HIGHER EDUCATION AND INTERNATIONALISATION

PRESENTED BY: MUSARRAT SHAHEEN MARRIASSIGNED BY:DR.AMJAD ALI ARAIN

Outline:

INTERNATIONALISATION VERSUS GLOBALISATION

ASSUMPTIONSDEFINITION OF

INTERNATIONALIZATIONHOW NEW IS IT?WORLD’S RANKING

RATIONALES DRIVING INTERNATIONALISATION

INTERNATIONALISATION AND STATE OF PAKISTAN

INTERNATIONALISATION TRENDS IN PAKISATN

RISK FACTORS IN INTERNATIONALIZATION

CHALLENGES IN PAKISTAN

INTERNATIONALISATION VS GLOBALIZATION WITHIN HIGHER EDUCATION

ACCORDING TO GLOBAL POLICY FORUM:

Internationalization refers to the increasing importance of international trade, international relations, treaties, alliances, etc. International, of course, means between or among nations. The basic unit remains the nation, even as relations among nations become increasingly necessary and important. Globalization refers to global economic integration of many formerly national economies into one global economy, mainly by free trade and free capital mobility, but also by easy or uncontrolled migration. It is the effective erasure of national boundaries for economic purposes.

ASSUMPTIONS

The major aims of higher education institutions (HEIs) are: achieving excellence in teaching, research, and

community service. providing solutions for national, regional, and

global most important problems. contributing to the development of the national

capital. nurturing intellectual properties and patents. contributing to the economic and social

development of humanity including public health, improvement of crops production, and cross-cultural and religious understanding.

The 21st century job market requires a technology literate and competent workforce with the ability to create, innovate, solve problems, and work in teams.

Investment in higher education is most important and valuable as HEIs provide the world's leaders, scientists, businessmen, physicians, thinkers, and visionaries who chart society's cultural, scientific, and technological future.

DEFINITION OF INTERNATIONALIZATION

"Internationalization of Higher Education is the process of integrating an international and intercultural dimension into the teaching, research and service functions of the institution“.

"(knight and De Wit, 1997).

HOW NEW IS IT ?

Four Major Cycles:

1. 1492 - Spain and Portugal colonise S America etc. World (oceanic) trade established

2. Late 17th Cent – 2nd European colonisation, slave trade, trade gives over to conquest

3. Late 19th Cent – huge increase in trade, mass migration to Americas. Last colonies fought for. Ends with 1930s depression

4. Post WW2 – trade liberalisation, intensifies 1967 – 1980s

4. Post WW2 – trade liberalisation, intensifies 1967 – 1980s

Initial gains unequally distributed, but eventually trickle down (?)

Greater gains overall to those that globalised. Often caused great suffering

‘Elites’ have more in common with elites in other countries than with own people

WOLD’S BEST UNIVERSITIES IN INTERNATIONALISATION

According to the times world higher education ranking2015-16:

Qatar university tops the list and while the UK is the nation that does the best on this measure overall . UK universities occupy three of the top ten spots, seven of the top 50 and eleven of the top 100 .

Rationales Driving Internationalization

There are different rationales to add internationalization dimension to universities.

Knight proposed: political, economic, academic and cultural rationales for internationalization of universities.

POLITICAL RATIONALE : national security & foreign policy, mutual understanding and national identity and some other factors.

ECONOMIC RATIONALE : in terms of long term economic benefits in terms of exchange of skilled human resources (economic growth, labor market, trade etc.) or short term financial benefits in the form of revenue generation from international students.

ACADEMIC RATIONALE : Academic rationale most importantly covers the core academic activities of teaching and research to achieve the international standards and competitive rankings in parallel. Moreover it covers institution building, enhancement of quality etc.

CULTURAL RATIONALE: Cultural rationale highlights more on cultural and language dimensions of internationalization so students are offered scholarships to visit other countries for education and exchange of cultural norms in parallel. It also focuses on cross-cultural understanding, social development, citizenship and community development.

INTERNATIONALISATION AND STATE OF PAKISTAN:

More than 76 UK universities have formal partnerships or long-term agreements with Pakistani higher education institutions. 98 percent of all Pakistani vice-chancellors and rectors have received leadership training in the UK since 2010, which has allowed them to form relationships with the UK.

Knowledge Economy Partnership Pakistan-UK 2014-15

INTERNATIONALISATION TRENDS IN PAKISTAN

Pakistan is still a small system of higher education. It passed through a bad phase in the 1970s and faced government apathy over the next two decades in the 1980s and 1990s. Now it is at the threshold of major change largely driven by comprehensive reforms taken up by the government in 2002. Private sector has been assigned an important role. Foreign provision is being used to build capacity and provide competitiveness to Pakistan higher education.

IN THE YEAR 2005: more than 21,000 students went abroad for studies – mostly to the US and UK, but also to Australia, Germany and Malaysia.

IN THE YEAR 2007: 1100 visas were granted to

Pakistani students who wished to study in UK. Though, there are concerns that parents in Pakistan are spending billions of rupees on higher education of their children in studies abroad every year, yet the number of Pakistani students studying abroad is increasing by 13-15 percent each year.

IN THE YEAR 2008: Under the Foreign Faculty Hiring Program, 270 foreign teachers with 140 of them for a long-term from one to five years were hired for universities in Pakistan (Rahman,2008). with these highly qualified people, who worked for most of their lives in Technologically advanced countries returning to join universities in Pakistan, "brain drain" has been transformed into a "brain gain" for Pakistan.

There is a large variety of collaborative programes for higher education in Pakistan. Not all of them have explicit approvals. Currently only 8 foreign universities / Institutions have been approved to run collaborative degree programs in Pakistan. This does not include programes run by ‘top-ranked’ universities.

Several of the collaborative programes are in the area of business studies.

The International School of Management Sciences, which is affiliated with Newport University in the USA, has three campuses in Pakistan one each in Karachi, Lahore and Rawalpindi and offer bachelors and masters level programes in business studies

The City College of Higher Education in Karachi also offers undergraduate programs with one year of study in Karachi and the subsequent two years in Britain. The College claims an affiliation with twelve British Universities.

Institute of Business Administration and Technology which claims an affiliation with Adamson University, offers MBA program in marketing management, finance a human resource management, production management and its degree is awarded by Adamson University in Manila.

International University of America which claimed to be a local campus of the same University based in Canada, School of Business and Commerce which is affiliated with Preston University. Preston University is more than 14 years old in the country and operates two campuses in the city at present beside other campuses in Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Lahore, Peshawar and Hyderabad.

RISK FACTORS IN INTERNATIONALISATION

commercialization and co modification

Low quality of degrees.

Brain drain

Acculturation

CHALLENGES IN PAKISTAN

Worst situation of law and order

Low learning outcome

Weak foreign relations

Corruption

Lack of good governance

REFRENCES

www.saneinetwork.net/Files/08_07.pdf www.philadelphia.edu.jo/.../

Internationalisation_of_Higher_Education.ppt

https://www.britishcouncil.pk/programmes/education/higher-educationN

https://www.timeshighereducation.com/.../200-most-international-universities -world-2016.

www.ncl.ac.uk/.../NUTLseminarfinal_SueRobson_AlinaSchartner.pptx

. http://universityoutlook.com/topics/international/defining-internationalization-vs-globalization-within-higher-education

www.qurtuba.edu.pk/.../Dialogue_October_December2015_378-389.pdf

Any Question?

Thanks for the Patience…