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High Risk Rural Road Program Road Safety Audit Report

Hernando County

Audit Date: December 16-17, 2009

Task Work Order No. 16 District-wide Road Safety Audit Study

FPN No.: 421040-1

prepared for:

Florida Department of Transportation – District Seven 11201 North McKinley Drive

Tampa, FL 33612

February 2010

Hernando_HRRRP_Final Page 1 of 45 February 2010

INTRODUCTION

The Federal High Risk Rural Road Program (HRRP): The Federal Highway Administration reports that approximately 60 percent of highway fatalities nationwide occur on rural roads. The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) established a new set-aside initiative under the Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) known as the High Risk Rural Roads Program. In a two step process, States are required to identify High Risk Rural Roads as a function of fatal and serious injury crash rates and to analyze the highway safety problems which may exist on these roads. Dedicated federal highway safety funds are made available from the HRRR Program, through the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), for specific safety countermeasures aimed at correcting or improving the identified hazardous locations or roadway features on qualifying rural roads. Eligible roads include rural major connectors, rural minor connectors, and rural local roads. FDOT Annual Report on the HRRRP Component of the HSIP: In conformance with step one of the prescribed federal HRRRP process, FDOT annually identifies qualifying rural roadways by analyzing available crash report and traffic volume databases to determine fatal and incapacitating injury crash rates for eligible roads statewide. Roadways having a fatal plus incapacitating injury crash rate above the statewide average for two-lane rural roads (both state maintained and local roads) qualify as potential locations for the application of HRRRP funds. Once potential locations are identified, the data must be analyzed in more detail to diagnose safety concerns, identify potential safety countermeasures and make final project selections. FDOT’s annual report on the HRRRP component of its HSIP, published in August 2009, identified qualifying local rural road segments in 34 of Florida’s 67 counties. In District Seven, qualifying roadways were identified in four counties: Citrus, Hernando, Hillsborough and Pasco. Hernando County HRRRP Roadway Segments: FDOT identified 10 Hernando County roadway segments which exhibited fatal plus incapacitating injury crash rates above the statewide average for two-lane rural roads (2006-2008). These roadway segments are shown in the table below.

High Risk Rural Road Program – Hernando County Roadway Segments

ID No. Roadway Name Begin

M.P. End M.P.

Segment Length

(Mi.)

Number of Crashes

(Fatal & Serious Injury Crashes)

Fatalities Injuries

8-1 CR 595 (Osowaw Blvd.) 0.7 2.8 1.9 12 2 18

8-2 CR 476 (Lake Lindsey Rd.) 5.6 8.5 2.9 9 0 9

8-3 CR 476 (Lake Lindsey Rd.) 8.1 10.5 2.4 8 0 8

8-4 CR 493 (Sunshine Grove Rd.) 1.8 3.2 1.4 10 0 15

8-5 CR 480 (Croom Rd.) 2.0 3.8 1.8 10 0 15

8-6 CR 581 (Culbreath Rd.) 1.0 2.0 1.0 8 1 19

8-7 CR 581 (Culbreath Rd.) 3.5 4.9 1.4 9 1 15

8-8 CR 572 (Powell Rd.) 0.4 1.7 1.3 13 1 15

8-9 CR 572 (Powell Rd.) 1.8 4.5 2.7 17 1 25

8-10 CR 597 (Shoal Line Blvd.) 1 3.8 2.8 15 0 22


Road Safety Audits for District Seven HRRRP Segments: Once qualifying rural roads are identified, available data must be analyzed in more detail to diagnose safety issues, identify potential countermeasures and select improvements which can be implemented to improve the safety of the roadway. Typical highway safety improvements endorsed by FHWA for the HRRRP program include the improvement of highway signage and pavement markings, installation of new traffic control or warning devices, construction of paved shoulders, and elimination of roadside obstacles. To accomplish this second step, the District Seven Safety Office utilized the proven safety technique of conducting Road Safety Audits (RSA’s) to identify safety issues and suggest improvements. Since HRRRP funds are limited, District Seven’s strategy to optimize safety improvements is to assist the County through the purchase of traffic control devices such as automated dynamic traffic control devices, high visibility warning signs and object markers, and enhanced pavement markings, all of which would be recommended by the RSA teams. County officials are also encouraged to review and evaluate the more significant, longer term safety improvements suggested by the RSA team as those improvements may also be eligible for federal safety funding. Guidance on eligibility and required documentation may be obtained from District Seven’s Safety Office. HRRRP RSA Focus and Methodology: Road Safety Audits for Hernando County’s HRRRP rural roadway segments were performed using a process similar to the typical Road Safety Audit process employed in District Seven, but more focused and streamlined. RSA’s were conducted by personnel from the District’s RSA consultant team with participation from County Public Works staff. Crash reports (four years; 2005-2008) for the segments were provided by FDOT in advance of the study. The consultant reviewed and summarized crash reports in advance of field reviews to identify crash characteristics and crash locations. Not surprisingly, lane departure crashes comprised the majority of the fatal and serious injury crash history. (It should be noted that the crashes which occurred on these segments were relatively few in number and, in some cases, not concentrated at specific locations.) Segments were field reviewed to identify safety issues contributing to the crash experience. The RSA team also evaluated the overall study segment to identify other opportunities to improve safety. Knowledge of the roadway segment and operational history by Hernando County staff proved invaluable during the RSA’s. Following the field review, the RSA team discussed the observed safety issues and developed suggestions for appropriate safety countermeasures which could be effective in reducing crashes, with emphasis on those improvements that are eligible for federal funding under the HRRRP component of the Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP). The Hernando County HRRRP RSA’s were performed on December 16-17, 2009. The RSA team was comprised of:

• John Temple, PE, Cardno TBE (Team Leader) • Jack Freeman, PE, Kittelson and Associates (12/16/09 only) • Gerald O’Dell, Hernando County Public Works, Engineering Department, Traffic Management • Larry Johnson, Hernando County Public Works • Wayne Ponder, Cardno TBE (12/17/09 only)


Segment 8-1: CR 595 (Osowaw Boulevard)

From South of Fiddler Lane to West of Buccaneer Boulevard

Segment Description: This segment of CR 595 (MP 0.7 to 2.8) is located in southwestern Hernando County and is a two-lane undivided rural east/west collector. Land uses adjacent to the road are vacant and limited residential west of Shoal Line Boulevard. The speed limit is 55 MPH just west of US 19, reducing incrementally to 20 MPH near the Pasco County Line. Lane widths are generally 12 feet in the eastern portions of the segment and less in the curve areas toward the west and south. Crash History and Background: The crash information as supplied by the District (CDMS data) indicated 14 crashes within this 1.9 mile section with two fatalities. The following tables show the crash distribution by day of week, time of day and yearly trend. The majority of crashes occurred on Saturday; between the hours of 12:00 AM – 2:00 AM and 4:00 PM – 5:00 PM; with 2008 having the most crashes.


The following distribution table shows the number of crashes, fatalities and injuries associated with the types of crashes that were recorded for this segment. Crashes are categorized by first harmful event which occurred during the crash. Also shown for each crash type is the number of such crashes which fall into each of the four FDOT Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP) emphasis areas. Crashes involving “lane departures” occurred most frequently, as might be expected for local rural roads.

Additionally, long form crash reports as supplied by the District were also reviewed and a summary table was created. Information such as location, number and type of vehicles and narrative on the crash sequence was some of the data that was tabulated from the crash forms and is shown below.

An estimated mile post for the crash locations and an aerial map link of this point was submitted with the CDMS ‘Selection Set’ file for this roadway segment. The approximate crash locations were mapped on an aerial of the CR 595 segment. This graphic shows the general location of the crashes and is color coded as reported in the crash form: no injury, injury or fatality. This map is included in the Appendix at the end of this document.

Location: Curves West of Buccaneer Boulevard

Issue: Lane Departure Crashes on Horizontal Curves Description of Safety Issue: Five of the 14 recorded crashes on this segment occurred on or near two reverse curves located between Shoal Line Road and Buccaneer Boulevard. All were recoded as lane departure crashes and in most instances the investigating officer estimated the vehicle speed to be in excess of the posted 55 MPH speed limit. Three of the crashes, resulting in two injuries and one fatality, were specifically noted as occurring on the curves. No curve warning signs currently exist on the curves. A cursory ball bank test, performed by the RSA team, indicated the curves may be comfortably driven at the posted 55 MPH speed limit; however, this test was not conclusive.

Safety Suggestion:


Consider the installation of curve warning signs (W1-2) for both approaches on the longer, sharper curve. The RSA team also suggests that a standard ball bank curve speed test be performed to determine if a speed advisory plaque is warranted. Description of Safety Issue: Pavement Edge Drop-offs A narrow shoulder pavement has been constructed on the inside of the two reverse curves; however, at the extremities of this shoulder pavement and also in the vicinity of the Shoal Line Boulevard intersection, there are crude, uneven asphalt patches which may present a hazard to vehicles drifting off the travel lanes.

Safety Suggestion: Consider the construction of a three to four foot paved shoulder on both sides of CR 595 from Buccaneer Boulevard through the intersection of Shoal Line Boulevard. As a short term measure, consider regrading and repaving or resodding those areas with poor shoulder pavement.

Location: CR 595 and Shoal Line Boulevard Intersection

Issue: Cluttered, Damaged and Misplaced Signage Background: Shoal Line Boulevard intersects CR 595 in a modified “T“ configuration where southbound Shoal Line Boulevard to southbound CR 595 movements utilize a single, one-way lane which connects to CR 595 at a “YIELD” condition located about 150 feet south of the main intersection. (See left photo.) Traffic travelling eastbound on CR 595 wishing to go northbound on Shoal Line Boulevard must make a 90-degree left turn at the T-intersection. The predominant movements are between Shoal Line Boulevard and CR 595 to the east. Only one crash was recorded at the intersection and it involved a police chase. Description of Safety Issue: The double-arrow warning sign (W12-1) located in triangular grassed island facing southbound Shoal Line Boulevard traffic has been knocked down.

Safety Suggestion: Repair or replace damaged sign.


Description of Safety Issue (Westbound Departure from Intersection): On the north shoulder of westbound CR 595, just after the southbound Shoal Line Boulevard connection, there are four signs located in very close proximity. The first is a “REDUCED SPEED AHEAD” advising of the upcoming 35 MPH speed limit; the second is a route confirmation marker for CR 595; the third is a truck weight restriction sign for bridges located further to the west/south on CR 595; and the fourth is a bicycle route sign. These signs are all located very close to one another, within a curve, where a driver should be more focused on vehicle guidance tasks rather than navigational tasks. The curve itself has no advance warning signs for the southbound direction.

Safety Suggestion: Consider a comprehensive review of signing for the westbound CR 595 approach to and departure from the Shoal Line Boulevard intersection for the purpose of prioritizing and optimizing placement of warning, regulatory and guidance information to be conveyed to the driver. Consideration should be given to relocating the transition from 45 MPH to 35 MPH further to the west; installation of curve warning sign (W1-2) with a supplemental intersecting street name plaque (W16-8P) east of the intersection; installation of a larger truck weight restriction sign (R12-5) east of the Shoal Line Boulevard intersection; and relocation of bicycle route signing well beyond the curve. Description of Safety Issue (Eastbound Approach to Intersection): A single “DO NOT ENTER” sign is the only deterrent to a eastbound CR 595 motorist turning the wrong way up the one-way travel lane provided for southbound Shoal Line Boulevard traffic. County route signs (M1-6) with arrows (M6-1) for CR 597 (Shoal Line Boulevard) and CR 595 are located on a single assembly in advance of the intersection. The left arrow for CR 597 could be erroneously interpreted by an unfamiliar motorist as directing a turn the wrong way up the one-way southbound lane. These signs and the CR 597 junction sign to the south are faded and have poor visibility.

Safety Suggestion: Consider the installation of second “DO NOT ENTER” sign (R5-1) on the left shoulder of the one-way lane which would face eastbound CR 595 traffic. This would provide greater impact and redundancy. In conjunction with this, consider the installation of a “WRONG WAY” sign (R5-1a) further up the one-way lane nearer the gore area. To better indicate the proper point at which eastbound lefts should turn onto Shoal Line Boulevard, consider installing a new series of county route signs (M1-6) consisting of an advance CR 597 junction sign (M2-1) south of the curve; a two-panel CR 597 and CR 595 sign (M1-6) supplemented with an advance turn arrow (left arrow with vertical shaft) auxiliary sign (M5-1) for CR 597 a vertical arrow (M6-3) for CR 595 installed just before the one-way


entrance to direct left turns to a further point; and a similar two-panel combination route sign (M1-6) with a left arrow auxiliary sign (M6-1) for CR 597 and a vertical arrow (M6-3) for CR 595 at the “T” where left turns are made.

Location: Curves Between Shine Lane and Aloha Lane

Issue: Location of Chevron Signs There is a series of closely-spaced, reverse curves within a three-quarter mile section of CR 595 running southwest from Shine Lane to Aloha Lane. There are winding road warning signs (W1-5) with 20 MPH advisory speed plaques in advance of the curves to properly advise the motorist of the alignment to be expected. Chevron signs have also been installed along the roadway at most curve locations; however, the placement of the chevrons is not optimal and sometime does not effectively provide guidance through the entire curve. Also, foliage presently or will soon obscure some signs, chevrons and object markers.

Safety Suggestion: Consider reviewing this series of curves for the purpose of optimizing the location and conspicuity of signs, chevrons and object markers. Trim foliage to right-of-way limits. Add object markers for rigid roadside obstacles close to the travel lanes.

Location: Bridge on Curve West of Shine Lane

Issue: Pavement Depression at Bridge Approaches on Curve Description of Safety Issue: One report for a crash involving a motorcycle recorded the stated cause as a depression in the pavement at the bridge approach, which is on a horizontal curve. The RSA team reviewed the location and found the bridge to be a large box culvert, possibly without an approach slab. There is a depression in the asphalt at both ends of the concrete deck where subsidence has occurred. Although on a low speed curve, such a depression could indeed be a hazard to a motorcycle banked and travelling above the advisory speed of 20 MPH.


Safety Suggestion: Consider replacement of asphalt approaches to the box culvert. Issue: Improper Height of Guardrail Description of Safety Issue: Guardrail along several sections of the roadway within the curves, especially on the approaches to the bridge, has rails which are located too low to the ground. Impact at high speed could result in a vehicle turning over the guardrail instead of being redirected back toward the roadway.

Safety Suggestion: Consider adjusting or replacing nonconforming guardrail, utilizing approved end anchorage treatments.

Location: Vicinity of Indian Creek Bridge

Issue: Unprotected Roadside Canals Description of Safety Issue: At several locations along CR 595 there are canals and tidal marsh areas located very close to the travel lanes. No guardrail exists in most places to redirect errant vehicles back onto the roadway. Several long sections of canal resulting from roadway fill excavation are located along a series of curves in the vicinity of Indian Creek. These canals are only 10-12 feet from the edge of the travel lane.


Safety Suggestion: Consider the installation of guardrail along canal sections. Where guardrail is impractical, consider the installation of delineator posts at the edge of the mowed shoulder to enhance guidance along these sections.

Location: East of Indian Creek

Issue: Stone Structure Adjacent to Travel Lane There is a stone structure approximately six feet off the right edge of the travel lane on the outside of a curve just east of the culvert at Indian Creek. The structure most likely monuments a property corner, but poses a hazard to passing traffic. There are no markings to identify the structure as a roadside hazard. Safety Suggestion: Consider installation of an object marker (OM3-R) in front of the stone structure.

Location: Curve North of Fiddler Lane

Issue: Large Rocks Adjacent to Travel Lane Large rocks have been placed very close to the roadway, presumably by the adjacent property owner, to discourage vehicles for driving or parking on the grassed property. Although the roadway winds considerably in this area and the speed limit is only 20 MPH, the rocks pose a hazard and could damage a vehicle if struck. Safety Suggestion: Consider investigating the right-of-way limits in this area and prevail upon the property owner to move the rocks to beyond the right-of-way line. If no right-of-way is available, consider a more uniform type of barrier such as slotted curbing.


Segment 8-2 and 8-3: CR 476 (Lake Lindsey Road) From CR 481 (Snow Memorial Highway) to Withlacoochee Trail

Segment Description: These two segments (8-2, 8-3) of Lake Lindsey Road are located in northeast Hernando County. Lake Lindsey Road is a two-lane undivided rural east/west collector. Land uses adjacent to the road are agricultural and residential. There are approximately four sets of curves in these segments. The speed limit is 55 MPH with lane widths generally 12 feet. Crash History and Background for Segment 8-2: The crash information for Segment 8-2 as supplied by the District (CDMS data) indicated 13 crashes within this 2.9 mile section. The following tables show the crash distribution by day of week, time of day and yearly trend. The majority of crashes occurred on Thursday through Sunday; between 7:00 AM – 8:00 AM, 8:00 PM – 9:00 PM and 11:00 PM to midnight; with 2006 having the most crashes.



Additionally, long form crash reports as supplied by the District were also reviewed and a summary table was created. Information such as location, number and type of vehicles and narrative on the crash sequence was some of the data that was tabulated from the crash forms and is shown below. The number of crashes from this data was slightly greater than the CDMS report.

An estimated mile post for the crash locations and an aerial map link of this point was submitted with the CDMS ‘Selection Set’ file for this roadway segment. The approximate crash locations were mapped on an aerial of the CR 476 segment. This graphic shows the general location of the crashes and is color coded as reported in the crash form: no injury, injury or fatality. This map is included in the Appendix at the end of this document. Crash History and Background for Segment 8-3: The crash information for Segment 8-3 as supplied by the District (CDMS data) indicated 10 crashes within this 2.4 mile section. The following tables show the crash distribution by day of week, time of day and yearly trend. The majority of crashes occurred on Friday; between 7:00 AM – 8:00 AM and 11:00 PM to midnight; with 2006 having the most crashes.




An estimated mile post for the crash locations and an aerial map link of this point was submitted with the CDMS


‘Selection Set’ file for this roadway segment. The approximate crash locations were mapped on an aerial of the CR 476 segment. This graphic shows the general location of the crashes and is color coded as reported in the crash form: no injury, injury or fatality. This map is included in the Appendix at the end of this document.

Location: Withlacoochee Trail Crossing

Issue: Trail Crossing Signage Description of Safety Issue: The series of pedestrian crossing warning signs presently installed on Lake Lindsey Road at the Withlacoochee Trail do not conform to current MUTCD standards. Although there was little pedestrian or bicycle activity while the RSA team observed the trail crossing, County staff advise that trail traffic is much greater on weekends. The posted speed limit in this section is 55 MPH and there is a curve to the east of the trail crossing. Pedestrian and bicyclist safety could be enhanced with larger, more conspicuous signage.

Safety Suggestion: Consider the installation of new pedestrian/bicycle warning signs, consisting of advance warning signs (W11-15) with “TRAIL CROSSING” supplemental plaques (W11-15P) and crossing warning signs (W11-15) with supplemental arrow plaques (W16-7P) on both sides of the roadway. Considering the speed of the facility, the RSA team suggests 36 x 36 inch fluorescent yellow-green signs. Issue: Pedestrian/Bicycle Protection at Trail Crossing Description of Safety Issue: Pedestrian and bicycle traffic are regulated at the crossing by “STOP” signs facing the trail. The “STOP” signs are supplemented by two small warning signs affixed to a post adjacent to the trail which display “STOP AHEAD” and “CAUTION HEAVY TRAFFIC”. The RSA team speculated that the overall signing that exists at this crossing (and presumably at other roadway crossings along the trail) may be a combination of signing installed by the trail’s maintaining agency and trail enthusiasts and may not be optimal in providing safety to trail users.


Safety Suggestion: The RSA team suggests that the County coordinate with the Office of Greenways and Trails, Florida Department of Environmental Protection to encourage a systematic review of trail crossings of public highways in Citrus, Hernando and Pasco counties, through which the Withlacoochee Trail runs. In conjunction with this, the County is encouraged to evaluate the applicability of pedestrian/bicyclist-activated supplemental flashing beacons on the trail crossing warning signs. Revised warrants and guidance for such “mid-block” pedestrian crossings are contained in FDOT’s Traffic Engineering Manual, Section 3.8 Issue: Passing Zone Through Trail Crossing Description of Safety Issue: Lake Lindsey Road is marked to allow passing, in the eastbound direction, coming out of the curve to the west of the trail crossing. This eastbound passing zone extends through the trail crossing area. Pedestrians and bicyclists may judge their ability to cross Lake Lindsey Road safely relative to the speed of approaching vehicles; a higher speed vehicle may pull out to pass a slower vehicle, surprising someone crossing the road. Vehicles engaged in passing maneuvers may exhibit speeds well in excess of the posted 55 MPH speed limit, increasing the likelihood that any crash will be very serious. Safety Suggestion: Consider restriping Lake Lindsey Road to create a no-passing zone through the Withlacoochee Trail crossing area.

Location: Daly Road Intersection Issue: STOP Ahead Warning on Daly Road Description of Safety Issue: On the northbound Daly Road approach to the Lake Lindsey Road intersection, there is no “STOP” ahead warning sign. There is one on the southbound approach (photo on right).

Safety Suggestion: Consider installation of “STOP” ahead warning sign (W3-1) on the northbound approach.


Issue: Markings for Eastbound to Northbound Right-Turn Lane Description of Safety Issue: There is a right-turn lane on Lake Lindsey Road at Daly Road for the eastbound to northbound right turn. The turn lane curves to the right to conform to the roadway alignment at this point. There is a short taper at the beginning of the turn lane, marked by a short segment of skip line indicating the lane changing area. Drivers changing lanes in the skip line area will need to steer to the right, straighten their vehicle and then steer to the right again as they enter the curve. A single, gradual movement into the right turn lane can be made if the driver changes lanes across the solid lane line slightly beyond the marked skip area.

Safety Suggestion: Consider eradicating portions of the solid lane line separating the through and right-turn lanes to create a longer skip line segment (approximately 135 feet) for right turning vehicles. Issue: Advance Curve and Intersection Warning Description of Safety Issue: Daly Road intersects Lake Lindsey Road on a curve. There are curve warning signs on Lake Lindsey Road, but there are no intersection warning signs. Common white-on-green street name signs are the only identification of Daly Road. Unfamiliar drivers coming from either direction seeking Daly Road would have to observe the street name sign while guiding the vehicle through a curve. Also, there is a bike route sign (W11-1) facing westbound traffic just before the start of the curve. The information conveyed by this sign competes with curve and intersection information.

Safety Suggestion: Consider replacing the existing curve warning signs with new curve warning signs depicting the intersecting crossroad within the curve (W1-10a). Subsequent to the curve warning signs, install intersection warning signs (W2-1) with supplemental street name plaques (W16-8P) identifying Daly Road as the cross road. Also, consider relocating the bike route sign to another location.


Location: Curves West of US 41 Issue: Curve Warning Signage Description of Safety Issue: There are two reverse curves on Lake Lindsey Road approximately one third mile west of US 41. Turn warning signs (W1-1) with 30 MPH advisory speed plaques (W13-1P) currently exist in advance of the curves. A left turn arrow (W1-6) and three object markers (OM1-1), facing eastbound traffic in advance of the first curve encountered, are the only warning devices located within the curves to provide additional guidance to the driver.

Safety Suggestion: Consider removal of the arrow and object markers and installation of chevron signs (W1-8) on the outside of both curves to enhance curve guidance and visibility at night.

Location: East of CR 481 (Snow Memorial Highway) Issue: Roadside Cross-drain and Side-drain Headwall Hazards Description of Safety Issue: The segment of Lake Lindsey Road between CR 481 and US 41 is posted at 50 MPH. In a tangent section one half mile east of CR 481, the roadway is 18 feet in width. The roadway alignment appears to have been curved slightly to avoid a large diameter oak tree which is only about four feet off the edge of pavement. An object marker has been installed in front of the tree. At this same location, there are several side-drains and cross-drains which have vertical headwalls which pose a roadside hazard. It is believed these headwalls are within the right-of-way.

Safety Suggestion: Consider removal of the oak tree and construction of mitered end sections on the drainage structures.


Segment 8-4: CR 493 (Sunshine Grove Road) From North of Star Road to North of Scrub Oak Lane

Sunshine Grove Road MP 1.8 to 3.2) is currently under construction to widen from two to four lanes from SR 50 (Cortez Boulevard) to north of Ken Austin Parkway. Half of the recorded crashes (6 of 12) occurred within the section to be widened and all of these were related to the Ken Austin Parkway intersection which is the main access to Central High School. This intersection and the access roadway alignment will be totally reconstructed during the widening project, presumably correcting geometric and operational deficiencies which have led to the existing crash history. The RSA team reviewed the remaining crash history and field reviewed the section of Sunshine Grove Road north of the construction limits and observed no deficiencies or opportunities to improve safety. Crash History and Background: The crash information as supplied by the District (CDMS data) indicated 12 crashes within this 1.4 mile section. The following tables show the crash distribution by day of week, time of day and yearly trend. The majority of crashes occurred on Wednesday; between 6:00 PM – 7:00 PM; with 2007 having the most crashes.


The following distribution table shows the number of crashes, fatalities and injuries associated with the types of crashes that were recorded for this segment. Crashes are categorized by first harmful event which occurred during the crash. Also shown for each crash type is the number of such crashes which fall into each of the four FDOT Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP) emphasis areas. Rear end and left turn were the most prevalent crashes, reflecting the signalized intersection within the segment.




Segment 8-5: CR 480 (Croom Road) From East of US 41 (Broad Street) to East of Dempsey Road

Segment Description: This segment of CR 480 (Croom Road) is located in central Hernando County northeast of Brooksville. It is a two-lane undivided rural east/west collector. Land uses adjacent to the road are agricultural and residential. The speed limit ranges from 35 MPH to 45 MPH with lane widths generally 12 feet. Crash History and Background: The crash information as supplied by the District (CDMS data) indicated 8 crashes within this 1.8 mile section. The following tables show the crash distribution by day of week, time of day and yearly trend. The majority of crashes occurred on Sunday and Friday; between 5:00 PM – 6:00 PM; with 2008 having the most crashes.





Location: Corridor Wide

Issue: Variable Posted Speed Limit Description of Safety Issue: The posted speed limit on Croom Road is 40 MPH for about 2.0 miles from US 41 to east of Magilligan Drive where it increases to 45 MPH for about 1.1 miles, and then reduces to 35 MPH from west of Waverly Road eastward to the end of the paved roadway. The character of the roadway and the adjacent land use is little different in the 45 MPH section than it is in the 40 MPH section to the west, although there are fewer intersecting side roads. There is, however, a horizontal curve within the 45 MPH section which has an advisory speed of 35 MPH. Four of the eight recorded crashes, all involving lane departures, occurred within or near this curve. If motorists complied strictly to the posted speed limit and advisory speed signs, their speed would vary from 40 MPH to 45 MPH to 35 MPH to 45 MPH and then down to 35 MPH, all within 1.25 miles. Safety Suggestion: The RSA team suggests that the 40 MPH posted speed limit be extended from US 41 to the beginning of the existing 35 MPH zone, eliminating the 45 MPH section altogether.


Issue: Missing and Non-reflective Raised Pavement Markers Description of Safety Issue: The night review of the Croom Road segment revealed that a significant number of RPM’s were either missing or non-reflective, resulting in poor nighttime guidance for the driver, especially during wet conditions. Safety Suggestion: Consider installing new RPM’s throughout the entire paved section of Croom Road (approximately 4.5 miles).

Location: East of US 41 (Broad Street) Issue: “STOP” Ahead Warning Sign Description of Safety Issue: There is no “STOP” ahead warning sign on the westbound Croom Road approach to the US 41 intersection. Croom Road curves to the right at this location and three large trees on the right shoulder limit visibility of the STOP sign ahead at the intersection. Further, the three trees, which are about eight feet from the edge of pavement, pose a hazard to traffic. Safety Suggestion: Consider removing the three trees and installing a “STOP” ahead warning sign (W3-1).

Location: Curve Between Magilligan Drive and Nottingham Forest Drive Issue: Curve Warning Signage Description of Safety Issue: There are curve warning signs (W1-2) and 35 MPH advisory speed plaques (W13-1P) on the curve between Magilligan Drive and Nottingham Forest Drive. There is also a slight vertical curve which limits the westbound driver’s view of the pavement as he approaches the curve. Guidance through the curve is not optimal.

Safety Suggestion: Consider installation of chevron signs (W1-8) on the outside of the curve for both directions of travel.


Location: Curves East of Weatherly Road Issue: Edge of Pavement Drop-off Description of Safety Issue: There are edge of pavement drop-offs within the curves just east of Weatherly Road. The curves are sharp and have an advisory speed of 15 MPH.

Safety Suggestion: Consider the addition of a paved shoulder on the inside of the curves. In the interim, regrade and resod shoulders to eliminate edge of pavement drop-offs.


Segment 8-6: CR 581 (Culbreath Road) From CR 576 (Ayers Road/Hayman Road) to North of Chenoak Road

Segment Description: This segment of CR 581 (Culbreath Road) is located in south central Hernando County and is a two-lane undivided rural north/south collector. Land uses adjacent to the road are agricultural and residential. This segment is straight with no curves throughout its length. The speed limit is 45 MPH with lane widths are generally 12 feet. Crash History and Background: The crash information as supplied by the District (CDMS data) indicated 8 crashes within this 1.0 mile section. The following tables show the crash distribution by day of week, time of day and yearly trend. The majority of crashes occurred on Sunday and Tuesday; between 9:00 AM and 10:00 AM; with 2005 and 2008 having the most crashes.


The following distribution table shows the number of crashes, fatalities and injuries associated with the types of crashes that were recorded for this segment. Crashes are categorized by first harmful event which occurred during the crash. Also shown for each crash type is the number of such crashes which fall into each of the four FDOT Strategic Highway Safety Plan emphasis areas. Crashes involving “lane departures” occurred most frequently, as might be expected for local rural roads.



Location: Ayers Road / Hayman Road Intersection

Issue: Rumble Strips Description of Safety Issue: Six of the eight crashes recorded for this segment occurred at the Ayers Road/Hayman Road intersection with Culbreath Road. The Ayers Road and Hayman Road approaches are controlled by a “STOP’ sign and a flashing red beacon; Culbreath Road is controlled by a flashing yellow beacon. There are also rumble strips on the Ayers Road and Hayman Road approaches to alert motorists of the “STOP” condition. In response to crashes at the intersection, even with the flashing beacons, the County has installed supplemental plaques below the “STOP” signs on Ayers Road and Hayman Road which warn the driver that “cross traffic does not stop.” County staff believes that the supplemental warning has been effective in reducing the right angle and left turn crashes. The RSA team observed one vehicle approaching the intersection westbound on Hayman Road that drove on the eastbound lane of the roadway to avoid the rumble strips. A closer look at the rumble strips revealed that they were relatively tall, possibly causing excessive vibration for familiar motorists.


Safety Suggestion: Consider replacing the existing rumble strips with lower profile rumble strips or rumble stripes instead. Issue: Vegetation Limiting Sight Distance Description of Safety Issue: Sight lines are limited somewhat for stopped traffic on Ayers Road and Hayman Road because of foliage from trees within or adjacent to the right-of-way.

Safety Suggestion: Consider trimming foliage overhanging roadway and encroaching into the right-of-way. Issue: Sign Spacing on Northbound Culbreath Road Approach Description of Safety Issue: There is a sign on the northbound approach to the intersection advising motorists to turn onto Ayers Road to reach the Fort Taylor Cemetery. The sign is relatively close to and in front of the intersection warning sign and detracts from the importance of that sign. Safety Suggestion: Consider relocating the cemetery sign closer to the intersection beyond the route marker sign.


Issue: Culvert Headwalls Description of Safety Issue: Culvert headwalls are located very close to the corner radius in each of the four quadrants of the intersection. Only one of these headwalls is designed with a mitered end section; the other three have vertical headwalls which pose a hazard to errant passing vehicles or those which swerve off the roadway to avoid turning vehicles.

Safety Suggestion: Consider constructing mitered end sections on the three culverts with vertical headwalls.


Segment 8-7: CR 581 (Culbreath Rd.) From South of Moore Road to North of Powell Road

Segment Description: This segment of CR 581 (Culbreath Road) is located in south central Hernando County and is a two-lane undivided rural north/central collector. Land uses adjacent to the road are agricultural and residential. The speed limit is 45 MPH with lane widths generally 12 feet. Three sets of curves are in this segment.

Crash History and Background: The crash information as supplied by the District (CDMS data) indicated 8 crashes within this 1.4 mile section. The following tables show the crash distribution by day of week, time of day and yearly trend. The majority of crashes occurred on Sunday; between 7:00 AM and 7:00 PM; with 2005 having the most crashes.

The following distribution table shows the number of crashes, fatalities and injuries associated with the types of


crashes that were recorded for this segment. Crashes are categorized by first harmful event which occurred during the crash. Also shown for each crash type is the number of such crashes which fall into each of the four FDOT Strategic Highway Safety Plan emphasis areas. Crashes involving “lane departures” occurred most frequently, as might be expected for local rural roads.

Additionally, long form crash reports as supplied by the District were also reviewed and a summary table was created. Information such as location, number and type of vehicles and narrative on the crash sequence was some of the data that was tabulated from the crash forms and is shown below. The number of crashes from this data was substantially greater than the CDMS report.


Location: Curves South of Moore Road Issue: Roadway Alignment Description of Safety Issue: There is a reverse curve south of Moore Road which appears to have been built to skirt around a sink hole which lies along the alignment of Culbreath Road. There is a winding road warning sign (W1-5) on the northbound approach to this curve and on the southbound approach to a separate curve north of Moore Road; however, there are no advisory speed plaques on either sign. The posted speed limit in this area is 45 MPH.

Safety Suggestion: Consider conducting ball bank indicator tests to determine if advisory speed plaques are warranted for the curves.


Location: Northbound Approach to Powell Road Intersection

Issue: Foliage Partially Obscuring “STOP” Sign Description of Safety Issue: Foliage from a large oak tree is partially obscuring the view of the “STOP” sign at the Powell Road intersection. Safety Suggestion: Consider trimming oak tree branches within the right-of-way to a level above the “STOP” sign.


Segment 8-8: CR 572 (Powell Road) From West of Crum Road to East of Saturn Road

Segment Description: This segment of CR 572 (Powell Road) is located in central Hernando County south of Brooksville and is a two-lane undivided rural east/west collector. Land uses adjacent to the road are agricultural and residential. The speed limit is 50 MPH with lane widths generally 12 feet. There are two curves on the segment with a railroad crossing at a diagonal at one of them. Crash History and Background: The crash information as supplied by the District (CDMS data) indicated 15 crashes within this 1.3 mile section with one fatality. The following tables show the crash distribution by day of week, time of day and yearly trend. The majority of crashes occurred on Sunday and Monday; between 1:00 AM – 2:00 AM and 7:00 PM – 8:00 PM; with 2006 and 2008 having the most crashes.





Location: Curve East of Racers Way

Issue: Lane Departure Crashes on Horizontal Curve Description of Safety Issue: Eight lane departure crashes involving one fatality (motorcycle) and seven injuries occurred within or on the approaches to the horizontal curve located approximately one quarter mile east of Racers Way. Crash reports did not identify any defects in the road condition and none were noted by the RSA team. Five of the eight occurred at night. The driver was faulted and charged in two of the eight crashes. The posted speed limit on Powell Road is 50 MPH. Travel lanes are 11 feet in width and there is a paved shoulder about 3 feet in width on the inside of the curve. Curve warning signs (W1-2) are in place with 40 MPH speed advisory plaques (W13-1P) on both approaches. These signs are 30 X 30 inches and are in good condition.


Safety Suggestion: Consider replacing the existing 30 X 30 inch curve warning signs (W1-2) with 36 X 36 inch signs and 24 X 24 inch advisory speed panels (W13-1P). Although the 40 MPH advisory speed appeared reasonable to the RSA team, it is suggested that it be validated and adjusted as necessary. Also, consider installation of chevron signs (W1-8) on the outside of the curve. To increase impact of these signs at night, consider installation of vertical reflective strips (“Brite Sticks”) on warning and chevron sign posts. As a longer-term improvement, consider the construction of 3-4 foot paved shoulders on both sides of the roadway through the curve.

Location: Reverse Curves at CSX Railroad Crossing and Saturn Road Issue: Departure Crashes on Horizontal Curves Description of Safety Issue: Six of the 15 recorded crashes, resulting in four injuries, occurred on or in the immediate vicinity of the CSX Railroad grade crossing located between two reverse curves. All were lane departure crashes and involved excessive speed. On the outside of the sharper of the two curves, close to the railroad crossing, there is an intersecting County road named Saturn Road. The crash history does not involve vehicles turning onto or from Saturn Road. Both approaches to the curves have 30 X 30 inch turn warning signs (W1-1) with 18 X 18 inch 25 MPH advisory speed plaques (W13-1P) and railroad crossing warning signs (W10-1) and pavement markings. A number of chevron signs (W1-8) have been installed on the outside of the sharper curve.

Safety Suggestion: Consider replacing the existing 30 X 30 inch turn warning signs (W1-1) with 36 X 36 inch prismatic, fluorescent yellow signs and 24 X 24 inch advisory speed panels (W13-1P). Also, consider installation of additional chevron signs (W1-8) on the outside of both curves to provide a higher level of warning and guidance. To increase impact of these signs at night, consider installation of vertical reflective strips (“Brite Sticks”) on warning and chevron sign posts.


Location: Saturn Road

Issue: Loose Gravel and Elevated Grassed Shoulder Description of Safety Issue: The apron at the Saturn Road intersection is largely gravel and the shoulder immediately to the east is rutted and elevated above the Powell Road surface. Dirt and gravel from this intersection are a hazard to vehicles, especially motorcycles, making this sharp turn.

Safety Suggestion: Consider paving the intersection apron and regrading the shoulders.


Segment 8-9: CR 572 (Powell Road) From West of Rackley Road to East of CR 581 (Emerson Road)

Segment Description: This segment of CR 579 (Powell Road) is located in central Hernando County south of Brooksville and is a two-lane undivided rural east/west collector. Land uses adjacent to the road are agricultural and residential. The speed limit is 50 MPH with lane widths generally 12 feet. Numerous curves exist in this segment with reduced advisory speeds posted for them. Crash History and Background: The crash information as supplied by the District (CDMS data) indicated 15 crashes within this 2.7 mile section with one fatality. The following tables show the crash distribution by day of week, time of day and yearly trend. The majority of crashes occurred on weekdays; between 7:00 AM – 8:00 AM; with 2006 and 2008 having the most crashes.





Location: Horizontal Curves at Rackley Road and Endsley Road Issue: Curve Warning Signage Description of Safety Issue: There are a series of successive horizontal curves between Saturn Road and CR 581 (Culbreath Road). Nine of the 15 crashes that were recorded for this section of Powell Road occurred within or near these curves; all were lane departure crashes. Within two of these curves are intersecting side roads to the south at Rackley Road and Endsley Road. Curve warning signs exist (W1-2) on the approaches to all of the curves; however, there are no indications of the intersecting roads. The curve warning sign for Endsley Road and the curve to the east have 35 MPH advisory speed plaques (W13-1P). Approaching drivers have difficulty seeing the intersecting side roads in advance because of horizontal and vertical curvature.


Safety Suggestion: Consider upgrading the series of warning signs through these curves replacing existing 30 X 30 inch warning signs and 18 X 18 inch advisory speed plaques with 36 X 36 inch signs (W1-2 or W1-10) and 24 X 24 inch plaques (W13-1P). For the curves at Rackley Road and Endsley Road, signs showing the intersecting side road (W1-10) are recommended.

Location: Endsley Road Intersection

Issue: Pavement Depression on Ensley Road Intersection Radius Description of Safety Issue: There is a depression in the pavement on the intersection radius which could pose a hazard to eastbound Powell Road to southbound Endsley Road turning vehicles. Also, there is lateral drainage pipe under Endsley Road, the end of which is very close to the edge of pavement on the radius and severely damaged. Vehicles off-tracking at this point could be snagged by the metal pipe.

Safety Suggestion: Consider repaving the intersection radius to eliminate the pavement depression and repairing the damaged drainage pipe and providing a mitered end section.


Issue: Street Termination Signage Description of Safety Issue: Endsley Road terminates at its T-intersection with Powell Road there is no street termination signage. Safety Suggestion: Consider installation of standard street termination signage consisting of a double arrow sign (W1-7) and three object markers (OM1-1).

Location: CR 581 (Culbreath Road) Intersection

Issue: Traffic Island Pavement Markings Description of Safety Issue: The pavement markings which surround the traffic island in the southwest corner of the intersection do not have chevron striping to help define the boundaries of the island and guide the motorist.

Safety Suggestion: Consider restriping the island, providing appropriate chevron pavement markings to guide traffic movements. Issue: Intersecting Street Name Signing Description of Safety Issue: Intersection warning signs on the eastbound and westbound approaches to Culbreath Road are inconsistent. The westbound intersection warning sign (W2-1) has a street name plaque whereas the eastbound sign does not. Instead, there is a gold-on-blue street name plaque for Culbreath Road on the route sign assembly.


Safety Suggestion: Consider adding a street name plaque (W16-8P) on the eastbound intersection warning sign and removing the one on the route sign assembly. Issue: Sand and Gravel from North Leg of Culbreath Road Description of Safety Issue: Culbreath Road is a graded road north of Powell Road and slopes downward away from the intersection. Although there is a short paved turnout on the north leg of Culbreath Road, sand and gravel is tracked onto the main intersection surface where it poses a hazard to southbound Culbreath Road traffic attempting to accelerate up the grade from a stopped condition. Loss of traction and exposure to passing Powell Road traffic could ensue.

Safety Suggestion: Consider extending the paved surface on Culbreath Road to the north for 50-60 feet to eliminate the potential for loose material near and within the intersection.


Issue: Pavement Edge Drop-off Description of Safety Issue: There is an approximate 6-inch pavement edge drop-off in the northeast corner of the intersection. A small asphalt patch has been applied but it is insufficient to correct the problem. The drop-off poses a control hazard to eastbound motorists who might leave the pavement while swerving to avoid slowing or stopped vehicles turning left onto southbound Culbreath Road.

Safety Suggestion: Consider constructing a 3-4 foot shoulder in this area to accommodate the off-tracking that is apparent.

Location: Emerson Road Intersection

Issue: “Y” Intersection Geometry Description of Safety Issue: Emerson Road intersects Powell Road in a “Y” configuration. The southbound Emerson Road to westbound Powell Road movement is controlled by a “YIELD” condition and the southbound to westbound movement is controlled by a “STOP” condition. Drivers making the southbound to westbound movement under the “YIELD” condition must look far behind their left shoulder to judge the approaching traffic on Powell Rd. Most likely they are moving forward at a reduced speed anticipating a gap in traffic. If the gap is not there or a stopped vehicle on the other branch of the “Y” is blocking the view, conflicts and crashes may occur (See photo on right). There is no history of such crashes at present; however, higher traffic volumes in the future could increase the potential for crashes.

Safety Suggestion: Consider changing the “YIELD” control to “STOP” (R1-1) control and adding a stop line. If this is not practical, add yield lines at the “YIELD” (R1-2) sign. In the long term, consider reconstructing the intersection to make it a more conventional T-intersection, where the southbound to westbound movement would be controlled by a “STOP” condition.


Issue: Worn Pavement Markings Description of Safety Issue: Good pavement markings at this intersection are essential because each two-lane branch of the “Y” carries traffic flowing in opposite directions and traffic entering from Powell Road is apt to do so at a relatively high rate of speed as the geometry allows free-flowing turns. Drivers need the solid double yellow markings to know there is two-way traffic. The existing yellow markings are indiscernible and raised pavement markers are gone. Safety Suggestion: Recommend restriping the intersection and replacing missing RPM’s. Issue: Intersection and Route Signage Description of Safety Issue: The route marker sign on westbound Powell Road in advance of Emerson Road intersection has a supplemental plaque bearing the street name. The subsequent intersection warning sign, which should bear the intersecting street name, does not. Further, the warning sign (W2-2) depicts a 90-degree intersection when it is truly on about a 60-degree angle. Proper depiction of the intersection is especially important for westbound to northbound traffic which should turn at the first branch of the “Y.” Safety Suggestion: Consider removal of the Emerson Road street name plaque from the eastbound route marker assembly and replacement of the existing intersection warning signs (W2-2) eastbound and westbound with the accurate intersection graphic (W2-3) and supplemental street name plaques for Emerson Road (W16-8P).


Segment 8-10: CR 597 (Shoal Line Boulevard) From South of Jew Fish Drive to North of Petit Lane

Segment Description: This segment of CR 597 (Shoal Line Boulevard) is located in south west Hernando County near the Gulf coast and is a two-lane undivided rural north/south collector. Land uses adjacent to the road are residential and commercial within the Hernando Beach area. The speed limit is 50 MPH north of CR 595, 55 MPH north of Hernando Beach and 40 MPH within the Hernando Beach developed area with lane widths generally 12 feet. Crash History and Background: The crash information as supplied by the District (CDMS data) indicated 18 crashes within this 2.8 mile section. The following tables show the crash distribution by day of week, time of day and yearly trend. The majority of crashes occurred between Thursday and Sunday; between 2:00 PM and 3:00 PM; with 2006 having the most crashes.





Location: North of Hermosa Boulevard to North of Campanero Entra

Issue: Passing Zone in Highly Developed Area Description of Safety Issue: Passing zones are limited along this segment of Shoal Line Boulevard, occurring in the undeveloped stretches with tangential alignment. No passing zones are established for major intersecting streets and on the horizontal curve within the section. However, there is a passing zone for the southbound direction of travel from north of Hermosa Boulevard to the beginning of the horizontal curve north of Campanero Entra. Campanero Entra is a the only access to a residential area of over 200 homes and County staff stated that ingressing and egressing traffic is significant. Further, there are numerous businesses along the roadway which also generate traffic. There was one recorded crash with injuries which involved a passing vehicle impacting a turning vehicle in this section. Safety Suggestion: Consider restriping roadway to impose a no passing zone in this section.


Location: Campanero Entra Intersection

Issue: Worn Pavement Markings Description of Safety Issue: Pedestrian crosswalk and stop line pavement markings on Campanero Entra are extremely worn, giving no indication where approaching vehicles should stop in advance of the crosswalk.

Safety Suggestion: Consider restriping the roadway to define stop line and crosswalk.

Location: Intersections of Calienta Street and Petit Lane

Issue: Acute Intersection Angles Description of Safety Issue: Calienta Street and Petit Lane intersect Shoal Line Boulevard at acute angles several hundred feet apart. Petit Lane then intersects with Calienta Street to form a large triangle. Both are two-way streets. Calienta Street continues to the north and serves one of the most popular public boat ramps in Hernando County. County staff advised that vehicles towing boat trailers abound on weekends and that the volume of turning movements to and from Petit Lane and Calienta Street sometimes creates a sort of gridlock at the three intersections. Movements to and from the north on Shoal Line Boulevard are particularly difficult for vehicles with trailers because of the acute intersection angles. Through traffic on Shoal Line Boulevard must often stop to give turning vehicles a chance to enter the traffic stream. Such constrained operations result in many vehicle conflicts and a crash history will most likely develop.

Safety Suggestion: Consider evaluating various options that would reduce the acute turning angles and better discipline traffic, especially at the Calienta Street intersection with Shoal Line Boulevard. Such options might include improved turning radius at Petit Lane, striping lanes and traffic islands at the Calienta Street intersection, and even establishing a one-way pair configuration with Calienta Street southbound and Petit Lane northbound.


Issue: Intersection Warning Signs Description of Safety Issue: There are no intersection warning signs on Shoal Line Boulevard in advance of either Calienta Street or Petit Lane. Warning signs with accurate representation of the acute intersection angle and street name signs would be very useful to unfamiliar drivers.

Safety Suggestion: Consider installation of intersection warning signs (W2-3) with accurate angle intersection graphics, supplemented with street name plaques (W16-8P). In this instance, one sign northbound for Calienta Street and one sign southbound for Petit Lane may be sufficient.

Location: Petit Lane Intersection

Issue: Canal Hazard Description of Safety Issue: There is a canal on either side of Petit Lane at its intersection with Shoal Line Boulevard. It is very close to the travel way and poses a hazard to southbound Shoal Line Boulevard vehicles turning onto Petit Lane, especially those towing trailers. Turning vehicles no doubt encroach onto the southbound travel lane of Petit Lane while carefully making the turn, risking collision with approaching vehicles on Petit Lane and posing an impediment to southbound through traffic on Shoal Line Boulevard.

Safety Suggestion: Consider extending the drainage pipes under Petit Lane and increasing the turning radius to accommodate vehicles towing boat trailers. A longer term suggestion would be to realign the Petit Lane connection to Shoal Line Boulevard to create more of a “T” intersection.


Issue: Turns Off-tracking on Shoal Line Boulevard Shoulder Description of Safety Issue: To avoid the canal drop-off and stopped vehicles on Shoal Line Boulevard, left turns from Petit Lane onto northbound Shoal Line Boulevard make wide turns and often track off the pavement onto the east shoulder of Shoal Line Boulevard. Some pavement has been placed at the location to prevent erosion, but there is a drop-off at the edge of the rudimentary shoulder pavement. The drop-off poses a hazard to vehicles operating during periods of free-flow traffic. Safety Suggestion: Consider constructing a longer shoulder 3-4 feet in width to accommodate the turning movement tracking and through vehicles moving to the right to bypass slower turning vehicles.

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