HEAT

ENERGY TRANSFERRED BY VIRTUE OF

A TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE

Rohsenow and Hartnett, Handbook of Heat Transfer, 1973

HEAT TRANSFER

• INVOLVES ENERGY TRANSPORT --- NOT ENERGY CONVERSION

• FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF HEAT TRANSFER ARE NOT THERMODYNAMIC LAWS

HEAT TRANSFER FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISMS

HEAT CONDUCTION

RADIATIVE TRANSFER

HEAT TRANSFER GENERAL MECHANISMS

• HEAT CONDUCTION • RADIATIVE TRANSFER • HEAT CONVECTION

CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER

HEAT TRANSFER IN THE PRESENCE OF FLUID FLOW

CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER AND RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER

ARE BOTH PRESENT IN FLUID FLOW

CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER

• FOURIER’S LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION

The Time Rate of Heat Transfer Through

A Material is Proportional to the Negative

Gradient in the Temperature

and to the Area

CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER (HEAT CONDUCTION INVOLVING FLUID FLOW)

NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING

The Rate of Heat Loss from a Body

Is Proportional to the Difference

In Temperature between the Body

And the Environment

RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER

STEFAN-BOLTZMANN’S LAW The Total Energy Radiated from a surface area

of a ‘Black’ Body per Unit Time is Directly

Proportional to the FOURTH Power of the

ABSOLUTE Thermodynamic Temperature

HEAT, MASS & MOMENTUM TRANSFER

NON-EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS

CREATE THE DRIVING FORCES

FOR HEAT TRANSFER

ALSO - FOR MASS TRANSFER

ALSO - MOMENTUM (FORCE) TRANSFER

TRANSFER PROCESSES

NON-EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS

GENERATE THE DRIVING FORCES FOR ENERGY TRANSPORT

REQUIRE TIME TO OCCUR INTRODUCE RATES AND PROCESSES INTO

THERMODYNAMIC / ENERGY SYSTEMS CREATE ENERGY LOSSES NECESSARY TO

TRANSPORT ENERGY IN THE THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES THAT CONVERT ENERGY FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER

HEAT TRANSFER IS IT PART OF THERMODYNAMICS

? ? ? ? CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS

NO HEAT TRANSFER IS NOT PART OF CLASSICAL

THERMODYNAMICS

THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS INVOLVE ENERGY CONVERSION – NOT ENERGY TRANSPORT OR HEAT TRANSFER

WHY - Classical Thermodynamics Involves Changes between Equilibrium States (Uniform System Conditions) Necessitated to Facilitate the Thermodynamic Analysis

WHY - Classical Thermodynamics is Concerned Only with Initial and Final State Conditions which are in Equilibrium by

Definition

HEAT TRANSFER IS IT PART OF THERMODYNAMICS ?

? ? ? ? ? NON-EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS

YES ! ! ! ! THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS DO NOT PROHIBIT THE CONCURRENT ANALYSIS OF ENERGY TRANSFERS, MOMENTUM AND

MASS TRANSFERS, OR THE TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF PROCESSES

NON-EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS INCORPORATES THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS, AS WELL AS, OTHER FUNDAMENTAL LAWS TO ANALYSIS ENERGY CONVERSION

TIME, TRANSIENTS, RATES, CHANGING STATE CONDITIONS, TRANSPORT PHENOMENON ARE INCORPORATED INTO NON-EQUILIBRIUM THRERMODYNAMICS

ENERGY MUST BE TRANSPORTED IN ORDER TO BE CONVERTED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER

ENERGY TRANSPORT REQUIRED FOR ENERGY CONVERSION CREATES SIGNIFICANT IRREVERSIBLE LOSSES

ENERGY CONVERSION REQUIRES ENERGY TRANSPORT THAT REQUIRES DRIVING FORCES AND, THEREFORE. TIME TO OCCUR

ENERGY CONVERSION IS THE DRIVING FORCE OF CHANGE, I.E., LIFE AS WE KNOW IT.

COMPUTATIONAL FIRE DYNAMICS

A NON-EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS

TIME DEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF ENERGY CONVERSION

IN ASSOCIATION WITH ENERGY, MASS, AND MOMENTUM TRANSPORT

COMPUTATIONAL FIRE DYNAMICS

A NON-EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS

ENERGY CONVERSION IN ASSOCIATION WITH ENERGY, MASS, AND MOMENTUM TRANSPORT

TIME DEPENDENT THREE DIMENSIONAL COMPLEX NUMERICAL ANALYSIS UTILIZING COMPUTATIONAL METHODS REQUIRES LARGE COMPUTATIONAL EFFORT CAN NOT MAKE ACCURATE PREDICTIONS WITHOUT USER ADJUSTMENTS REQUIRES CONSIDERABLE EFFORT BY AN EXPERIENCED USER TO PRODUCE USEFUL

RESULTS

THERMODYNAMICS AND FIRE DYNAMICS

• COMPUTATIONAL FIRE DYNAMICS: • A Comprehensive Thermal-Fluid Mechanic Study

• A “Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamic Analysis”

• THIS IS THE VIDEO ! ! !

• OF FIRE INVESTIGATION-------

Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright © 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.

THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS

• THERMOPHYSICAL DATA – MUST BE KNOWN

– FOR SUBSTANCES AND MATERIALS

– WITHIN A THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM

Enthalpy, Internal Energy, Entropy, Density,

Specific Heats, Viscosity, Surface Tension, Thermal

Conductivity, Specific Volume, Sonic Velocity, etc.

THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS

PHYSICAL DATA

IS A

MANDATORY AND INTEGRAL

PART OF THERMODYNAMICS

BIOLOGICAL THERMODYNAMICS

• “Energy, the source of all life on earth, begins as nuclear reactions that convert mass into nuclear energy inside the sun which creates the electromagnetic energy that drives photosynthesis. Photosynthesis creates glucose from air, water, and sunlight, i.e., converts light energy into chemical energy. Glucose is the basic building block of both starch and cellulose, the molecular structures that plants use to store energy. Sugars, starches, and cellulosics, i.e., carbohydrates [Morowitz, Energy Flow in Biology, 1968] are the feed materials for most of the chemical fuels encountered in fire science and for the food for living organisms.” *

• * --- Thomas E. Eaton, “THERMODYNAMICS DEFINED AND DISCUSSED, (Eaton Engineering Co. , 2016)

BIOLOGICAL THERMODYNAMICS

‘Original Objective: Define THERMODYNAMICS ………………’

“The science of energy conversion”

‘Has Evolved into:

“The source of all life as we know it

on the planet Earth.” *

“With life come the intimate issues of THOUGHT, AWARENESS, and CONSCIOUSNESS --- all thermodynamic phenomenon.” *

• * --- Thomas E. Eaton, “THERMODYNAMICS DEFINED AND DISCUSSED, (Eaton Engineering Co. , 2016)

CONCEPTS

OF

THERMODYNAMICS

TEMPERATURE

ENERGY

IRREVERSIBILITY

(AVAILABILITY / ENTROPY)

CONCEPTS

OF

THERMODYNAMICS

TEMPERATURE - Energy Intensity

ENERGY ----------- Energy Quantity

AVAILABILITY - Energy Convertibility

THERMODYNAMICS

WHAT ? ? ?

IS ? ? ?

THERMODYNAMICS

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? • Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.

THERMODYNAMICS

THE SCIENCE

OF

ENERGY CONVERSION

Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright © 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.

THERMODYNAMICS

THERMODYNAMICS

? ? ? IS ? ? ?

ANYTHING THAT HAS

EVER HAPPENED

• Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.

THERMODYNAMICS

THERMODYNAMICS

IS

EVERYTHING THAT IS

HAPPENING NOW

• Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.

THERMODYNAMICS

THERMODYNAMICS

IS

EVERYTHING THAT IS

GOING TO HAPPEN

• Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.

WHAT IS

THERMODYNAMICS

--- ENERGY ---

--- CONVERSION ---

ENERGY CAUSES

CHANGE

THERMODYNAMICS

THE STUDY OF

1. THE PRINCIPLE OF ENERGY CONSERVATION,

2. THE RESTRICTIONS REGARDING ENERGY

CONVERSION FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER, AND

-- THE THERMAL-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF

SUBSTANCES

Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016. Eaton Engineering Co.

WHAT

IS

THERMODYNAMICS

IT IS

“ WHAT’S

HAPPENING “

WHAT IS

THERMODYNAMICS

IT IS:

The energy conversion that causes change which is perceived as the

passage of time

The source of knowledge of the physical world

The source of Food which makes life possible

The source of thought, consciousness, and the perception of existence

The driving force of life as we know it

Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright © 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.

SCIENCE “KNOWLEDGE”

“SCIENCE: knowledge about or study of the natural world ….” *

* www.meriam-webster.com/dictionary/science

TECHNOLOGY

THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION

OF

SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE

ENGINEERING

THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION

OF

SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS

WHAT

IS

THERMODYNAMICS

THE SCIENCE OF

ENERGY CONVERSION

CLASSICAL Thermodynamics

WHAT

IS

THERMODYNAMICS

THE SCIENCE

OF ENERGY

General Thermodynamics

WHAT

IS

THERMODYNAMICS

AND YOU

THOUGHT

YOU DIDN’T KNOW

REVIEW

References

• See Separate Listing