Herman Russchenberg - KIVI · 27-2-2020 Challenge the future Delft University of Technology Climate...
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27-2-2020
Challenge the future
DelftUniversity ofTechnology
Climate change and engineering
Herman Russchenberg
TUDelft Climate [email protected]
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Climate 101: What has happened?
KNMI Climate explorer
Temperature until 2019
https://climate.nasa.gov/internal_resources/1986/
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How good are climate models?
http://www.realclimate.org/images//cmp_cmip3_sat_blend_ann.png
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Climate 101: What might happen?
Rcp:Representative concentration pathway
Number of models to calculate average
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Carbon Quotas to Climate Stabilization
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Carbon quota for a 66% chance to keep below 2°C
The total remaining emissions from 2017 to keep global average temperature below 2°C(800GtCO2) will be used in around 20 years at current emission rates
Grey: Total CO2-only quota for 2°C with 66% chance. Green: Removed from CO2 only quota. Blue: Remaining CO2 quota.
The remaining quotas are indicative and vary depending on definition and methodology
Source: Peters et al 2015; Global Carbon Budget 2016
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The emission pledges (INDCs) of the top-4 emitters
The emission pledges from the US, EU, China, and India leave no room for other countries to emit in a 2°C emission budget (66% chance)
Source: Peters et al 2015; Global Carbon Budget 2016
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Climate 101: What to do?
Adapt to the consequences of climate change
Mitigate the cause of climate change
Monitor and model the climate system
And if this doesn’t work out: geo-engineering?
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Climate 101: energy balance
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Anthropogenic perturbation of the global carbon cycle
Perturbation of the global carbon cycle caused by anthropogenic activities,
averaged globally for the decade 2006–2015 (GtCO2/yr)
Source: CDIAC; NOAA-ESRL; Le Quéré et al 2016; Global Carbon Budget 2016
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31%11.6 GtCO2/yr
Fate of anthropogenic CO2 emissions (2006-2015)
Source: CDIAC; NOAA-ESRL; Houghton et al 2012; Giglio et al 2013; Le Quéré et al 2016; Global Carbon Budget 2016
26%9.7 GtCO2/yr
34.1 GtCO2/yr
91%
9%3.5 GtCO2/yr
16.4 GtCO2/yr
44%
Sources = Sinks
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Carbon dioxide removal
removal of greenhouse gases such that infrared radiation can escape into space
Solar radiation management
reduce the incoming solar radiation such that itcompensates the enhanced greenhouse warming
Climate engineering principles
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Various geoengineering schemes for cooling the climate
Image B. Matthews/Nature.
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Geo-engineering ideas
Afforestation, reforestation, biochar, enhanced weathering, capture form ambient air, ocean fertilization, ocean upwelling modification, white roof tops, desert reflectors, reforestation for cooling, ocean albedo, cloud albedo, stratospheric aerosols, space reflectors, …..
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Solar Radiation Modification
Shepherd et al. (2009)
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Natural example of cooling by stratospheric aerosols
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A bit about cloud formation
Condensation level
No aerosols A few aerosols Many aerosols
Moist air parcels
Clouds
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rainfall formation
Large droplets:rainfall
More aerosols
Delayed rainfall
Longer cloud lifetime
Sustained impact on radiation
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Cloud changes due to air pollutionPower plantLead melterAdelaide portOil refinery
small droplets
large droplets
Source: NASA
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Cloud brightening by ship exhausts
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=5488
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The effect of cloud droplet concentration on cloud evolution
low droplet concentration,
open cells
high droplet concentration,closed cells
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Seeding clouds with sea salt spray
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Global effect of cloud brightening on radiation
Figure 3.2. Five-year mean difference (W/m2) in radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere between a control simulation(with CCN of 100/cm3) and a test run with CCN of 375/cm3 in regions of low-level maritime cloud (an extension of resultsfrom Latham et al. 2008)., Royal Society, 2009
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Effect on precipitation
MCB - CON
2CO2 - CON10 year sim – CMAP observations
Total amount does not change much,But the regional differences might increase
(Latham et al, 2012)
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Mean effect of albedo changes
Lenton and Vaughan (2009)
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Lenton and Vaughan (2009)
Mean effect of carbon removal
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Criteria for techniques
Effectiveness
Timeliness
Safety
Costs
Reversibility
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Overview of different techniques
Royal Society, 2009
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Governance, policy and ethics
Moral hazard: will thinking of geo-engineering stop mitigation?
Who’s in charge of the Earth? local geo-engineering has global impact
How much does it cost and who will pay? risks, impact, prevention
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Conclusion
Adapt to the consequences of climate change
Mitigate the cause of climate change
Monitor and model the climate system
Geo-engineering, when not fast enough
And organize a governance structure