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![Page 1: Heat flux measurement on CSP - SFERAsfera.sollab.eu/downloads/Schools/Heat_Flux_Measurement_Jesus... · HEAT FLUX MEASUREMENT ON CSP 1. 4th SFERA Summer School ... xmax = 0.200 m](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022022015/5b50fd0d7f8b9af4408b891f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
Dr. Jesús BallestrínCIEMAT-Plataforma Solar de Almería (SPAIN)
HEAT FLUX MEASUREMENT ON CSP
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
Heliostat field
Central receiver
Tower
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
CAMERA / TARGET METHOD: Indirect Heat Flux Measurement
• CCD camera: 14 bit digitization
1024 x 1280 pixels (pixel size:6.7 m x 6.7 m)
Spatial resolution: 2 mm
• Lambertian target.
• Water cooled radiometer ( 25, 15 mm)
• From gray levels to kW/m2.
• Accuracy of radiometers: 3-4%
• Accuracy of the power measurement: 5-6%
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
MDF Direct Heat Flux Measurement
• Array of themopiles (HFM radiometers).
• Small area ( 6.32 mm)
• Response time 10 microseconds.
Measuring without water-cooling.
• Accuracy of radiometers 3%
• Accuracy of the power measurement 5-6%
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
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radiometers
radiometers
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
HFMradiometersReceiver
aperture
Referenceradiometer
Hot fingers
Rotary rod
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
Signal from the reference HFM radiometer
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
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Signals from HFM radiometers
radiometer
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
Hitrec II receiver aperture
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
data300
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
data4000
n
1iiF
nAP
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
Direct system (MDF) versus Indirect system (ProHERMES 2)
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
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• After several improvements to the original device, the system has becomeone-click heat flux measurement equipment.
Heat flux distribution 2D onto receiver aperture.
RELEVANT QUANTITIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE IMAGE
DATE: 2009/07/21LOCAL TIME: 13:17
DNI: 888 W/m2
Nº HELIOSTATS: 45
Number of measured data = 96Number of interpolated data = 533Flux peak = 1147 kW/m2
xmax = 0.200 mymax = -0.050 mTotal Power = 857 kWPower Error = ± 38 kWPower Error = ± 4.5 %Flux Average = 649 kW/m2
Energy = 0.44 kWhScanning Time = 1.86 s
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
Advantages and disadvantages
• Spatial resolution
• Accuracy• Simplicity
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
How to measure in a non-plane receiver aperture ?
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
• A hybrid system and procedure for measuring the incident poweron the aperture of solar receivers have been demonstrated.
• The advantages of each of the approaches enrich the overall systemand thereby the measurements made with it.
• Working with both systems, it is possible to detect changes in theircalibration.
• The good agreement betweeen the two methods allows the use of aheat-flux measurement system based on either the direct or the indirectconcept or hybridized, depending on the receiver geometry and the sizeof the area to be scanned.
SUMMARY 1
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
GARDON RADIOMETER
C o n stan tan fo il
C o pp er b od y
C o pp er w ires O u tpu t vo l tage
.
Qin
T o
T i
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
Calibration by using dual cavity black-body
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
3)( TerrorfluxheatT Stefan-Boltzmann law;
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
Comparison of radiometers in the laboratory
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Absorptance
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
Colloidal graphiteZynolyte
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
Zynolyte:•The sensor overestimates the solar irradiance by 3.6%•Solar absortance 95.4 %
Colloidal graphite:•Coating used over 3500 kW m-2. •The sensor overestimates the solar irradiance by 27.9%•Solar absortance 84.7 %
CAREFUL WITH SYSTEMS EVALUATED OVER 3500 kW m-2
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
Calibration using a thermal balance
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
Calibration using a thermal balance
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
Water flow(liter.min-1)
Inlet Temperature(ºC)
B(kW.m-2.mV-1)
ΔB(kW.m-2.mV-1)
Uncertainty% R2
Repeteability%
0.5 15.5 110.1 0.9 0.9 0.9954
1 12.5 109.9 0.8 0.8 0.9985
1 14.5 111.9 0.5 0.5 0.9995 0.7
1 14 111 0.5 0.5 0.9902
1 13 110 0.3 0.3 0.9932
1.6 15.0 110.5 0.3 0.3 0.9980
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4th SFERA Summer School May 15-16, 2013. Hornberg Castle, GERMANY
SUMMARY 2
• An alternative method of calibrating high-heat flux sensors bythermal balance has been presented. The results are in agreementwith calibrations obtained using black-body radiation. However, theproposed method has the potential of being more accurate thantraditional approaches.
• At present, the thermal balance calibration technique in thelaboratory is limited to solar irradiances of approximately 100 kW m-2.The next step is to demonstrate this methodology to higherirradiances under non-laboratory conditions in the CIEMAT solarfurnace at Plataforma Solar de Almería.
• This new procedure calibrates sensors to correctly measure underconditions of concentrated solar radiation.
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Thermal balance calibration
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Thermal balance calibration
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Water flow(liter min-1)
Inlet temperature
(ºC)
B(kW m-2 mV-1)
ΔB(kW m-2mV-1)
Uncertainty% R SE
%ΔSE%
1.5 29.5 111.4 0.4 0.4 0.99991 6 3
2 29.2 112.6 0.5 0.4 0.99994 5 3
2.5 29.4 113.6 0.6 0.5 0.99995 4 3
Water flow(liter min-1)
Inlet temperature
(ºC)
B(kW m-2 mV-1)
ΔB(kW m-2mV-1)
Uncertainty% R SE
%ΔSE%
1.5 22.1 416 2 0.5 0.99989 30 4
2 22.0 416 2 0.5 0.99992 30 4
2.5 21.8 414 3 0.7 0.99992 30 4
Table 1. Calibration of a Gardon sensor (# 7915, Zynolyte)
Table 2. Calibration of a Gardon sensor (# 7918, Colloidal graphite)
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SUMMARY 3
• This procedure has enabled these sensors to be calibrated underconcentrated solar radiation at high irradiances in the CIEMAT solarfurnace at the Plataforma Solar de Almería.
• This work has experimentally confirmed the predicted systematicerrors in measuring high solar irradiances using Gardon sensorscalibrated with a black body.
• Working at high irradiances (1000 kW m-2) has allowed theuncertainty of the calibration constant of these sensors to bereduced. ± 3-4 %...........±1-2 %