Head Trauma

Head consist of facial area and brain area

Remind of anatomy

III

III

____ The Border between the head and neck

____ The Border between the face area and brain area

Layer structure of thehead and brain

There are connective bars between cutis and galeaaponeurotica, so when the damage is located in this area these bars prevents process spreading

Head skull muscule-aponeurosis

m.frontalis

m.temporalis

Galeaaponeurotica

m.occipitalis

Aponeurosis contains :

1.Forward - venter frontalis2.behind- venter occipitalis3.m.temporalis4. galea aponeurotica

If the damage is between aponeurosisand periosteum process will spread

over the head

Head injuries

A head injury is any trauma resulting in injury to the scalp, skull or brain.

A head injury particularly dangerous as, at first the injury may appear only minor however major injuryes have occurred.

A victim with a suspected head injury should be monitored for a numbers of days after the incident

Leading causes include

There are five main types of head injuries:

Lacerations Concussion Contusion Compression Skull fracture

Lacerations(a deep cut or tear, especially in skin)

Bleeding

Pain

Numbness

Swelling of injured

skin

Symptoms of laceration

A concussion is a temporary change in the way the brain works when it is suddenly moved of jarred, it occurs when the brain suddenly shifts inside the skull and knocks against the skull’s bony surface.

Concussion can last from a few moments, to an unconscious state for over 3 minutes

Your brain is a soft organ that is surrounded by spinal fluid and protected by your hard skull. Normally, the fluid around your brain acts like a cushion that keeps your brain from banging into your skull. But if your head or your body is hit hard, your brain can crash into your skull and be injured.

Amnesia, short term memory lose

Nausea, vomiting headache

blurred vision

confusion

ringing in ears neck pain

dizziness

UnconsciousnessIrritability

convulsions

Brain Contusion Neurology A head injury often associated with a concussion, which is of sufficient force to bruise the brain surface and cause extravasation of blood without rupturing the pia-arachnoid.

Brain Contusion

Cerebral compression is a build upof pressure on the brain.

Cerebral compression is the condition when there is a build up of pressure pushing on the brain. This can be caused by bleeding in the skull or swelling of the brain tissue after a head injury. It can also occur as the result of an infection (eg. meningitis), stroke or brain tumour. Cerebral compression is a very serious condition and you must get help quickly

compression

Symptoms of compression

Recent head injury

Headach

Noisy, slow breathing

Slow pulse

Unequal pupil size

Weakness of paralysis down one side of body

High temperature

Drowsiness

Change in behaviour

Disorientation

unconsciousness

A subdural hematoma known as a subdural haemorrhage (SDH), is a type of hematoma, usually associated with traumatic brain injury. Blood gathers within the outermost meningeal layer, between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

Symptoms of subdural hematoma can include:

• Headache• Confusion• Change in behavior• Dizziness• Nausea and vomiting• Lethargy or excessive drowsiness• Weakness• Apathy• Seizures

Epidural or extradural hematoma (haematoma) is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in which a build up of blood occurs between the dura mater and the skull

Symptoms of epidural hematoma

• Confusion

• Dizziness

• Drowsiness or altered level of alertness

• Enlarged pupil in one eye

• Headache (severe)

• Head injury

• loss of consciousness,

• Nausea and/or vomiting

• Weakness of part of the body, usually on the opposite side from the side with the enlarged pupil

• The symptoms usually occur within minutes to hours after a head injury and indicate an emergency situation.

Skull fracture

A skull fracture occurs a head injury and can be life threatening as the fractured bone may cause damage to the brain

Types of Skull Fractures

Closed Fracture

Open Fracture

Basal Fracture

A closed fracture, also called a simple fracture, is one in which the skin is not broken or cut

Also known as a compound fracture, an

open fracture is onein which the skin

is broken and the bone emerges

from it.A basal fracture occurs in the floor of the skull. This is any area around the eyes, ears, nose, or back, near the spine

Symptoms

•Bleeding from wound, ears, nose, or around eyes

•Bruising behind the ears or under the eyes

•Changes in pupils (sizes unequal, not reactive to light)

• Drainage of clear or bloody fluid from ears or nose

•Confusion

•Convulsions

•Difficulties with balance

•Drowsiness

•Headache

•Loss of consciousness

•Nausea/Vomiting

•Restlessness, irritability

•Slurred speech

•Stiff neck

•Swelling

•Visual disturbances

1.Check the airways, breathing, and circulation. If necessary, begin rescue breathing and CPR.

2. Avoid moving the victim (unless absolutely necessary) until

medical help arrives. Instruct someone to call 112 (In Georgia) for medical assistance.

This is incorrect

3. If the victim must be moved, take care to stabilize the head and neck. Place your hands on both sides of the head and under the shoulders. Do not allow the head to bend forward or backward, or to twist or turn.

4. Carefully check the site of injury, but do not probe in or around the site with a foreign object. It can be difficult to know if the skull is fractured or depressed (dented in) at the site of injury.

5. If there is bleeding, apply firm pressure with a clean cloth to control blood loss over a broad area.

6. If blood soaks through, do not remove the original cloth. Instead, apply additional cloths on top, and continue to apply pressure.

7. If the victim is vomiting, stabilize the head and neck (as outlined in number 3, above), and carefully turn the victim to the side to prevent choking on vomit.

8. If the victim is conscious and experiencing any of the previously listed symptoms, transport to the nearest emergency medical facility (even if the patient does not think medical assistance is necessary).

Do Not

•Do NOT remove protruding objects.

•Do NOT allow the victim to continue

to engage in physical activities.

••Do NOT forget to observe the victim

closely until medical help arrives.

•Do NOT give the victim any medications before

consulting a doctor.

•Do NOT leave the victim alone, even if there are no

complaints or obvious injuries.

•Do NOT move the victim unless absolutely necessary –

head injuries may be associated with spinal injuries.

Thank youfor your attention