Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are...
-
Upload
luke-ellis -
Category
Documents
-
view
224 -
download
0
Transcript of Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are...
![Page 1: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Health Occupations
Nutrition
![Page 2: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Fundamentals of Nutrition
Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients
are needed & why Unable to make good choices to promote
optimal health Nutrition
– Includes all body processes relating to food– Includes digestion, absorption, metabolism,
circulation, & elimination– Use food for energy, maintaining health, & growth
![Page 3: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Nutritional Status
State or condition of one’s nutrition Goal = good nutrition Must choose foods needed, NOT the
foods that just taste good
![Page 4: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Role of Nutrition
Determines ht, wt, & strength Develops bones & muscles Increases physical agility Increases disease resistance Improves appetite, posture, complexion Aids mental ability Improves emotional & psychological health
![Page 5: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Immediate effects of good nutrition Healthy appearance Good attitude Proper sleep & bowel habits High energy level Enthusiasm & freedom from anxiety
![Page 6: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Diseases caused by poor nutrition HTN
– Can be caused by excess fat or salt– Leads to heart, blood vessel, or kidney disease
Atherosclerosis– Arteries narrow by accumulation of fatty substances on inner
surfaces– Caused by diet containing large amount of saturated fats &
cholesterol– Can lead to heart attack or stroke
Osteoporosis– Bones become porous & easily break– Common cause is long-term deficiency in Vitamin D, calcium,
and magnesium
![Page 7: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Malnutrition
State of poor nutrition May be caused by poor diet or illness Symptoms – fatigue
– Depression– Poor posture– Overweight/underweight– Poor complexion– Lifeless hair– irritability
![Page 8: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Malnutrition
Causes deficiency diseases, poor bone & muscle development, decreased mental ability, & death
Affects patients in extreme poverty, drug therapy, & psychological diseases- ALL AGE GROUPS
Obesity is a form of malnutrition – excess food
![Page 9: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Essential nutrients
Chemical elements found in food Used by body to perform different
functions As body uses elements, they are
replaced by food eaten
![Page 10: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Carbohydrates
1 of 6 essential nutrients Major source of readily usable human energy Commonly called starches or sugars Cheaper source of energy than proteins or
fats, produced mainly by plants Easily digested, grow well in most climates,
keep well without refrigeration Made of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen
![Page 11: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Carbohydrates Main sources
– Bread, grains– Cereal– Noodles– Pasta– Crackers– Potatoes– Corn– Peas– Beans– Fruits, sugars– Syrups
![Page 12: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Carbohydrates
Cellulose– Fibrous indigestible form of plant CHO
providing bulk in digestive tract– Causes regular BMs– Best sources
• Bran• Whole grains• Fibrous fruits & vegetables
![Page 13: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Lipids – fats & oils
Organic compounds 3 of most common lipids are found in both food
& body– Triglycerides – fats, fatty acids– Phospholipids – ex. Lecithin– Sterols – ex. cholesterol
Made of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen, but has more oxygen than CHO
Most concentrated form of energy More expensive source of energy than CHO
![Page 14: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Lipids
Other functions– Maintains body temp by providing insulation– Cushions organs & bones– Aids in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins– Provides flavor
Sources– Butter, margarine– Oils, cream– Cheese, fatty meats– Egg yolks
![Page 15: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Lipids Classified as saturated or polyunsaturated
– Saturated fats – solid at room temp• Meats, eggs, whole milk, cream, butter, cheese
– Polyunsaturated fats – usually soft & oily• Veggie oils, margarine, products made from vegetable oil, fish
peanuts
Cholesterol– Sterol lipid found in body cells & animal products– Used in production of steroid hormones, vitamin D & bile
acids– Component of body cells– Sources – egg yolk, fatty meats, shellfish, butter, cream,
cheese, whole milk, organ meats
![Page 16: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Lipids
Also synthesized by liver Transported in bloodstream by 2 carrier molecules
called lipoproteins– HDL – high density lipoproteins
• Good cholesterol• Transports cholesterol back to liver• Prevents plaque from accumulating in arteries
– LDL – low density lipoproteins• Bad cholesterol• Contributes to plaque build-up
Important to limit foods containing fats from animal sources
![Page 17: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Proteins
Basic component of all body cells Function
– Builds & repairs tissues– Regulates body functions– Provides energy & heat
Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, may contain sulfur, phosphorus, iron, & iodine
Made up of 22 building blocks called amino acids
![Page 18: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Proteins 2 types
– Complete proteins• 9 essential amino acids• Sources – animal foods like meats, fish, milk, cheese, eggs
– Incomplete proteins• Contain any of the remaining 13 amino acids & some, not all of the
9 essentials• Sources – vegetable foods, cereals, soybeans, dry beans, peas,
corn, peanuts
Choose plant foods carefully– Can provide a mixture of amino acids from incomplete
proteins that contain all essential amino acids– Important for vegetarians to select foods wisely
![Page 19: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Vitamins
Organic compounds essential to life Important for metabolism, building tissue, &
regulating body processes Allows body to use energy provided by CHO
& proteins Well-balanced diet will usually provide
required vitamins Excess OR deficiency can cause poor health
![Page 20: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Vitamins
Antioxidants– Organic molecules that help to protect body from
harmful substances called free radicals• Oxygen used during metabolism causes free radicals to form• These damage tissues, cells, & genes (like oxygen causes
apples to turn brown or metal to rust)• Can lead to the development of chronic diseases like cancer,
heart disease, arthritis
– Found mostly in fruits & vegies• Deactivate free radicals• Prevents damage to skin• Main antioxidants vitamins – A,C,E
![Page 21: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Vitamins
Classified – Water soluble
• Dissolve in water• Are not normally stored by body• Easily destroyed by cooking, air, light• Niacin, Vitamin B1, B2, B6, B12, Vit C, Folic acid
– Fat soluble• Dissolve in fat• Can be stored in body• Not easily destroyed by cooking, air, light• Vitamin A, D, E, K
![Page 22: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Minerals
Inorganic elements found in all body tissue Regulate body fluids, assist in various
functions, contribute to growth, aid in tissue building
Antioxidants – Selenium, zinc, copper, manganese
Other minerals – calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chlorine, sulfur, iron, iodine, fluoride
![Page 23: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Water
Found in all body tissues Functions
– Essential for digestion or breakdown of food– Makes up most of blood plasma & cell cytoplasm– Helps body tissues absorb nutrients– Helps move waste material through body
Found in almost all foods Average person should drink 6 – 8 glasses of
water each day
![Page 24: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Utilization of nutrients
Includes process of digestion, absorption, & metabolism
Digestion – process by which body breaks food down into smaller parts, changes the food chemically, & moves the food through the digestive system– Mechanical digestion – food broken up by teeth
• Moved through digestive tract by peristalsis
– Chemical digestion – food is mixed with digestive juices secreted by mouth, stomach, small intestine, liver, gall bladder, & pancreas
• Juices contain enzymes that break down food chemically
![Page 25: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Absorption
Process by which blood or lymph capillaries pick up digested nutrients– Nutrients carried by circulation to every
body cell– Most absorption takes place in small
intestine– Large intestine absorbs water, salts, & few
vitamins
![Page 26: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Metabolism
Process in which nutrients are used by cells for building tissue, providing energy, & regulating various functions– Nutrients are combined with oxygen, energy & heat
are released– Energy is required for voluntary & involuntary
processes– BMR – Basal Metabolic Rate- rate at which body uses
energy just for maintaining own tissue without doing any work
– Body needs energy constantly – can store for future use
![Page 27: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Measuring food energy Foods vary in amounts of energy they contains When body metabolizes nutrients to produce
energy, heat is released Measurement of heat produced during
metabolism is the way the energy content of food is measured– Kilocalorie or calorie– Number of calories in a certain food – caloric value– CHO & protein = 4 cal/g– Fat = 9 cal/g– Vitamins, minerals, & water = 0 cal
![Page 28: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Individual’s calorie requirement Number of calories needed by body during a 24
hour period Varies from person to person depending on
activity, age, size, gender, physical condition, & climate
Usually amount of physical activity is main factor because energy used must be replaced
Lose weight = decrease cal, increase exercise Gain weight = increase cal, decrease exercise Weight gain or loss of 1-2 lbs per week is safe
![Page 29: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
www.mypyramid.gov
![Page 30: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
7 guidelines for good eating habits Eat a variety of foods – food groups, adjust
portion size & number, vary nutrients Maintain healthy weight Diet low in fat, saturated fat, cholesterol Use salt & sodium in moderation If alcohol is consumed, do so in moderation Choose a diet with plenty of veggies, fruits, &
grains Use sugar in moderation
![Page 31: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Therapeutic diets
Modifications of normal diet used to improve specific health conditions
Normally prescribed by dr. & planned by dietician
May change nutrients, calorie count, or texture May be strange or unpleasant to pt – anorexia,
weakness, illness, depression Use patience & tact to convince to eat Understand purpose of diet & provide pt with
explanations
![Page 32: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Regular or Standard diet
Balanced diet used for ambulatory pts, may be reduced calories
Rich desserts, creams, salad dressings, & fried food may be eliminated
Otherwise, no restrictions
![Page 33: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Liquid diets
Foods must be liquid at body temp Nutritionally inadequate, can only use for short
time periods Clear liquids
– Mostly CHO & water– Apple/grape juice, broths, gelatin, fruit ice, ginger ale,
tea, coffee Full liquids
– Strained soups & cereals, fruit & veggie juices, yogurt, hot cocoa, custard, ice cream, pudding, sherbet, eggnog
![Page 34: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Soft diet
Similar to regular, but foods must require little chewing & must be easily digestible
Avoid meat & shellfish with tough connective tissue, rich desserts, coarse cereals, spicy food, fried food, raw fruit/veggies, nuts, coconuts
Uses – postop, pts withy infections, digestive disorders or chewing problems
![Page 35: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Diabetic diet - ADA
Used for pts with diabetes – body doesn’t produce enough insulin to metabolize CHO, pts freq take insulin
Diet has exchange lists– Group foods according to type, nutrients, calories– Pts are allowed a certain number of items from
each exchange Avoid sugary foods – candy, sodas, desserts,
cookies, syrup, honey, condensed milk, gum, jam, jelly
![Page 36: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Calorie Controlled diet
Can be either low or high calorie Low calorie
– Used for overweight pts– Avoid or limit high calorie foods
High calorie– Used for underweight pts, hyperthyroid, cancer– Includes extra protein & CHO– Avoid high bulk food – green salads, watermelon,
fibrous fruits & high fat foods
![Page 37: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Low Cholesterol diet
Restricts cholesterol containing foods Used for patients with heart disease
![Page 38: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Fat restricted diet
Used for patients with gall bladder disease, liver disease, obesity, heart disease
Restricts fat
![Page 39: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Sodium restricted diets
Can use diabetic exchange lists No added salt, no smoked meats,
processed foods, pickles, sauerkraut, olives, processed cheese
Used for HTN, CHF, kidney disease, edema
![Page 40: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Protein diet
Includes low protein & high protein Low protein
– Kidney disease, allergies High protein
– Children, adolescent, pregnant, lactating, preop, postop, burns, fevers, infections
![Page 41: Health Occupations Nutrition. Fundamentals of Nutrition Good food = Good nutrition Most people are unaware of what nutrients are needed & why Unable to.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032705/56649ddb5503460f94ad1b3e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Bland diet
Consists of easily digested foods that do not irritate digestive tract
Avoid – coarse foods, fried foods, highly seasoned foods, pastries, candy, raw fruit & veggies, alcohol, carbonated beverages, smoked/salted meats, nuts, olives, avocados, coconut, whole grain breads & cereals, coffee, tea
Used for pts with ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis, diarrhea