High-Efficiency Buildings and Demand Response

Phillip PriceMary Ann Piette

Demand Response Research CenterLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Outline1. Electric Load: why the peaks matter so much.2. What is the electricity used for; can peaks be reduced?3. Demand response: how it works, how effective is it?4. The future: beyond simply adjusting temperatures and time-

shifting usage.

Plot from Rubenstein et al., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Monthly California Peak Load Is Only Moderately Variable

California Daily Peak Loads -- 2006

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Residential Air Conditioning

Commercial Air Conditioning

Daily California Peak Load is Highly Variable

Electricity production capacity is determined by the need to meet the peak demand.

• Load shift: use electricity another time• Increase indoor temperature: “sweat and suffer.”• Reduce unimportant usage. (Why not do this all

the time?)• Eliminate/reduce high-intensity usage.

Data from a single building

Temperature-dependence dominates in many buildings

Temperature is not very predictive in some buildings

Comparison of End-Use Strategies

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HVAC Lighting Other

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ACWD Office, lab X X X X X X XB of A Office, data center X X X X XChabot Museum X X2530 Arnold Office X X50 Douglas Office X XMDF Detention facility XEchelon Hi-tech office X X X X X X X XCenterville Junior Highschool X XIrvington Highschool X XGilead 300 Office XGilead 342 Office, Lab X XGilead 357 Office, Lab X XIKEA EPaloAlto Furniture retail XIKEA Emeryville Furniture retail XIKEA WSacto Furniture retailOracle Rocklin Office X XSafeway Stockton Supermarket XSolectron Office, Manufacture X XSvenhard's Bakery XSybase Hi-tech office XTarget Antioch Retail X XTarget Bakersfield Retail X XTarget Hayward Retail X X X XWalmart Fresno Retail X X

Global Temperature Adjustment (GTA)

Manual DR - Common Practice

DRAS Clients – 1. Software only (Smart)2. Software & Hardware

(Simple)

DR Automation Server and Client

4 Energy Management Control System (EMCS) and other systems carry out shed based on pre-programmed strategies.

3 Polling clients request price level and event data every minute

2 Price-Level and DR event signals sent on DRAS

Utility sends DR notification to DRAS1

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Auto CPP Non-Auto CPP

Automated vs Manual Critical Peak Price Performance

Average CCP Peak Load Reduction

8% w/AutoDR-1% w/o AutoDR

Global Temperature Adjustment Widely Implemented

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CPPAve. temp. increase (mod): 2.75 FAve. temp. increase (high): 1.88 FDBPAve. temp. increase: 2.3 F

DBP CPP one-level GTACPP two-level GTA

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Auto-DR in 130,000 ft2 County Office

Cumulative Auto-DR Shed on 7/9/08

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CPP MA Baseline

28 Industrial and commercial sites

CPUC OIR on Smart Grid Technologies Pursuant to Federal Legislation to Guide Policy in Development of Smart Grid System

The term "smart grid functions" means any of the following:(1) Ability to develop, store, send and receive digital info re: elec use, costs, prices, tou, use,

storage, info relevant to device, grid, utility operations, to utility system, through devices and technologies.

(2) Ability to develop, store, send and receive digital info concerning electricity use, costs, prices, time of use, nature of use, storage, or other information relevant to device, grid, or utility operations to or from a computer or other control device.

(3) Ability to measure or monitor electricity use as a function of time of day, power quality characteristics such as voltage level, current, cycles per second, or source or type of generation and to store, synthesize or report that information by digital means.

(4) Ability to sense and localize disruptions or changes in power flows on the grid and communicate such information instantaneously and automatically for purposes of enabling automatic protective responses to sustain reliability and security of grid operations.

(5) Ability to detect, prevent, communicate with regard to, respond to, recover from security threats, including cyber-security threats and terrorism, using digital information, media, and devices.

(6) Ability of appliance or machine to respond to signals, measurements, or communications automatically in a manner programmed by owner or operator without human intervention.

(7) Ability to use digital info to operate functionalities on grid that were electro-mechanical or manual.

(8) Ability to use digital controls to manage and modify demand, enable congestion management, assist in voltage control, provide operating reserves, and provide frequency regulation.

(9) Other functions as Sec [of Energy] may identify as necessary or useful to Smart Grid.

Linking Energy Efficiency and Demand Response

Future DirectionsDR strategies as a “Mode” in Optimized Control

• Orchestrate modes using schedules, signals, optimization algorithms:• Occupied/Unoccupied• Maintenance/Cleaning• Warm up/Cool down• Night purge/Pre-cooling• Low power DR mode

• Intelligence needed for decision making• Customized, simple and transparent interface• Financial feedback systems need to present operational value• Embed DR Communications in EMCS• Need more sensors, algorithms, real-time simulations, feedback!

KWH