Hay Cambio Climatico? Primera certeza: Las leyes físicas Las leyes físicas.

CAMBIO CLIMTICO Certezas e Incertezas

Vicente BarrosCIMA (UBA-CONICET)

Buenos Aires

17 de Mayo 2006

Aumento de la temperatura global 1990 a 2100

Hay Cambio Climatico?

CAMBIO CLIMTICO

Cuales son las certezas y las incertidumbres ?

Hacia donde va el Clima en Amrica del Sur?

Primera certeza: Las leyes fsicas

Intercambio de calorcon el espacio exterior

Radiacin electromagntica

La radiacin que llega del sol est en distinta longitud de ondaque la que sale de la TierraSobre la que sale de la Tierra actanLos gases de efecto invernadero

Puede haber otras causas de cambio climtico

Porque puede haber Incertidumbre?

Cambios en la rbita terrestre Astronmicos Variabilidad de la emisin solar Deriva de los continentes Geolgicos

Movimientos orognicos

Vulcanismo

Variabilidad interna del sistema

Composicinde la atmsfera Cambios en la concentracin de GEI Cambios en la concentracin y distribucin de aerosoles

Cambios en la rbita terrestre Astronmicos Variabilidad de la emisin solar Deriva de los continentes Geolgicos

Movimientos orognicos

Vulcanismo

Variabilidad interna

Composicin Cambios en la concentracin de GEI de la atmsfera Cambios en la concentracin de aerosoles

HUBO CAMBIOS DEL CLIMA EN EL PASADO

Evolucin en el tiempo de la concentracin atmosfrica de gases invernadero (CO2 y CH4) medido en las burbujas de aire de un testigo de hielo de la estacin antrtica de Vostok. Obsrvese la correlacin entre temperaturas altas (grfica central) y concentraciones altas de los gases invernadero.

EFECTO ANTRPICOSe sabe con certeza que las emisiones de CO2 aumentaron exponencialmente y que las concentraciones en la atmsfera aumentaron por esa causa. Origen antrpico del carbono

Los Aerosoles tienen efectos directos, enfran el planeta

Cuanto? Incerteza

Indirectos (modifican la cantidad y duracin de las nubes) Muy incierto

Que esta ocurriendo con el clima ?

Hay certeza que el planeta se est calentando

A que se debe atribuir el calentamiento observado?

Variabilidad natural ?

Poco probable

VARIABILIDAD INTERNA?

Muy poco probable

El sol y los volcanes?Si y no

EL IPCC en su informe del 2001concluye:

La tendencia al calentamiento global en el siglo XX tiene una importante componente de origen antropico

que puede pasar en el futuro?

Como saber que pasara en el futuro?

Hay forzantes del climaprevisibles (astronomicos)

Otros no tanto (el Sol)

Completamente imprevisibles (Actividad volcanica)

Dependientes de la humanidad(GEI y aerosoles)

Los escenarios climticos son representaciones acerca del futuro posible, consistentes con suposiciones sobre emisiones futuras de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) y otros contaminantes y con el conocimiento cientfico actualizado sobre el efecto que tendr el aumento de las concentraciones de estos gases sobre el clima global.

Los escenarios climticos no son predicciones como lo son los pronsticos del tiempo

Es una forma de manejar la incertidumbre

Emisiones globales de carbn Escenarios del IPCC (2000-2100)

Concentraciones de CO2 Escenarios del IPCCNo importa lo que se haga: las concentraciones sern las mismas hasta el 2030

como se pasa de concentraciones de GEI a clima ?

MODELOS CLIMATICOS GLOBALES

como representan los MCG el clima actual?

como representan los cambios climticos observados?

Respuesta de la temperatura media global (C) a los forzantes histricos de GEI y aerosoles simulada por el MCG HadCM2 (verde) y observada (rojo).(IPCC, 2001)

LOS MEJORES MODELOS CLIMATICOS GLOBALES SIMULAN BIEN LAS CARACTERISTICAS GLOBALES DEL CLIMA yTAMBIEN LOS CAMBIOS GLOBALES

Temperatura Global (2000-2100)

LOS DISTINTOS ESCENARIOS NO SON MUY DIFERENTES PARA LOS PRXIMOS 30 AOS

EL CAMBIO CLIMTICO YA ES INEVITABLE EN ESE LAPSO

LA ADAPTACIN PASA A SER EL OTRO ELEMENTO CENTRAL DE LA AGENDA POLTICA DEL CAMBIO CLIMTICO QUIN LA PAGAR?

Grado de confianza en los cambios observados y proyectados en fenmenos climticos extremos (IPCC 2003)

Segunda mitad del siglo XX

Cambios en el fenmeno

Proyectados durante el siglo XXI

Probable

Temperaturas elevadas en casi todas las zonas terrestres

Muy probable

Muy probable

Temperaturas mnimas ms elevadas, menos das de fro y de heladas en casi todas las zonas terrestres

Muy probable

Probable en muchas zonas terrestres de latitudes medias

Ms episodios de precipitacin intensa

Muy probable en muchas zonas

Grado de confianza en los cambios observados y proyectados en fenmenos climticos extremos (IPCC 2003).

Segunda mitad del siglo XX

Cambios en el fenmeno

Proyectados para el siglo XXI

Probable en algunas zonas

Mayor desecacin continental estival y riesgo asociado de sequa

Probable en la mayora de las zonas continentales

No se observa

Aumento de las intensidades mximas de los vientos de los ciclones tropicales


Datos insuficientes

Aumento de las intensidades de las precipitaciones de los ciclones tropicales


EXTINCION MASIVA DE ESPECIES Y ECOSISTEMAS

CRISIS DEL AGUA

PERDIDA DE TIERRA POR AUMENTO DEL NIVEL DEL MAR

PROPAGACION DE VECTORES Y ENFERMEDADES AUMENTO DE CONFLICTIVIDAD

MAYORES IMPACTOS EN PAISES EN DESARROLLO

Estamos viendo impactos del Cambio Climtico en Amrica del Sur?

PRECIPITACIN

Tendencias en la precipitacin anual 1900-2000IPCC (2001)SE Amrica del Sur : 23%Chile: 50%

TENDENCIA LINEAL1960 2003mm / ao

Escenarios de diferencias de precipitacin (mm/da) segn el modelo HADCM3 entre las dcadas 2020, 2050 y 2080 y el presente (1961-90) para el escenario A22020/20302050/20602070/2080

UN GRAN DESAFIO:

La zona de los oasis de piedemonte de los Andes desde Comahue hasta San Juan

menor oferta de agua

mayor demanda por el aumento de la temperatura

efecto combinado de ambos procesos

Prdida o afectacin de la actividad econmica

Grfico4

106

124

128

71

80.5

1874

94

1876

180.5

70

125.5

366

1881

1882

194

1884

1885

1886

93.5

1888

80

148

1891

17.5

78.7

189.7

49.3

33.3

192.6

135.1

1899

232.8

167.7

170.4

1903

236.5

1905

1906

119.3

58.7

51.4

70.5

32.6

48.4

26.8

254

106.2

29.1

71

41.4

306.6

7

126.7

145.9

116

22

1925

199.2

141.1

206

116.3

197.3

107.2

122.8

52.5

180.5

70.7

60.9

96.3

114.5

119.2

178.7

209.9

142.8

84.4

147.2

1945

74.7

33.8

72.3

90.8

80.8

43.6

165.2

42.3

87.8

44.1

97.2

270.9

159.6

98.8

10.4

133.1

34.3

1963

25.4

222.6

111.7

1967

34.2

7.7

31

80.1

188.1

58.7

49.4

68.3

44.2

1977

45.7

4.3

69.5

68

77.9

160.1

177.5

36

36.1

195.6

11.2

58.9

17.5

104.8

193.9

65

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

La Serena

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN ANUAL en LA SERENA Lat. -29.9 / Long. -71.2 / Alt. 172m

Concep

Concep

1029

1270.4

1376.3

1212.9

1187.7

938.1

1337.7

1463.2

998.3

784.6

1437.5

1143

671.2

1329.1

1655.4

1426.9

945.3

1015.7

1743.8

1056.9

1574.1

1000.8

1072.6

1361.2

1350.9

1255.6

1339.8

1415.4

1815.8

1578.7

966.2

1083.1

1141.8

1196.2

1068.4

1113.6

1147.9

957.4

1553.2

1607.4

890.1

1627.6

1468.6

959.4

1013.2

1497.1

1333.9

1407.3

1165.7

1356.2

751.8

1529.5

931

1529

1507.1

1069

786.1

1232

855.8

970.2

1468.9

889.3

1010.2

1209.4

883.6

1469.5

1293.4

1022.7

1340.3

1181.1

1354.9

900.9

1263

939.3

1264.4

1183.9

995.6

897.6

848

1142.4

1454.9

1159

1994

1995

694

1997

1998

1112

2000

1375

1371

2003

2004

Concepcin

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN ANUAL en CONCEPCIN Lat. -36.8 / Long. -73.1 / Alt. 11m

Temuco

25.5

15.3

90.7

13

121.9

52.1

110.6

64.9

70.8

52.4

168.7

151.8

70

45.8

187.8

41.9

67.5

57.9

28

83.1

30.8

113.9

46.7

96.2

49.5

62.5

110.2

111.1

81.2

83.1

29.9

99.9

10.3

106.4

45.4

78.2

24.9

96.2

66.6

144.1

80.9

132.7

44.6

86.3

175.2

22.1

19.9

120.6

131.4

155.3

24.2

51.1

54

58

13.1

83

39.2

31.4

33.9

49.5

123.3

17.5

39.3

52.8

44.6

79.2

19.2

45.9

74.9

120.7

112.4

51

55.8

65.4

63.3

62.7

19.2

34.9

165.9

20.8

65.9

29

12

1995

25

1997

1998

69

2000

160

159

2003

2004

Concepcin

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 1er. TRIM en CONCEPCIN Lat. -36.8 / Long. -73.1 / Alt. 11m

Valdivia

492.4

582.5

380.2

734.9

334.8

440.6

551.3

729.2

476.3

462.6

482.8

292.7

280

497

714.8

728.2

575.7

374.3

711.3

504.2

613.4

477.1

745.9

587.3

605

366.9

461.2

641.4

1087.6

450

274.5

456.6

456

478.8

441.6

485.5

440.7

698.8

737

795.6

378

509.3

630.3

452.8

349.9

529.6

675

588.6

509

320.5

375.5

362.3

240

472

680

420

319

623.7

392.8

429.6

663.3

424.1

617

629.9

322.3

495.9

330.9

255.9

806.7

693.3

593.6

409.3

619.9

432.6

624.9

305

316.5

299.1

252.2

525.6

855.9

690

558

1995

288

796

325

493

666

537

387

402

2004

Concepcin

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 2do. TRIM en CONCEPCIN Lat. -36.8 / Long. -73.1 / Alt. 11m

Robinson

369.3

636.8

735

405.5

510.2

375.9

451.7

567.2

319.7

190.2

736.4

499.9

317

676.1

595.4

572.3

234.6

482.7

687.1

382.8

722.6

317.4

225.9

470.5

539.6

758.1

498.6

470.5

517.2

851.4

577.9

483.6

496.5

466.6

423

413.2

585.4

100.7

602.1

528.3

315.2

908.7

703.3

329.1

398.8

707.4

529.6

606.7

371.1

822.3

278.7

889.1

460

721

655

471

219.3

472.1

338.2

400.8

501.7

263.2

262.6

391.7

275.5

648.9

751.6

577.7

383.4

334

528.3

387.6

413.1

329.6

334.7

758.2

600.1

437.2

347.5

384.3

389.4

334

1994

1995

322

453

226

520

555

619

577

304

2004

Concepcin

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 3er. TRIM en CONCEPCIN Lat. -36.8 / Long. -73.1 / Alt. 11m

La Serena

141.8

35.8

170.4

59.5

220.8

69.5

224.1

101.9

131.5

79.4

49.6

198.6

4.2

110.2

157.4

84.5

67.5

100.8

317.4

86.8

207.3

92.4

54.1

207.2

156.8

68.1

269.8

192.4

129.8

194.2

83.9

43

179

144.4

158.4

136.7

96.9

61.7

147.5

139.4

116

76.9

90.4

91.2

89.3

238

109.4

91.4

154.2

58.1

73.4

227

177

278

159

95

208.6

104.8

90.9

90.3

180.6

184.5

91.3

135

241.2

245.5

191.7

143.2

75.3

33.1

120.6

53

174.2

111.7

241.5

58

59.8

126.4

82.4

211.7

143.7

106

1994

1995

59

253

1998

30

2000

59

248

2003

2004

Concepcin

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 4to. TRIM en CONCEPCIN Lat. -36.8 / Long. -73.1 / Alt. 11m

TRIM SELECC

861.7

1219.3

1115.2

1140.4

845

816.5

1003

1296.4

796

652.8

1219.2

792.6

597

1173.1

1310.2

1300.5

810.3

857

1398.4

887

1336

794.5

971.8

1057.8

1144.6

1125

959.8

1111.9

1604.8

1301.4

852.4

940.2

952.5

945.4

864.6

898.7

1026.1

799.5

1339.1

1323.9

693.2

1418

1333.6

781.9

748.7

1237

1204.6

1195.3

880.1

1142.8

654.2

1251.4

700

1193

1335

891

538.3

1095.8

731

830.4

1165

687.3

879.6

1021.6

597.8

1144.8

1082.5

833.6

1190.1

1027.3

1121.9

796.9

1033

762.2

959.6

1063.2

916.6

736.3

599.7

909.9

1245.3

1024

1994

1995

610

1249

551

1013

1221

1156

964

706

2004

Concepcin

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN OTOO-INVIERNO en CONCEPCIN Lat. -36.8 / Long. -73.1 / Alt. 11m

ANUAL SELEC

ANUAL SELEC

913.6

1396.5

1471.9

1436.2

1481

1087.2

1586.2

1471.8

1584.6

1492.6

1362.2

993.2

932.2

1130.1

1368.9

1589.1

1204.1

1157

1545

1220

1606

1229

1179

1458

1668

1429

1375

1398

1980

1594.9

1070

926

1639.5

1469.9

1262.6

1404.1

1150.5

1311.4

1444.4

1471.8

753.3

1308.6

1286.7

966.2

1106

1278.6

1403.2

1387.5

1208.8

1351.5

870.9

1275.5

1006

1395.3

1281.5

1141.6

969.7

1112.9

1104.5

1337.9

1294.6

1042.5

931.3

1030.5

1027.9

1557.2

1315.4

1141

1494.8

1156.4

1272.4

885.4

1283.6

1175.6

1216.5

1009.2

870.9

910

1055.8

1238.7

1992

1410

1994

1995

804

1456

1998

1999

2000

2001

1466

973

2004

Temuco

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN ANUAL en TEMUCO Lat. -38.8 / Long. -72.8 / Alt. 114m

Pto Montt. TRIM

78.6

61.9

84.7

70.5

175.3

163

205.8

136.8

152.4

189.9

138.5

230.8

124.7

169.1

210.4

175.7

187.4

116

40

82

133

148

158

151

211

188

170

218

206

120

82

137

42

235.7

197.3

231.3

96.9

144.1

96.2

195.6

117.5

83

37.5

137.5

242.5

51.6

81.7

207.2

149.4

181.1

90

130.4

139.5

138.1

105.4

132.4

110

67.4

116.1

201.3

91.2

99.5

130

61.9

127

136.2

61.7

57.2

188.7

215.2

240.8

59.7

111.9

148.1

208.4

96.2

137

79.6

149.4

79.8

1992

89

71

65

160

68

68

103

177

149

192

47

2004

Temuco

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 1er. TRIM. en TEMUCO Lat. -38.8 / Long. -72.8 / Alt. 114m

Pto Montt

417

734

544.5

743.3

409.3

377.4

646.6

603.3

772.3

725

417.6

242.7

424.6

362.8

480.3

422.4

538.6

358

574

470

593

449

537

650

654

556

476

640

987

501.9

435

268

752.1

483.1

380.9

616.8

454.1

898.9

743.4

679

339.4

454.8

463.6

368.3

377.1

435.8

670.5

515.6

463.5

478.8

329.6

401.1

372.7

470.5

526.5

356.4

244

370.5

426.1

487.5

443.6

437.6

413.5

458

356.5

616.6

318.8

282.1

790.2

557.3

416.6

416.4

594.6

538.4

478.7

324.2

280.3

307

420.1

522.6

717

676

1994

1995

310

637

178

1999

620

505

426

365

2004

Temuco

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 2do. TRIM. en TEMUCO Lat. -38.8 / Long. -72.8 / Alt. 114m

Sgo. TRIM

211.5

544.9

517.1

497.3

551.6

385.6

460.9

468.4

365.8

351.9

708

333.8

285.6

391.9

411.4

792.8

280.3

462

497

500

647

372

355

371

572

570

490

281

504

682

497

393

556.5

562.8

468.3

371.4

488.7

116.9

402.9

444.5

228

658.9

641.5

233.9

382.7

571.9

496.5

493.5

399.3

599.2

365.5

466.1

255.7

480.4

357.8

499.2

366.8

472.4

402.2

449.3

520.7

317

268.3

325.1

256

520

715.6

553.3

387.4

296.2

465

342.5

337.7

344.3

316.8

412

298.2

338.8

335.4

402.4

394

416

360

1995

221

449

287

369

414

367

381

346

2004

Temuco

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 3er. TRIM. en TEMUCO Lat. -38.8 / Long. -72.8 / Alt. 114m

Sgo

206.5

55.7

325.6

125.1

344.8

161.2

272.9

263.3

294.1

225.8

98.1

185.9

97.3

206.3

266.8

198.2

197.8

221

434

168

233

260

129

286

231

115

239

259

283

291

56

128

288.9

188.3

216.1

184.6

110.8

151.5

201.9

152.7

68.4

111.9

144.1

226.5

103.7

219.3

154.5

171.2

196.6

92.4

85.8

277.9

238.1

306.3

291.8

153.6

248.9

202.6

160.1

199.8

239.1

188.4

119.5

185.5

288.4

284.4

219.3

248.4

128.5

87.7

150

66.8

239.4

144.8

212.6

176.8

155.4

184.6

150.9

233.9

288

229

334

117

113

302

1998

68

2000

2001

467

215

2004

Temuco

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 4to. TRIM. en TEMUCO Lat. -38.8 / Long. -72.8 / Alt. 114m

completo

628.5

1278.9

1061.6

1240.6

960.9

763

1107.5

1071.7

1138.1

1076.9

1125.6

576.5

710.2

754.7

891.7

1215.2

818.9

820

1071

970

1240

821

892

1021

1226

1126

966

921

1491

1183.9

932

661

1308.6

1045.9

849.2

988.2

942.8

1015.8

1146.3

1123.5

567.4

1113.7

1105.1

602.2

759.8

1007.7

1167

1009.1

862.8

1078

695.1

867.2

628.4

950.9

884.3

855.6

610.8

842.9

828.3

936.8

964.3

754.6

681.8

783.1

612.5

1136.6

1034.4

835.4

1177.6

853.5

881.6

758.9

932.3

882.7

795.5

736.2

578.5

645.8

755.5

925

1111

1092

1994

1995

531

1086

465

1999

1034

872

807

711

2004

Temuco

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN OTOO-INVIERNO en TEMUCO Lat. -38.8 / Long. -72.8 / Alt. 114m

DATOS

DATOS

1855.6

2398.5

2662.3

2618.3

1968.9

1832.6

2444.1

2207.4

2375.4

2498.8

2064.1

1887.3

1803.7

2440.6

2500.6

1868.5

2584.2

2465.2

2355.2

1778.1

2705.4

2183.6

1775.7

2142.5

2485.3

2159.9

1973.5

2063.2

2547.9

2217.2

1689.1

1708.5

2391.6

2523.3

2098.2

1782.9

2152.5

2344.9

2772.5

2796.6

1500.4

2854.1

2166

1958.7

1859

2119.6

2286.6

2360.3

2002

2721

1759.1

2112.5

1749.8

2397.5

2050

2143

1869.5

2481.6

1909.2

2130.7

2260.9

1655.4

1567.5

2049.3

1781.1

2208.9

2235

2053.1

2438.8

2094.8

1969.8

1451.6

1794.2

1729

1994.8

1639.3

1176.2

1559.9

1764.2

1733

1992

2331

1994

1995

1273

2132

1998

1999

2000

1843

2176

1718

2004

Valdivia

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN ANUAL en VALDIVIA Lat. -40.0 / Long. -73.1 / Alt. 19m

173.5

151.9

206.5

107.3

227.3

183.6

278

209.3

251.8

267.4

197.9

268.3

221.3

202.5

382.7

200.8

391.4

298.3

107.3

126.7

234.9

434.6

233.4

205.9

148.4

307.9

118.9

208.5

234

71.3

203.2

167.1

89.8

245.4

246.8

192.1

151.9

353.3

170.7

215.5

202.4

374.8

102

230.9

388.7

102

101.6

325.2

189.7

256.5

121.7

148.9

213.8

264

147

205.8

187.3

108.5

131.4

221

240.4

130.9

212

129.7

222.3

134.4

118

103.2

235.8

324.1

231

149.5

131.1

220.4

251.2

123.2

129.4

93.5

226.6

119.7

1992

237

68

107

164

103

74

127

228

205

247

105

2004

Valdivia

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 1er. TRIM en VALDIVIA Lat. -40.0 / Long. -73.1 / Alt. 19m

913.4

1137.9

1086

1342.1

547.9

667

1084.2

903.5

1098.7

1175.2

487.1

544.7

811.5

714.4

1036.2

544.9

1135.5

873.7

944.9

627.3

1085.7

746

811.2

1028.6

1078.7

764.5

834.9

958.1

1219.4

715.3

547.2

673.9

755.3

936.2

655

902.6

755

1584.4

1393.3

1454.9

530.2

977.6

802.1

843

630.6

699.8

1095.4

886.5

751.2

1111.9

582.7

599.9

542.8

832.3

939.6

745.2

508.5

817.8

734.1

685.1

834.6

742.4

736.5

1026.5

703.3

833.2

620.1

584.7

1255.6

1027.4

739.5

598.7

836.6

863

917.5

451.4

445

455.6

677.3

655.2

1992

1112

1994

1995

528

920

416

1999

1037

819

593

726

2004

Valdivia

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 2do. TRIM en VALDIVIA Lat. -40.0 / Long. -73.1 / Alt. 19m

492.7

985.1

1063.8

895

806.6

712.1

684.1

772.9

662.2

683.7

1230.1

809.2

597.1

1184.4

641.5

942

646.3

930.8

716.1

768.1

1083

599.1

555.2

461

877.2

849.1

751.4

657.3

723.2

1021.4

791.8

698.6

985.2

990.3

823.8

478.9

1044

294.2

891.2

846.3

630

1346.5

987.4

624.1

729.7

989.1

881.1

927.7

794.7

1257.6

752

1031.6

731.1

884.2

622

896.5

674

1237.9

796.2

929.9

876.2

557.7

442.9

586.4

503.4

864

1145.5

976.2

729.4

621.2

797.5

623.3

542.2

448.3

579.5

809.1

447.9

720

682.7

603.3

474

614

624

1995

399

749

431

649

527

693

650

562

2004

Valdivia

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 3er. TRIM en VALDIVIA Lat. -40.0 / Long. -73.1 / Alt. 19m

276

123.6

306

273.9

387.1

269.9

397.8

321.7

362.7

372.5

149

265.1

173.8

339.3

440.2

180.8

411

362.4

586.9

256

301.8

403.9

175.9

447

381

238.4

268.3

239.3

371.3

409.2

146.9

168.9

561.3

351.4

372.6

209.3

201.6

113

317.3

279.9

137.8

155.2

274.5

260.7

110

328.7

208.5

220.9

266.4

95

302.7

332.1

262.1

417

341.4

295.5

499.7

317.4

247.5

294.7

309.7

224.4

176.1

306.7

352.1

377.3

351.4

389

218

122.1

201.8

80.1

284.3

197.3

246.6

255.6

153.9

290.8

177.6

354.8

303

368

352

164

182

360

1998

89

2000

126

686

325

2004

Valdivia

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 4to. TRIM en VALDIVIA Lat. -40.0 / Long. -73.1 / Alt. 19m

1406.1

2123

2149.8

2237.1

1354.5

1379.1

1768.3

1676.4

1760.9

1858.9

1717.2

1353.9

1408.6

1898.8

1677.7

1486.9

1781.8

1804.5

1661

1395.4

2168.7

1345.1

1366.4

1489.6

1955.9

1613.6

1586.3

1615.4

1942.6

1736.7

1339

1372.5

1740.5

1926.5

1478.8

1381.5

1799

1878.6

2284.5

2301.2

1160.2

2324.1

1789.5

1467.1

1360.3

1688.9

1976.5

1814.2

1545.9

2369.5

1334.7

1631.5

1273.9

1716.5

1561.6

1641.7

1182.5

2055.7

1530.3

1615

1710.8

1300.1

1179.4

1612.9

1206.7

1697.2

1765.6

1560.9

1985

1648.6

1537

1222

1378.8

1311.3

1497

1260.5

892.9

1175.6

1360

1258.5

1992

1726

1994

1995

927

1669

847

1999

1564

1512

1243

1288

2004

Valdivia

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN OTOO-INVIERNO en VALDIVIA Lat. -40.0 / Long. -73.1 / Alt. 19m

1214

948

1233

1905

881

1907

1908

1909

1910

644

913

1066

1087

1915

1916

667

989.3

1299

969

978

1696.5

1923

813

1083

1102

1156

1263

819

868

935.6

865.5

734.8

685.9

859.2

805.2

584

711.9

960.4

1032.5

1196

951

818

1117.4

1033

1003.1

941.5

1450.3

1949

1056

1087

832

1953

776.3

660

1002

672

1048

1005.9

867.9

913.1

852.7

1138.9

833

1175.9

1047.2

703.5

1968

967.4

992.7

835

1640.1

845.8

897.5

1027.2

911

1066

770

1007

1657.8

1136

1166

853

1173

1186

1311

1070

1988

939

907

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

858

1387

876

1999

2000

1002

1402

847

2004

Isla Rob. Crusoe

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN ANUAL en ISLA ROBINSON CRUSOE Lat. -33.6 / Long. -78.8 / Alt. 2m

112

87

71

144

72

155

1908

1909

108

65

0

123

82

1915

153

80

92

122

87

133

183

1923

173

129

152

46

164

139

53

67

56.7

116.7

100

88

95

46

44.2

81.4

74.8

69

92

70

78

121.8

47.4

104.2

170.9

77.6

17.7

124

76

86.9

17.4

92

199

64

81

115

106.4

144.1

143.9

180

139.1

67.9

73.6

65

1968

145.3

108.3

79

306

81.8

142

122.2

79

146

60

103

105

250

101

121

172

177

161

110

63

91

88

85

1992

75

130

91

149

135

40

1999

2000

102

311

84

2004

Isla Rob. Crusoe

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 1er. TRIM en ISLA ROBINSON CRUSOE Lat. -33.6 / Long. -78.8 / Alt. 2m

710

563

453

1905

326

423

1908

1909

300

326

385

606

347

1915

202

245

424

683

440

383

708.9

1923

266

416

402

506

393

334

332

259.7

353.4

267.1

415

268.8

419

200

372.6

378.3

457.9

517

318

341

471.6

507.3

466.2

443.9

519.8

450.4

406.3

510

337

391.1

408.8

216

407

299

411

349

296.5

337.7

376

304.1

295.1

469.9

383.9

183.8

389

487.9

461.7

360

629.5

357.5

486.5

574

320

413

291

268

1031.8

372

458

250

391

493

629

398

275

325

245

404

532

491

1994

301

319

730

437

500

498

274

529

458

2004

Isla Rob. Crusoe

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 2do. TRIM en ISLA ROBINSON CRUSOE Lat. -33.6 / Long. -78.8 / Alt. 2m

309

249

532

1905

389

1907

1908

346

1910

185

378

264

502

331

275

270

231

398

305

258

727.6

465

253

445

446

446

507

219

285

505.6

389.8

236

123.9

382.4

248

276

214.1

264.5

240

528

449

322

367.2

293.5

373.8

257

677.1

564.3

459.3

319

324

350

243.7

249

297

241

443

456

388.7

380.2

228.1

451.8

268.5

474.5

427.5

361.1

283.9

266

333.7

304

529.7

281.5

174

249

369

412

336

419

387

348

542

435

459

330

353

453

1988

461

430

384

258

1993

298

1995

324

287

341

372

368

535

429

222

2004

Isla Rob. Crusoe

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 3er. TRIM en ISLA ROBINSON CRUSOE Lat. -33.6 / Long. -78.8 / Alt. 2m

83

49

177

1905

94

1907

1908

86

39

68

150

73

156

113

1916

72

242.3

96

137

204

77

235

121

93

102

158

199

127

198

103.3

65.6

115

47

120

43.2

62

81

236.2

259.8

82

92

85

200.6

110.4

115.7

136.4

82.5

1949

172.7

134

95

1953

106.4

103

99

68

113

85.9

76.3

51.1

104.7

203

130.3

163.6

162.2

93.6

125.1

68.2

89

92

174.9

125

95

82

143

95

83

217

134

166

65

47

151

186

168

109

53

62

144

1991

121

82

104

99

66

235

58

60

2000

91

133

83

2004

Isla Rob. Crusoe

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 4to. TRIM en ISLA ROBINSON CRUSOE Lat. -33.6 / Long. -78.8 / Alt. 2m

1019

812

985

1905

715

1907

1908

1909

1910

511

763

870

849

1915

477

515

655

1081

745

641

1436.5

1923

519

861

848

952

900

553

617

765.3

743.2

503.1

538.9

651.2

667

476

586.7

642.8

697.9

1045

767

663

838.8

800.8

840

700.9

1196.9

1014.7

865.6

829

661

741.1

652.5

465

704

540

854

805

685.2

717.9

604.1

755.9

563.6

944.4

811.4

544.9

672.9

753.9

795.4

664

1159.2

639

660.5

823

689

825

627

687

1418.8

720

1000

685

850

823

982

851

1988

786

675

788

790

1993

1994

1995

643

1017

778

872

866

809

958

680

2004

Isla Rob. Crusoe

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN OTOO-INVIERNO en ISLA ROBINSON CRUSOE Lat. -33.6 / Long. -78.8 / Alt. 2m

95

124

128

71

79.5

103

83

1876

172.5

68

113

362.5

1881

61

194

1884

1885

1886

93.5

1888

80

146

238.6

17.5

70.9

189.7

49.3

32

191.1

133.3

1899

232.8

167.7

165.3

1903

229.7

1905

1906

119.3

57.7

48.2

70.5

32.6

48.4

26.8

246.7

104.5

26.3

69

41

303.8

7

122.6

143.7

116

18.6

18.5

194.5

137.7

202.3

113.5

190

94.8

118.2

51.5

175.2

62.5

56.2

93.9

113.1

59.7

178.2

206.8

128.7

83.2

143.4

25.9

74.1

32.1

67.9

88.9

70.1

43.6

161.7

41.3

87.3

29

63.1

253.8

154.2

98.1

10.4

132.1

13.3

1963

25.4

222.4

110.5

1967

34.2

7.6

17.3

80.1

187.8

43.4

49.4

68.3

32.4

66.5

40.4

3.9

69

66.7

77.9

159.6

176.9

33.4

35.3

190.5

8.4

58.3

16.4

103.9

178.7

59

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

188

2003

2004

La Serena

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN OTOO-INVIERNO en LA SERENA Lat. -29.9 / Long. -71.2 / Alt. 172m

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

4.8

24.5

0

0

1

1.2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

1.1

0

0

0

0

2.7

0.2

0

2

4.5

0.5

0

0.3

0.1

1.5

0.1

0.4

0

0

0

0.6

1

0.2

3

1945

0.4

0.1

0

0

0

0

2.1

0

0

1.3

34

0

2.4

0.7

0

0

0

0

0

0

0.2

0

0

0

4.7

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0.4

0

0.2

0

0

0.6

1.4

0.2

2.1

1.1

0.2

0.3

0.5

14

3

2

0

0

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

La Serena

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 1er. TRIM. en LA SERENA Lat. -29.9 / Long. -71.2 / Alt. 172m

33

95

102

14

15

83.5

70

66

54.5

58

82.5

184

69

0

180

1884

54

1886

71

1888

21

94

182.1

1.2

38.5

38.1

7.5

7.6

155.2

112.4

45.4

45

59.1

71.5

1903

76.9

1905

1906

69.3

55.7

45.3

32.1

28.7

36.6

2.5

158.9

98.7

1.9

54

23.2

221.3

5.5

108.7

56.1

14.9

0.1

1.5

105.1

123.1

125.5

90.1

29.5

40.1

87.6

39.5

131.6

22.9

15.5

36.5

106.8

53.2

83.4

91.9

41.4

43.6

112.6

0.1

67.2

0.9

23.2

8.6

56.4

29.3

114

3.7

67.2

8.8

2.1

222.4

58.3

61.3

9.8

45.7

10.6

43.6

6

24.7

68

27

32.9

1

0

26.6

54.4

42.4

43.1

51.8

13.7

12.4

0.1

0.4

14.2

46.5

31.8

6.9

0.2

1.1

23.9

13.5

6.9

13.4

0.2

79.6

163.6

38

1994

4

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

80

2003

2004

La Serena

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 2do. TRIM. en LA SERENA Lat. -29.9 / Long. -71.2 / Alt. 172m

62

29

26

57

64.5

19.5

13

1876

118

10

30.5

178.5

1881

61

14

62.5

1885

1

22.5

1888

59

52

56.5

16.3

32.4

151.6

41.8

24.4

35.9

20.9

1899

187.8

108.6

93.8

41.8

152.8

115.2

17.5

50

2

2.9

38.4

3.9

11.8

24.3

87.8

5.8

24.4

15

17.8

82.5

1.5

13.9

87.6

101.1

18.5

17

89.4

14.6

76.8

23.4

160.5

54.7

30.6

12

43.6

39.6

40.7

57.4

6.3

6.5

94.8

114.9

87.3

39.6

30.8

25.8

6.9

31.2

44.7

80.3

13.7

14.3

47.7

37.6

20.1

20.2

61

31.4

95.9

36.8

0.6

86.4

2.7

1963

19.4

197.7

42.5

1967

1.3

6.6

17.3

53.5

133.4

1

6.3

16.5

18.7

54.1

40.3

3.5

54.8

20.2

46.1

152.7

176.7

32.3

11.4

177

1.5

44.9

16.2

24.3

15.1

21

10

1995

1996

81

1998

1999

2000

135

108

2003

2004

La Serena

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 3er. TRIM. en LA SERENA Lat. -29.9 / Long. -71.2 / Alt. 172m

11

0

0

0

0

1874

10

0

8

1

12.5

3.5

0

1882

0

0

0

0

0

1888

0

0

1891

0

7.8

0

0

1.3

1.5

1.8

0

0

0

5.1

2.9

2

2.7

0.2

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

7.3

1.7

2.8

0

0.4

2.8

0

3

2.2

0

3.4

1925

2

3.2

3.7

0.8

2.8

11.9

4.6

0.7

5.2

6.7

4.6

2

1.4

59.5

0.5

2.5

13.1

1

0.8

1.3

0.2

1.6

4.4

1.9

10.7

0

1.4

1

0.5

13.8

0.1

17.1

3

0

0

1

21

1.7

0

0.2

1

3

0

0.1

9

0

0.3

15.3

0

0

11.8

1977

5.3

0

0.5

1.1

0

0.5

0

1.2

0.6

3

1.7

0.4

0.8

0.4

1.2

3

2

2

3

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

0

2003

2004

La Serena

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 4to. TRIM. en LA SERENA Lat. -29.9 / Long. -71.2 / Alt. 172m

106

124

128

71

80.5

1874

94

1876

180.5

70

125.5

366

1881

1882

194

1884

1885

1886

93.5

1888

80

148

1891

17.5

78.7

189.7

49.3

33.3

192.6

135.1

1899

232.8

167.7

170.4

1903

236.5

1905

1906

119.3

58.7

51.4

70.5

32.6

48.4

26.8

254

106.2

29.1

71

41.4

306.6

7

126.7

145.9

116

22

1925

199.2

141.1

206

116.3

197.3

107.2

122.8

52.5

180.5

70.7

60.9

96.3

114.5

119.2

178.7

209.9

142.8

84.4

147.2

1945

74.7

33.8

72.3

90.8

80.8

43.6

165.2

42.3

87.8

44.1

97.2

270.9

159.6

98.8

10.4

133.1

34.3

1963

25.4

222.6

111.7

1967

34.2

7.7

31

80.1

188.1

58.7

49.4

68.3

44.2

1977

45.7

4.3

69.5

68

77.9

160.1

177.5

36

36.1

195.6

11.2

58.9

17.5

104.8

193.9

65

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

La Serena

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN ANUAL en LA SERENA Lat. -29.9 / Long. -71.2 / Alt. 172m

60700112173.578.625.50.3

3510087151.961.915.30.3

29310071206.584.790.70

17450144107.370.5130.1

5131871172227.3175.3121.922.1

40730155183.616352.10.4

6361.611908278205.8110.62

3962.401909209.3136.864.91.9

63318750108251.8152.470.80.5

53213.6165267.4189.952.46.6

4172.500197.9138.5168.70

36139.80123268.3230.8151.80

18740082221.3124.7707.3

18752.601915202.5169.145.83.2

18765.80153382.7210.4187.811.7

18771.6080200.8175.741.90.3

187812092391.4187.467.50

1879270122298.311657.91929

18801.4087107.340280

188100133126.78283.115

188214.50183234.913330.84.3

1883021923434.6148113.945

18841.50173233.415846.70.2

18853.70129205.915196.20

188600152148.421149.55

18870046307.918862.51.9

21600164118.9170110.242

267160139208.5218111.10

3641905323420681.230

5440.706771.312083.116

4497.1056.7203.28229.91

5580.10116.7167.113799.91

3761.1010089.84210.32

40422.1088245.4235.7106.439

2635.4095246.8197.345.42.2

2049.94.846192.1231.378.21.2

4660.924.544.2151.996.924.91

49237081.4353.3144.196.213.6

5682.6074.8170.796.266.63

3099169215.5195.6144.10

4720.71.292202.4117.580.90.8

19031.7070374.883132.70.2

1904007810237.544.60.1

190510.30121.8230.9137.586.30

19060047.4388.7242.5175.231.7

2660.10104.210251.622.10

190800170.9101.681.719.90

1320077.6325.2207.2120.617.9

267.24.9217.7189.7149.4131.40.2

195.421.80124256.5181.1155.36.4

367.90.5076121.79024.221.4

179.45.2086.9148.9130.451.14.1

205.30.81.117.4213.8139.5541

195.50092264138.1580

403.10.30199147105.413.11

270.92.9064205.8132.4830

468.60.4081187.311039.20

405.313.22.7115108.567.431.40.4

439.40.20.2106.4131.4116.133.90

520.93.20144.1221201.349.52.4

339.30.82143.9240.491.2123.30.4

429.90.84.5180130.999.517.50

441.919290.5139.121213039.30

2753067.9129.761.952.80

620.111.10.373.6222.312744.62.4

3640.70.165134.4136.279.20

469.557.31.5196811861.719.20

457.51.10.1145.3103.257.245.90

34100.4108.3235.8188.774.90.4

3060079324.1215.2120.71.5

26800306231240.8112.412.1

46339.3081.8149.559.7511

3223.30.6142131.1111.955.89.8

29813.71122.2220.4148.165.45

19811.20.279251.2208.463.30

43503146123.296.262.70

22727194560129.413719.24.6

37019440.410393.579.634.90

39319450.1105226.6149.4165.943.3

19600250119.779.820.80

299101011992199265.915.1

2653.8012123789290.3

18612.20172687112

313.312.1177107651995

341.20016116416025

297.530110103681997

258.27.31.36374681998

420.31349112710369

37010882281772000

277.545.32.485205149160

310.310.71992247192159

437.40075105472003

173.1180130200420042004

356.60091

390.214.20149

148.500135

1274.6040

371.60.20.21999

294.4002000

414.900102

186.600311

313.904.784

308002004

376.500

170.420

347.220

299.200

170.300

214.600

347.770

240.200.4

287.300

332.700.2

279.9260

215.670

266.7210.6

234.571.4

152.820.2

333.2262.1

277.919861.1

250.919870.2

201.719880.3

32719890.5

281.8199014

496.219913

199.319922

203.500

272.800

219.801997

228.419961998

1992151999

28819982000

18019992001

20620002002

27552003

27620022004

1252003

2292004

329

436

298

221

2004

Puerto Montt

Santiago/Pudahuel

La Serena

ISLA ROB. CRUSOE

VALDIVIA

TEMUCO

CONCEPCION

PUNTA NGELES

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN PRIMER TRIMESTRE

305223810612141855.6913.61029444.8

252618681249482398.51396.51270.4257.2

2385149.212812332662.31471.91376.31093.5

2646204.37119052618.31436.21212.9400.9

2678187180.58811968.914811187.71916

2546157.9187419071832.61087.2938.1315.6

3195294.49419082444.11586.21337.7431.1

2273263.6187619092207.41471.81463.2826.9

24001875180.519102375.41584.6998.3255.2

2030202.7706442498.81492.6784.6619.8

23251877125.59132064.11362.21437.5614.2

1873187836610661887.3993.21143443.4

1874165.5188110871803.7932.2671.254.3

1875652.7188219152440.61130.11329.1334.8

187644119419162500.61368.91655.4770.7

1877303.518846671868.51589.11426.9479.7

18783651885989.32584.21204.1945.3421.5

1879387.1188612992465.211571015.71929

1880397.593.59692355.215451743.8639

1881126.718889781778.112201056.9470.3

18821887801696.52705.416061574.1498.3

1883693.314819232183.612291000.8293.4

1884229.618918131775.711791072.6486.5

1885222.317.510832142.514581361.2325

1886614.678.711022485.316681350.9439

1887123.9189.711562159.914291255.6391.9

2230239.149.312631973.513751339.8289.4

1817218.333.38192063.213981415.4382

1881290.3192.68682547.919801815.8529

2096263.2135.1935.62217.21594.91578.7796

1823353.91899865.51689.11070966.2397

1921498.3232.8734.81708.59261083.1307.2

1847773.3167.7685.92391.61639.51141.8604

18951900170.4859.22523.31469.91196.2194.6

1939381.31903805.22098.21262.61068.4222.6

1792505.9236.55841782.91404.11113.6317

2277194.21905711.92152.51150.51147.9336.6

2747686.21906960.42344.91311.4957.4255.2

2320615.7119.31032.52772.51444.41553.2358.4

2375293.358.711962796.61471.81607.4429.8

255826951.49511500.4753.3890.1350.1

1903202.170.58182854.11308.61627.6488.9

1904184.932.61117.421661286.71468.6392.8

190527148.410331958.7966.2959.4255.6

1906169.926.81003.1185911061013.2281.4

1785291.1254941.52119.61278.61497.1461.1

1908268106.21450.32286.61403.21333.9394.8

1477700.529.119492360.31387.51407.3234.1

1863.7236.871105620021208.81165.7208.6

1613.8225.341.4108727211351.51356.2442

2016.2203.8306.68321759.1870.9751.8228.3

1824.11918719532112.51275.51529.5452.9

1928649.5126.7776.31749.81006931241

2412.2290.2145.96602397.51395.31529812

2116.3435.3116100220501281.51507.11966

1512.3447.72267221431141.61069274

2308.9306.6192510481869.5969.7786.189

2307.566.1199.21005.92481.61112.91232221.5

2227.71925141.1867.91909.21104.5855.8239.2

2498.3760.7206913.12130.71337.9970.2283

1851.1405.7116.3852.72260.91294.61468.9454.2

1693.6340.6197.31138.91655.41042.5889.3206.2

1862.31929107.28331567.5931.31010.2390.7

1994.2500122.81175.92049.31030.51209.4362.6

2453.2321.252.51047.21781.11027.9883.6307.7

2034.6351180.5703.52208.91557.21469.5345.8

1918.6316.170.7196822351315.41293.4460.9

2097.5519.260.9967.42053.111411022.7322.2

2520.9252.596.3992.72438.81494.81340.3469.2

1532.1377.3114.58352094.81156.41181.11981

1833.7346.2119.21640.11969.81272.41354.9797.6

1761202178.7845.81451.6885.4900.9345.5

1613322.6209.9897.51794.21283.61263672.3

1855339.7142.81027.217291175.6939.3269.5

1853.9671.984.49111994.81216.51264.41986

1819.5402147.210661639.31009.21183.9632

169620419457701176.2870.9995.6139.7

1914194474.710071559.9910897.6208.5

2090194533.81657.81764.21055.8848209.5

169412772.3113617331238.71142.4536.5

151425390.81166199219921454.9480.9

1298367.980.8853233114101159399.4

1917.1306.543.61173199419941994

2445.9292.8165.21186199519951995

2194.332342.313111273804694

1690.633587.81070213214561997

1765582.444.11988199819981998

1900.331797.2939199919991112

2183.6196270.9907200020002000

1838263.9159.61991184320011375

1387.430998.81992217614661371

2399.533510.4199317189732003

2142.2321133.11994200420042004

1862.119334.31995

1564.8260.91963858

1960.1226.625.41387

1790.6454.3222.6876

1893.9186.5111.71999

1937.3413.619672000

2093.1364.134.21002

1655.3172.87.71402

2022.469.231847

1647.8176.480.12004

2287.2313.3188.1

1795.425358.7

1829.1576.349.4

171517168.3

1868.441744.2

1960.71491977

2049.418945.7

1817.33334.3

1769.5389.369.5

1631.116668

1770.729277.9

1616238160.1

2113.6482177.5

1793.633836

1870.342936.1

1998.81985195.6

1719.4198611.2

1851.9198758.9

1416.1198817.5

1566.71989104.8

1742.11990193.9

1903.6199165

1326.919921994

1274.81931995

1492.619941996

1708.519951997

1744.819961998

199219971999

181819982000

199419992001

199520002002

123420012003

196220022004

19982003

19992004

2000

1649

2029

1411

2004

Puerto Montt

Santiago/Pudahuel

La Serena

ISLA ROB. CRUSOE

VALDIVIA

TEMUCO

CONCEPCION

PUNTA NGELES

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN ANUAL

607

351

293

174

513

407

636

396

633

532

417

361

1874

1875

1876

1877

1878

1879

1880

1881

1882

1883

1884

1885

1886

1887

216

267

364

544

449

558

376

404

263

204

466

492

568

309

472

1903

1904

1905

1906

266

1908

132

267.2

195.4

367.9

179.4

205.3

195.5

403.1

270.9

468.6

405.3

439.4

520.9

339.3

429.9

441.9

275

620.1

364

469.5

457.5

341

306

268

463

322

298

198

435

227

370

393

196

299

265

186

313.3

341.2

297.5

258.2

420.3

370

277.5

310.3

437.4

173.1

356.6

390.2

148.5

127

371.6

294.4

414.9

186.6

313.9

308

376.5

170.4

347.2

299.2

170.3

214.6

347.7

240.2

287.3

332.7

279.9

215.6

266.7

234.5

152.8

333.2

277.9

250.9

201.7

327

281.8

496.2

199.3

203.5

272.8

219.8

228.4

1992

288

180

206

275

276

125

229

329

436

298

221

2004

PUERTO MONTT

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 1er. TRIM. PUERTO MONTTLat. -41.4 / Long. 73.1 / Alt. 81m

1129

995

828

980

773

1074

1041

527

790

567

586

1873

1874

1875

1876

1877

1878

1879

1880

1881

1882

1883

1884

1885

1886

1887

803

560

505

593

468

441

449

584

293

676

806

871

467

917

1036

1903

1904

1905

1906

643

1908

466

687.5

551.6

716.8

725.1

697

1082.1

527.5

356.3

757.2

820.5

826.1

936.9

435.2

397.9

707.4

592.5

677.8

542.3

718.2

567

719.4

455

607

470

509

774

698

531

550

698

854

654

437

423

580.5

864.7

547.4

666.9

577

933.2

844.9

664.5

423.1

698.2

546

695.5

513.6

550.4

608.5

626.5

602

641.9

442.1

619.1

431.9

672.8

740.7

489.7

354.4

509.6

615.4

578.1

580.9

652.2

632.8

651.1

565.5

701.6

492.4

561.4

870.1

657

675

499.3

516

728.3

650.9

330.3

406

319.5

673.8

490.3

693

754

1994

1995

321

741

285

1999

531

462

706

391

2004

PUERTO MONTT

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 2do. TRIM. PUERTO MONTTLat. -41.4 / Long. 73.1 / Alt. 81m

726

674

731

903

1053

579

791

780

610

606

777

1873

1874

1875

1876

1877

1878

1879

1880

1881

1882

1883

1884

1885

1886

1887

685

614

622

602

589

625

555

1895

921

422

555

965

822

737

701

1903

1904

1905

1906

596

1908

515

665

503.1

484.9

706.4

659.5

767.1

673.1

590.8

584.3

634

473.6

578.7

877.8

496.2

467.1

726.6

550

872.5

406

585

631.7

462.1

650.7

458

561

424

579.9

542.5

518

481

512

591

535

409

679.1

818.8

711.5

428.9

637.8

388.8

643.2

541.4

495

998

927.9

502.9

503.5

869.2

723.1

637.5

659.2

818.8

656.6

726

516

711.5

442.1

676.6

498.3

829.4

739

743.9

670.1

465.9

392.7

460.4

436.7

678.6

767.2

689.5

519

543.4

612.3

526.4

403.7

461.7

466

536.1

373

549.8

494.8

515.5

423

380

608

1995

307

553

433

477

414

511

501

451

2004

PUERTO MONTT

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 3er. TRIM. PUERTO MONTTLat. -41.4 / Long. 73.1 / Alt. 81m

590

506

533

589

339

486

727

570

367

325

545

1873

1874

1875

1876

1877

1878

1879

1880

1881

1882

1883

1884

1885

1886

1887

526

376

390

357

317

297

467

1895

462

490

450

419

463

412

349

1903

1904

1905

1906

280

407

364

244

363.7

446.6

213.2

366.2

367.5

512.6

294.3

498.8

447.7

488.6

461.8

198.8

369.6

245.9

400.1

605.3

255.8

324.9

488

828.8

309

308

370

221

359

378

311

401

365

331

253

243

201

471.5

449.1

594.2

297.3

292

158

325.5

354.6

159

265.9

495.2

307.1

157.5

392

332

258.3

381.7

217.5

370

363.4

391.9

526.4

442.2

315.6

563.1

359.1

391.7

379.7

326.1

364.1

272.9

379.3

398.2

466.7

299.5

466.6

276.5

241.1

313.7

188.7

320

270.3

290.5

261.2

292.3

350.5

320.1

510.6

506

396

492

169

331

392

1998

196

2000

240

524

348

2004

PUERTO MONTT

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 4to. TRIM. PUERTO MONTTLat. -41.4 / Long. 73.1 / Alt. 81m

1855

1669

1559

1883

1826

1653

1832

1307

1400

1173

1363

1873

1874

1875

1876

1877

1878

1879

1880

1881

1882

1883

1884

1885

1886

1887

1488

1174

1127

1195

1057

1066

1004

1895

1214

1098

1361

1836

1289

1654

1737

1903

1904

1905

1906

1239

1908

981

1352.5

1054.7

1201.7

1431.5

1356.5

1849.2

1200.6

947.1

1341.5

1454.5

1299.7

1515.6

1313

894.1

1174.5

1319.1

1227.8

1414.8

1124.2

1152

1351.1

917.1

1257.7

928

1070

1198

1277.9

1073.5

1068

1179

1366

1245

972

832

1259.6

1683.5

1258.9

1095.8

1214.8

1322

1488.1

1205.9

918.1

1696.2

1473.9

1198.4

1017.1

1419.6

1331.6

1264

1261.2

1460.7

1098.7

1345.1

947.9

1384.3

1182.8

1166.3

852.7

1339

1354.4

1322

1251

1118.1

1025.5

1111.5

1002.2

1380.2

1259.6

1250.9

1389.1

1200.4

1287.3

1025.7

919.7

1190

1116.9

866.4

779

869.3

1168.6

1005.8

1116

1134

1994

1995

628

1294

718

1999

945

973

1207

842

2004

PUERTO MONTT

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN OTOO-INVIERNO en PUERTO MONTTLat. -41.4 / Long. 73.1 / Alt. 81m

3052

2526

2385

2646

2678

2546

3195

2273

2400

2030

2325

1873

1874

1875

1876

1877

1878

1879

1880

1881

1882

1883

1884

1885

1886

1887

2230

1817

1881

2096

1823

1921

1847

1895

1939

1792

2277

2747

2320

2375

2558

1903

1904

1905

1906

1785

1908

1477

1863.7

1613.8

2016.2

1824.1

1928

2412.2

2116.3

1512.3

2308.9

2307.5

2227.7

2498.3

1851.1

1693.6

1862.3

1994.2

2453.2

2034.6

1918.6

2097.5

2520.9

1532.1

1833.7

1761

1613

1855

1853.9

1819.5

1696

1914

2090

1694

1514

1298

1917.1

2445.9

2194.3

1690.6

1765

1900.3

2183.6

1838

1387.4

2399.5

2142.2

1862.1

1564.8

1960.1

1790.6

1893.9

1937.3

2093.1

1655.3

2022.4

1647.8

2287.2

1795.4

1829.1

1715

1868.4

1960.7

2049.4

1817.3

1769.5

1631.1

1770.7

1616

2113.6

1793.6

1870.3

1998.8

1719.4

1851.9

1416.1

1566.7

1742.1

1903.6

1326.9

1274.8

1492.6

1708.5

1744.8

1992

1818

1994

1995

1234

1962

1998

1999

2000

1649

2029

1411

2004

PUERTO MONTT

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN ANUAL EN PUERTO MONTTLat. -41.4 / Long. 73.1 / Alt. 81m

0

0

10

5

1871

3

1.6

2.4

1875

13.6

2.5

39.8

0

2.6

5.8

1.6

12

27

1.4

0

14.5

0

1.5

3.7

0

0

0

16

19

0.7

7.1

0.1

1.1

22.1

5.4

9.9

0.9

37

2.6

9

0.7

1.7

0

10.3

0

0.1

0

0

4.9

21.8

0.5

5.2

0.8

0

0.3

2.9

0.4

13.2

0.2

3.2

0.8

0.8

1929

3

11.1

0.7

57.3

1.1

0

0

0

39.3

3.3

13.7

11.2

0

27

1944

1945

0

1

3.8

12.2

1

0

3

7.3

1

1

45.3

1

0

18

0

14.2

0

4.6

0.2

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

2

0

0

0

7

0

0

0

26

7

21

7

2

26

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

0

0

0

1996

15

1998

1999

2000

5

2002

2003

2004

Santiago/Pudahuel

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 1er. TRIM. en SANTIAGO/PUDAHUEL Lat. -33.5 / Long. -70.7 / Alt. 520m

113.2

115.3

45.2

136.1

125.5

80.8

75.4

137.6

126.3

68

1877

1878

109.8

271.4

174.9

73.1

203.6

100.5

166.5

27.1

164.2

169.6

72.3

82

290.6

20.3

115

107.2

21

35.5

251.7

319

272

255.3

181.5

255.8

147.3

316.2

343.8

153.4

152.9

155.5

101.7

175.2

92.1

228.3

58.5

270.2

209

35.8

142.4

126.6

459.3

182.5

358

239.9

79.2

17.4

35.3

468

189.1

288.4

91

123

74.4

116.5

146.7

413.8

111.8

215.1

111.2

113.6

159.5

120.5

305.1

128

62

212.8

26.5

54

136

159.7

231.1

174.9

166

200

147.2

214

112

55

186

206

198

110

96.1

163.2

60.4

84.8

84.4

175

49.9

21.8

104.1

94.9

164

301

53

328

37

72

145

66.7

18

133

185

291

165

92

56

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

139

275

120

1994

61

83

1997

54

44

243

2001

343

2003

2004

Santiago/Pudahuel

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 2do. TRIM. en SANTIAGO/PUDAHUEL Lat. -33.5 / Long. -70.7 / Alt. 520m

112.6

1868

85

54.6

130.6

74.1

211.4

59.8

29.8

77.2

374.1

81.7

52.4

366.6

227.2

224.3

134.8

196.3

204.1

59.1

1887

463.6

150.6

135.1

233.8

78.9

87.3

93

236.5

221

79.8

130.8

490.2

1900

173.5

212.5

39.8

265.8

257.3

130.8

101

44.9

75.5

69.2

57.4

60.1

208.5

301.2

20.5

142.9

60.3

1918

182.6

72.5

75.2

177.4

190.4

32.8

1925

286.3

209

50.5

217

258

208.4

216.7

106.7

52.3

95.6

149.2

214.7

31.6

72

191.9

320.5

217

90

195.6

136.2

65

97

197.3

63.1

84.5

155

109

413.1

97

47

155.4

102

121

99

80

116.7

52.2

359.2

97.2

293.7

149.4

105.9

47.2

69.5

193.3

75

260

84

71

97

59

152

253.5

114

132

41

161

166

315

60

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

72

70

67

1995

1996

174

1998

204

2000

213

139

71

2004

Santiago/Pudahuel

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 3er. TRIM. en SANTIAGO/PUDAHUEL Lat. -33.5 / Long. -70.7 / Alt. 520m

12.2

37

9

8.6

5.8

0

6

63.8

1875

43.9

68.8

3.8

3.3

12.1

33.1

4.5

14.6

63.3

25.5

40.5

44.5

60.1

5.2

1.5

90.2

24.7

36.8

2.1

13.8

6

15.3

48.4

10

61.5

20.9

27.7

6.2

67.2

12

0.1

14.4

0

7.7

16.3

20.4

2.6

1

129.1

2.4

24.8

0.6

30.8

6.8

35.2

1.8

27.5

36.6

2.7

11.3

3.2

6.8

0.9

29

116

27.3

17.1

5.4

52

45.1

13

20.3

17.5

87.8

13.6

35.1

57

25

42.8

0

8

19

7.1

0.1

32.4

2

23

14.8

5

36

8.2

20

8

6

3

33.9

11.2

30.1

4.3

35.5

39.7

17

0.2

2.8

25.1

12

13.3

34

18

15

51

36

69.1

34

1

5

9

0

20

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

7

3

12

0

10

64

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Santiago/Pudahuel

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN 4to. TRIM. en SANTIAGO/PUDAHUEL Lat. -33.5 / Long. -70.7 / Alt. 520m

225.8

1868

130.2

190.7

256.1

154.9

286.8

197.4

156.1

145.2

1877

1878

162.2

638

402.1

297.4

338.4

296.8

370.6

86.2

1887

633.2

222.9

217.1

524.4

99.2

202.3

200.2

257.5

256.5

331.5

449.8

762.2

1900

355

468.3

187.1

582

601.1

284.2

253.9

200.4

177.2

244.4

149.5

288.4

267

571.4

229.5

178.7

202.7

1918

641.9

255

433.2

417.3

269.6

50.2

1925

754.3

398.1

338.9

308

381

282.8

333.2

253.4

466.1

207.4

364.3

325.9

145.2

231.5

312.4

625.6

345

152

408.4

162.7

119

233

357

294.2

259.4

321

309

560.3

311

159

210.4

288

327

297

190

212.8

215.4

419.6

182

378.1

324.4

155.8

69

173.6

288.2

239

561

137

399

134

131

297

320.2

132

265

226

452

331

407

116

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

347

190

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

248

2000

2001

482

2003

2004

Santiago/Pudahuel

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN OTOO-INVIERNO en SANTIAGO/PUDAHUEL Lat. -33.5 / Long. -70.7 / Alt. 520m

238

1868

149.2

204.3

1871

157.9

294.4

263.6

1875

202.7

1877

1878

165.5

652.7

441

303.5

365

387.1

397.5

126.7

1887

693.3

229.6

222.3

614.6

123.9

239.1

218.3

290.3

263.2

353.9

498.3

773.3

1900

381.3

505.9

194.2

686.2

615.7

293.3

269

202.1

184.9

271

169.9

291.1

268

700.5

236.8

225.3

203.8

1918

649.5

290.2

435.3

447.7

306.6

66.1

1925

760.7

405.7

340.6

1929

500

321.2

351

316.1

519.2

252.5

377.3

346.2

202

322.6

339.7

671.9

402

204

1944

1945

127

253

367.9

306.5

292.8

323

335

582.4

317

196

263.9

309

335

321

193

260.9

226.6

454.3

186.5

413.6

364.1

172.8

69.2

176.4

313.3

253

576.3

171

417

149

189

333

389.3

166

292

238

482

338

429

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

193

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Santiago/Pudahuel

Tendencia

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN ANUAL en SANTIAGO/PUDAHUEL Lat. -33.5 / Long. -70.7 / Alt. 520m

305223810612141855.6913.6102914737601109444.81961

252618681249482398.51396.51270.4195219521314257.21962

2385149.212812332662.31471.91376.31953195311541093.5905

2646204.37119052618.31436.21212.9195419541225400.9461

2678187180.58811968.914811187.719551955110519161047

2546157.9187419071832.61087.2938.1195619561229315.61143

3195294.49419082444.11586.21337.7111119571066431.1518

2273263.6187619092207.41471.81463.213211958821826.9363

24001875180.519102375.41584.6998.31191764991.9255.2762

2030202.7706442498.81492.6784.612514361258619.8606

23251877125.59132064.11362.21437.515827641070614.2659

1873187836610661887.3993.211431094431806443.41222

1874165.5188110871803.7932.2671.21627885766.154.3577

1875652.7188219152440.61130.11329.11461520954334.8870

187644119419162500.61368.91655.416341072866770.7887

1877303.518846671868.51589.11426.912761966779.8479.7569

18783651885989.32584.21204.1945.31588450712.7421.51977

1879387.1188612992465.211571015.713322781120.71929959

1880397.593.59692355.215451743.81558501831.16391979

1881126.718889781778.112201056.911855681246.5470.31980

18821887801696.52705.416061574.11196773993.1498.31981

1883693.314819232183.612291000.814841400680.3293.41982

1884229.618918131775.711791072.612395471514486.51983

1885222.317.510832142.514581361.211748741063.63251984

1886614.678.711022485.316681350.91434730736.94391985

1887123.9189.711562159.914291255.613194891034.7391.91986

2230239.149.312631973.513751339.81516969838.9289.41987

1817218.333.38192063.213981415.414148811081.83821988

1881290.3192.68682547.919801815.813927321273.25291989

2096263.2135.1935.62217.21594.91578.7157494410967961990

1823353.91899865.51689.11070966.21981198119613971991

1921498.3232.8734.81708.59261083.1198219821962307.2

1847773.3167.7685.92391.61639.51141.8198319831963604

18951900170.4859.22523.31469.91196.2198419841964194.6

1939381.31903805.22098.21262.61068.4198519851965222.6

1792505.9236.55841782.91404.11113.6198619861966317

2277194.21905711.92152.51150.51147.9198719871967336.6

2747686.21906960.42344.91311.4957.419881988532255.2

2320615.7119.31032.52772.51444.41553.2198919891969358.4

2375293.358.711962796.61471.81607.419901990782429.8

255826951.49511500.4753.3890.1199119911160350.1

1903202.170.58182854.11308.61627.6199219921972488.9

1904184.932.61117.421661286.71468.6158419931973392.8

190527148.410331958.7966.2959.4199419941974255.6

1906169.926.81003.1185911061013.2199519951975281.4

1785291.1254941.52119.61278.61497.111343771976461.1

1908268106.21450.32286.61403.21333.9149010191977394.8

1477700.529.119492360.31387.51407.3199819981978234.1

1863.7236.871105620021208.81165.7199919991979208.6

1613.8225.341.4108727211351.51356.2200020001980442

2016.2203.8306.68321759.1870.9751.8200120011981228.3

1824.11918719532112.51275.51529.5160220021982452.9

1928649.5126.7776.31749.8100693120035201983241

2412.2290.2145.96602397.51395.31529200420041984812

2116.3435.3116100220501281.51507.119851966

1512.3447.72267221431141.610691986274

2308.9306.6192510481869.5969.7786.1198789

2307.566.1199.21005.92481.61112.912321988221.5

2227.71925141.1867.91909.21104.5855.81989239.2

2498.3760.7206913.12130.71337.9970.21990283

1851.1405.7116.3852.72260.91294.61468.91991454.2

1693.6340.6197.31138.91655.41042.5889.31992206.2

1862.31929107.28331567.5931.31010.21282390.7

1994.2500122.81175.92049.31030.51209.4988362.6

2453.2321.252.51047.21781.11027.9883.61995307.7

2034.6351180.5703.52208.91557.21469.5669345.8

1918.6316.170.7196822351315.41293.4460.9

2097.5519.260.9967.42053.111411022.7322.2

2520.9252.596.3992.72438.81494.81340.3469.2

1532.1377.3114.58352094.81156.41181.11981

1833.7346.2119.21640.11969.81272.41354.9797.6

1761202178.7845.81451.6885.4900.9345.5

1613322.6209.9897.51794.21283.61263672.3

1855339.7142.81027.217291175.6939.3269.5

1853.9671.984.49111994.81216.51264.41986

1819.5402147.210661639.31009.21183.9632

169620419457701176.2870.9995.6139.7

1914194474.710071559.9910897.6208.5

2090194533.81657.81764.21055.8848209.5

169412772.3113617331238.71142.4536.5

151425390.81166199219921454.9480.9

1298367.980.8853233114101159399.4

1917.1306.543.61173199419941994

2445.9292.8165.21186199519951995

2194.332342.313111273804694

1690.633587.81070213214561997

1765582.444.11988199819981998

1900.331797.2939199919991112

2183.6196270.9907200020002000

1838263.9159.61991184320011375

1387.430998.81992217614661371

2399.533510.4199317189732003

2142.2321133.11994200420042004

1862.119334.31995

1564.8260.91963858

1960.1226.625.41387

1790.6454.3222.6876

1893.9186.5111.71999

1937.3413.619672000

2093.1364.134.21002

1655.3172.87.71402

2022.469.231847

1647.8176.480.12004

2287.2313.3188.1

1795.425358.7

1829.1576.349.4

171517168.3

1868.441744.2

1960.71491977

2049.418945.7

1817.33334.3

1769.5389.369.5

1631.116668

1770.729277.9

1616238160.1

2113.6482177.5

1793.633836

1870.342936.1

1998.81985195.6

1719.4198611.2

1851.9198758.9

1416.1198817.5

1566.71989104.8

1742.11990193.9

1903.6199165

1326.919921994

1274.81931995

1492.619941996

1708.519951997

1744.819961998

199219971999

181819982000

199419992001

199520002002

123420012003

196220022004

19982003

19992004

2000

1649

2029

1411

2004

Puerto Montt

Santiago/Pudahuel

La Serena

ISLA ROB. CRUSOE

VALDIVIA

TEMUCO

CONCEPCION

OSORNO

CURIC

CHILLN

PUNTA NGELES

CONSTITUCIN

ao

mm

PRECIPITACIN ANUAL

cdigo (304)aos datosaoenefebmarabrmayjunjulagosetoctnovdicanual1er Trim2do Trim3er Trim.OTO+INV4to Trim.estacinlatlongaltura

857990000186220041862182020602190235031105830313029001230210026201180305260711297261855590PUERTO MONTT41.473.181

85799000018631180700163033401690492026902410164012201240260025263519956741669506

8579900001864940620137011004440274026202920177016301470223023852938287311559533

857990000186564019091026704640249033903500214029601260167026461749809031883589

85799000018667407803610278040309203600470022309902140260267851377310531826339

85799000018674201170248023005210323022202260131066014902710254640710745791653486

8579900001868270019901670249035404380304022102660204014803750319563610417911832727

8579900001869146092015808502450197035402550171013301520285022733965277801307570

857990000187017001350328022104090160029702190940800550232024006337906101400367

857990000187113504103560207021301470196030601040182069074020305325676061173325

85799000018721500910176017501610250023402870256018301850177023254175867771363545

8579900001873100031023001770no datano datano datano datano datano datano datano data361

8579900001874no datano datano datano datano datano datano datano datano datano datano datano data














8579900001888170124075020603420255023002600195023201330161022302168036851488526

857990000188964051015201530255015202730192014907101160189018172675606141174376

857990000189021407307701800159016603440122015601120520226018813645056221127390

8579900001891222012901930128016702980193017902300232096029020965445936021195357

857990000189211702040128081023201550226017001930167056094018234494685891057317

85799000018933120590187077020401600358019107605301010143019215584416251066297

85799000018941120123014109202200137023301680154018201760109018473764495551004467

857990000189592085022701280190026603810no datano datano datano datano data404584

85799000018961310410910690120010403970213031102100194058019392632939211214462

857990000189728070010603570152016701450223054015401720164017922046764221098490

857990000189811502330118025503510200029701090149010501760169022774668065551361450

85799000018992080124016001870498018605480323094010202020115027474928719651836419

85799000019001230147029801260166017504310196019501930225045023205684678221289463

857990000190159016308701160331047002880278017107002270115023753099177371654412

857990000190210701700195026305420231031002290162013701180940255847210367011737349





85799000019075701260830890191036302120203018101060390135017852666435961239280

8579900001908no datano datano datano datano data26401250no data140018901310870407

85799000019097608048011601480202011003390660155074013501477132466515981364

8579900001910123612581781246228433452405296512807001670701863.7267.2687.56651352.5244

8579900001911109053532926171986913191720961018623170813061613.8195.4551.6503.11054.7363.7

85799000019126302222827229726322239173923937171906131112492016.2367.9716.8484.91201.7446.6

85799000019136374898327872477198737421680164210323437571824.1179.4725.1706.41431.5213.2

857990000191410872856817012480378920271542302689820956691928205.3697659.51356.5366.2

857990000191515011126933515385934473392302812511351120511192412.2195.51082.1767.11849.2367.5

857990000191613862702375130426961275203525402156812204822662116.3403.1527.5673.11200.6512.6

857990000191782778510975921156181515891821249866397013101512.3270.9356.3590.8947.1294.3

857990000191815103702806227032742028223117861826124831685722308.9468.6757.2584.31341.5498.8

85799000019191211110417382768359218452346208019141273202211822307.5405.3820.56341454.5447.7

8579900001920108351727942223417818601089175718901582207412302227.7439.4826.1473.61299.7488.6

85799000019212441176210063383302429621296358091171444534592498.3520.9936.9578.71515.6461.8

85799000019221116472180549113572504527327297769695764431851.1339.3435.2877.81313198.8

857990000192351991028706198702490138019301652172595610151693.6429.9397.9496.2894.1369.6

8579900001924250226719022059138836272379129899462755512771862.3441.9707.4467.11174.5245.9

857990000192510331024693243813742113169625223048877178013441994.2275592.5726.61319.1400.1

8579900001926225984830941663192331921751204817011388251721482453.2620.1677.85501227.8605.3

85799000019279081132160014992497142723072756366211356657582034.6364542.3872.51414.8255.8

Hay Cambio Climatico? Primera certeza: Las leyes físicas Las leyes físicas.

Documents

Transcript of Hay Cambio Climatico? Primera certeza: Las leyes físicas Las leyes físicas.