histologic structure of female genital system
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
The Histology of Female Genital System
Medical Faculty of Udayana University 2008
I Wayan Sugiritamahttp://medical-histology.blogspot.com
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
HISTOLOGY OF FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM
Ovaries
Follicle Growth
Oviducts
Uterus
Menstrual Cycle
Vagina
Placenta
Breast
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
Overview
• Internal Genetalia :– Paired of Ovaries– Paired of Oviduct– Uterus– Vagina
• External Genetalia:– Labia Majora– Labia Minora– Clitoris
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
OVARIES
GERMINAL EPITH. Simple Sq.-cuboid Epith.
TUNICA ALBUGINEA Dense connective
tissue whitish color
CORTEX– Stroma that houses
ovarian follicles in various stages of development
MEDULLA– Loose C. Tissue
containing vascular bed and nervous
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
OVARIAN CYCLE
Three phases of ovarian cycle :• Follicular phase
– Development of primordial F.Mature F.– Folicular phase of endometrium
• Ovulatory phase– Release of oocyte from mature F. and capture
by oviducts
• Luteal phase– Residual follicular cell folds and becomes part of
Corpus Luteum (C.L.)– Secretion/luteal phase of endometrium
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
FOLLICULAR GROWTH (Follicular phase)
PRIMORDIAL F.(formed during fetal life)
Follicular Growth
PUBERTY
Modification of :•Oocyte•Granulosa cells•Stromal fibroblast
WHAT IS OVARIAN FOLLICLES? :•An oocyte•Follicular/ granulosa cells
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
FOLLICULAR GROWTH (Follicular phase)
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
FOLLICULAR GROWTH (Follicular phase)
1. PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE :A. primary oocyte
• Arrested in prophase stage of MI
• ~ 25 µm in diameter
B. follicular cells• single layer of flattened cells• Attach by desmosomes
Start at puberty, small groups of primordial F. stimulated by FSH begins the follicular growth primary F. Secondary F. Graafian F.
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
FOLLICULAR GROWTH (Follicular phase)
2. PRIMARY FOLLICLEA. primary oocyte
• growth to 125-150 m diam.
B. follicular cells• cuboidal cells• 1 to many layers
Zona pellucida separate oocyte from F.C
C. Stromal cells• Theca interna • Theca externa
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
FOLLICULAR GROWTH (Follicular phase)
3. SECONDARY FOLLICLEA. primary oocyte
• 125-150 m diam.
B. follicular cells• cuboidal cells, many layers • Liquor folliculiAntrum • Cumulus oophorus• Corona radiata
C. Stromal cells• Theca interna ~steroid
producing cells• Theca externa
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
FOLLICULAR GROWTH (Follicular phase)
4.GRAAFIAN FOLLICLEA. Primary oocyteB. Follicular cells
• Continued growth 2.5 cm in diameter
• Continues formation of liquor foliculi oocyte floating
During each menstrual cycle,Only one follicle growth
Becomes Dominant F.The other enter ATRESIA
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
OVARIAN CYCLE
Three phases of ovarian cycle :• Follicular phase
– Development of primordial F.Mature F.
• Ovulatory phase– Release of oocyte from mature F. and
capture by oviducts
• Luteal phase– Residual follicular cell folds and becomes
part of Corpus Luteum (C.L.)
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
OVULATION PHASE
Day 14 of menstrual Cycle• LH surge• Rupture the wall of G.F
– PG, Histamine,Collagenases– Hyaluronic acid
• Complete the 1st meiosis• Release of secondary oocyte
(arrest in metaphase II) with corona radiata
• Received the oocyte by fimbriae
fertilization usually in oviductmale & female pronuclei fuse = zygote
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
OVARIAN CYCLE
Three phases of ovarian cycle :• Follicular phase
– Development of primordial F.Mature F.
• Ovulatory phase– Release of oocyte from mature F. and
capture by oviducts
• Luteal phase– Residual follicular cell folds and becomes
part of Corpus Luteum (C.L.)
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
CORPUS LUTEUM/C.L. (LUTEAL PHASE )
AFTER OVULATION : remainder of graafian
follicle collapse & folded Blood flow into follicular cavity
clot + invaded by C.T. phagocytes central part C.L.
Granulosa cellgranulosa-lutein cells
Theca interna cells theca-lutein cells
C.L produce estrogen & progesteron
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
FATE OF CORPUS LUTEUM ??DEPEND ON WHETHER PREGNANCY IS ESTBALISH OR NOT :
• If the pregnancy does not occur C.L. degenerate CORPUS ALBICANS
• If pregnancy occur hCG maintains C.L C.L. of pregnancy secrete hormone maintain pregnancy
C.L. Gravidarum
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
CORPUS ALBICANS
• C.L of menstruation is invaded by fibroblasts fibrotic.
• Its remnant undergo luteolysis
• Fibrous connective tissue corpus albicans
• Persist as the scar on the surface of ovary
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
OVIDUCTS (Fallopian Tubes)
The walls composed of :• Mucosa layer
– Lines by simple column. Epith.– Lamina propia– Charaterized by longitudinal folds
• Muscularis layer– Inner circular and outer
longitudinal layers of smooth muscle
• Serosa layer– Simple sq. epithelium
The oviducts is the site of fertilization & early
cleavage of the zygote
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
Oviducts (Fallopian Tubes)
Two types epith. Cell :• Non ciliated peg cells
– No cilia– Secretory :
• Nutritive & protective for oocyte
• capacitation of sperm.
• Ciliated cells– Cilia beat toward the
uterus
Peristaltic contraction + ciliary activity + fluid move oocyte/
zygote toward the uterus
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
UTERUS
The Walls of uterus :• Endometrium• Myometrium• Serosa/adventitia
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
Uterus (Endometrium)
• Epithelium : – simple columnar epith.
• ciliated cells• secretory cells
• lamina propria – loose CT, rich in
fibroblast, reticular fiber– uterine glands (simple
tubular)
The microscopic structure ofThe endometrium change during
Menstrual cycle
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
Uterus (Endometrium)
Two layers (zone) :• Functionalis
– Thick, superficial (surface epith., lam. prop., & gland)
– Rich capillary network (coiled arteries)
– Sloughed at menstruation
• Basalis– Deep, narow (lam. prop., &
gland)
– straight arteries– Regenerate functionalis
layer each mentrual cycle
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
Uterus (Myometrium)
Thickest layer of uterus Composed of three layers of smooth muscle:
– inner longitudinal– middle circular (strat.Vasculature) – outer longitudinal
The size & number of muscle cells are related to estrogen levels
Pregnancy : hyperplasia & hypertrophy
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
Menstrual Cycle
• Under stimulus of estr. & progest. endometrium undergo cyclic structure modification
Proliferatifsecretionmentruationproliferatif• Duration = 28 days• Puberty menopause
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
Proliferative/follicular phase (days 5-14)
• After menstrual phase• Coincides with ovarian follicles
development (estrog.)• Regeneration of endometr.
day 14, fully restored– surface epithelium– lamina propria– coiled arteries– uterine glands : simple
columnar epithel, straight tubule, narrow lumens.
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
Secretory / Luteal phase (days 15-28)
• Begins after ovulation• Depends on C.L. Secretions
(progest) Uterine glands: coiled &
branched, accumulation of glycogendilate the lumen
• Thickening of functionalis (edema and secretory product)
• Prepared to receive zygote
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
Menstrual phase (days 1-4)
• When no fertilization C.L. degenerates drop in
progest. & est.• coiled arteries constrict
ischemia & necrosis of Functionalis layer
• Rupture of arteries hemorrhagic
• Shedding of functional layer,
• basal layer remain viable restore functional layer
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
ENDOMETRIAL CYCLE
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
PLACENTA
• Temporary organ as the site of physiologic exchanges between mother and fetus
• also as an endocrine organ• Consist of :
– Fetal part :• Chorionic villi arise from
chorionic plate• Connective tissue
surrounded by syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
– Maternal part :• Decidua basalis form
lacunae
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
PLACENTA
Placental barrier :a) trophoblast layersb) basal lamina of Trophoblasta) Mesenchymeb) basal lamina of capillariesa) endothelium of fetal capillary
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
CERVIX
• Epithel :– Lumen : mucus-secreting simple columnar
epith.– External surface : stratified sq. nonkeratinized
epith.
• Wall : – dense, collagenous cont. tissue
• Cervical glands regulates by progesteron– Serous/watery fluid : around the time of
ovulation– viscous/mucus : at pregnancy/luteal phase of
menstruation
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
VAGINA
Vagina consist of three layers :• Mucosa
– Strat. Sq. Nonkeratinized Epit.(>> glycogen)
– Lamina propria : loose fibroelastic C.T. , rich vascular.
– No glands ; vaginal fluid comes from transudation & cervical glands
• Muscularis– Smooth muscle, inner circular &
outer longitudinal
• Adventitia– Dense fibroelastic C.T
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
EXTERNAL GENETALIA
• Labia majora– Structure ~ skin – Rich adipose tissue – Sweat & sebaceous glands
• Labia minora– Spongy C.T. with elastic fiber– >> blood vesel & nerve ending– sebaceous glands
• Clitoris– Strat. Sq. epithelium– Two erectil bodies (blood
vessels, sensory nerve)
• Glands – Glands of Bartholin : mucus – Minor vestibular glands
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.
Mammary Glands• Organs of milk production • Consist of 15-25 lobes of comp.
tubuloalveolar gland• Excretory lactiferous duct • Dense C.T. & adipose tissue
separate the lobes
• Histologic structure varies according to :– Age– Physiologic status
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University. Figure 28.23a-c
The Mammary Glands
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Medical Faculty of Udayana University.