HILUS

G R E A T E S T TH I N

G I N T

H E WO R L D !

HILUSSmall area where the renal artery and nerves enter, and the

renal vein and ureter exit the kidney.

LOCATION Concave, medial side of the kidney Opens into the renal sinus

PROBLEMS THAT CAN OCCUR Renal artery rips and blood flows into the bladder.

CONCENTRATION OF

URINE

B Y : GR A N T A

N D XA N D E R

URINE CONCENTRATION MECHANISMEnters through the Bowman Capsule.65% of water and NaCl is reabsorbedTravels down to Loop of Henle15% of water is absorbedTravels back up the Loop of Henle, Water is not

permeable here. 25% of NaCl is reabsorbed. Travels in to Distal convoluted tubules.Water and NaCl is reabsorbed in the collecting ducts.

The Remaining water and NaCl moves to the tip of renal pyramid.

19% of water is and 10% of NaCl reabsorbed.Last 1% remains as concentrated urine.

CONT.

TUBULAR SECRETIO

N

By: Matt Faccenda & Jake Mauch

DEFINITION • The movement of non-filtered

substances, not normally produced by the body, from the blood into the filtrate.

• 1 of the major processes of urine formation

FUNCTION • Regulates Body fluid pH• Solutes are secreted across the wall of the

nephron into the filtrate • Occurs when the nephron cells transport solutes

from the blood into the filtrate

SECRETION Secretes: 1. Hydrogen2. dopamine3. Epinephrine4. Morphine5. Potassium6. Ammonia

Secreted by Active and Passive Transport

MOVEMENT• Solutes move from Capillaries to the

Nephron through both active and passive transfer

• Active means active transport through direct physical movement

• Passive transfer is through diffusion

URINARY BLADDER

J A ME S K I A I

C OL L I N

V E L DM

A N

FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE Hollow, Muscular Container that lies in the Pelvic Cavity just

posterior to the symphysis pubis.Acts like a reservoir for urine until it can be eliminated quickly

at an appropriate time and place. The walls of the Urinary Bladder are lined with Transitional

Epithelium, which is surrounded by a connective tissue layer (Lamina Propria), smooth muscle layers and a fibrous adventitia.

Elimination of urine from the Urinary Bladder is called MICTURITION.

LOCATIONMALES Urinary Bladder is just anterior to the rectumFEMALES It is located just anterior to the Vagina and inferior and anterior to the

Uterus.

OTHER INFOWhen no urine is present in the urinary bladder, internal

pressure is about 0mm Hg. Pressure continues to rise as volume increases

Urinary Bladder was built to withstand a large volume of fluid, up to 1 L of fluid.

In order to make sure urine does not backflow into the ureter, the urinary bladder will compress.

THE KIDNEYS

B Y : TO N Y R

O M O & M

A T T BO W E R

FACTS & LOCATIONThe Kidneys are bean-shapedThey are the each about the size of a tightly clenched fist.Location: they lie behind the peritoneum on the posterior

abdominal wall on each side of the vertebral column near the lateral borders of the psoas major muscles.

FUNCTION OF KIDNEYSThe functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.The primary function of the kidney is regulation of body fluid

composition The kidney is the organ that sorts the chemicals from the blood

for either removal in the urine or return to the blood. Chemicals that are waste products, toxins, and excess

materials are permanently removed from the body

PARTS TO THE KIDNEYThe kidneys are organized into two major regions: an outer

cortex and an inner medulla surrounding the renal sinus.The medulla is composed of cone-shaped structures called

renal pyramids

DISEASES Kidney StonesStaghorn StonesHematuria- blood in urine

DISEASES O

F THE

KIDNEYS

B Y. IS A B E L A

N D SA R A H

INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYSGlomerulonephritis Inflammation of the filtration membrane within the renal capsule.

Causing an increase in the filtration membranes permeability. Acute Glomerulonephritis Occurs 1-3 weeks after sever bacterial infection “strep throat”. Chronic Glomerulonephritis Long term, progressive process and the filtration membrane thickens.

Eventually replaced by connective tissue then kidneys become nonfunctional.

CONTINUED Pyelonephritis Begins as bacterial such as E. Coli that leads to infection of the renal

pelvis. It will spread to the kidneys and can destroy nephrons, corpuscles,

and loop of Henley. Reducing kidneys ability to concentrate urine.

RENAL FAILUREAcute Renal Failure Damage to the kidney is rapid and extensive: leads to accumulation

of wastes in the blood If renal failure is complete, death can occur in 1-2 weeks. Chronic Renal Failure Caused by permanent damage to some nephrons that the remaining

nephrons are inadequate for normal kidney functions. Trauma to the kidneys, tumors, and kidney stones.

KIDNEY STONESHard objects usually found in the pelvis of the kidney. The symptoms are back pain, side pain, groin pain, and blood

appears in the urine. Caused by calcium build up.

GLOMERULAR FIL

TRATION

B Y : CO L L I N

AN D J A

M I E

Glomerular filtration is the 1st process in urine formation. This process cleans the plasma that is inside of the blood.

It is maintained by autoregulationThe rate of filtration is normal at restThe rate of filtration is lowered in exerciseThe rate of filtration drops drastically when the body goes

into shock

GFRGlomerular filtration rate is the amount of plasma (filtrate) that

enters the bowman capsule per minute; equals renal plasma flow times the percent (19%; filtration fraction) of the plasma that enters the renal capsule OR:

125 mL filtrate/ min X 0.19= 125mL filtrate/min Measurement of GFR can indicate a degree of kidney damage.

GFR CONT..A high plasma concentration and a lower than normal clearance

value for urea indicates a reduced GFR and kidney failure.GFR can be monitored for changes in people experiencing

kidney failure.

URETERS

C H R I ST Y B

Y T H R O W AN D S

I ER R A K

E N N E L LY

WHAT ARE THE URETERS?Tubes connecting urine from the kidney to the urinary bladderThey are lined with transitional epithelium Made of stratified cells that appear cube shaped when the organ is

not stretched When it is stretched it is squamous

FORMATIONFormed when the mesonephric duct extends caudally and it

eventually joins the cloaca at the point of junction This forms the ureter

LOCATION They extend inferiorly and medially from the renal pelvis at the

renal hilum of each kidney to the urinary bladderThey enter on the posteriolateral surface of the urinary bladderBehind the small intestines

PART OF THE URETERS

CROSS-SECTION OF THE URETER

FUNCTION The hydrostatic pressure 0mm Hg in the renal pelvis No pressure gradient exists to force the urine through the ureters to

the urinary bladderPeristaltic contractions Occur when the smooth muscle in the walls of the ureters contract Velocity: 3cm per second Forces urine through uretersUrinary bladder Compressing part of the ureter Prevents backflow

DISORDERS Strictures Abnormally narrow partsStones Like kidney stones but located in ureters

URETHRA

A L AN D P

URETHRAMale20 cm long, 3 sections Prostatic Urethra Connected to the bladder Passes through the prostate gland Small ducts empty into the urethra Membranous Shortest part Prostate perineum Spongy Urethra Longest part Extends to the end of the penis Stratified columnar epithelium lines the urethra Several mucus secreting glands empty into the urethraPenis carries semen as well as urineFemale Not used for sexual reproduction Only urination Internal opposed to male external Much shorter than male

DISEASESUrethritis Infection of the urethraCancer of the urethraForeign bodies found in the urethra Electrical wire Hypospadias Birth defect that causes urethra orifice to be located not on the distal

end of the penis

TUBULAR REABSORPTI

ON

C O U R T N E Y AN D A

L LY S O N

DEFINITIONWater’s nutrients leave tubules by diffusion to enter the

surrounding tissueThen, they enter the blood supply and return to circulation.Wastes and urea are kept within the tubules to be excreted

with urine.

OVERVIEW

Bowman’s capsules FILTRATE proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle distal convoluted tubule collecting ducts

Processes involved: simple & facilitated diffusion, active transport, symport, and osmosis

AREAS OF REABSORPTIONReabsorption in Proximal Convoluted Tubule: responsible for

majority of reabsorption, carrier proteins bind to Na+ and other substances

Reabsorption in the Loop of Henle: H2O moves out of nephron by osmosis

Reabsorption in Distal Convoluted Tubule: under hormonal control and depends on the condition of the body, urine is produced

NON-KIDNEY RELAT

ED

DISEASES

B Y M A T T G E R G E L Y …A N D M A D I S O N G O N Z A L E Z …

K I N D O F …

CYSTITISInflammation of bladderInfection from bacteriaAbout 30% of women will contract in lifetimeCatheters

CYSTITIS

URINARY BLADDER CANCERTop 10 most common cancers in men and womenAffects more than 60,000 patients each yearChance of survival is 94%Cystoscopy- Can be caused by smoking and industrial dyes

URINARY BLADDER CANCER

Cancerous Cell

White Blood Cell

URINARY BLADDER CANCER

Whiff

URINARY BLADDER CANCER

URINARY BLADDER CANCER