and built as the actual home of the god,gardens were laid out according to the same principle. Avenues leading up to the entrancecould be lined with trees, courtyards could hold small gardens and between temple buildingsgardens with trees, vineyards, flowers and ponds were maintained.
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The ancient Egyptian garden would have looked different to a modern viewer than a gardenin our days. It would have seemed more like a collection of herbs or a patch of wild flowers,lacking the specially bred flowers of today. Flowers like the iris, chrysanthemum, lily anddelphinium (blue), were certainly known to the ancients but do not feature much in gardenscenes. Formal boquets seem to have been composed of mandrake, poppy, cornflower and or

lotus and papyrus.Due to the arid climate of Egypt, tending gardens meant constant attention and depended onirrigation. Skilled gardeners were employed by temples and households of the wealthy.Duties included planting, weeding, watering by means of a shaduf, pruning of fruit trees,digging the ground, harvesting the fruit etc.

[edit ] Hellenistic and Roman gardensFurther information: Greek gardensFurther information: Roman gardens

[edit ] Hellenistic gardens

It is curious that although the Egyptians and Romans both gardened with vigor, the Greeksdid not own private gardens. They did put gardens around temples and they adornedwalkways and roads with statues, but the ornate and pleasure gardens that demonstratedwealth in the other communities is seemingly absent.

Reconstruction of the roman garden of the House of the Vettii in Pompeii

[edit ] Roman gardens

Roman gardens were a place of peace and tranquillity, a refuge from urban life. Ornamentalhorticulture became highly developed during the development of Roman civilisation. Theadministrators of the Roman Empire (c.100 BC - AD 500) actively exchanged information on

agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, hydraulics, and botany. Seeds and plants werewidely shared. The Gardens of Lucullus (Horti Lucullani) on the Pincian Hill on the edge of Rome introduced the Persian garden to Europe, about 60 BC.

[edit ] Gardens of ByzantiumThe Byzantine empire span a period of more than 1000 years (330-1453 AD) and ageographic area from modern day Spain and Britain to the Middle East and north Africa.Probably due to this temporal and geographic spread and its turbulent history, there is nosingle dominant garden style that can be labeled Byzantine style. Archaeological evidenceof public, imperial, and private gardens is scanty at best and researchers over the years haverelied on literary sources to derive clues about the main features of Byzantine gardens.

Romance novels such as [[ Hysmine and Hysminias"]] (12th century) included detailed descriptions of gardens and their popularity attests to the Byzantines enthusiasm for pleasure gardens ( locus amoenus ). More formal gardening texts such as the Geoponika (10thcentury) were in fact encyclopedias of accumulated agricultural practices (grafting,watering) and pagan lore (astrology, plant sympathy/antipathy relationships) going back to

Hesiod s time. Their repeated publications and translations to other languages well into the16th century is evidence to the value attributed to the horticultural knowledge of antiquity.These literary sources worked as handbooks promoting the concepts of walled gardens with

plants arranged by type. Such ideals found expression in the suburban parks ( Philopation , Aretai ) and palatial gardens ( Mesokepion , Mangana ) of Constantinople.

The Byzantine garden tradition was influenced by the strong undercurrents of history that the

empire itself was exposed to. The first and foremost influence was the adoption of Christianity as the empires official religion by its founder Constantine I. The new religion
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signaled a departure from the ornamental pagan sculptures of the Greco-Roman garden style.The second influence was the increasing contact with the Islamic nations of the Middle Eastespecially after the 9th century. Lavish furnishings in the emperors palace and the adoptionof automata in the palatial gardens are evidence of this influence. The third factor was afundamental shift in the design of the Byzantine cities after the 7th century when they

became smaller in size and population as well as more ruralized. The class of wealthyaristocrats who could finance and maintain elaborate gardens probably shrank as well. Thefinal factor was a shifting view toward a more enclosed garden space ( hortus conclusus ); atrend dominant in Europe at that time. The open views and vistas so much favored by thegarden builders of the Roman villas were replaced by garden walls and scenic views paintedon the inside of these walls. The concept of the heavenly paradise was an enclosed gardengained popularity during that time and especially after the iconoclastic period (7th century)with the emphasis it placed on divine punishment and repentance.

An area of horticulture that flourished throughout the long history of Byzantium was that practiced by monasteries. Although archaeological evidence has provided limited evidence of monastic horticulture, a great deal can be learned by studying the foundation documents

(, typikon ) of the numerous Christian monasteries as well as the biographies of saintsdescribing their gardening activities. From these sources we learn that monasteriesmaintained gardens outside their walls and watered them with complex irrigation systems fed

by springs or rainwater. These gardens contained vineyards, broadleaf vegetables, and fruittrees for the sustenance of monks and pilgrims alike. The role of the gardener was frequentlyassumed by monks as an act of humility. Monastic horticultural practices established at thattime are still in use in Christian monasteries throughout Greece and the Middle East.

[edit ] Chinese and Japanese gardensFurther information: Zen garden and Chinese garden

Rock sculpture from the 'Lingering Garden' of Suzhou , China

Both Chinese and Japanese garden design traditionally is intended to evoke the naturallandscape of mountains and rivers. However, the intended viewpoint of the gardens differs:Chinese gardens were intended to be viewed from within the garden and are intended as asetting for everyday life. Japanese gardens, with a few exceptions, were intended to beviewed from within the house, sort of like a diorama . Additionally, Chinese gardens moreoften included a water feature, while Japanese gardens, set in a wetter climate, would oftenget by with the suggestion of water. (Such as sand or pebbles raked into a wave pattern.)Traditional Chinese gardens are also more likely to treat the plants in a naturalistic way,while traditional Japanese gardens might feature plants sheared into mountain shapes. Thiscontrasts with the handling of stone elements: in a Japanese garden, stones are placed ingroupings as part of the landscape, but in a Chinese garden, a particularly choice stone mighteven be placed on a pedestal in a prominent location so that it might be more easilyappreciated.

[edit ] Chinese scholar gardens
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The style of Chinese garden varies among economic groups and differs by dynasties. Rocks,water, bridges and pavilions are among the most common features of scholar gardens for thewealthy classes, while courtyards, wells, and terra cotta fish tanks are common amonggeneral population. Other features such as moon gates and leaky windows (openwork screensthat pierce surrounding walls) are seen in both groups.

There are two ways of looking at the signature design characteristics of the Chinese garden:first, the concept of Yin and Yang and second, the myths of longevity that arose during theQin Dynasty.

The philosophy of Yin and Yang portrays the idea of balance and harmony. The Chinesegarden expresses the relationship to nature and the idea of balance through the art of mimicking natural setting, thus the existence of mountains, rocks, water, and wind elements.Yin and Yang juxtapose complementary opposites: as hard as rock can be, the softness of water can dissolve it. Tai Hu rocks, limestone eroded by the water of Lake Tai, are thequintessential example. Water, air and light run through the rock as it sit still on display. Theleaky windows of the Chinese garden wall portray both steadiness and movement. Thewindows create a solid painting on walls, however that steadiness changes once the wind

blows or the eyes move.

Chinese gardens structure is based upon the cultures creation myth, rooted in rocks andwater. To have longevity is to live among mountains and water; it is to live with nature, tolive like an immortal being (Xian). The garden evokes a healthy lifestyle that makes oneimmortal, free from the problems of civilization. Thus, Chinese landscape is known as Shan(mountain) and Shui (water). (Add Rogers citation).

Symbolism is a key element of Chinese garden design. To the earthy tones of the Chinesegarden, a touch of red or gold is often added to bring forth the Yin/Yang contrast. The colorsred and gold also represent luck and wealth. Bats, dragons and other mystic creatures carvedon wooden doors are also commonly found in Chinese gardens; these are signs of luck and

protection.Circles portray togetherness, especially for family members, and are depicted in moon gates and round tables placed within square backgrounds. The moon gate and other whimsicaldoorways also act to frame views and to force the viewer to pause for a transition into a newspace.

Paths in Chinese gardens are often uneven and sometimes consciously zigzag. These pathsare like the passages of a human life. There is always something new or different when seenfrom a different angle, while the future is unknown and unpredictable.

[edit ] European gardens: MedievalMain article: Medieval gardening

Monasteries carried on a tradition of garden design and intense horticultural techniquesduring the medieval period in Europe. Rather than any one particular horticultural techniqueemployed, it is the variety of different purposes the monasteries had for their gardens thatserves as testament to their sophistication. As for gardening practices, records are limited, andthere are no extant monastic gardens that are entirely true to original form. There are,however, records and plans that indicate the types of garden a monastery might have had,such as those for St. Gall in Switzerland.

Generally, monastic garden types consisted of kitchen gardens, infirmary gardens, cemeteryorchards, cloister garths and vineyards. Individual monasteries might also have had a greencourt, a plot of grass and trees where horses could graze, as well as a cellarers garden or

private gardens for obedientiaries, monks who held specific posts within the monastery.
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From a utilitarian standpoint, vegetable and herb gardens helped provide both alimentary andmedicinal crops, which could be used to feed or treat the monks and, in some cases, theoutside community. As detailed in the plans for St. Gall, these gardens were laid out inrectangular plots, with narrow paths between them to facilitate collection of yields. Oftenthese beds were surrounded with wattle fencing to prevent animals from entry. In the kitchen

gardens, fennel, cabbage, onion, garlic, leeks, radishes, and parnips might be grown, as wellas peas, lentils and beans if space allowed for them. The infirmary gardens could containsavory, costmary, fenugreek, rosemary, peppermint, rue, iris, sage, bergamot, mint, lovage,fennel and cumin, amongst other herbs.

The herb and vegetable gardens served a purpose beyond that of production, and that was thattheir installation and maintenance allowed the monks to fulfill the manual labor componentof the religious way of life prescribed by Rule of St. Benedict .

Orchards also served as sites for food production and as arenas for manual labor, andcemetery orchards, such as that detailed in the plan for St. Gall, showed yet more versatility.The cemetery orchard not only produced fruit , but manifested as a natural symbol of thegarden of Paradise. This bi-fold concept of the garden as a space that met both physical andspiritual needs was carried over to the cloister garth.

The cloister garth , a claustrum consisting of the viridarium, a rectangular plot of grasssurrounded by peristyle arcades, was barred to the laity, and served primarily as a place of retreat, a locus of the vita contempliva [1]. The viridarium was often bisected or quartered by

paths, and often featured a roofed fountain at the center or side of the garth that served as a primary source for wash water and for irrigation, meeting yet more physical needs. Somecloister gardens contained small fish ponds as well, another source of food for thecommunity. The arcades were used for teaching, sitting and meditating, or for exercise ininclement weather.

There is much conjecture as to ways in which the garth served as a spiritual aid. Umberto Eco

describes the green swath as a sort of balm on which a monk might rest weary eyes, so as toreturn to reading with renewed vigor [2]. Some scholars suggest that, though sparsely planted,

plant materials found in the cloister garth might have inspired various religious visions [3].This tendency to imbue the garden with symbolic values was not inherent to the religiousorders alone, but was a feature of medieval culture in general. The square closter garth wasmeant to represent the four points of the compass, and so the universe as a whole. As Turner

puts it,

Augustine inspired medieval garden makers to abjure earthliness and look upward for divineinspiration. A perfect square with a round pool and a pentagonal fountain became amicrocosm, illuminating the mathematical order and divine grace of the macrocosm (theuniverse).[4]

Walking around the cloister while meditating was a way of devoting oneself to the path of life [5]; indeed, each of the monastic gardens was imbued with symbolic as well as palpablevalue, testifying to the ingenuity of its creators.

In the later Middle Ages, texts, art and literary works provide a picture of developments ingarden design. During the late 12th through 15th centuries, European cities were walled for internal defense and to control trade. Though space within these walls was limited, survivingdocuments show that there were animals, fruit trees and kitchen gardens inside the city limits.

Pietro Crescenzi , a Bolognese lawyer, wrote twelve volumes on the practical aspects of farming in the 13th century and they offer a description of medieval gardening practices.From his text we know that gardens were surrounded with stonewalls, thick hedging or
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fencing and incorporated trellises and arbors. They borrowed their form from the square or rectangular shape of the cloister and included square planting beds.

Grass was also first noted in the medieval garden. In the De Vegetabilibus of AlbertusMagnus written around 1260, instructions are given for planting grass plots. Raised bankscovered in turf called Turf Seats were constructed to provide seating in the garden. Fruittrees were prevalent and often grafted to produce new varieties of fruit. Gardens included araised mound or mount to serve as a stage for viewing and planting beds were customarilyelevated on raised platforms.

Two works from the late Middle Ages discuss plant cultivation. In the English poem TheFeate of Gardinage by Jon Gardener and the general household advice given in Le Mnagier de Paris of 1393, a variety of herbs, flowers, fruit trees and bushes were listed withinstructions on their cultivation. The Menagier provides advice by season on sowing, plantingand grafting. The most sophisticated gardening during the Middle Ages was done at themonasteries. Monks developed horticultural techniques, and cultivated herbs, fruits andvegetables. Using the medicinal herbs they grew, monks treated those suffering inside themonastery and in surrounding communities.

During the Middle Ages, gardens were thought to unite the earthly with the divine. Theenclosed garden as an allegory for paradise or a lost Eden was termed the HortusConclusus . Freighted with religious and spiritual significance, enclosed gardens were oftendepicted in the visual arts, picturing the Virgin Mary, a fountain, a unicorn and roses insidean enclosed area.

Though Medieval gardens lacked many of the features of the Renaissance gardens thatfollowed them, some of the characteristics of these gardens continue to be incorporatedtoday.

[edit ] European gardens: Italian Renaissance

See Italian Renaissance garden The Italian Renaissance inspired a revolution in gardening. Renaissance gardens were

full of scenes from ancient mythology and other learned allusions. Water during thistime was especially symbolic: it was associated with fertility and the abundance of nature.

Terraced Italian garden of the Renaissance.

The Medici Villa Petraia, near Florence, laid out by Niccol Tribolo , epitomizes the Italiangarden of the early Renaissance, before the grander architectural schemes of the 16th century

Gardens of the French Renaissance

[edit ] European gardens: French Baroque
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Portrait of Andr Le Ntre (12 March 1613-15 September 1700) by Carlo Maratta

Further Information: See Garden la franaise The Garden la franaise , or Baroque French gardens, of Andr Le Ntre his and

followers.

The French Classical garden style, or Garden la franaise , climaxed during the reign of Louis XIV of France (1638-1715) and his head gardener of Versailles , Andr Le Ntre(1613-1700). The inspiration for these gardens initially came from the Italian Renaissancegarden of the 14th and 15th centuries and ideas of French philosopher Rene Descartes(1576-1650). At this time the French opened the garden up to enormous proportions

compared to their Italian predecessor. Their gardens epitomize man dominating andmanipulating nature to show his authority, wealth, and power. [6]

Rene Descartes, the founder of analytical geometry, believed that the natural world wasobjectively measurable and that space is infinitely divisible. His belief that all movement isa straight line therefore space is a universal grid of mathematical coordinates and everythingcan be located on its infinitely extendable planes gave us Cartesian mathematics. Throughthe classical French gardens this coordinate system and philosophy is now given a physicaland visual representation [7].

This formal and symmetrical garden style placed the house centrally on an enormous andmainly flat property. A large central axis that gets narrower further from the main house,forces the viewers perspective to the horizon line, making the property look even larger. Theviewer is to see the property as a cohesive whole but at the same time is unable to see all thecomponents of the garden. One is to be led through a logical progression or story and besurprised by elements that arent visible until approached. There is an allegorical storyreferring to the owner through statues and water features which have mythologicalreferences. There are small, almost imperceptible grade changes that help conceal the gardenssurprises as well as elongate the gardens views. [8]

These grand gardens have organized spaces meant to be elaborate stages for entertainingguests or the court with plays, concerts and fireworks displays. The following list of gardenfeatures were used:

Alle Axis
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Bosquet Canal Cul de sac Fountains Grottos with rocaille Orangerie Parterre de broderie Patte doie (Goose foot) Tapis Vert Topiary

See also: Garden la franaise ;

[edit ] European gardens: Anglo-Dutch gardens Anglo-Dutch formal gardens

[edit ] Landscape gardens English landscape garden and its imitators, called ' English gardens .' French landscape garden

[edit ] Romantic gardens

[edit ] Picturesque gardens

The picturesque garden style emerged in England in the 18th century, one of the growingcurrents of the larger Romantic movement . Garden designers like William Kent andCapability Brown emulated the allegorical landscape paintings of European artists, especiallyClaude Lorraine , Poussin and Salvator Rosa . The manicured hills, lakes and trees dotted withallegorical temples were sculpted into the land.

By the 1790s there was a reaction against these stereotypical compositions; a number of thinkers began to promote the idea of picturesque gardens. The leader of the movement waslandscape theorist William Gilpin , an accomplished artist known for his realistic depictionsof Nature. He preferred the natural landscape over the manicured and urged designers torespond to the topography of a given site. He also noted that while classical beauty wasassociated with the smooth and neat, picturesque beauty had a wilder, untamed quality. The

picturesque style also incorporated architectural follies--castles, Gothic ruins, rusticcottages--built to add interest and depth to the landscape

Controversy between the picturesque school and proponents of the more manicured gardenraged well into the 19th century. Landscape designer Humphrey Repton supported Gilpin'sideas, particularly that of the garden harmonizing with surrounding landforms. He wasattacked in the press by two rival theorists, Richard Payne Knight and Uvedale Price . Reptoncountered by highlighting the differences between painting and landscape gardening. Unlikea painting, the viewer moves through a garden, constantly shifting viewpoints.

The French landscape garden , also called the jardin anglais , was influenced by, yet separatefrom contemporary English gardens. Rococo features like Turkish tents and Chinese bridgesare prevalent in French gardens in the 18th century. The French Picturesque garden style fallsinto two categories: those that were staged, almost like theatrical scenery, usually rustic andexotic, called jardin anglo-chinois , and those filled with pastoral romance and bucolic

sentiment, influenced by Jean-Jacques Rousseau . The former style is represented by the ParcMonceau , the latter by the Moulin Jolie .
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The rusticity found in French Picturesque gardens is also derived from an admiration of Dutch 17th century landscape painting and works of French 18th century artists Claude-HenriWatelet , Francois Boucher and Hubert Robert .[9]

[edit ] 'Gardenesque' gardens

The 'Gardenesque' style of English garden design evolved during the 1820s from HumphryRepton's Picturesque or 'Mixed' style, largely under the impetus of J. C. Loudon , whoinvented the term.

In a Gardenesque plan, all the trees, shrubs and other plants are positioned and managed insuch a way that the character of each plant can be displayed to its full potential. With thespread of botany as a suitable avocation for the enlightened, the Gardenesque tended toemphasize botanical curiosities and a collector's approach. New plant material that wouldhave seemed bizarre and alien in earlier gardening found settings: Pampas grass fromArgentina and Monkey-puzzle trees. Winding paths linked scattered plantings. TheGardenesque approach involved the creation of small-scale landscapes, dotted with featuresand vignettes, to promote beauty of detail, variety and mystery, sometimes to the detriment of

coherence. Artificial mounds helped to stage groupings of shrubs, and island beds became prominent features.

[edit ] Pattern gardens: revived parterres

[edit ] "Wild" gardens and herbaceous borders

The books of William Robinson describing his own "wild" gardening at Gravetye Manor,Sussex, and the sentimental picture of a rosy, idealized "cottage garden" of the kind pictured

by Kate Greenaway , which had scarcely existed historically, both influenced the developmentof the mixed herbaceous borders that were advocated by Gertrude Jekyll from the 1890s. Her

plantings, which mixed shrubs with perennial and annual plants and bulbs in deep bedswithin more formal structures of terraces and stairs designed by Edwin Lutyens , set the

model for high-style, high-maintenance gardening until the Second World War. VitaSackville-West 's garden at Sissinghurst Castle , Kent is the most famous and influentialgarden of this last blossoming of romantic style, publicized by the gardener's own gardeningcolumn in The Observer . In the last quarter of the 20th century, less structured Wildlifegardening emphasized the ecological framework of similar gardens using native plants.

[edit ] Modern gardens Romantic idealized English cottage garden . Contemporary gardens.

In the twentieth century, modern garden design became important as architects began todesign buildings and residences with an eye toward innovation, problem solving andstreamlining the formalized Beaux Arts style , removing unnecessary embellishment. Gardendesign inspired by modern architecture naturally followed in the same philosophy of formfollowing function.

Garrett Eckbo ,James Rose , and Dan Kiley the "bad boys of Harvard" who met while studyingtraditional landscape architecture became notable pioneers in the design of modern gardens.As Harvard embraced modern design in their school of architecture, the boys too wanted toincorporate those same ideas in landscape design. They became interested in developingfunctional space for outdoor living with designs echoing natural surroundings. Moderngardens feature a fresh mix of curved and linier designs and many include abstract art ingeometrics and sculpture. Spaces are defined with the thoughtful placement of trees and

plantings. A kidney-shape pool, introduced by Thomas Church in 1948 became a hallmark of modern outdoor living.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Henri_Watelethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Henri_Watelethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Henri_Watelethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Boucherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Boucherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Roberthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Loudonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Island_beds&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robinson_(gardener)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Greenawayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Greenawayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Jekyllhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Jekyllhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Lutyenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Lutyenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_Sackville-Westhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_Sackville-Westhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_Sackville-Westhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sissinghurst_Castle_Gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sissinghurst_Castle_Gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_gardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_gardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_Eckbohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Henri_Watelethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Henri_Watelethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Boucherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Roberthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Loudonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Island_beds&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robinson_(gardener)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Greenawayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Jekyllhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Lutyenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_Sackville-Westhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_Sackville-Westhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sissinghurst_Castle_Gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_gardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_gardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_Eckbohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Church


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Frank Lloyd Wright also demonstrated his interpretation for the modern garden by designinghomes in complete harmony with natural surroundings. Taliesin and Fallingwater are bothexamples of careful placement of architecture in nature so the relationship between theresidence and surroundings become seamless.

[edit ] Historic gardenersThe following names, roughly in historical order, made contributions that affected the historyof gardens, whether as botanist explorers, designers, garden-makers, or writers. Further information on them will be found under their individual entries.

Theophrastus Lucullus Tiberius Pliny the Elder Pliny the Younger John Tradescant the elder and his son of the same name Carolus Clusius Andre le Ntre Thomas Hill John Evelyn George London Henry Wise William Kent

Lancelot "Capability" Brown Humphry Repton Andrew Jackson Downing Frederick Law Olmsted George Loddiges Giovanni Baptista Ferrari John Loudon Hotsukimaru

Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell Peter Joseph Lenn Joseph Paxton Thomas Jefferson William Robinson (gardener) Gertrude Jekyll Constance Villiers-Stuart Lawrence Johnston

Edwin Lutyens Vita Sackville-West
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliesinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliesinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliesinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallingwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallingwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallingwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophrastushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucullushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Youngerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tradescant_the_elderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tradescant_the_youngerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Clusiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_le_N%C3%B4trehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Evelynhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_London_(landscape_architect)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wise_(gardener)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capability_Brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Reptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Downinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmstedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loddigeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Baptista_Ferrarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Loudonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotsukimaru&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_von_Sckellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Joseph_Lenn%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Paxtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jeffersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robinson_(gardener)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Jekyllhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Villiers-Stuarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Johnstonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Lutyenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_Sackville-Westhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliesinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallingwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophrastushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucullushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Youngerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tradescant_the_elderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tradescant_the_youngerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Clusiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_le_N%C3%B4trehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Evelynhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_London_(landscape_architect)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wise_(gardener)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capability_Brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Reptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Downinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmstedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loddigeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Baptista_Ferrarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Loudonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotsukimaru&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_von_Sckellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Joseph_Lenn%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Paxtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jeffersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robinson_(gardener)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Jekyllhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Villiers-Stuarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Johnstonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Lutyenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_Sackville-West


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Claude Monet Russell Page Luis Barragan Gustav Ammann Lawrence Halprin Roberto Burle Marx Xavier de Winthuysen Nicolau Mara Rubi i Tudur Sylvia Crowe Gerard Cioek (1909-1966) Masanobu Fukuoka Ihei Masatake Ihei Sannojo

[edit ] Notable historic gardens

The Italian garden at Powerscourt Estate in County Wicklow , Ireland .

[edit ] China Gardens of Suzhou Summer Palace Beihai Park Yuyuan Garden Prince Gong Mansion

[edit ] England
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Barraganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Ammannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Halprinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Burle_Marxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Crowehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Antoni_Cio%C5%82ekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masanobu_Fukuokahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ihei_Masatake&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ihei_Sannojo&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerscourt_Estatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerscourt_Estatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Wicklowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzhouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beihai_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuyuan_Gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Gong_Mansionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Powerscourt_-_edit3.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Powerscourt_-_edit3.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Barraganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Ammannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Halprinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Burle_Marxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Crowehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Antoni_Cio%C5%82ekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masanobu_Fukuokahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ihei_Masatake&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ihei_Sannojo&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerscourt_Estatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Wicklowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzhouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beihai_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuyuan_Gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Gong_Mansionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=24


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Topiary birds at Hidcote Manor Garden .

Temple of Venus at Stowe Gardens Blenheim Palace Chatsworth Fountains Abbey Hidcote Manor Garden Lost Gardens of Heligan Sissinghurst Castle Stourhead Stowe House

[edit ] France Chateau Fontainebleau Marly-le-Roi Chateau Villandry
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidcote_Manor_Gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blenheim_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountains_Abbeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidcote_Manor_Gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Gardens_of_Heliganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sissinghurst_Castlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stourheadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stowe_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateau_Fontainebleauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateau_of_Marlyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateau_Villandryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bridge_Stowe_Landscape_Gardens_BY_ROBERT_KILPIN.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bridge_Stowe_Landscape_Gardens_BY_ROBERT_KILPIN.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hidcote_Manor.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hidcote_Manor.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidcote_Manor_Gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blenheim_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountains_Abbeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidcote_Manor_Gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Gardens_of_Heliganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sissinghurst_Castlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stourheadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stowe_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateau_Fontainebleauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateau_of_Marlyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateau_Villandry


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Ermenonville Giverny Versailles Vaux-le-Vicomte

[edit ] India Shalimar Gardens (Jammu and Kashmir ) Vrindavan Garden (Mysore ) Mughal Garden (Rashtrapati Bhavan , Delhi )

[edit ] Iraq Hanging Gardens of Babylon

[edit ] Ireland Historic Cork Gardens Powerscourt Gardens Mount Usher Gardens

[edit ] Italy Bomarzo Hadrian's Villa Villa d'Este Hadrian's Villa Reggia di Caserta Boboli Gardens

[edit ] Japan Daisen-in

[edit ] Netherlands Het Loo

[edit ] Pakistan Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)

[edit ] Poland Arkadia Baranw Sandomierski Krasiczyn azienki Park , Warsaw Muskauer Park Nieborw Saxon Garden , Warsaw Wilanw

[edit ] Russia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermenonvillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Givernyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_of_Versailleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaux-le-Vicomtehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Gardenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vrindavan_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mughal_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrapati_Bhavanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Cork_Gardenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerscourt_Gardenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Usher_Gardens&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomarzohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian's_Villahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_d'Estehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian's_Villahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggia_di_Casertahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boboli_Gardenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisen-inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het_Loohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens_(Lahore)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkadiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baran%C3%B3w_Sandomierskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasiczynhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81azienki_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskauer_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niebor%C3%B3whttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_Gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_Gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilanow_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermenonvillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Givernyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_of_Versailleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaux-le-Vicomtehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Gardenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vrindavan_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mughal_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrapati_Bhavanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Cork_Gardenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerscourt_Gardenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Usher_Gardens&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomarzohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian's_Villahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_d'Estehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian's_Villahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggia_di_Casertahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boboli_Gardenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisen-inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het_Loohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens_(Lahore)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkadiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baran%C3%B3w_Sandomierskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasiczynhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81azienki_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskauer_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niebor%C3%B3whttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_Gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilanow_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=34


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19/22

La Alhambra Reales Alczares de Sevilla Monforte Laberinto de Horta Real Jardn Botnico de Madrid El Capricho de la Alameda de Osuna La Concepcin El Retiro Fbrica de Paos de Brihuega Pazo de Oca

[edit ] Ukraine Sofiwka , Ukraine

[edit ] United States Central Park , New York City Dumbarton Oaks

[edit ] See also

Gardening portal

Garden design Landscape architecture Landscape Institute Museum of Garden History Australian Garden History Society

[edit ] References[edit ] Notes

1. ^ (Stokstad and Stannard 56)2. ^ (Turner 123)

3. ^ (Hindsley 8)4. ^ (Turner 115)5. ^ (Hindsley 8)6. ^ (Rogers, 165-167)7. ^ (Rogers, 166)8. ^ (Rogers, 169-179)9. ^ Rogers, Elizabeth Barlow. Landscape Design . New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2001.

[edit ] Bibliography

Amirsadeghi, Hossein, editor. The Arts of Persia . New Haven: Yale University Press,1989.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Alhambra&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=36http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sofi%C3%B3wka&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_Oakshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Gardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Garden_Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Garden_History_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=39http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=40http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portal.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Alhambra&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=36http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sofi%C3%B3wka&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_Oakshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Gardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Garden_Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Garden_History_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=39http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=40http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gardening&action=edit&section=41


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Brooke, Christopher Nugent Lawrence. The Age of the Cloister: The Story of Monastic Life in the Middle Ages . New Jersey: Hidden Spring, 2003.

Gerard Ciolek. Ogrody polskie (Gardens of Poland). Revised edition of the 1954 publication under the same title, updated and expanded by Janusz Bogdanowski.Warszawa: Arkady

Carroll, Maureen. Earthly Paradises: Ancient Gardens in History and Archaeology.London: British Museum Press, 1986.

Hindsley, Leonard Patrick. The Mystics of Engelthal: Writings from a Medieval Monastery . New York: St. Martins Press, 1998.

Khansari, Mehdi et al. The Persian Garden, Echoes of Paradise. Washington, DC:Mage Publishing, 1998.

Lawrence, C.H. Medieval Monasticism : Forms of Religious Life in Western Europein the Middle Ages . New York: Longman, 2001.

Littlewood, Anthony, Henry Maguire, and Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn. Byzantine

Garden Culture . Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2002. Rogers, Elizabeth Barlow, Landscape Design: A Cultural and Architectural History .

New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 2001. Stockstad, Marilyn and Jerry Stannard. Gardens of the Middle Ages . Kansas:

University of Kansas, 1983. Taylor, Patrick, The Oxford Companion to the Garden . Oxford: Oxford University

Press, 2006. Thacker, Christopher, The History of Gardens . California, University of California

Press, 1979.

Threlfall-Homes, Miranda. Monks and Markets: Durham Cathedral Priory 1460-1520 , Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Turner, Tom. Garden History, Philosophy and Design, 2000 BC2000 AD. New

York: Spon Press, 2005.

[edit ] External links Gardening History Timeline Horticulture in Ancient Egypt Gardens of Tuscany Gardens and Landscape Design Leicestershire & Rutland Gardens Trust History of Horticulture

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