HAWAI‘I CLEAN ENERGY...clean energy technologies and activities into five categories: (1) Energy...

HAWAI‘ICLEAN ENERGY

FINAL

PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACT STATEMENT

SUMMARY

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

(DOE/EIS-0459)

SEPTEMBER 2015

COVER SHEET TITLE: Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (Final PEIS)

RESPONSIBLE FEDERAL AGENCY: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Offices of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) and Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)

COOPERATING AGENCIES: State of Hawai‘i (Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, National Park Service, Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Navy, and Federal Aviation Administration

LOCATION: State of Hawai‘i (Islands of O‘ahu, Hawai‘i, Kaua‘i, Lāna‘i, Maui, and Molokai)

CONTACTS: For additional information on this PEIS contact: Dr. Jane Summerson, National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Document Manager U.S. Department of Energy - NNSA P.O. Box 5400, Bldg. 401 KAFB East Albuquerque, NM 87185 [email protected]

For general information on the DOE NEPA process, please write or call: Ms. Carol M. Borgstrom, Director Office of NEPA Policy and Compliance, GC-54 U.S. Department of Energy 1000 Independence Ave., SW Washington, DC 20585 [email protected] Telephone: (202) 586-4600 or Leave a message at (800) 472-2756

ABSTRACT: DOE decided to prepare this PEIS, which is not required under NEPA, to evaluate DOE's proposed action to develop guidance that can be used to support the State of Hawai‘i in achieving the Hawai‘i Clean Energy Initiative (HCEI) goal of meeting 70 percent of the State’s energy needs by 2030 through clean energy (the preferred alternative). For the PEIS, DOE and the State of Hawai‘i grouped 31 clean energy technologies and activities into five categories: (1) Energy Efficiency, (2) Distributed Renewable Energy Technologies, (3) Utility-Scale Renewable Energy Technologies, (4) Alternative Transportation Fuels and Modes, and (5) Electrical Transmission and Distribution. For each activity or technology, the PEIS identifies potential impacts to 17 environmental resource areas and potential best management practices that could be used to minimize or prevent those potential environmental impacts. The PEIS is available from the Hawai‘i Clean Energy PEIS and DOE NEPA websites: http://hawaiicleanenergypeis.com and http://energy.gov/nepa/nepa-documents.

PUBLIC COMMENTS: The Final PEIS considers comments submitted during the 90-day public comment period on the Draft PEIS and from eight public hearings held on six islands in Hawai‘i between May 12 and 22, 2014. A Comment-Response Document, which includes all comments received on the Draft PEIS and DOE’s responses to those comments, is included as Chapter 9 of the Final PEIS. Written and oral comments were given equal weight, and all comments submitted after the comment period closed were considered. The Final PEIS contains revisions and new information based in part on comments received on the Draft PEIS. Vertical bars in the margins marking changed text indicate the locations of these revisions and new information. Deletions are not indicated.

Summary

Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-v September 2015 DOE/EIS-0459

CONTENTS

Acronyms ...............................................................................................................................................S-vi S.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. S-1 S.2 Purpose and Need ........................................................................................................................ S-2 S.3 Proposed Action .......................................................................................................................... S-2 S.4 Public Participation and Agency Coordination ........................................................................... S-9

S.4.1 Public Participation ................................................................................................................ S-9 S.4.1.1 PEIS Scoping Process ........................................................................................................ S-9 S.4.1.2 Areas of Controversy ....................................................................................................... S-10 S.4.1.3 Draft PEIS Public Review and Comment Period ............................................................ S-10

S.4.2 Agency Coordination ........................................................................................................... S-11 S.4.2.1 National Park Service ...................................................................................................... S-12 S.4.2.2 Bureau of Ocean Energy Management ............................................................................ S-12 S.4.2.3 Natural Resources Conservation Service ........................................................................ S-13 S.4.2.4 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .......................................................................... S-13 S.4.2.5 Federal Aviation Administration ..................................................................................... S-13 S.4.2.6 U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy .................................................................................. S-13 S.4.2.7 State of Hawai‘i ............................................................................................................... S-13

S.5 Permitting and Regulatory Requirements ................................................................................. S-14 S.6 Structure of the Hawai‘i Clean Energy PEIS ............................................................................ S-14 S.7 Potential Environmental Impacts and Best Management Practices .......................................... S-17 S.8 Overview of Potential Environmental Impacts from Technologies and Activities in the

Clean Energy Categories ........................................................................................................... S-22 S.9 Alternatives Considered by DOE .............................................................................................. S-57

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

S-1 Clean Energy Categories and Associated Technologies or Activities ............................................ S-3 S-2 Cooperating and Participating Agencies ....................................................................................... S-12 S-3 Characterization of the Potential for Environmental Impacts ‒ Energy Efficiency ...................... S-18 S-4 Characterization of the Potential for Environmental Impacts ‒ Distributed Renewables ............. S-19 S-5 Characterization of the Potential for Environmental Impacts ‒ Utility-Scale Renewables .......... S-20 S-6 Characterization of the Potential for Environmental Impacts ‒ Alternative Transportation Fuels

and Modes ..................................................................................................................................... S-21 S-7 Characterization of the Potential for Environmental Impacts ‒ Electrical Transmission and

Distribution ................................................................................................................................... S-22 S-8 Summary of Impacts for Selected Technologies and Activities ................................................... S-25 S-9 Summary of Impacts for Utility-Scale Renewable Technologies and Activities .......................... S-34

Summary

Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-vi September 2015 DOE/EIS-0459

ACRONYMS

BOEM U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management CEQ Council on Environmental Quality CFR Code of Federal Regulations DBEDT Hawai‘i Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism DoD U.S. Department of Defense DOE U.S. Department of Energy EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPAct 2005 Energy Policy Act of 2005 FR Federal Register HCEI Hawai‘i Clean Energy Initiative HIREP Hawai‘i Interisland Renewable Energy Program MOU Memorandum of Understanding NEPA National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 NOI Notice of Intent NPS U.S. National Park Service NRCS U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service PEIS Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement PV photovoltaic RPS Renewable Portfolio Standard U.S.C. United States Code

Summary

Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-1 September 2015 DOE/EIS-0459

S.1 Introduction

The Hawai‘i Clean Energy Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS) analyzes the potential environmental impacts, and best management practices that could minimize or prevent those potential environmental impacts, associated with 31 clean energy technologies and activities grouped into five categories: (1) Energy Efficiency, (2) Distributed Renewable Energy Technologies, (3) Utility-Scale Renewable Energy Technologies, (4) Alternative Transportation Fuels and Modes, and (5) Electrical Transmission and Distribution. The information in the PEIS could help DOE, the public, other Federal and State agencies, Native Hawaiian and other organizations, and future energy developers better understand and plan for greater use of renewable energy and energy efficiency in Hawai‘i.

With about 85 percent of its energy derived from imported petroleum and petroleum products, the State of Hawai‘i remains the most oil-dependent State in the Nation. Roughly equal amounts of petroleum are used for electricity generation, ground transportation, and commercial aviation (about 28 percent each), with the rest used for marine transport, military, and other uses. Unlike other states, Hawai‘i relies heavily on imported oil to meet its electricity generation needs. Whereas less than 1 percent of electricity on the U.S. mainland is generated using oil, in Hawai‘i, the figure is 74 percent. Furthermore, electricity prices in the State are three times higher than the United States national average. Section 355 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct 2005) directs the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to assess the economic implications of Hawai‘i’s dependence on imported oil as the principal source of energy and to explore the technical and economic feasibility of increasing the contribution of renewable energy resources for both electricity generation and fuel for various modes of transportation.

In furtherance of the provisions of Section 355 of EPAct 2005, DOE and the State of Hawai‘i entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) in January 20080F

1. This MOU established a long-term partnership known as the Hawai‘i Clean Energy Initiative (HCEI) to transform the way in which energy efficiency and renewable energy resources are planned and used in the State. When it was established, HCEI set a goal of meeting 70 percent of Hawai‘i’s energy needs by 2030 through clean energy, which refers to a combination of 40 percent from renewable energy generation and 30 percent from energy efficiency and conservation measures. In addition to State-mandated renewable energy and energy efficiency goals, the HCEI set a goal to reduce oil used for ground transportation by 70 percent by 2030, and a goal to meet as much of in-State demand for transportation fuels with renewables as feasible by 20301F

2. In support of HCEI goals, the Hawai‘i State Legislature passed and the Governor signed into law House Bill (HB) 1464 in 2009, establishing the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) and Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standard in the State of Hawai‘i. In the 2015 Legislative Session, the Hawai‘i State Legislature amended the State’s RPS by passing HB 623, which increases the RPS to 30 percent by December 31, 2020; 70 percent by December 31, 2040, and 100 percent by December 31, 2045. Governor David Ige signed the nation’s first 100 percent RPS into law on June 8, 2015; Act 97 (Session Laws of Hawaii, 2015).

1 In September 2014, DOE and the State of Hawai‘i signed another MOU to reaffirm their commitment to the HCEI (http://dbedt.hawaii.gov/blog/hawaii-and-u-s-department-of-energy-reaffirm-commitment-to-clean-energy-initiative/). 2 Unlike the electricity generation sector, the transportation sector does not currently have statute-mandated goals. With this in mind, the State of Hawai‘i is reestablishing goals and timelines to reduce petroleum-based fuels for transportation as a priority of the next phase of the HCEI. The Hawai‘i State Energy Office completed a series of stakeholder consultations in June 2015, culminating with a final report offering a set of actionable tactics (see http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/). The Hawai‘i State Energy Office intends to re-engage stakeholders to create a new energy-in-transportation road map, using the new report as a guide.

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S.2 Purpose and Need

The purpose and need for DOE action is based on the 2008 MOU (reaffirmed in the 2014 MOU) with the State of Hawai‘i that established the long-term HCEI partnership. Consistent with this MOU, DOE’s purpose and need is to support the State of Hawai‘i in its efforts to meet 70 percent of the State’s energy needs by 2030 through clean energy.

DOE’s primary purpose in preparing this PEIS, which is not required under NEPA, is to provide information to the public, Federal and State agencies, Native Hawaiian and other organizations, and future energy developers on the potential environmental impacts of a wide range of energy efficiency activities and renewable energy technologies that could be used to support the HCEI. This environmental information could be used by decision-makers, developers, and regulators in determining the best activities and technologies to meet future energy needs. The public could use this PEIS to better understand the types of potential impacts associated with the various technologies and activities.

The State of Hawai‘i’s intent regarding the Clean Energy PEIS is for the Federal, State, and county governments, the general public, and private developers to use the PEIS as a reference document when project-specific environmental impact statements (EISs) are prepared. The PEIS can support the environmental review of future clean energy initiatives in Hawai‘i by identifying common impacts from a variety of clean energy technologies, local resources that could be potentially impacted, local entities that should be consulted, regulatory processes in place, and available best management practices to minimize foreseen environmental impacts. The State of Hawai‘i acknowledges that the PEIS does not serve to recommend or prioritize any specific clean energy technology or policy.

DOE prepared this PEIS pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), as implemented by the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) NEPA regulations (40 CFR Parts 1500 through 1508) and DOE NEPA implementing procedures (10 CFR Part 1021).

S.3 Proposed Action

DOE’s proposed action is to develop guidance that can be used in making decisions to support the State of Hawai‘i in achieving the goal established in the HCEI to meet 70 percent of the State’s energy needs by 2030 through energy efficiency activities and renewable energy technologies.

Most clean energy projects have the potential to cause environmental impacts, especially if not implemented properly. However, careful adherence to Federal, State, and county laws, regulations, and permitting requirements; implementation of well-planned best management practices and mitigation measures; along with early consideration of local community concerns about the projects could alleviate or mitigate many of the potential environmental impacts.

Early consideration of such guidance, especially in project planning and development, could substantially streamline the project-specific environmental review, permitting processes, and community interactions, as well as lessen the potential for controversy over specific projects. DOE application of this guidance would be limited to those actions where DOE has authority for a Federal decision-making role; however, the information in this PEIS and in any forthcoming guidance could be potentially useful for any proposed project whether Federal, State, or private.

For this PEIS, DOE and the State of Hawai‘i identified 31 clean energy technologies and activities associated with potential future actions and grouped them into five clean energy categories. These are listed in Table S-1 and briefly described below. Activities and technologies were selected for clean energy categories based on their ability to make a timely contribution to the reduction of Hawai‘i’s reliance on

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fossil fuels and their stage of technical development, which makes the technology more likely to advance to the implementation or commercialization stage. Four of these technologies or activities are only described in Chapter 2 and not carried forward for detailed impacts analyses. The reasoning for this treatment is provided in the descriptions below.

This PEIS analyzes each of these technologies and activities at a programmatic level for the islands of Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Molokai, Lāna‘i, Maui, and Hawai‘i. Potential impacts are analyzed on an island-by-island basis when feasible. DOE is not proposing to develop any specific project, activity, or technology at this time and, therefore, cannot and does not analyze impacts of specific projects.

In the absence of specific, proposed projects, DOE defined “representative projects” for each activity and technology to allow the PEIS to evaluate and present the typical impacts (beneficial and adverse) associated with the respective activity or technology at the scale of a hypothetical project. The representative projects for each activity and technology characterize projects that could be implemented in Hawai‘i by 2030 based on realistic capacity factors and feasibility. The representative projects are hypothetical and not intended to represent any real or proposed project and are provided for analytical purposes only.

Table S-1. Clean Energy Categories and Associated Technologies or Activities

Clean Energy Category Technology or Activity

Energy Efficiency

Energy Efficient Buildings Energy ConservationGround Source Heat PumpsInitiatives and ProgramsSea Water Air Conditioning Solar Water Heating

Distributed Renewables

BiomassHydroelectricHydrogen Fuel CellsPhotovoltaicWind

Utility-Scale Renewables

BiomassGeothermalHydroelectricMunicipal Solid WasteMarine Hydrokinetic EnergyOcean Thermal Energy Conversion PhotovoltaicSolar ThermalWind (Land-based)Wind (Offshore)

Alternative Transportation Fuels and Modes

Biofuels Electric VehiclesHybrid Electric Vehicles HydrogenCompressed and Liquefied Natural Gas and Liquefied Petroleum GasMulti-Modal Transportation

Electrical Transmission and Distribution

On-Island TransmissionUndersea CablesSmart GridEnergy Storage

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Clean Energy Categories Energy Efficiency Energy efficiency refers to reducing the energy used for a given purpose or service while maintaining the same results; for example, replacing an incandescent light bulb with a different type of lighting technology that uses less energy to produce the same amount of light. Energy efficient technologies reduce the need for energy while energy efficient activities require less energy or save energy. This PEIS addresses the following energy efficient technologies and activities:

Energy Efficient Buildings Residential and commercial buildings use energy for many purposes such as cooling, lighting, water heating, and use of appliances and electronics. Today’s buildings consume more energy than any other sector of the U.S. economy including the transportation industry. In an effort to decrease energy consumption, energy efficiency measures are incorporated into building construction and retrofits.

Energy Conservation Energy conservation is the act of reducing or going without a service or task in order to save energy; for example, turning off a light. Using less energy generally has positive potential environmental consequences. There would be no adverse environmental impacts associated with energy conservation; therefore, this activity is not carried forward for detailed impacts analyses.

Ground Source Heat Pumps Underground temperatures are less variable than air temperatures. A ground source heat pump is an electrical-powered heating and cooling system that takes advantage of the relatively constant ground or groundwater temperature to transfer energy for space heating/cooling and water heating. Because of the moderate climate, ground source heat pumps are not currently deployed widely in Hawai‘i and would be unlikely by 2030; therefore, this technology is not carried forward for detailed impacts analyses. Heat pump water heaters are an efficient heat transfer method used in construction. The PEIS addresses heat pump water heaters under Energy Efficient Buildings.

Initiatives and Programs Utility- and government-sponsored clean energy initiatives and programs can help to make renewable energy, energy efficiency, and conservation practices attractive to consumers and communities. There are several ways to provide incentives to individuals, businesses, and communities that could result in a reduced overall demand for imported fossil fuels. These range from education and training to financial incentives for using energy efficient appliances and equipment at home and in commercial operations. The State of Hawai‘i, island utilities, counties, and the Federal Government have employed several energy efficiency and renewable energy initiatives and programs for specific State-, island-, and community-level projects. There would be no adverse environmental impacts associated with initiatives and programs; therefore, this activity is not carried forward for detailed impacts analyses.

Sea Water Air Conditioning Sea water air conditioning, also known as deep water cooling, uses the temperature differences (gradients) between deep and surface water to chill water for individual buildings or for use in larger (district) cooling air conditioning systems. This energy efficiency technology replaces the conventional electric chiller component of a cooling system with a deep, cold sea water cooling station or heat exchanger to cool a closed-loop air conditioning system that is significantly less energy-intensive.

Solar Water Heating Solar water heating is a technology that uses the sun to heat water. It is generally considered for use in residential rooftop applications. This PEIS focuses on its use in single-family homes; however, it is

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scalable to multi-family residences. Solar water heating technology has the potential to reduce household energy consumption by up to 40 percent.

Distributed Renewables Distributed renewables refer to the use of renewable energy resources for an electricity generator that is located close to the end user or even onsite. The generating capacity of a distributed generation source can range from generation at a single residence to larger installations for commercial or multi-unit housing applications. This PEIS addresses the following distributed renewable technologies and activities:

Biomass Biomass energy encompasses multiple energy production technologies that use organic matter from trees, agricultural crops, and animal waste as well as biogenic material in urban waste streams to produce a variety of potential energy end products. Biomass energy to produce electricity and heat is discussed under both distributed renewable and utility-scale renewable energy. Biomass energy used for transportation fuels is discussed under Alternative Transportation Fuels and Modes.

Hydroelectric Hydroelectric power, or hydropower, utilizes the energy in flowing water to spin a turbine attached to a generator to produce electricity. Hydropower plants require a water source in a geographic area generally characterized by uneven terrain such as hills or mountains to have sufficient power-generation potential. There are three common types of hydropower plant designs: impoundment, diversion, and pumped storage hydropower (the latter is discussed in the context of Energy Storage technology in the clean energy category of Electrical Transmission and Distribution).

Hydrogen Fuel Cells A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. A hydrogen fuel cell uses the chemical energy of hydrogen to react with oxygen to produce electricity. Fuel cells can be used for almost any application typically powered by batteries or internal combustion engines, and they can scale to provide energy to a laptop computer or to a utility power station. Fuel cells produce no criteria air pollutants or greenhouse gas emissions at the point of operation. However, they are heavily dependent on a cost-efficient supply of hydrogen.

Photovoltaics Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert sunlight to electricity. Photovoltaic cells are assembled into a solar module or group of PV cells. Solar modules are placed in an area or added to a larger system to generate and supply electricity for homes and businesses. A system typically includes one or more solar modules (sometimes referred to as an array), equipment to convert direct current electricity to alternating current electricity (i.e., inverters), and connecting wiring. Some systems are designed with batteries to store the generated electricity for later use and/or sun tracking devices to increase the amount of solar energy collected.

Wind Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the wind to mechanical power. The wind turbine blades are designed to act like an airplane wing. The wind causes a pocket of low-pressure air on one side of the blade, which generates “lift” and pulls the blade toward it, causing the blade to move and the rotor to turn. The rotor turns a shaft and, through a gearbox, spins a generator to make electricity. Small wind turbines generally are those with capacities ranging from 20 watts to 100 kilowatts. At the low end of this range, units with capacities of 20 to 500 watts are often referred to as micro-turbines. At the high end of the range, small wind turbines can have a similar configuration and appearance to utility-sized wind turbines.

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Utility-Scale Renewables Utility-scale renewables refer to the use of renewable energy resources from a centrally located regional power plant. Utility-scale renewable technologies include the same kinds of renewable energy resources as distributed renewables, as well as other resources whose use at the distributed scale is impractical. The generating capacities for utility-scale technologies are typically at least an order of magnitude larger than for distributed applications. This PEIS addresses the following utility-scale technologies and activities:

Biomass Biomass energy sources for utility-scale projects are the same as those for distributed renewable energy projects. Some types of biomass resources are more or less suited for utility-scale projects. The cost-effective acquisition (i.e., collecting, processing, and transportation) of biomass resources is a key component to implementing a utility-scale biomass energy system.

Geothermal Geothermal energy recovery systems use heat that radiates naturally from the earth. These geothermal systems can be used directly for heating buildings or in industrial processes, or they can be used to generate electricity. Because it is difficult to transport heat over any large distance, both direct use and electricity production must take place at, or very near, the geothermal system. Once converted to electricity, the energy can be transported great distances over transmission lines.

Hydroelectric Utility-scale hydroelectric, or hydropower, is the same technology as described in Distributed Renewables but on a larger scale. According to a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers evaluation, the State of Hawai‘i has limited potential for large-scale, river-based hydropower projects; therefore, this utility-scale technology is considered to have a low feasibility and is not carried forward for detailed impacts analyses.

Municipal Solid Waste Municipal solid waste, more commonly known as trash or garbage, consists of everyday items used and then thrown away. This technology includes options available for converting municipal solid waste and other forms of waste to energy. Municipal solid waste-to-energy projects use similar technologies as those described for biomass facilities but also include the collection and use of methane gas released from existing landfills.

Marine Hydrokinetic Energy Marine hydrokinetic technologies use the kinetic energy from moving water (such as waves, tides, and ocean currents) to generate electricity. The amount of energy that can be extracted from a wave is a function of the wave’s height and frequency. That is, the higher and more frequent the waves, the more power that can be extracted. Marine hydrokinetic devices can be situated on the shoreline or offshore depending on the technology. This technology is in the early stages of development; consequently, there are numerous designs in various stages of viability for commercial deployment or product testing.

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Ocean thermal energy conversion is a technology that relies on temperature gradients in the ocean to generate electricity. By utilizing colder deep water and warmer surface waters, it is possible to alternately condense and evaporate a fluid to drive a turbine. In general, the larger the temperature difference between the shallow and deep water, the more power a system will be able to produce.

Photovoltaics As discussed in Distributed Renewables, PV modules convert the sun’s energy directly into electricity. This technology also is currently applied to larger, utility-scale generating facilities as arrays of solar modules.

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Solar Thermal Solar thermal energy systems convert solar energy into thermal energy (heat) that can be used for the production of electricity. One big difference from solar PV technology is that solar thermal power plants generate electricity indirectly. Heat from the sun’s rays is collected and used to heat a fluid. The steam produced from the heated fluid powers a generator that produces electricity.

Land-Based Wind As discussed above for distributed wind, wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the wind to mechanical power. Utility-scale wind projects include multiple, larger turbines in an array to maximize the available wind resource. Typical land-based wind turbines for utility-scale applications range from 1.5 to 3.5 megawatts with rotor diameters of 200-300 feet on towers about 250 feet to over 350 feet tall, dependent on the particular installation.

Offshore Wind Offshore, utility-scale wind turbines function in the same manner as land-based wind turbines. That is, they convert the kinetic energy of the wind to mechanical power and the turning rotor spins a generator to make electricity. Most manufacturers of offshore wind turbines are currently testing prototypes with capacities of 5 to 7 megawatts with rotor diameters roughly 400 to 500 feet or larger. A primary difference between land-based and offshore wind turbine technology is the substructure upon which the wind turbine and tower is mounted. Depending on the depth of the water, offshore turbines are mounted on either shallow-water substructures (less than about 100 feet), transitional technology substructures (100 to 200 feet), or floating platforms (greater than 200 feet).

Alternative Transportation Fuels and Modes Alternative transportation fuels and modes encompass those fuel types and methods of transportation that are different than conventional gasoline-powered automobiles. This PEIS addresses the following alternative transportation fuels, alternative transportation modes, and alternative types and methods of transportation:

Biofuels Biofuels are fuels derived from biomass or waste feedstocks. Biomass includes wood, agricultural crops, herbaceous and woody energy crops, and municipal organic wastes such as manure. Biofuels from waste feedstocks can also be derived from food wastes, including fats, oils, and grease (FOG). Converting restaurants’ recycled fats, oils, and grease into biodiesel diverts waste, reduces pollution, and supports local businesses. These feedstocks can be transformed using a variety of conversion technologies into conventional biofuel products (such as ethanol and biodiesel), and advanced biofuel products (such as cellulosic ethanol, biobutanol, Green Diesel, synthetic gasoline, and renewable jet fuel).

Electric Vehicles Electric vehicles operate with an electric motor (or motors) powered by rechargeable battery packs. Some electric vehicles run solely on electrical power from the grid while others use a combination of gasoline and electricity.

Hybrid Electric Vehicles Hybrid-electric vehicle powertrains combine a conventional combustion engine (either gasoline or diesel), a battery, and an electric motor. The wheels are driven by the internal combustion engine, the electric motor, or a combination of the two.

Hydrogen Hydrogen is the simplest and most abundant element in the universe and can be produced from fossil fuels including oil, coal, or natural gas as well as biomass, organic waste, water, or salt water. As a

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transportation fuel, the energy content in 2.2 pounds of hydrogen gas is about the same as the energy content in 1 gallon of gasoline. Hydrogen can be used in internal combustion engines or in combination with hydrogen fuel cells to power electric motors.

Compressed and Liquefied Natural Gas and Liquefied Petroleum Gas Natural gas as an alternative transportation fuel for vehicles comes in two forms: compressed natural gas and liquefied natural gas. The fuel is used in natural gas vehicles and more commonly in compressed natural gas-powered vehicles. These vehicles are similar to gasoline or diesel vehicles with regard to power, acceleration, and cruising speed.

Multi-Modal Transportation Multi-modal transportation options reduce the number of miles traveled by personal vehicles for work commuting and personal trips. Multi-modal transportation options include public transportation (e.g., bus, rail, and marine), ridesharing, car sharing, bike sharing, active transit (walking and biking), telecommuting/teleworking, and alternative work schedules. A comprehensive, well-connected multi-modal transportation system allows tourists and residents to easily access multiple transportation options so that they can get to where they need to go quickly and without as much dependence on single occupancy vehicles.

Electrical Transmission and Distribution Electrical transmission and distribution refers to the transmission of electrical power from a point of generation and the means by which it is stored and distributed to electricity users. Electricity transmission and distribution systems form an electrical grid or network that is used to manage and distribute electricity in a geographic region. While electrical transmission and distribution is not specifically addressed in the HCEI, implementation of new renewable energy technologies and/or improving the existing electrical network in Hawai‘i would directly affect transmission of such electricity and is therefore analyzed in this PEIS. This PEIS addresses the following electrical transmission and distribution technologies and activities:

On-Island Transmission On-island transmission of electricity includes connections from the power generation source, transmission over a short or long distance, and connection to the power user. This system is often referred as the island electrical grid or simply “power grid.” The power grid is how the majority of people and companies get their electricity.

Undersea Cable Undersea power cables, also called submarine cables, transmit power across large bodies of water; whether from one island to another or from an offshore energy facility (e.g., an offshore wind turbine platform) to an on-island electrical network. Undersea cables lie on the sea bed and connect to on-island power grids via a land-sea cable transition site. Any type of electrical power can transmit across undersea cables including that from renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and biomass.

Smart Grid A smart grid is a modernized electrical grid that uses analog or digital information and communications technology to gather and act on information, such as information about the behaviors of suppliers and consumers, in an automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity. DOE describes the smart grid as an integration of five fundamental technologies: (1) integrated communications, (2) advanced components, (3) advanced control methods, (4) sensing and measurement, and (5) improved interfaces and decision support.

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Energy Storage Energy storage can take electricity that is generated at one point in time and store it for use at a different time. Incorporating energy storage in the electricity distribution chain allows utilities to decouple generation from demand which has several benefits including improved use of generated energy. The primary uses for energy storage include energy management, bridging power, and power quality and reliability.

S.4 Public Participation and Agency Coordination

S.4.1 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

S.4.1.1 PEIS Scoping Process

In 2010, DOE announced its intent to prepare a PEIS for the wind phase of the now-defunct Hawai‘i Interisland Renewable Energy Program (HIREP). The Notice of Intent (NOI) appeared on December 14, 2010, in the Federal Register (75 FR 77859), and it referred to the PEIS as the HIREP: Wind PEIS (DOE/EIS-0459). The NOI identified the State of Hawai‘i as a joint lead agency.

In February 2011, DOE held scoping meetings in Honolulu, Kahului, Kaunakakai, and Lāna‘i City. In meetings and submitted comments, commenters expressed concern that DOE and the State of Hawai‘i would not analyze energy efficiency measures, distributed renewable energy assets, or the full range of potential renewable energy technologies. Commenters also expressed concern about the construction of interisland electricity transmission connections and cables; the potential disparity of impacts on islands that could host wind development projects versus those that would use the electricity; and potential impacts to cultural resources, among other issues. In response to public scoping comments received on the HIREP: Wind PEIS, DOE consulted with the State of Hawai‘i and broadened the range of energy efficiency and renewable energy activities and technologies to be analyzed as well as the number of islands to be evaluated. The result was a more comprehensive programmatic EIS renamed the Hawai‘i Clean Energy PEIS.

A new scoping process began with DOE’s publication of an Amended NOI in the Federal Register (77 FR 47828, August 10, 2012), with the State of Hawai‘i as a cooperating agency instead of a joint lead agency. The Amended NOI identified the five clean energy categories under the expanded range of activities and technologies to be analyzed. DOE held eight public scoping meetings in September 2012 on six islands in the cities of Honolulu, Līhu‘e, Kailua-Kona, Hilo, Kahului, Lāna‘i City, Kaunakakai, and Kāne‘ohe.

In addition to the Amended NOI, DOE announced the scoping meetings to encourage public participation in the PEIS process through publishing notices in six local newspapers, issuing a press release, sending postcards or emails to individuals and groups that had previously shown interest in the HIREP: Wind PEIS, and creating the Hawai‘i Clean Energy PEIS Website (www.hawaiicleanenergypeis.com).

DOE received and reviewed more than 700 comment documents as part of the Hawai‘i Clean Energy PEIS scoping process. Issues raised most often were related to island energy independence and self-sufficiency (e.g., opposition to generating electricity on other islands for transmission to O‘ahu); Native Hawaiian issues (e.g., to avoid impacts on subsistence lifestyle, spirituality, and traditions); cultural and historic resources; socioeconomics and communities; land use; biological resources; utility-scale land-based wind and geothermal renewables; undersea cable corridors; and concerns about health effects of smart meters. DOE prepared the Scoping Summary Report for the Hawai‘i Clean Energy Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement that contains a five-page summary of these comments (available online

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from http://hawaiicleanenergypeis.com/eis-documents/). DOE also considered these comments during the preparation of the Draft PEIS.

S.4.1.2 Areas of Controversy

Through discussions with the cooperating agencies, other agency coordination efforts, and the public involvement process— DOE solicited input, including the identification of any potential areas of controversy. This input came both during the public scoping process and the comments received during the public review of the Draft PEIS. The following potential areas of controversy were identified in the Draft PEIS and remain unchanged after review of public comments received on the Draft EIS. Changes to the PEIS that resulted from comments are addressed in Section S.4.1.3:

Island energy independence and self-sufficiency – Concerns were raised about islands being self-sufficient and energy-independent versus using local resources to generate energy for use onother islands.

Native Hawaiian issues – Concerns, based on traditional beliefs, were raised about the use ofisland resources, such as using geothermal energy, to generate energy.

Land use – Concerns were raised about the use of this finite resource for energy generation.

Transmission lines including undersea cable – In addition to island energy dependence and self-sufficiency, concerns were raised about the overall cost and relative benefit of an interislandtransmission grid.

Analysis was too limiting – Concerns were raised about the proposal for a major project using asingle technology (e.g., wind power) without adequate study of all the options and theirappropriateness for use in specific locations.

As a result of considering all scoping comments and comments received on the Draft PEIS, the PEIS is a programmatic evaluation of the energy efficiency activities and renewable energy technologies that could reasonably be implemented in Hawai‘i. The scope includes an assessment of the viability of implementation in the State of Hawai‘i and the associated potential environmental impacts. As discussed in Section S.3 above, the PEIS does not evaluate any specific or proposed project. Implementation of these activities and technologies and the ultimate ability to achieve the goals established by the HCEI should include input from all stakeholders.

S.4.1.3 Draft PEIS Public Review and Comment Period

On April 18, 2014, DOE published in the Federal Register its Notice of Availability for the Hawai‘i Clean Energy Draft Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (DOE/EIS-0407D) (79 FR 21909). DOE’s Notice of Availability invited the public to comment on the Draft PEIS during a 90-day public comment period that ended on July 17, 2014, and described how the public could submit oral and written comments on the Draft PEIS. DOE’s Notice also announced that it would hold a total of eight public hearings from May 12 through May 22, 2014, in Lihue on Kaua‘i, Kailua-Kona and Hilo on Hawai‘i Island, Kahului on Maui, Kaunakakai on Molokai, Lāna‘i City on Lāna‘i Island, and in Honolulu and Kāne‘ohe on O‘ahu.

DOE used notification methods similar to those used during the scoping period to notify the public and applicable Federal, State, and county agencies of the public review and comment period for the Draft PEIS. These notification methods included posting advertisements soliciting comments on the Draft PEIS

Summary


and announcing the public hearings in local newspapers both one week and then two days (as possible) prior to the hearing dates; sending an email to individuals who had signed up on the PEIS website to receive email notifications related to the development of the PEIS as well as to scoping meeting attendees who had signed up to receive such notification; and mailing postcards through the U.S. postal service to those interested individuals who had not provided an email addresses.

DOE made the Draft PEIS available on the Internet at the Hawai‘i Clean Energy PEIS Website (www.hawaiicleanenergypeis.com) and on the DOE NEPA Website (www.energy.gov/nepa) and provided a CD or bound copy of the Draft PEIS upon request. The State of Hawai‘i DBEDT distributed bound copies of the Draft PEIS to eight public libraries throughout Hawai‘i.

DOE received 151 comment documents (emails, letters, hearing transcripts, etc.) consisting of 582 comments on the Draft PEIS from Federal, State, and local government agencies, Native Hawaiian and other organizations, and members of the public. Examples of some changes in the Final PEIS that were driven by public or agency comments include the following:

Expansion on the programmatic nature of the Hawaii Clean Energy PEIS Expansion of the background of the HCEI goals Expansion of the roles and responsibilities of various Hawai‘i state agencies Addition of heat pump water heaters as an element within energy-efficient buildings Addition of information related to interconnection standards; primarily as they relate to

distributed solar PV generation Update of renewable portfolio standards based on recent legislation Additional permitting details for OTEC and sea water air conditioning Expansion of the discussion on multi-modal transportation Clarification of permitting and potential impacts associated with an undersea cable Enhancement of the discussion of cultural resources impacts, and Update of the National Marine Fisheries listing of candidate marine species.

DOE considered all comments on the Draft PEIS received or postmarked during the public comment period in preparing this Final PEIS. Comments received after the close of the public review and comment period were also considered in the preparation of the Final PEIS.

S.4.2 AGENCY COORDINATION

When implementing NEPA, a lead agency is strongly encouraged to involve Federal, State, and local government agencies. DOE benefitted in the preparation of the PEIS from the contributions of several cooperating and participating agencies.

The CEQ regulations define a lead agency as the agency or agencies preparing or having taken primary responsibility for preparing the environmental impact statement (40 CFR 1501.5 and 40 CFR 1508.16) and a cooperating agency as any other Federal agency having jurisdiction by law or special expertise with respect to any environmental impact involved in a proposal (or a reasonable alternative) for legislation or other major Federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment (40 CFR 1501.6 and 40 CFR 1508.5). A State or local governmental agency may also become a cooperating agency. Participating (or consulting) agencies are those with an interest in defining the scope of an impact assessment and collaborating with lead and cooperating agencies in determining the methodologies and level of detail to be used in analyzing the alternatives.

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DOE sent invitations to various Federal agencies and the State of Hawai‘i Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT) to be cooperating agencies for this PEIS. DBEDT agreed to represent the State of Hawai‘i as the sole cooperating agency for the State. Table S-2 lists the Federal and State agencies that agreed to be a cooperating agency or participating agency for this PEIS, followed by brief descriptions of the expertise, permitting authority, and responsibilities of each cooperating agency.

Table S-2. Cooperating and Participating Agencies

Agency Department/Office Cooperating Status U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service

Bureau of Ocean Energy Management U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 9 U.S. Department of Defense U.S. Marine Corps

U.S. Navy U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration State of Hawai‘i DBEDT Participating Status U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Advisory Council on Historic Preservation N/A U.S. Department of Agriculture Farm Services Agency U.S. Department of Commerce National Marine Fisheries Service

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service – Office of National Marine Sanctuaries

U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration U.S. Department of Homeland Security U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Department of Defense U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Several of the listed agencies submitted comments on the Draft PEIS, which were resolved as documented in the Comment Response-Document. The agencies were all contacted relative to release of the Final PEIS and raised no additional concerns.

National Park Service

The U.S. National Park Service (NPS) has expertise in natural and cultural resources and is charged with protecting the U.S. National Park System including resources for future generations. In addition, the NPS monitors the condition of National Historic Trails and Landmarks and National Natural Landmarks outside of the park system, and it may provide technical preservation assistance to owners of landmarks. NPS also maintains the National Register of Historic Places.

S.4.2.1 Bureau of Ocean Energy Management

The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) has expertise in and the responsibility for permitting leases and rights-of-way for renewable energy development activities on the Outer Continental Shelf and other offshore Federal waters. It also has expertise in coastal and marine biological and physical sciences, as well as marine archaeological and cultural resources. Under EPAct 2005, BOEM was granted (through its predecessor agency) the authority for regulating the production, transportation, and transmission of renewable energy resources on the Outer Continental Shelf and other offshore Federal waters. Pursuant to the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (43 U.S.C. §§ 1331–1356, Public Law 113-212), BOEM has been

Summary


vested with jurisdictional authority for submerged lands greater than 3 miles seaward of the Hawaiian coastline. BOEM has no jurisdictional authority in Hawaiian waters from the coastline out to the 3-mile State/Federal boundary. This authority does not apply to any area on the OCS within the boundaries of any unit of the National Park System, National Wildlife Refuge system, National Marine Sanctuary system, or any National Monument.

S.4.2.2 Natural Resources Conservation Service

The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) has expertise in conservation planning assistance to private landowners and in the soil sciences. NRCS derives its regulatory and permitting authority under the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act (16 U.S.C. § 590a et seq.) and the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (Public Law 110–234; known as the “Farm Bill”), as well as subsequent Farm Bills using programs such as the Conservation Stewardship Program (7 CFR Part 1470); Environmental Quality Incentives Program in the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (Public Law 110–246); and the Wildlife Habitat Incentive Program (7 CFR Part 636).

S.4.2.3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

The EPA administers the programmatic and regulatory aspects of 11 pollution control statutes including the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. § 7401 et seq.) and Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq.). EPA has interest in all environmental resource areas, activities, and technologies. As a cooperating agency, EPA assisted in the independent review of both the Draft and Final PEISs.

S.4.2.4 Federal Aviation Administration

The Federal Aviation Administration has expertise in airport land and airspace issues and permitting authority for matters related to hazards to air navigation.

S.4.2.5 U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy

The U.S. Marine Corps and the Department of the Navy both have expertise related to U.S. military installations and training, including radar, restricted areas, airspace, and training areas. All branches of the military are present on O‘ahu. The branches of the military coordinate with the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) on renewable energy project compatibility through the DoD Siting Clearinghouse in the Office of the Deputy Undersecretary of Defense for Installations and Environment. The Clearinghouse formal review process applies to projects filed with the U.S. Secretary of Transportation under 49 U.S.C. § 44718 as well as other projects proposed for construction within military training routes or special use airspace, whether on private, State, or Federal property.

S.4.2.6 State of Hawai‘i

State of Hawai‘i agencies have expertise in all matters related to State energy policy, land use, Native Hawaiian culture, aquatic resources, ocean recreation, forestry and wildlife, land and coastal land management and conservation, historic preservation, and parklands. On behalf of all State of Hawai‘i agencies, DBEDT is serving as a cooperating agency for this PEIS. The State agencies have permitting authority and will serve as information sources for many entities, including but not limited to the public and developers of future projects in Hawai‘i.

Summary


S.5 Permitting and Regulatory Requirements

DOE prepared this PEIS pursuant to NEPA, as implemented by the CEQ NEPA regulations (40 CFR Parts 1500 through 1508) and DOE NEPA implementing procedures (10 CFR Part 1021). This PEIS considers, among other regulatory items, the requirements of the Hawai‘i Environmental Policy Act (Chapter 343, Hawai‘i Revised Statutes). This PEIS does not eliminate the need for project-specific environmental review of individual projects or activities that might be eligible for funding or other forms of support by DOE or other Federal agencies. To the extent that DOE proposes to fund or undertake particular projects or activities that may fall within the scope of this PEIS, project-specific NEPA reviews for such projects and activities are expected to build on, or tier from, this PEIS. Moreover, any such projects and activities would be subject to compliance with obligations under other environmental laws such as the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. § 1531–1544 et seq.) and the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (54 U.S.C. § 300101 et seq.). For those projects that do not have any connection to Federal actions, State-level environmental reviews would still have to occur as required under Hawai‘i Revised Statutes, such as the Hawai‘i Environmental Policy Act and other statutes and administrative rules.

The Hawai‘i State Energy Office has developed and made available online a comprehensive list of Federal, State, and county-specific permits that are generally required for the activities that typically accompany clean energy projects. These include permits related to siting, construction, operation, and other phases. This information is available at https://energy.Hawaii.gov and includes a link to a single downloadable document called the Guide to Renewable Energy Facility Permits in the State of Hawai‘i. Permit packets associated with each permit also are available for download at the above website. In addition, many Federal, State, and county permitting agencies in Hawai‘i have developed their own guidance materials describing various permitting processes, procedures, and requirements. The links to these agency websites are included in Section 2.2 of the PEIS.

To supplement these tools, a free interactive online permitting tool, the Hawai‘i Renewable Energy Permitting Wizard, is also available from the Hawai‘i State Energy Office (http://wizard.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/). The Wizard allows users (such as a would-be renewable energy developer) to identify the Federal, State, and county permits that may be required for a specific renewable energy project in Hawai‘i based on input provided by the user. Designed for renewable energy projects, the Wizard can create a permit plan for a proposed project based on the type of renewable energy technology proposed. The permit plan also includes the recommended sequence—with estimated timelines—in which the permits may be obtained.

S.6 Structure of the Hawai‘i Clean Energy PEIS

This PEIS is arranged into a summary; nine chapters, each containing a separate, chapter-specific reference list; and three appendices:

This Summary summarizes the contents of the PEIS. In accordance with 40 CFR 1502.12, the Summary stresses the major conclusions and areas of controversy (including issues raised by agencies and the public). Title 40 CFR 1502.12 also requires that a summary stress the issues to be resolved (including the choice among alternatives). However, since this PEIS focuses on a range of technologies and activities and analyzes their potential impacts rather than setting up a choice from among them, neither the body of the PEIS nor this Summary present issues to be resolved.

Summary


Chapter 1, “Introduction,” provides background information on the HCEI, an overview of the NEPA process, the purpose and need for agency action, and information on public and agency coordination.

Chapter 2, “Proposed Action,” describes each of the five clean energy categories and the associated 31 technologies and activities. The chapter discusses, from a programmatic perspective, the permitting and regulatory requirements needed to implement the technologies and activities associated with the different clean energy categories. It provides a brief primer of each activity/technology that includes a description of a representative project. The chapter includes a discussion of a no-action alternative and tables that summarize potential environmental impacts associated with the technologies and activities in each clean energy category. The chapter concludes with brief explanations of the PEIS’s treatment of cumulative impacts, irreversible and irretrievable commitment of resources, the relationship between short-term uses and long-term productivity, unavoidable adverse impacts, and DOE’s preferred alternative. This chapter also contains the glossary.

Chapter 3, “Affected Environment,” provides the existing conditions for each of the potentially affected environmental resource areas. It considers these resource areas at the State level and on an island-by-island basis for six islands (Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Molokai, Lāna‘i, Maui, and Hawai‘i). In order to avoid redundancy in later chapters focused on technology-specific impacts, this chapter includes a discussion of the environmental impacts most often associated with construction and operation activities regardless of the clean energy activity or technology. The chapter organizes and discusses these impacts and associated best management practices in relation to the impacted resource, not the particular activity or technology. The environmental resource areas addressed in Chapter 3 include:

– Geology and Soils – The geologic characteristics of the area at and below the ground surface, the frequency and severity of seismic activity, and the kinds and quality of soils.

– Climate and Air Quality – Climatic conditions such as temperature and precipitation, ambient air quality, and criteria pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions.

– Water Resources – Marine, surface-water, and groundwater features, water quality and availability, floodplains, and wetlands.

– Biological Resources – Flora and fauna of the region and the occurrence and protection of special-status species.

– Land and Submerged Land Use – Land and submerged land use practices and land ownership information.

– Cultural and Historic Resources – Cultural, historic, and archaeological resources and the importance of those resources.

– Coastal Zone Management – The existing regulatory process for consistency with coastal zone management plans, special management areas, and shoreline setbacks.

– Scenic and Visual Resources – Scenic and visual resources in terms of land formations, vegetation, and color, and the occurrence of unique natural views.

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– Recreation Resources – Existing recreation areas and uses, both on land and in the marine environment.

– Land and Marine Transportation – The existing transportation systems in the area.

– Airspace Management – Existing airport systems and military air bases and operation as well as the processes for managing the safe utilization of the airspace for intended uses.

– Noise and Vibration – Ambient noise and vibration levels, analytical techniques, and the identification of sensitive receptors.

– Utilities and Infrastructure – Existing electric utilities and electrical transmission and distribution services.

– Hazardous Materials and Waste Management – Solid and hazardous waste generation and management practices, wastewater services, the types of waste from current activities, the means by which waste is disposed, and pollution prevention practices.

– Socioeconomics – The labor market, population, housing, public services, and personal income.

– Environmental Justice – The identification of low-income and minority populations that could be subject to disproportionately high and adverse environmental impacts.

– Health and Safety (including Accidents and Intentional Destructive Acts) – The existing public and occupational safety conditions, including information on health and safety regulations and worker safety and injury data. The impacts chapters also provide a perspective of potential impacts from accidents and intentional destructive acts.

Chapters 4 through 8 present the environmental impact analyses, by environmental resource, for the activities/technologies carried forward for detailed analysis. Energy Conservation and Initiatives and Programs are not associated with adverse environmental impacts, and Utility-Scale Hydroelectric is considered to have low feasibility; these are not analyzed in detail.) The analyses are based on the potential programmatic-level impacts from the representative projects (Chapter 2) on the affected environment (Chapter 3) to provide potential impact perspectives. Each section within each chapter also presents best management practices and mitigation measures specific to an activity or technology.

– Chapter 4, “Environmental Impacts from Energy Efficiency” – Chapter 5, “Environmental Impacts from Distributed Renewables” – Chapter 6, “Environmental Impacts from Utility-Scale Renewables” – Chapter 7, “Environmental Impacts from Alternative Transportation Fuels and Modes” – Chapter 8, “Environmental Impacts from Electrical Transmission and Distribution”

Chapter 9, “Comment-Response Document,” presents a description of the comment-response process, the comments received, and DOE’s responses to those comments.

This PEIS includes three appendixes:

Appendix A, “Public Notices” Appendix B, “Distribution List”

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Appendix C, “List of Preparers”

S.7 Potential Environmental Impacts and Best Management Practices

As identified in Section S.3, DOE is not proposing any specific projects associated with this PEIS. Therefore, this PEIS uses representative projects to evaluate the potential environmental impacts from the various activities and technologies that could be implemented to assist the State in meeting the Renewable Portfolio Standard and Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standard established as part of the HCEI. This PEIS also describes best management practices that could be implemented to keep those impacts to a minimum or prevent them altogether.

Additionally, because of its programmatic nature, the PEIS cannot present the same comparative analyses of each activity or technology as an evaluation of a specific project at a known location. The criteria used for such a specific analysis could include reliability, schedule-ability, economic feasibility, lifecycle analysis, potential for and scale of emergency/disaster impacts, and relative ease of integration onto each island’s grid. These criteria could be included in a future project-specific environmental review.

Chapter 2 presents several summary tables that provide an overview of the potential environmental impacts for the energy efficiency activities and renewable energy technologies associated with each of the five clean energy categories. Each table presents the following:

A reference to specific sections in Chapter 3 for those impacts that would be common among most construction and operation activities. (These impacts are set forth in one place in Chapter 3 to avoid repeating them for each distinct activity or technology in later chapters.)

The potential environmental impacts specific to the stated activity/technology.

Accompanying each summary table is a chart that illustrates the resource areas that could be affected by each activity/technology. The clear circles indicate that no potential impacts would be expected for the activity/technology in that resource area. The light-gray circles indicate that the activity/technology would be expected to result in impacts similar to those common among most construction and operation activities (described in Chapter 3). The black circles indicate that there could be potential impacts specific to an activity or technology for that resource area. These charts are also presented below as Tables S-3 through S-7.

Best management practices and mitigation measures are identified in several places in the PEIS. For those potential impacts common among construction and operation activities, and not technology-specific, best management practices are presented in Chapter 3 for each resource area. For the activity/technology-specific impacts, the best management practices and mitigation measures are presented in Chapters 4 through 8 with the impacts analysis for that activity/technology. Implementation of these best management practices and mitigation measures are important to prevent or minimize the potential environmental impacts to that resource.

Summary


Table S-3. Characterization of the Potential for Environmental Impacts ‒ Energy Efficiency

Activity/Technology Resource Areas

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Energy Efficient Buildings ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ● ●Sea Water Air Conditioning ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ● ●Solar Water Heating ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ● ●○ = No potential impacts.

● = Potential impacts are common among most construction and operation activities.

● = Potential impacts are specific to an activity or technology.

Summary


Table S-4. Characterization of the Potential for Environmental Impacts ‒ Distributed Renewables


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Biomass ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ● ●Hydroelectric ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ● ●Hydrogen Fuel Cells ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ●Photovoltaics ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ●Wind ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ●○ = No potential impacts.



Summary


Table S-5. Characterization of the Potential for Environmental Impacts ‒ Utility-Scale Renewables


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Biomass

Direct Combustion – Steam Turbine ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Biodiesel Plant/ Electric Plant ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Geothermal ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ● ●Municipal Solid Waste ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Marine Hydrokinetic Energy ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ● ●Ocean Thermal Energy ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Photovoltaic Systems ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Solar Thermal Systems ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Wind (Land-Based) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Wind (Offshore) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●○ = No potential impacts.



Summary


Table S-6. Characterization of the Potential for Environmental Impacts ‒ Alternative Transportation Fuels and Modes


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Biofuels ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ○

Plug-In Electric Vehicles ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ○

Hybrid Electric Vehicles ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○Hydrogen ● ● ● ○ ● ● ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ○Compressed and Liquefied Natural Gas and Liquefied Petroleum Gas

● ● ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ●

Multi-Modal Transportation ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ○○ = No potential impacts.



Summary


Table S-7. Characterization of the Potential for Environmental Impacts ‒ Electrical Transmission and Distribution


Geo

logy

and

Soi

ls

Cli

mat

e an

d A

ir Q

uali

ty

Wat

er R

esou

rces

Bio

logi

cal R

esou

rces

Lan

d an

d Su

bmer

ged

Lan

d U

se

Cul

tura

l and

His

tori

c R

esou

rces

Coa

stal

Zon

e M

anag

emen

t

Sce

nic

and

Vis

ual R

esou

rces

Rec

reat

ion

Res

ourc

es

Lan

d an

d M

arin

e T

rans

port

atio

n

Air

spac

e M

anag

emen

t

Noi

se a

nd V

ibra

tion

Util

ities

and

Inf

rast

ruct

ure

Haz

ardo

us M

ater

ials

and

W

aste

Man

agem

ent

Soc

ioec

onom

ics

Env

iron

men

tal J

ustic

e

Hea

lth a

nd S

afet

y

On-Island Transmission ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ●

Undersea Cables ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ●

Smart Grid ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ●Energy Storage ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ●○ = No potential impacts.



S.8 Overview of Potential Environmental Impacts from Technologies and Activities in the Clean Energy Categories

This section (1) provides an overview of the major conclusions about potential impacts from the five clean energy categories and (2) presents tables that summarize the potential environmental impacts associated with the clean energy technologies with the highest potential for adverse environmental impacts (based on the representative projects analyzed in this PEIS). Table S-8 summarizes impacts for On-Island Transmission, Undersea Cables, and Sea Water Air Conditioning. Potential environmental impacts for Utility-Scale Renewable technologies are summarized for Biomass-Fueled Steam Turbine Generation, Biodiesel Plant and Electric Power Plant, Geothermal, Municipal Solid Waste-to-Energy Facility, and Marine Hydrokinetic Energy in Table S-9a, and for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, Photovoltaic Systems, Solar Thermal Systems, Land-based Wind, and Offshore Wind in Table S9b. The other activities and technologies (generally the energy efficiency activities, distributed renewable technologies, and the alternative transportation fuels and modes) are not listed in these tables because they have the smallest potential for adverse environmental impacts. Chapter 2 contains a complete set of the tables that summarize potential impacts from all renewable energy technologies and energy efficiency activities for all resource areas (see Tables 2-37 through 2-46). Major Conclusions Many of the technologies and activities evaluated in this PEIS have the potential benefit of reducing greenhouse gas and other criteria pollutant emissions due to the reduced need for and use of fossil fuels as

Summary


an energy source. The potential for other environmental impacts varies across the different energy categories depending on the technology, size, and location of the analyzed projects, but generally can be characterized as follows:

Activities and technologies in the Energy Efficiency category would have the smallest potential for notable environmental impacts. The small size and, in most cases, minimally disruptive nature of these activities and technologies would result in no or minimal potential impacts across the resource areas. However, sea water air conditioning could potentially impact water quality and biological resources, due to the return of warmer water for discharge. These potential impacts can be minimized or eliminated through the consideration and implementation of the various best management practices identified and discussed in this PEIS.

Activities and technologies in the Distributed Renewables category typically would involve small projects; therefore, potential impacts from these technologies are not likely to be significant. Implementation of renewable energy projects at the residential scale (particularly solar photovoltaic, which can be deployed quickly in multiple locations) can exceed the capacity of a local power grid or utility. This can cause delays in bringing new energy sources to the electrical grid, require system upgrades, and have other consequences on local circuits. These and other potential adverse impacts can be minimized or eliminated through the implementation of interconnection standards and the use of best management practices identified and discussed in the PEIS.

Among the technologies and activities analyzed in this PEIS, the greatest potential for environmental impacts is associated with the Utility-Scale Renewables category since it would include those technologies with the largest physical footprint and generation of the largest amount of electricity. All of these technologies would have the potential to impact numerous resource areas. Such potential impacts generally would be highest during construction and include noise, increased air emissions, changes to scenic and visual landscapes, and potential impacts to biological and cultural resources. The most common potential long-term impacts associated with these technologies would include changes to land and submerged land use and scenic and visual resources. These potential impacts would be location-dependent and could be minimized or eliminated through the use of the location-specific best management practices identified and discussed in the PEIS.

Activities and technologies in the Alternative Transportation Fuels and Modes category would have a moderate potential for notable environmental impacts. Increased use of the alternative fuels would result in a reduction of criteria pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions as well as a reduction in the use of fossil fuels. The development of certain biofuels, however, could have adverse impacts related to using large land areas for the production of feedstock, the application of herbicides and fertilizers, and the introduction of invasive species. These and other potential adverse impacts can be minimized or eliminated through the use of best management practices such as proper handling, storage, and use of chemicals and the screening of plant species for invasive characteristics. A comprehensive, connected multi-modal transportation system in Hawai‘i likely would result in reductions in petroleum used for ground transportation, reductions in nonpoint source pollution, and improved air quality.

In the Electrical Transmission and Distribution category, the two technologies with the greatest potential for environmental impacts on valuable resources are on-island transmission and undersea cables. These projects are long and linear, and the potential impacts are predominantly associated with construction activities and the route of the transmission lines/cables. Potential

Summary


construction and routing impacts can be minimized or eliminated through the use of construction- and location-specific best management practices.

In addition, during project siting, all of these activities—but especially the Electrical Transmission and Distribution and the Utility-Scale Renewables categories—share the characteristic of encountering one or more host communities that could be impacted in numerous ways. In Hawai‘i, this almost always includes the potential to impact Native Hawaiian communities, lifestyles, and values. The potential for project acceptance and success can be greatly enhanced by early and sincere involvement of the various communities in project planning and concern for “fairness” in project definition.

In addition to impacts from a technology standpoint, the State of Hawai‘i has indicated particular interest in the potential impacts to four environmental resource areas.

Biological resources due to the large number of threatened and endangered species and unique island habitat;

Land and submerged land use based on the finite characteristics of this resource to the islands’ environments;

Cultural and historic resources because of the strong and long standing beliefs of the native population and their relationship with the islands’ physical environment; and

Scenic and visual resources because of both the cultural and historic aspects, as well as the importance to the tourism appeal of the islands.

Hawai‘i Clean Energy Final PEIS S-25 September 2015DOE/EIS-0459

Summary

Tab

le S

-8. S

um

mar

y of

Im

pac

ts f

or S

elec

ted

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

Res

ourc

e A

rea

On

-Isl

and

Tra

nsm

issi

on

Un

der

sea

Cab

les

Sea

Wat

er A

ir C

ond

itio

nin

g G

eolo

gy a

nd

Soi

ls

Gen

eral

impa

cts

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion.

On

shor

e G

ener

al im

pact

s du

ring

con

stru

ctio

n.

Off

shor

e P

oten

tial d

istu

rban

ce o

f m

arin

e se

dim

ents

dur

ing

cons

truc

tion

(sh

ort-

term

) w

ith

min

or im

pact

s:

S

edim

ent d

istu

rban

ce a

t the

hor

izon

tal

dire

ctio

nal d

rilli

ng b

reak

out p

oint

Dri

lling

mud

/slu

rry

rele

ase

at th

e ho

rizo

ntal

di

rect

iona

l dri

lling

bre

akou

t poi

nt

S

edim

ent d

istu

rban

ce a

t tre

nchi

ng lo

catio

ns.

No

impa

cts

to g

eolo

gy a

nd s

oils

dur

ing

oper

atio

n.

On

shor

e P

oten

tial s

oil e

rosi

on a

nd c

onta

min

atio

n du

ring

con

stru

ctio

n (s

hort

-ter

m).

O

ffsh

ore

Pot

entia

l dis

turb

ance

of

mar

ine

sedi

men

ts

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion

(sho

rt-t

erm

) an

d op

erat

ions

.

Clim

ate

and

Air

Qu

alit

y A

ir Q

uali

ty

Gen

eral

impa

cts

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion

Gen

eral

impa

cts

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion.

B

enef

icia

l im

pact

s re

sulti

ng f

rom

hig

her

pene

trat

ion

of r

enew

able

gen

erat

ion

on e

ach

conn

ecte

d is

land

gri

d.

Gen

eral

impa

cts

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion

(sho

rt-

term

).

The

use

of

a se

a w

ater

air

con

diti

onin

g sy

stem

wou

ld r

equi

re 7

5 pe

rcen

t les

s el

ectr

icit

y th

an a

sta

ndar

d co

olin

g sy

stem

; th

eref

ore,

ther

e w

ould

be

a be

nefi

cial

impa

ct

to a

ir q

uali

ty f

rom

a r

educ

tion

of

crit

eria

po

lluta

nts

resu

lting

fro

m e

lect

rici

ty g

ener

ated

by

fos

sil f

uels

.

Cli

mat

e C

hang

e G

ener

al im

pact

s du

ring

con

stru

ctio

n

Gen

eral

impa

cts

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion.

M

inor

impa

cts

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion.

R

educ

tions

in g

reen

hous

e ga

s em

issi

ons

as a

re

sult

of r

educ

tion

of e

lect

rici

ty g

ener

atio

n us

ing

foss

il fu

els.


Summary

Tab

le S

-8. S

um

mar

y of

Im

pac

ts f

or S

elec

ted

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

On

-Isl

and

Tra

nsm

issi

on

Un

der

sea

Cab

les

Sea

Wat

er A

ir C

ond

itio

nin

g W

ater

Res

ourc

es

Sur

face

Wat

er G

ener

al im

pact

s du

ring

con

stru

ctio

n.

Ope

ratio

n im

pact

s in

clud

e po

ssib

le a

ltera

tion

of s

torm

wat

er r

unof

f al

ong

tran

smis

sion

co

rrid

or a

s ve

geta

tion

is r

eest

ablis

hed.

Any

si

ngle

dra

inag

e pa

th e

xpec

ted

to e

xper

ienc

e m

inim

al a

lter

atio

n.

Pot

entia

l app

licat

ion

of h

erbi

cide

s to

mai

ntai

ntr

ansm

issi

on c

orri

dor

coul

d pr

oduc

e ne

gativ

e en

viro

nmen

tal i

mpa

cts

if th

ey r

each

sur

face

w

ater

s.

On

shor

e G

ener

al im

pact

s du

ring

con

stru

ctio

n.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s if

incr

ease

in im

perm

eabl

e su

rfac

es a

t bui

lt u

p la

nd-s

ea tr

ansi

tion

sit

es.

Off

shor

e S

edim

ent d

istu

rban

ce/d

ispe

rsal

and

incr

ease

d tu

rbid

ity d

urin

g ho

rizo

ntal

dir

ectio

nal d

rilli

ng.

Pot

enti

al s

ite-

spec

ific

impa

cts

may

occ

ur to

ha

bita

ts o

r co

mm

uniti

es o

f co

ncer

n.

No

oper

atio

n im

pact

s.

On

shor

e G

ener

al im

pact

s du

ring

con

stru

ctio

n (s

hort

-te

rm).

N

o op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

O

ffsh

ore

Sed

imen

t dis

turb

ance

/ dis

pers

al a

nd in

crea

sed

turb

idity

. P

oten

tial

sit

e-sp

ecif

ic im

pact

s m

ay o

ccur

to

habi

tats

or

com

mun

ities

of

conc

ern.

P

oten

tial i

ncre

ase

in n

utri

ent l

evel

s (n

itrat

e an

d ph

osph

ates

).

Pot

entia

l for

sea

wat

er te

mpe

ratu

re v

aria

bilit

y im

pact

.

Gro

undw

ater

G

ener

al im

pact

s du

ring

con

stru

ctio

n.

No

adve

rse

oper

atio

n im

pact

s un

less

he

rbic

ides

app

lied

to m

aint

ain

tran

smis

sion

co

rrid

or.

Gen

eral

impa

cts

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion.

G

ener

al c

onst

ruct

ion

impa

cts.

N

o ad

vers

e op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

P

oten

tial f

resh

wat

er (

grou

ndw

ater

) sa

ving

s if

w

aste

wat

er is

use

d as

the

cool

ing

med

ium

. P

oten

tial

ly b

enef

icia

l; f

resh

wat

er s

avin

gs

com

pare

d to

a f

acil

ity

wit

h an

ope

n co

olin

g sy

stem

.


Summary

Tab

le S

-8. S

um

mar

y of

Im

pac

ts f

or S

elec

ted

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

On

-Isl

and

Tra

nsm

issi

on

Un

der

sea

Cab

les

Sea

Wat

er A

ir C

ond

itio

nin

g B

iolo

gica

l Res

ourc

es

G

ener

al im

pact

s to

terr

estr

ial e

cosy

stem

s du

ring

con

stru

ctio

n, in

clud

ing

pote

ntia

l ac

cess

roa

ds.

Ope

rati

onal

mai

nten

ance

of

clea

red

area

s ar

ound

tow

ers

and

vege

tatio

n he

ight

alo

ng

tran

smis

sion

cor

rido

r.

Pot

entia

l bir

d an

d ba

t col

lisio

ns w

ith to

wer

s an

d li

nes,

esp

ecia

lly

noct

urna

l fly

ing

spec

ies.

Gen

eral

impa

cts

to te

rres

tria

l and

mar

ine

ecos

yste

ms

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion

(sho

rt-t

erm

impa

cts

to b

enth

ic c

omm

unit

ies

and

mar

ine

mam

mal

s if

co

nstr

ucti

on o

ccur

red

in th

e H

awai

ian

Isla

nds

Hum

pbac

k W

hale

Nat

iona

l Mar

ine

San

ctua

ry).

P

oten

tial l

ocal

ized

dis

turb

ance

impa

cts

to b

enth

ic

com

mun

ities

at t

he h

oriz

onta

l dir

ectio

nal d

rilli

ng

brea

kout

poi

nt a

nd a

long

cab

le r

oute

dur

ing

cons

truc

tion

due

to d

irec

t dis

plac

emen

t or

indi

rect

se

dim

enta

tion.

P

oten

tial o

pera

tion

impa

cts

on s

ensi

tive

spec

ies

by

elec

trom

agne

tic

fiel

ds a

long

und

erse

a ca

ble

rout

e.

Gen

eral

impa

cts

to te

rres

tria

l and

mar

ine

ecos

yste

ms

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion

(sho

rt-t

erm

im

pact

s to

ben

thic

com

mun

ities

and

mar

ine

mam

mal

s if

con

stru

ctio

n oc

curr

ed in

the

Haw

aiia

n Is

land

s H

umpb

ack

Wha

le N

atio

nal

Mar

ine

San

ctua

ry).

M

inim

al a

nd lo

cali

zed

impa

cts

to m

arin

e or

gani

sms

from

wat

er d

isch

arge

tem

pera

ture

. P

oten

tial i

ncre

ase

in n

utri

ent l

evel

s re

sulti

ng

in in

crea

sed

mar

ine

prod

uctiv

ity a

nd p

ossi

ble

crea

tion

of u

nusu

al a

lgal

blo

oms.

P

oten

tial

loca

lized

dis

turb

ance

impa

cts

to

bent

hic

com

mun

ities

at d

isch

arge

poi

nt.

Pot

enti

al e

ntra

inm

ent o

f sm

alle

r or

gani

sms

at

the

inta

ke p

ipe.

Lan

d a

nd

Su

bm

erge

d L

and

Use

L

and

Use

T

rans

mis

sion

line

cor

rido

rs a

nd lo

catio

n of

su

bsta

tions

and

sw

itchi

ng y

ards

cou

ld r

esul

t in

cha

nges

of

land

ow

ners

hip

patte

rns

and

land

use

.

Gen

eral

impa

cts

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion

and

oper

atio

n.

Sho

rt-t

erm

land

dis

turb

ance

impa

cts

at th

e co

olin

g st

atio

n lo

catio

ns a

nd a

long

di

stri

butio

n lin

e ro

utes

dur

ing

cons

truc

tion.

Sub

mer

ged

Lan

d U

se

Non

e; th

e on

-isl

and

tran

smis

sion

pro

ject

w

ould

not

ext

end

offs

hore

.

Sho

rt-t

erm

sub

mer

ged

land

dis

turb

ance

impa

cts

alon

g th

e un

ders

ea c

able

cor

rido

r du

ring

co

nstr

uctio

n.

Pot

entia

l tem

pora

ry im

pact

s du

ring

mai

nten

ance

/ ex

pans

ion

activ

ities

. P

oten

tial l

and

use

impa

cts

alon

g un

ders

ea c

able

co

rrid

or.

Pot

entia

l lan

d us

e im

pact

s re

late

d to

ex

pans

ions

/mai

nten

ance

of

the

cool

ing

stat

ions

and

/or

dist

ribu

tion

netw

ork.


Summary

Tab

le S

-8. S

um

mar

y of

Im

pac

ts f

or S

elec

ted

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

On

-Isl

and

Tra

nsm

issi

on

Un

der

sea

Cab

les

Sea

Wat

er A

ir C

ond

itio

nin

g C

ult

ura

l an

d H

isto

ric

Res

ourc

es

G

ener

al im

pact

s du

ring

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion.

P

oten

tial

dir

ect i

mpa

cts

from

con

stru

ctio

n ac

tiviti

es to

arc

haeo

logi

cal a

nd h

isto

ric

prop

ertie

s, in

clud

ing

buri

al s

ites

and

prot

ecte

d tr

aditi

onal

and

cus

tom

ary

activ

ities

. In

crea

sed

like

liho

od o

f un

auth

oriz

ed a

cces

s to

cu

ltura

lly s

ensi

tive

area

s by

wor

ker

pres

ence

du

ring

ope

ratio

ns.

Pot

enti

al f

or v

isua

l, no

ise,

or

rest

rict

ed a

cces

s ef

fect

s on

sen

sitiv

e cu

ltura

l and

his

tori

c re

sour

ces

and

activ

ities

. P

oten

tial i

mpa

ct o

n a

hist

oric

al b

uild

ing,

st

ruct

ure,

or

dist

rict

by

faci

liti

es b

eing

in

com

patib

le w

ith th

e hi

stor

ic c

onte

xt o

f a

stru

ctur

e or

are

a.

Pot

entia

l dir

ect i

mpa

cts

from

ons

hore

and

off

shor

e co

nstr

uctio

n ac

tiviti

es to

arc

haeo

logi

cal a

nd

hist

oric

pro

pert

ies,

incl

udin

g bu

rial

site

s an

d pr

otec

ted

trad

ition

al a

nd c

usto

mar

y ac

tiviti

es.

Incr

ease

d li

keli

hood

of

unau

thor

ized

acc

ess

to

cultu

rally

sen

sitiv

e ar

eas

by w

orke

r pr

esen

ce

duri

ng o

pera

tions

. P

oten

tial

for

vis

ual,

nois

e, o

r re

stri

cted

acc

ess

effe

cts

on s

ensi

tive

cultu

ral a

nd h

isto

ric

reso

urce

s an

d ac

tiviti

es.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

on

a hi

stor

ical

bui

ldin

g, s

truc

ture

, or

dis

tric

t by

faci

litie

s be

ing

inco

mpa

tible

with

the

hist

oric

con

text

of

a st

ruct

ure

or a

rea.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts

tocu

ltura

l res

ourc

es.

Pot

entia

l adv

erse

impa

cts

to c

ultu

ral,

hist

oric

, an

d re

late

d na

tura

l res

ourc

es d

urin

g co

nstr

uctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

(bot

h on

and

of

fsho

re).

Coa

stal

Zon

e M

anag

emen

t

Gen

eral

impa

cts

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion

and

oper

atio

n.

Pot

entia

l im

pact

s to

coa

stal

zon

e re

sour

ces

(sit

e-sp

ecif

ic).

Pot

enti

al e

ffec

ts to

spe

cial

man

agem

ent a

reas

es

tabl

ishe

d to

pro

tect

spe

cifi

c co

astli

ne r

esou

rces

an

d li

mit

sho

refr

ont a

cces

s (p

roje

ct/s

ite-

spec

ific

).

Pot

enti

al e

ffec

ts to

spe

cial

man

agem

ent a

reas

es

tabl

ishe

d to

pro

tect

spe

cifi

c co

astl

ine

reso

urce

s an

d li

mit

sho

refr

ont a

cces

s (p

roje

ct-

and/

or s

ite-

spec

ific

).


Summary

Tab

le S

-8. S

um

mar

y of

Im

pac

ts f

or S

elec

ted

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

On

-Isl

and

Tra

nsm

issi

on

Un

der

sea

Cab

les

Sea

Wat

er A

ir C

ond

itio

nin

g S

cen

ic a

nd

Vis

ual

Res

ourc

es

G

ener

al im

pact

s du

ring

con

stru

ctio

n.

Lon

g-te

rm v

isua

l im

pact

s as

soci

ated

wit

h to

wer

s, tr

ansm

issi

on li

nes,

cle

ared

tr

ansm

issi

on c

orri

dors

, sub

stat

ions

, and

sw

itchi

ng y

ards

.

Sho

rt-t

erm

impa

cts

to v

isua

l res

ourc

es d

urin

g co

nstr

uctio

n.

Sho

rt-t

erm

vis

ibili

ty o

f ca

ble-

layi

ng s

hips

. L

ong-

term

vis

ual i

mpa

cts

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

the

new

tr

ansi

tion

site

s.

Sho

rt-t

erm

impa

cts

to v

isua

l res

ourc

es

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion.

L

ong-

term

vis

ual i

mpa

cts

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

the

new

coo

ling

stat

ion.

Rec

reat

ion

Res

ourc

es

G

ener

al im

pact

s du

ring

con

stru

ctio

n.

Lon

g-te

rm o

bstr

uctio

n to

som

e re

crea

tiona

l ac

tiviti

es; c

onve

rsel

y, s

ome

activ

ities

cou

ld

be e

nhan

ced

by im

prov

ed a

cces

s (e

.g.,

from

ac

cess

roa

ds f

or in

stal

led

tran

smis

sion

in

fras

truc

ture

).

Gen

eral

impa

cts

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion.

S

hort

-ter

m im

pact

s du

ring

con

stru

ctio

n; li

mit

ed to

no

impa

cts

duri

ng o

pera

tions

.

Gen

eral

impa

cts

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion.

P

oten

tial

sho

rt-t

erm

impa

cts

to o

ffsh

ore

recr

eati

on d

urin

g in

stal

lati

on o

f th

e su

bsur

face

pip

ing.

T

he s

hort

-ter

m im

pact

s co

uld

incl

ude:

(1)

re

stri

cted

acc

ess

to r

ecre

atio

n ar

eas

near

the

area

of

inst

alla

tion

of

the

unde

rwat

er p

ipin

g an

d on

-sho

re f

acil

ity,

and

(2)

pos

sibl

e vi

sual

im

pair

men

t fro

m a

reas

nea

r th

e co

nstr

ucti

on

of th

e fa

cilit

ies

that

cou

ld h

ave

a ne

gativ

e ef

fect

on

the

ongo

ing

recr

eatio

nal a

ctiv

ities

.


Summary

Tab

le S

-8. S

um

mar

y of

Im

pac

ts f

or S

elec

ted

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

On

-Isl

and

Tra

nsm

issi

on

Un

der

sea

Cab

les

Sea

Wat

er A

ir C

ond

itio

nin

g L

and

and

Mar

ine

Tra

nsp

orta

tion

L

and

Tra

nspo

rta-

tion

Pot

enti

al tr

affi

c co

nges

tion

dur

ing

cons

truc

tion

from

wid

e-lo

ad h

aulin

g of

tr

ansm

issi

on li

ne c

ompo

nent

s (e

.g.,

tow

ers

and

tow

er f

ound

atio

ns).

S

hort

-ter

m im

pact

s du

ring

line

str

ingi

ng.

Impa

cts

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion

if tr

ansm

issi

on

line

inst

alla

tion

requ

ired

roa

d cr

ossi

ngs.

Pot

enti

al tr

affi

c co

nges

tion

dur

ing

cons

truc

tion

from

wid

e-lo

ad h

aulin

g of

tran

smis

sion

line

co

mpo

nent

s (e

.g.,

cabl

es a

nd in

stal

latio

n eq

uipm

ent)

. G

ener

al im

pact

s du

ring

con

stru

ctio

n of

the

land

-se

a tr

ansi

tion

sit

es

Gen

eral

impa

cts

incl

udin

g lo

caliz

ed s

hort

-te

rm tr

affi

c im

pact

s du

ring

con

stru

ctio

n an

d/or

if r

oad

cros

sing

s ar

e ne

eded

.

Mar

ine

Tra

nspo

rta-

tion

Non

e; th

e on

-isl

and

tran

smis

sion

pro

ject

w

ould

not

ext

end

offs

hore

.

Pot

entia

l sho

rt-t

erm

impa

cts

on h

arbo

r op

erat

ions

, lo

cal m

arin

e tr

ansp

orta

tion,

and

mil

itary

mar

ine

(inc

ludi

ng s

ubm

arin

e) o

pera

tions

.

Pot

enti

al s

hort

-ter

m (

tem

pora

ry)

impa

cts

on

harb

or o

pera

tion,

loca

l mar

ine

tran

spor

tatio

n,

and

mil

itary

mar

ine

oper

atio

ns

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

mil

itar

y su

bmar

ine

oper

atio

ns.

A

irsp

ace

Man

agem

ent

P

oten

tial

air

traf

fic

impa

cts

duri

ng

cons

truc

tion

if h

elic

opte

rs a

re u

sed

to

tran

spor

t sup

plie

s or

for

line

str

ingi

ng.

Pot

entia

l con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts

and

haza

rds

to c

ivili

an a

nd m

ilita

ry a

viat

ion

due

to to

pogr

aphy

and

hig

h pr

esen

ce o

f lo

w-

altit

ude

avia

tion.

P

oten

tial l

ong-

term

impa

cts

from

rad

io

freq

uenc

y in

terf

eren

ce.

Non

e; c

onst

ruct

ion

and

oper

atio

n of

und

erse

a ca

ble

and

land

-sea

tran

sitio

n si

tes

wou

ld n

ot

requ

ire

any

tall

str

uctu

res

and

ther

efor

e w

ould

not

im

pact

air

spac

e m

anag

emen

t.

Non

e; c

onst

ruct

ion

and

oper

atio

n of

sea

w

ater

air

con

ditio

ning

wou

ld n

ot r

equi

re a

ny

tall

stru

ctur

es a

nd th

eref

ore

wou

ld n

ot

impa

ct a

irsp

ace

man

agem

ent.


Summary

Tab

le S

-8. S

um

mar

y of

Im

pac

ts f

or S

elec

ted

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

On

-Isl

and

Tra

nsm

issi

on

Un

der

sea

Cab

les

Sea

Wat

er A

ir C

ond

itio

nin

g N

oise

and

Vib

rati

on

S

hort

-ter

m n

oise

and

vib

ratio

n im

pact

s du

ring

con

stru

ctio

n.

Pot

entia

l vib

ratio

n an

d hu

mm

ing

nois

e du

ring

ope

ratio

n fr

om lo

ose

hard

war

e.

Siz

zles

, cra

ckle

s, h

issi

ng n

oise

s po

ssib

le,

espe

cial

ly d

urin

g pe

riod

s of

hig

her

hum

idity

.

Sho

rt-t

erm

noi

se a

nd v

ibra

tion

impa

cts

to s

ensi

tive

no

ise

rece

ptor

s, in

clud

ing

pote

ntia

l im

pact

s to

m

arin

e m

amm

als

and

sea

turt

les.

L

ong-

term

noi

se a

nd v

ibra

tion

impa

cts

from

op

erat

ion

of u

nder

sea

cabl

es w

ould

be

negl

igib

le.

Noi

se a

nd v

ibra

tion

impa

cts

from

land

-bas

ed

conv

erte

r st

atio

ns w

ould

be

depe

nden

t on

the

loca

tion

and

com

pati

bilit

y w

ith

the

exis

ting

nois

e le

vels

and

land

use

s.

Sho

rt-t

erm

noi

se a

nd v

ibra

tion

impa

cts

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion.

Noi

se le

vels

cou

ld

tem

pora

rily

exc

eed

regu

lato

ry le

vels

. E

xpos

ure

to e

leva

ted

nois

e an

d vi

brat

ion

leve

ls m

ay r

esul

t in

tem

pora

ry im

pact

s to

m

arin

e &

mam

mal

beh

avio

r an

d m

arin

e m

amm

al p

rey

spec

ies.

N

o lo

ng-t

erm

am

bien

t noi

se o

r vi

brat

ion

impa

cts

are

expe

cted

dur

ing

oper

atio

n.

A p

ositi

ve b

enef

it co

uld

be th

e el

imin

atio

n of

no

ise

curr

ently

gen

erat

ed f

rom

coo

ling

tow

ers

as b

uild

ings

con

vert

to s

ea w

ater

air

co

nditi

onin

g sy

stem

s.

U

tilit

ies

and

In

fras

tru

ctu

re

P

oten

tial

impa

cts

rela

ted

to a

ddin

g el

ectr

icit

y ca

paci

ty to

the

grid

.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s re

late

d to

add

ing

elec

tric

ity

capa

city

to th

e lo

cal p

ower

gri

d.

Con

nect

ing

the

elec

tric

al g

rids

of

two

or m

ore

isla

nds

wou

ld:

E

nabl

e th

e tr

ansm

issi

on o

f po

wer

and

an

cilla

ry s

ervi

ces

in b

oth

dire

ctio

ns a

nd a

llow

th

e tw

o ne

twor

ks to

ope

rate

in a

coo

rdin

ated

fa

shio

n;

Im

prov

e th

e po

wer

sys

tem

eco

nom

ics

and

relia

bilit

y on

eac

h is

land

;

Incr

ease

sys

tem

fle

xibi

lity

in r

esou

rce

plan

ning

, ope

ratio

ns, a

nd r

elia

bilit

y;

A

dd f

lexi

bilit

y in

siti

ng a

nd in

terc

onne

ctio

n of

ren

ewab

le e

nerg

y ge

nera

tion;

Red

uce

rene

wab

le e

nerg

y cu

rtai

lmen

ts; a

nd

R

educ

e oi

l usa

ge f

or e

lect

rici

ty g

ener

atio

n.

Pot

entia

l red

uctio

n in

ene

rgy

cons

umpt

ion

(may

req

uire

mod

ific

atio

n of

the

utili

ty

stru

ctur

e to

mee

t the

Ren

ewab

le P

ortf

olio

S

tand

ard)

.


Summary

Tab

le S

-8. S

um

mar

y of

Im

pac

ts f

or S

elec

ted

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

On

-Isl

and

Tra

nsm

issi

on

Un

der

sea

Cab

les

Sea

Wat

er A

ir C

ond

itio

nin

g H

azar

dou

s M

ater

ials

an

d W

aste

Man

agem

ent

Haz

ardo

us

Mat

eria

ls

Gen

eral

impa

cts

from

exp

osur

e to

haz

ardo

us

mat

eria

ls d

urin

g co

nstr

uctio

n.

Pot

entia

l im

pact

s fr

om e

xpos

ure

to

haza

rdou

s m

ater

ials

dur

ing

oper

atio

n an

d m

aint

enan

ce f

rom

use

of

herb

icid

es to

m

aint

ain

tran

smis

sion

cor

rido

r.

Gen

eral

impa

cts

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion

and

oper

atio

n, p

artic

ular

ly d

urin

g de

velo

pmen

t of

conv

erte

r st

atio

ns.

Gen

eral

impa

cts

from

exp

osur

e to

haz

ardo

us

mat

eria

ls d

urin

g co

nstr

uctio

n.

No

adve

rse

oper

atio

n im

pact

s.

Was

te

Man

agem

ent

Non

e; a

ny v

eget

atio

n cl

eare

d lik

ely

wou

ld b

e co

mpo

sted

or

reus

ed.

Any

was

te g

ener

ated

onb

oard

the

cons

truc

tion

vess

els

and

barg

es w

ould

be

disp

osed

of

at th

e ap

prop

riat

e la

ndfi

ll.

Gen

eral

was

te m

anag

emen

t im

pact

s du

ring

co

nstr

uctio

n.

Was

tew

ater

G

ener

al im

pact

s du

ring

con

stru

ctio

n.

G

ener

al im

pact

s du

ring

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion,

par

ticul

arly

dur

ing

deve

lopm

ent o

f co

nver

ter

stat

ions

.

Gen

eral

was

tew

ater

impa

cts

duri

ng

cons

truc

tion.

N

o ad

vers

e op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

P

oten

tial

ben

efic

ial i

mpa

cts

may

occ

ur if

w

aste

wat

er w

ere

util

ized

in p

lace

of

sea

wat

er. T

his

wou

ld m

inim

ize

the

amou

nt o

f w

aste

wat

er f

rom

oth

er s

ourc

es th

at w

ould

ha

ve to

be

trea

ted

by th

e lo

cal m

unic

ipal

ity.

S

ocio

econ

omic

s

Min

imal

ben

efic

ial i

mpa

cts

duri

ng

cons

truc

tion

and

oper

atio

n.

Min

imal

ben

efic

ial i

mpa

cts

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion

and

oper

atio

n.

Ben

efic

ial –

few

jobs

cre

ated

.

En

viro

nm

enta

l Ju

stic

e

Sm

all e

nvir

onm

enta

l jus

tice

impa

cts.

S

ite-

spec

ific

eva

luat

ion

of im

pact

ed

popu

latio

ns r

equi

red.

Sm

all e

nvir

onm

enta

l jus

tice

impa

cts.

S

ite-

spec

ific

eva

luat

ion

of im

pact

ed p

opul

atio

ns

requ

ired

.

Dep

endi

ng o

n si

ting,

impa

cts

to v

isua

l and

sc

enic

res

ourc

es c

ould

hav

e th

e po

tent

ial t

o be

dis

prop

ortio

nate

ly h

igh

and

adve

rse

with

re

spec

t to

envi

ronm

enta

l jus

tice

com

mun

ities

.


Summary

Tab

le S

-8. S

um

mar

y of

Im

pac

ts f

or S

elec

ted

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

On

-Isl

and

Tra

nsm

issi

on

Un

der

sea

Cab

les

Sea

Wat

er A

ir C

ond

itio

nin

g T

able

S-8

. Su

mm

ary

of I

mp

acts

for

Sel

ecte

d T

ech

nol

ogie

s an

d A

ctiv

itie

s (c

onti

nu

ed)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

On

-Isl

and

Tra

nsm

issi

on

Un

der

sea

Cab

les

Sea

Wat

er A

ir C

ond

itio

nin

g H

ealt

h a

nd

Safe

ty

Pot

entia

l hea

lth a

nd s

afet

y im

pact

s to

w

orke

rs d

urin

g in

stal

lati

on, m

aint

enan

ce,

and

repa

irs

of th

e tr

ansm

issi

on li

nes.

Typ

ical

in

dust

rial

haz

ards

. A

dditi

onal

hea

lth a

nd s

afet

y ri

sks

spec

ific

to

elec

tric

al g

ener

atio

n, tr

ansm

issi

on, a

nd

dist

ribu

tion

indu

stry

. P

oten

tial m

inor

hea

lth a

nd s

afet

y im

pact

s to

th

e pu

blic

dur

ing

oper

atio

n of

the

tran

smis

sion

line

s as

a r

esul

t of

elec

trom

agne

tic f

ield

s ge

nera

ted.

Lim

ited

to

area

s im

med

iate

ly a

djac

ent t

o tr

ansm

issi

on

line

s.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

P

oten

tial h

ealth

and

saf

ety

impa

cts

to w

orke

rs

duri

ng in

stal

latio

n, m

aint

enan

ce, a

nd r

epai

rs o

f th

e un

ders

ea c

able

s an

d tr

ansi

tion

site

s, in

clud

ing

incr

ease

d sa

fety

ris

ks a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith

the

mar

ine

envi

ronm

ent.

Add

ition

al h

ealth

and

saf

ety

risk

s sp

ecif

ic to

el

ectr

ical

gen

erat

ion,

tran

smis

sion

, and

di

stri

butio

n in

dust

ry.

Gen

eral

was

te m

anag

emen

t im

pact

s du

ring

co

nstr

uctio

n.


Summary

Tab

le S

-9a.

Su

mm

ary

of I

mp

acts

for

Uti

lity

-Sca

le R

enew

able

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

Res

ourc

e A

rea

Bio

mas

s

Geo

ther

mal

M

un

icip

al S

olid

Was

te-t

o-E

nerg

y F

acili

ty

Mar

ine

Hyd

roki

neti

c E

ner

gy

Dir

ect

Com

bust

ion

Bio

mas

s-F

uele

d St

eam

T

urbi

ne G

ener

atin

g P

roje

ctB

iod

iese

l Pla

nt

and

Ele

ctri

c P

ower

Pla

nt P

roje

ct

Geo

logy

an

d S

oils

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al s

oil e

rosi

on a

nd

degr

adat

ion

from

agr

icul

tura

l ac

tivit

ies.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al s

oil e

rosi

on a

nd

degr

adat

ion

from

agr

icul

tura

l ac

tivit

ies.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s in

clud

ing

land

dis

turb

ance

. P

oten

tial

wel

l blo

wou

ts d

urin

g dr

illi

ng.

Pot

enti

al f

or in

crea

sed

risk

to

pers

onne

l and

equ

ipm

ent f

rom

ho

t flu

ids

and

stea

m a

nd

geot

herm

al g

ases

suc

h as

hy

drog

en s

ulfi

de.

Pot

enti

al la

va f

low

haz

ards

and

ri

sks

duri

ng o

pera

tion

as

soci

ated

wit

h ac

tive

vo

lcan

oes.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

No

oper

atio

n im

pact

s.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s in

clud

ing

soil

dis

turb

ance

. Po

tent

ial i

mpa

cts

asso

ciat

ed

wit

h on

-isl

and

elec

tric

al

tran

smis

sion

line

s.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

mar

ine

sedi

men

ts a

nd m

arin

e co

mm

unit

ies.

N

o op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

Cli

mat

e an

d A

ir Q

ual

ity

Air

Qua

lity

G

ener

al c

onst

ruct

ion

impa

cts.

P

oten

tial

incr

ease

in c

rite

ria

poll

utan

t em

issi

ons

(inc

ludi

ng

nitr

ogen

dio

xide

, par

ticu

late

m

atte

r, c

arbo

n m

onox

ides

, an

d su

lfur

dio

xide

, as

wel

l as

carb

on d

ioxi

de)

duri

ng

com

bust

ion.

P

oten

tial

incr

ease

in c

rite

ria

poll

utan

t em

issi

ons

(inc

ludi

ng

carb

on d

ioxi

de)

from

bio

mas

s pr

oduc

tion

(eq

uipm

ent,

fert

iliz

er/ p

esti

cide

ap

plic

atio

n, h

arve

st, a

nd

tran

spor

t).

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Add

itio

nal c

rite

ria

poll

utan

t em

issi

ons

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion

of th

e bi

odie

sel p

lant

. In

crea

sed

crit

eria

pol

luta

nt

emis

sion

s (n

itro

gen

diox

ide,

pa

rtic

ulat

e m

atte

r, c

arbo

n m

onox

ides

, and

sul

fur

diox

ide,

as

wel

l as

carb

on

diox

ide)

fro

m c

ombu

stio

n.

Incr

ease

d cr

iter

ia p

ollu

tant

em

issi

ons

(inc

ludi

ng c

arbo

n di

oxid

e) e

mis

sion

s fr

om

biom

ass

prod

ucti

on

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al e

mis

sion

of

the

non-

cond

ensa

ble

gase

s du

ring

op

erat

ions

. P

oten

tial

for

trac

e am

ount

s of

ni

trog

en o

xide

s, n

egli

gibl

e am

ount

s of

sul

fur

diox

ide

or

part

icul

ate

mat

ter,

and

sm

all

amou

nts

of c

arbo

n di

oxid

e.

Pot

enti

al h

ealth

impa

cts

from

na

tura

lly

pres

ent h

ydro

gen

sulf

ide.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Incr

ease

d cr

iter

ia p

ollu

tant

em

issi

ons

(nit

roge

n di

oxid

e,

part

icul

ate

mat

ter,

car

bon

mon

oxid

e, a

nd s

ulfu

r di

oxid

e,

as w

ell a

s ca

rbon

dio

xide

) fr

om c

ombu

stio

n.

Pot

enti

al in

crea

se in

pol

luta

nt

emis

sion

s (i

nclu

ding

ca

dmiu

m, c

arbo

n m

onox

ide,

di

oxin

s/fu

rans

, hyd

roge

n ch

lori

de, l

ead,

mer

cury

, ni

trog

en o

xide

s, p

arti

cula

te

mat

ter,

and

sul

fur

diox

ide)

du

ring

pro

ject

ope

rati

ons.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al la

nd d

istu

rban

ce a

nd

asso

ciat

ed f

ugit

ive

dust

at

near

by o

nsho

re c

onst

ruct

ion

rela

ted

area

s.

Pot

enti

al s

hort

-ter

m, m

inor

in

crea

se in

cri

teri

a po

llut

ant

emis

sion

s fr

om c

onst

ruct

ion

equi

pmen

t and

mar

ine

vess

els.

T

ypic

ally

, no

air

qual

ity

impa

cts

duri

ng o

pera

tion

s.


Summary

Tab

le S

-9a.

Su

mm

ary

of I

mp

acts

for

Uti

lity

-Sca

le R

enew

able

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

Bio

mas

s

Geo

ther

mal

M

un

icip

al S

olid

Was

te-t

o-E

nerg

y F

acili

ty

Mar

ine

Hyd

roki

neti

c E

ner

gy

Dir

ect

Com

bust

ion

Bio

mas

s-F

uele

d St

eam

T

urbi

ne G

ener

atin

g P

roje

ctB

iod

iese

l Pla

nt

and

Ele

ctri

c P

ower

Pla

nt P

roje

ct

Cli

mat

e C

hang

e P

oten

tial

impa

cts

from

in

crea

sed

biog

enic

car

bon

diox

ide

gree

nhou

se g

as

emis

sion

s.

Dec

reas

ed g

reen

hous

e ga

s em

issi

ons

from

ele

ctri

city

pr

oduc

tion

usi

ng f

ossi

l fue

ls.

Pot

enti

al in

crea

se in

car

bon

diox

ide

emis

sion

s w

ould

re

sult

in in

crea

sed

gree

nhou

se

gas.

D

ecre

ased

gre

enho

use

gas

emis

sion

s fr

om e

lect

rici

ty

prod

ucti

on u

sing

fos

sil f

uels

.

Pot

enti

al g

reen

hous

e ga

s em

issi

ons

redu

ctio

n fr

om a

mix

of

cle

aner

tech

nolo

gies

use

d to

pr

oduc

e el

ectr

icity

.

Dec

reas

ed g

reen

hous

e ga

s em

issi

ons

from

ele

ctri

city

pr

oduc

tion

usi

ng f

ossi

l fue

ls.

Pot

enti

al in

crea

se in

gr

eenh

ouse

gas

em

issi

ons

from

con

stru

ctio

n eq

uipm

ent

and

mar

ine

vess

els.

P

oten

tial

ly b

enef

icia

l im

pact

s fr

om g

reen

hous

e ga

s re

duct

ion

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

less

el

ectr

icit

y pr

oduc

tion

usi

ng

foss

il f

uels

. W

ater

Res

ourc

es

Surf

ace

Wat

er

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al f

or in

crea

sed

stor

mw

ater

run

off.

In

crea

sed

wat

er d

eman

d fo

r cr

op ir

riga

tion

(ex

: sug

arca

ne

crop

– m

ore

wat

er/a

cre)

. P

oten

tial

adv

erse

impa

cts

from

run

off

cont

amin

atio

n as

soci

ated

wit

h fe

rtil

izer

/ pe

stic

ide

appl

icat

ions

.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al f

or in

crea

sed

stor

mw

ater

run

off.

In

crea

sed

wat

er s

uppl

y de

man

d fo

r cr

op ir

riga

tion

. P

oten

tial

adv

erse

impa

cts

from

run

off

cont

amin

atio

n as

soci

ated

wit

h fe

rtili

zer/

pe

stic

ide

appl

icat

ions

.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al f

or m

inor

impa

cts

to

surf

ace

wat

ers

from

run

off

cont

amin

ated

with

geo

ther

mal

fl

uids

(“d

rift

”) d

urin

g op

s.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

sur

face

w

ater

s fr

om le

aks

or r

elea

ses

of lo

w-b

oili

ng p

oint

org

anic

w

orki

ng f

luid

s (e

.g.,

isob

uten

e or

isop

enta

ne)

duri

ng

oper

atio

ns.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al w

ater

res

ourc

e di

scha

rge

impa

cts

from

bl

owdo

wn

chem

ical

s.

Pot

enti

al s

torm

wat

er

cont

amin

atio

n fr

om s

olid

w

aste

act

ivit

ies,

suc

h as

st

ockp

ilin

g, d

umpi

ng, a

nd

mov

ing.

Ons

hore

G

ener

al c

onst

ruct

ion

impa

cts.

P

oten

tial

for

incr

ease

d st

orm

wat

er r

unof

f fr

om n

ew

buil

ding

site

s (s

ite-

spec

ific

).

Off

shor

e P

oten

tial

oce

an s

edim

ent

dist

urba

nce.

Pot

enti

al

incr

ease

d tu

rbid

ity to

co

mm

unit

ies

of c

once

rn (

site

-sp

ecif

ic)

in m

arin

e w

ater

s.

Gro

undw

ater

G

ener

al c

onst

ruct

ion

impa

cts.

P

oten

tial

for

long

-ter

m

incr

ease

d ru

noff

. P

oten

tial

dec

reas

e in

gr

ound

wat

er r

echa

rge.

P

oten

tial

for

gro

undw

ater

co

ntam

inat

ion

from

fer

tiliz

er/

pest

icid

e ap

plic

atio

ns v

ia

runo

ff o

r lo

cal r

echa

rge.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al f

or lo

ng-t

erm

in

crea

sed

runo

ff.

Pot

enti

al d

ecre

ase

in

grou

ndw

ater

rec

harg

e.

Pot

enti

al f

or g

roun

dwat

er

cont

amin

atio

n fr

om f

erti

lizer

/ pe

stic

ide

appl

icat

ions

via

ru

noff

or

loca

l rec

harg

e.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al f

or g

roun

dwat

er

cont

amin

atio

n/ d

rink

ing

wat

er

supp

lies

fro

m d

rill

ing

mud

us

ed.

Pot

enti

al f

or in

crea

sed

impa

cts

to w

ater

res

ourc

es f

rom

in

crea

sed

wat

er d

eman

d (s

ite-

spec

ific

; i.e

., pa

rtic

ular

ly

to M

aui’

s C

entr

al a

quif

er

sect

or).

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al f

or lo

ng-t

erm

in

crea

sed

runo

ff.

Pot

enti

al d

ecre

ase

in

grou

ndw

ater

rec

harg

e.

Pot

enti

al in

crea

se in

wat

er

dem

and.

Ons

hore

G

ener

al c

onst

ruct

ion

impa

cts.

L

imit

ed w

ater

sup

ply

impa

cts

for

faci

lity

ope

rati

ons.

O

ffsh

ore

No

grou

ndw

ater

impa

cts.


Summary

Tab

le S

-9a.

Su

mm

ary

of I

mp

acts

for

Uti

lity

-Sca

le R

enew

able

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

Bio

mas

s

Geo

ther

mal

M

un

icip

al S

olid

Was

te-t

o-E

nerg

y F

acili

ty

Mar

ine

Hyd

roki

neti

c E

ner

gy

Dir

ect

Com

bust

ion

Bio

mas

s-F

uele

d St

eam

T

urbi

ne G

ener

atin

g P

roje

ctB

iod

iese

l Pla

nt

and

Ele

ctri

c P

ower

Pla

nt P

roje

ct

P

oten

tial

gro

undw

ater

impa

cts

from

geo

ther

mal

flu

ids

rem

oved

fro

m th

e su

bsur

face

.

Bio

logi

cal R

esou

rces

Pot

enti

al f

or g

ener

al

cons

truc

tion

impa

cts.

P

oten

tial

impa

cts

to

vege

tati

on o

r w

ildl

ife

(inc

ludi

ng to

the

wid

e-ra

ngin

g H

awai

ian

haw

k an

d th

e H

awai

ian

hoar

y ba

t)

spec

ies

(sit

e-sp

ecif

ic).

P

oten

tial

ben

efic

ial i

mpa

cts

– m

ay c

reat

e a

mar

ket f

or

sele

ctiv

e ha

rves

ting

of

inva

sive

woo

dy s

peci

es, s

uch

as a

lbiz

ia tr

ees.

P

oten

tial

impa

cts

from

the

intr

oduc

tion

of

new

, inv

asiv

e pl

ant s

peci

es.

Pote

ntia

l im

pact

s as

soci

ated

w

ith

use

of g

enet

ical

ly

mod

ifie

d pl

ants

.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al f

or lo

ss o

f w

ildl

ife

habi

tat.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s fr

om th

e in

trod

ucti

on o

f ne

w, i

nvas

ive

plan

t spe

cies

fro

m

com

mer

cial

fee

dsto

ck

prod

ucti

on.

Pote

ntia

l im

pact

s as

soci

ated

w

ith

use

of g

enet

ical

ly

mod

ifie

d pl

ants

.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

bio

logi

cal

reso

urce

s in

clud

ing

land

di

stur

banc

e an

d di

stur

banc

e by

hu

man

act

ivit

y.

Pot

enti

al in

crea

se in

inva

sive

sp

ecie

s es

tabl

ishm

ent i

n di

stur

bed

site

s.

Pot

enti

al b

iolo

gica

l im

pact

s on

fl

ight

s of

mar

ine

bird

s (s

uch

as

shea

rwat

ers

and

petr

els)

fro

m

faci

lity

ligh

ting

(si

te-s

peci

fic)

.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al f

or c

onst

ruct

ion

impa

cts

incl

udin

g la

nd

dist

urba

nce

to w

ildl

ife

in

adja

cent

hab

itat

s, p

arti

cula

rly

near

impo

rtan

t nes

ting

and

fe

edin

g ar

eas,

wet

land

s, o

r ro

ost s

ites

(si

te-s

peci

fic)

. P

oten

tial

for

impa

cts

to

biol

ogic

al r

esou

rces

dur

ing

oper

atio

ns (

site

-spe

cifi

c).

Pot

enti

al c

onst

ruct

ion

impa

cts

incl

ude

disp

lace

men

t of

mar

ine

mam

mal

s, r

epti

les,

an

d fi

sh b

oth

from

phy

sica

l ac

tivi

ty a

nd n

oise

tr

ansm

issi

on th

roug

h oc

ean

wat

ers.

P

oten

tial

mar

ine

habi

tat

impa

cts

incl

udin

g to

mar

ine

pool

s, b

each

es (

both

roc

ky

and

sand

), c

oral

ree

fs, a

nd

esse

ntia

l fis

h ha

bita

t. Po

tent

ial l

oss

of b

each

nes

ting

ha

bita

t for

sea

turt

les

and

mar

ine

bird

s; a

nd r

esti

ng s

ites

fo

r th

e H

awai

ian

mon

k se

al.

Pot

enti

al c

ollis

ion

haza

rds

to

mar

ine

mam

mal

s an

d re

ptil

es

duri

ng a

ncho

r ca

blin

g.

Pot

enti

al lo

caliz

ed n

oise

(s

ound

wav

es)

impa

cts

(pot

entia

l aud

itory

inju

ry),

av

oida

nce,

phy

sica

l inj

ury

to

mar

ine

mam

mal

s, f

ish,

or

othe

r sp

ecie

s, a

nd a

lter

atio

n of

wat

er d

ynam

ics

from

su

bmer

ged

osci

llat

ing

or

rota

ting

com

pone

nts.


Summary

Tab

le S

-9a.

Su

mm

ary

of I

mp

acts

for

Uti

lity

-Sca

le R

enew

able

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

Bio

mas

s

Geo

ther

mal

M

un

icip

al S

olid

Was

te-t

o-E

nerg

y F

acili

ty

Mar

ine

Hyd

roki

neti

c E

ner

gy

Dir

ect

Com

bust

ion

Bio

mas

s-F

uele

d St

eam

T

urbi

ne G

ener

atin

g P

roje

ctB

iod

iese

l Pla

nt

and

Ele

ctri

c P

ower

Pla

nt P

roje

ct

Pot

enti

al e

lect

rom

agne

tic

fiel

d im

pact

s fr

om th

e un

ders

ea p

ower

cab

le.

Lan

d a

nd

Sub

mer

ged

Lan

d U

se

Lan

d U

se

Pot

enti

al c

hang

e in

la

ndow

ners

hip

patt

erns

if th

e si

te is

acq

uire

d by

pur

chas

e or

la

nd u

se e

asem

ent.

Pot

enti

al c

onve

rsio

n of

un

deve

lope

d la

nd o

r la

nd

unde

r cu

rren

t lan

d us

es.

Pot

enti

al c

hang

e in

la

ndow

ners

hip

patt

erns

if th

e si

te is

acq

uire

d by

pur

chas

e or

la

nd u

se e

asem

ent.

Und

evel

oped

land

or

land

un

der

curr

ent l

and

uses

cou

ld

be c

onve

rted

to e

nerg

y us

es.

Pot

enti

al c

hang

e in

land

use

or

owne

rshi

p by

pur

chas

e or

th

roug

h la

nd le

ases

. P

oten

tial

impa

cts

to

unde

velo

ped

land

or

land

wit

h cu

rren

t use

s fr

om c

onve

rsio

n to

an

ene

rgy

faci

lity

. P

oten

tial

land

use

eas

emen

t im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al c

hang

e in

la

ndow

ners

hip

patt

erns

if th

e si

te is

acq

uire

d by

pur

chas

e or

la

nd u

se e

asem

ent.

Pot

enti

al la

nd u

se c

onve

rsio

n im

pact

s (i

.e.,

the

crea

tion

of

tran

smis

sion

cor

rido

rs).

Pot

enti

al la

nd d

istu

rban

ce

impa

cts

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion.

Sub

mer

ged

L

and

use

Bio

mas

s pr

ojec

ts w

ould

be

land

-bas

ed a

nd n

ot im

pact

su

bmer

ged

land

use

s.

Bio

mas

s pr

ojec

ts w

ould

be

land

-bas

ed a

nd n

ot im

pact

su

bmer

ged

land

use

s.

Geo

ther

mal

pro

ject

s w

ould

be

land

-bas

ed a

nd n

ot im

pact

su

bmer

ged

land

use

s.

Bec

ause

the

repr

esen

tati

ve

proj

ect w

ould

be

enti

rely

la

nd-b

ased

, the

re w

ould

be

no

impa

cts

to s

ubm

erge

d la

nd

use.

Pot

enti

al lo

caliz

ed im

pact

s to

th

e oc

ean

floo

r fr

om te

ther

ing

and

pow

er c

able

inst

alla

tion

, in

clud

ing

obst

ruct

ion

of lo

cal

mar

ine

habi

tats

.

Cu

ltu

ral a

nd

His

tori

c R

esou

rces

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

P

oten

tial

dir

ect i

mpa

cts

from

co

nstr

ucti

on a

ctiv

itie

s to

ar

chae

olog

ical

and

his

tori

c pr

oper

ties

, inc

ludi

ng b

uria

l si

tes

and

prot

ecte

d tr

aditi

onal

an

d cu

stom

ary

acti

viti

es.

Incr

ease

d li

keli

hood

of

unau

thor

ized

acc

ess

to

cult

ural

ly s

ensi

tive

are

as b

y w

orke

r pr

esen

ce d

urin

g op

erat

ions

.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

P

oten

tial

dir

ect i

mpa

cts

from

co

nstr

ucti

on a

ctiv

itie

s to

ar

chae

olog

ical

and

his

tori

c pr

oper

ties

, inc

ludi

ng b

uria

l si

tes

and

prot

ecte

d tr

aditi

onal

an

d cu

stom

ary

acti

viti

es.

Incr

ease

d li

keli

hood

of

unau

thor

ized

acc

ess

to

cult

ural

ly s

ensi

tive

are

as b

y w

orke

r pr

esen

ce d

urin

g op

erat

ions

.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

P

oten

tial

dir

ect i

mpa

cts

from

co

nstr

ucti

on a

ctiv

itie

s to

ar

chae

olog

ical

and

his

tori

c pr

oper

ties

, inc

ludi

ng b

uria

l si

tes

and

prot

ecte

d tr

aditi

onal

an

d cu

stom

ary

acti

viti

es.

Incr

ease

d li

keli

hood

of

unau

thor

ized

acc

ess

to

cult

ural

ly s

ensi

tive

are

as b

y w

orke

r pr

esen

ce d

urin

g op

erat

ions

.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

P

oten

tial

dir

ect i

mpa

cts

from

co

nstr

ucti

on a

ctiv

itie

s to

ar

chae

olog

ical

and

his

tori

c pr

oper

ties

, inc

ludi

ng b

uria

l si

tes

and

prot

ecte

d tr

aditi

onal

an

d cu

stom

ary

acti

viti

es.

Incr

ease

d li

keli

hood

of

unau

thor

ized

acc

ess

to

cult

ural

ly s

ensi

tive

are

as b

y w

orke

r pr

esen

ce d

urin

g op

erat

ions

.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

P

oten

tial

dir

ect i

mpa

cts

from

on

shor

e an

d of

fsho

re

cons

truc

tion

act

ivit

ies

to

arch

aeol

ogic

al a

nd h

isto

ric

prop

erti

es, i

nclu

ding

bur

ial

site

s an

d pr

otec

ted

trad

ition

al

and

cust

omar

y ac

tivi

ties

. In

crea

sed

like

liho

od o

f un

auth

oriz

ed a

cces

s to

cu

ltur

ally

sen

siti

ve a

reas

by

wor

ker

pres

ence

dur

ing

oper

atio

ns.


Summary

Tab

le S

-9a.

Su

mm

ary

of I

mp

acts

for

Uti

lity

-Sca

le R

enew

able

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

Bio

mas

s

Geo

ther

mal

M

un

icip

al S

olid

Was

te-t

o-E

nerg

y F

acili

ty

Mar

ine

Hyd

roki

neti

c E

ner

gy

Dir

ect

Com

bust

ion

Bio

mas

s-F

uele

d St

eam

T

urbi

ne G

ener

atin

g P

roje

ctB

iod

iese

l Pla

nt

and

Ele

ctri

c P

ower

Pla

nt P

roje

ct

Pot

enti

al f

or v

isua

l, no

ise,

or

rest

rict

ed a

cces

s ef

fect

s on

se

nsit

ive

cult

ural

and

his

tori

c re

sour

ces

and

acti

vitie

s.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

on

a hi

stor

ical

bui

ldin

g, s

truc

ture

, or

dis

tric

t by

faci

litie

s be

ing

inco

mpa

tibl

e w

ith th

e hi

stor

ic

cont

ext o

f a

stru

ctur

e or

are

a.

Pot

enti

al f

or v

isua

l, no

ise,

or

rest

rict

ed a

cces

s ef

fect

s on

se

nsit

ive

cult

ural

and

his

tori

c re

sour

ces

and

acti

vitie

s.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

on

a hi

stor

ical

bui

ldin

g, s

truc

ture

, or

dis

tric

t by

faci

litie

s be

ing

inco

mpa

tibl

e w

ith th

e hi

stor

ic

cont

ext o

f a

stru

ctur

e or

are

a.

Pot

enti

al f

or v

isua

l, no

ise,

or

rest

rict

ed a

cces

s ef

fect

s on

se

nsit

ive

cult

ural

and

his

tori

c re

sour

ces

and

acti

vitie

s.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

on

a hi

stor

ical

bu

ildi

ng, s

truc

ture

, or

dist

rict

by

fac

ilit

ies

bein

g in

com

pati

ble

wit

h th

e hi

stor

ic c

onte

xt o

f a

stru

ctur

e or

are

a.

Pot

enti

al a

dver

se im

pact

s to

et

hnog

raph

ic r

esou

rces

as

activ

e vo

lcan

oes

and

rift

zon

es

are

cons

ider

ed s

acre

d by

N

ativ

e H

awai

ians

. Po

tent

ial f

or a

dver

se v

iew

shed

im

pact

s fr

om f

acil

ity

deve

lopm

ent,

tran

smis

sion

li

nes,

and

oth

er a

ncill

ary

faci

litie

s; p

artic

ular

ly to

ge

othe

rmal

res

ourc

es lo

cate

d w

ithi

n an

d ad

jace

nt to

the

Haw

ai‘i

Vol

cano

es N

atio

nal

Par

k.

Pot

enti

al f

or v

isua

l, no

ise,

or

rest

rict

ed a

cces

s ef

fect

s on

se

nsit

ive

cult

ural

and

his

tori

c re

sour

ces

and

acti

vitie

s.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

on

a hi

stor

ical

bui

ldin

g, s

truc

ture

, or

dis

tric

t by

faci

litie

s be

ing

inco

mpa

tibl

e w

ith th

e hi

stor

ic

cont

ext o

f a

stru

ctur

e or

are

a.

Pot

enti

al f

or v

isua

l, no

ise,

or

rest

rict

ed a

cces

s ef

fect

s on

se

nsit

ive

cult

ural

and

his

tori

c re

sour

ces

and

acti

vitie

s.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

on

a hi

stor

ical

bui

ldin

g, s

truc

ture

, or

dis

tric

t by

faci

litie

s be

ing

inco

mpa

tibl

e w

ith th

e hi

stor

ic

cont

ext o

f a

stru

ctur

e or

are

a.

Coa

stal

Zon

e M

anag

emen

t

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

spe

cial

m

anag

emen

t are

as, s

hore

fron

t ac

cess

, and

sho

reli

ne e

rosi

on

(sit

e-sp

ecif

ic)

thro

ugh

wat

er

runo

ff a

nd s

edim

enta

tion

.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

spe

cial

m

anag

emen

t are

as, s

hore

fron

t ac

cess

, and

sho

reli

ne e

rosi

on

thro

ugh

wat

er r

unof

f an

d se

dim

enta

tion

(si

te-s

peci

fic)

.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

des

igna

ted

spec

ial m

anag

emen

t are

as,

shor

efro

nt a

cces

s, a

nd

shor

elin

e er

osio

n (s

ite-

spec

ific

).

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

spe

cial

m

anag

emen

t are

as, s

hore

fron

t ac

cess

, and

sho

reli

ne e

rosi

on

(sit

e-sp

ecif

ic).

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s in

clud

ing

land

dis

turb

ance

s, s

truc

tura

l de

velo

pmen

ts, l

ight

ing,

and

ot

her

impa

cts

to s

peci

al

man

agem

ent a

reas

, sho

refr

ont

acce

ss.

Pot

enti

al a

ltera

tion

of

shor

efro

nt a

cces

s (s

ite-

spec

ific

) an

d al

tera

tion

of

ocea

n cu

rren

ts.


Summary

Tab

le S

-9a.

Su

mm

ary

of I

mp

acts

for

Uti

lity

-Sca

le R

enew

able

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

Bio

mas

s

Geo

ther

mal

M

un

icip

al S

olid

Was

te-t

o-E

nerg

y F

acili

ty

Mar

ine

Hyd

roki

neti

c E

ner

gy

Dir

ect

Com

bust

ion

Bio

mas

s-F

uele

d St

eam

T

urbi

ne G

ener

atin

g P

roje

ctB

iod

iese

l Pla

nt

and

Ele

ctri

c P

ower

Pla

nt P

roje

ct

Scen

ic a

nd V

isua

l Res

ourc

es

S

hort

-ter

m v

isua

l im

pact

s du

ring

con

stru

ctio

n.

Lon

g-te

rm v

isua

l im

pact

s fr

om in

trod

ucti

on o

f a

new

fa

cili

ty.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s fr

om

harv

est o

f bi

omas

s.

Pot

enti

al v

isua

l im

pact

s fr

om

truc

k tr

affi

c du

ring

del

iver

y.

Sho

rt-t

erm

vis

ual i

mpa

cts

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion.

L

ong-

term

vis

ual i

mpa

cts

from

intr

oduc

tion

of

a ne

w

faci

lity

. P

oten

tial

impa

cts

duri

ng c

rop

harv

est.

Pot

enti

al v

isua

l im

pact

s fr

om

truc

k tr

affi

c de

liver

y.

Pot

enti

al s

hort

-ter

m

cons

truc

tion

impa

cts.

P

oten

tial

long

-ter

m v

isua

l im

pact

s fr

om th

e po

wer

pla

nt,

nigh

t lig

htin

g, v

isib

ility

of

the

tran

smis

sion

line

, and

the

pres

ence

of

stea

m p

lum

es a

t fa

cili

ties

usin

g w

ater

-coo

led

syst

ems.

Gen

eral

vis

ual i

mpa

cts

duri

ng

cons

truc

tion

. L

ong-

term

vis

ual i

mpa

cts

from

the

mun

icip

al s

olid

w

aste

com

bust

ion

faci

lity

(s

ite-

spec

ific

).

Lon

g-te

rm v

isua

l im

pact

s fr

om tr

uck

traf

fic

deli

very

of

mun

icip

al s

olid

was

te (

site

-sp

ecif

ic).

Gen

eral

vis

ual i

mpa

cts

duri

ng

cons

truc

tion

. L

ong-

term

vis

ual i

mpa

cts

(i.e

., on

shor

e/ o

ffsh

ore—

mar

ine

hydr

okin

etic

ene

rgy

tech

nolo

gy a

nd lo

catio

n sp

ecif

ic).

L

ong-

term

vis

ual i

mpa

cts

from

nav

igat

ion

ligh

ting

for

de

vice

s.

R

ecre

atio

n R

esou

rces

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al lo

ng-t

erm

rec

reat

ion

reso

urce

impa

cts

from

vis

ual

and

nois

e ef

fect

s.

Pot

enti

al r

ecre

atio

nal r

esou

rce

impa

cts

from

truc

k tr

affi

c.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al lo

ng-t

erm

rec

reat

ion

reso

urce

impa

cts

from

vis

ual

and

nois

e ef

fect

s.

Pot

enti

al r

ecre

atio

nal r

esou

rce

impa

cts

from

truc

k tr

affi

c.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al lo

ng-t

erm

re

crea

tion

al r

esou

rce

impa

cts

incl

udin

g ac

cess

res

tric

tion

s,

nois

e, a

nd v

isua

l im

pact

s fr

om

the

new

fac

ilitie

s.

Pot

enti

al p

erm

anen

t los

s of

re

crea

tion

al v

alue

s (s

ite-

spec

ific

).

Pot

enti

al li

ghtin

g im

pact

s to

ne

arby

rec

reat

ion

reso

urce

s su

ch a

s ca

mpg

roun

ds w

here

da

rk n

ight

sky

is v

alue

d.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al lo

ng-t

erm

rec

reat

ion

reso

urce

impa

cts

incl

udin

g fr

om v

isua

l and

noi

se im

pact

s (s

ite-

spec

ific

).

Pot

enti

al r

ecre

atio

nal r

esou

rce

impa

cts

from

truc

k tr

affi

c.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

re

crea

tion

res

ourc

es (

i.e.,

near

by c

ampg

roun

ds o

r ar

eas

whe

re a

dar

k ni

ght s

ky is

va

lued

) fr

om f

acil

ity li

ghti

ng.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al lo

ng-t

erm

rec

reat

ion

reso

urce

impa

cts

from

vis

ual

impa

cts

(site

-spe

cifi

c).

Pot

enti

al e

ffec

ts to

wat

er-

base

d re

crea

tion

act

ivit

ies

(i.e

., sw

imm

ing,

sur

fing

, bo

atin

g, a

nd f

ishi

ng)

resu

ltin

g fr

om a

cces

s re

stri

ctio

ns o

r us

e al

tera

tion

s to

pro

mot

e re

crea

tion

use

r sa

fety

and

pr

even

t col

lisi

ons

or

mal

func

tion

s to

off

shor

e te

chno

logi

es.

Pot

enti

al w

ave

atte

nuat

ion

impa

cts

at th

e sh

ore

(tec

hnol

ogy

and

site

-spe

cifi

c;

i.e.,

depe

nden

t on

the

arra

y of

de

vice

s an

d lo

cati

on).


Summary

Tab

le S

-9a.

Su

mm

ary

of I

mp

acts

for

Uti

lity

-Sca

le R

enew

able

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

Bio

mas

s

Geo

ther

mal

M

un

icip

al S

olid

Was

te-t

o-E

nerg

y F

acili

ty

Mar

ine

Hyd

roki

neti

c E

ner

gy

Dir

ect

Com

bust

ion

Bio

mas

s-F

uele

d St

eam

T

urbi

ne G

ener

atin

g P

roje

ctB

iod

iese

l Pla

nt

and

Ele

ctri

c P

ower

Pla

nt P

roje

ct

Tab

le S

-9a.

Su

mm

ary

of I

mp

acts

for

Uti

lity

-Sca

le R

enew

able

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

Bio

mas

s

Geo

ther

mal

M

un

icip

al S

olid

Was

te-t

o-E

nerg

y F

acili

ty

Mar

ine

Hyd

roki

neti

c E

ner

gy

Dir

ect

Com

bust

ion

Bio

mas

s-F

uele

d St

eam

T

urbi

ne G

ener

atin

g P

roje

ctB

iod

iese

l Pla

nt

and

Ele

ctri

c P

ower

Pla

nt P

roje

ct

Lan

d a

nd

Mar

ine

Tra

nsp

orta

tion

L

and

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

Pot

enti

al in

crea

se in

truc

k tr

affi

c fo

r bi

omas

s de

live

ry.

Pot

enti

al in

crea

sed

wea

r on

pa

ved

road

s an

d ro

ad

mai

nten

ance

.

Pot

enti

al in

crea

se in

truc

k tr

affi

c fo

r bi

omas

s de

live

ry.

Pot

enti

al in

crea

sed

wea

r on

pa

ved

road

s an

d ro

ad

mai

nten

ance

.

Pot

enti

al s

hort

-ter

m im

pact

s on

ro

adw

ay tr

affi

c du

ring

pro

ject

co

nstr

ucti

on.

Pot

enti

al f

or lo

caliz

ed

tran

spor

tati

on im

pact

s fr

om

tran

spor

ting

mun

icip

al s

olid

w

aste

.

Non

e.

Mar

ine

T

rans

port

atio

n N

one;

it is

unl

ikel

y th

at b

ulk

biom

ass

wou

ld b

e sh

ippe

d be

twee

n is

land

s.

Non

e; it

is u

nlik

ely

that

bul

k bi

omas

s w

ould

be

ship

ped

betw

een

isla

nds.

Non

e id

enti

fied

.

Bec

ause

the

repr

esen

tati

ve

proj

ect w

ould

be

enti

rely

la

nd-b

ased

, the

re w

ould

be

no

impa

cts

to m

arin

e tr

ansp

orta

tion

. Tra

nsfe

r of

m

unic

ipal

sol

id w

aste

be

twee

n is

land

s is

not

an

ticip

ated

.

Pot

enti

al o

bstr

ucti

on im

pact

s to

mar

ine

navi

gati

on

incl

udin

g to

tour

ist c

ruis

es,

pass

enge

r fe

rrie

s, f

ishi

ng

vess

els

(rec

reat

iona

l and

co

mm

erci

al),

and

larg

e co

mm

erci

al c

argo

shi

ps.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

mil

itary

m

arin

e op

erat

ions

, sur

face

an

d su

bsur

face

nav

igat

ion

from

bot

h fl

oati

ng a

nd

subm

erge

d st

ruct

ures

. A

irsp

ace

Man

agem

ent

P

oten

tial

haz

ards

to a

ircr

afts

fr

om e

mis

sion

sta

cks

for

thos

e pr

ojec

t loc

atio

ns n

earb

y ai

rpor

ts.

Min

imal

pot

entia

l haz

ards

to

airc

raft

s fr

om e

mis

sion

sta

cks

for

thos

e pr

ojec

t loc

atio

ns

near

by a

irpo

rts.

Non

e; th

e de

velo

pmen

t and

op

erat

ion

of a

geo

ther

mal

fa

cili

ty w

ould

not

res

ult i

n an

y ta

ll st

ruct

ures

or

stea

m

exha

usts

that

wou

ld r

equi

re

furt

her

cons

ulta

tion

on

airs

pace

man

agem

ent i

mpa

cts.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s if

em

issi

on

stac

ks a

re le

ss th

an 2

00 f

eet.

Non

e; th

e m

arin

e hy

drok

inet

ic e

nerg

y re

pres

enta

tive

pro

ject

wou

ld

not i

nclu

de a

ny ta

ll s

truc

ture

s an

d th

eref

ore

wou

ld n

ot

impa

ct a

irsp

ace

man

agem

ent.


Summary

Tab

le S

-9a.

Su

mm

ary

of I

mp

acts

for

Uti

lity

-Sca

le R

enew

able

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

Bio

mas

s

Geo

ther

mal

M

un

icip

al S

olid

Was

te-t

o-E

nerg

y F

acili

ty

Mar

ine

Hyd

roki

neti

c E

ner

gy

Dir

ect

Com

bust

ion

Bio

mas

s-F

uele

d St

eam

T

urbi

ne G

ener

atin

g P

roje

ctB

iod

iese

l Pla

nt

and

Ele

ctri

c P

ower

Pla

nt P

roje

ct

Noi

se a

nd

Vib

rati

on

S

hort

-ter

m n

oise

and

vi

brat

ion

cons

truc

tion

im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al lo

ng-t

erm

impa

cts

to

exis

ting

noi

se a

nd v

ibra

tion

le

vels

, dep

endi

ng o

n th

e lo

cati

on o

f fa

cili

ties

and

co

mpa

tibi

lity

with

exi

stin

g no

ise

leve

ls a

nd la

nd u

ses.

N

oise

impa

cts

from

truc

k tr

affi

c de

live

ry (

site

-spe

cifi

c).

Sho

rt-t

erm

noi

se a

nd

vibr

atio

n co

nstr

ucti

on

impa

cts.

L

ong-

term

noi

se a

nd

vibr

atio

n op

erat

ion

impa

cts

(sit

e-sp

ecif

ic).

N

oise

impa

cts

from

truc

k tr

affi

c de

live

ry (

site

-spe

cifi

c).

Sho

rt-t

erm

and

long

-ter

m n

oise

an

d vi

brat

ion

impa

cts

wou

ld

resu

lt f

rom

exp

lora

tion

, co

nstr

ucti

on, a

nd o

pera

tion

. P

oten

tial

impa

cts

from

noi

se

and

vibr

atio

n w

ould

be

who

lly

depe

nden

t on

soun

d le

vels

and

th

e pr

oxim

ity o

f se

nsit

ive

rece

ptor

s to

the

sour

ce. N

oise

an

d vi

brat

ion

leve

ls w

ould

be

redu

ced

wit

h im

plem

enta

tion

of

bes

t man

agem

ent p

ract

ices

.

Gen

eral

impa

cts

duri

ng

cons

truc

tion

and

ope

rati

on.

Sho

rt-t

erm

noi

se a

nd

vibr

atio

n im

pact

s to

sen

sitiv

e no

ise

rece

ptor

s, in

clud

ing

pote

ntia

l im

pact

s to

mar

ine

mam

mal

s an

d se

a tu

rtle

s.

Unl

ess

depl

oyed

in la

rge

arra

ys o

f ge

nera

tors

, lon

g-te

rm n

oise

and

vib

rati

on

impa

cts

from

mar

ine

hydr

okin

etic

ene

rgy

tech

nolo

gies

wou

ld b

e m

inim

al w

ith

impl

emen

tati

on

of b

est m

anag

emen

t pra

ctic

es.

Uti

liti

es a

nd

In

fras

tru

ctu

re

G

ener

al c

onst

ruct

ion

and

oper

atio

n im

pact

s.

Var

ying

impa

cts

to u

tilit

ies

(sit

e/is

land

-spe

cifi

c i.e

., sm

all

effe

cts

to O

‘ahu

, lar

ger

effe

cts

to Lān

a‘i)

, req

uiri

ng

pote

ntia

l adj

ustm

ent/

m

anag

emen

t of

pow

er g

rids

an

d ov

eral

l pow

er p

rodu

ctio

n.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

V

aryi

ng im

pact

s to

uti

litie

s (s

ite/

isla

nd-s

peci

fic

i.e.,

smal

l ef

fect

s to

O‘a

hu, l

arge

eff

ects

to

Lān

a‘i)

, req

uiri

ng p

oten

tial

ad

just

men

t/ m

anag

emen

t of

pow

er g

rids

and

ove

rall

po

wer

pro

duct

ion.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al f

or m

inor

to m

oder

ate

impa

cts

to e

lect

ric

utili

ties

(sit

e-sp

ecif

ic, i

.e.,

mod

erat

e ef

fect

s to

Mau

i and

min

or

effe

cts

to H

awai

i’s

utili

ties)

.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

V

aryi

ng im

pact

s to

uti

litie

s (s

ite/

isla

nd-s

peci

fic

i.e.,

smal

l ef

fect

s to

O‘a

hu, l

arge

r ef

fect

s to

Lān

a‘i)

, req

uiri

ng

pote

ntia

l adj

ustm

ent/

m

anag

emen

t of

pow

er g

rids

an

d ov

eral

l pow

er p

rodu

ctio

n.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.


Summary

Tab

le S

-9a.

Su

mm

ary

of I

mp

acts

for

Uti

lity

-Sca

le R

enew

able

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

Bio

mas

s

Geo

ther

mal

M

un

icip

al S

olid

Was

te-t

o-E

nerg

y F

acili

ty

Mar

ine

Hyd

roki

neti

c E

ner

gy

Dir

ect

Com

bust

ion

Bio

mas

s-F

uele

d St

eam

T

urbi

ne G

ener

atin

g P

roje

ctB

iod

iese

l Pla

nt

and

Ele

ctri

c P

ower

Pla

nt P

roje

ct

Haz

ardo

us M

ater

ials

and

Was

te

Man

agem

ent

Haz

ardo

us M

ater

ials

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al e

xpos

ure

to h

igh

quan

titie

s of

fer

tiliz

ers

(pri

mar

ily

nitr

ogen

),

herb

icid

es, a

nd p

esti

cide

s.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al e

xpos

ure

to h

igh

quan

titie

s of

fer

tiliz

ers,

he

rbic

ides

, and

pes

tici

des.

P

oten

tial

haz

ardo

us m

ater

ials

ex

posu

re im

pact

s fr

om

biod

iese

l lea

ks o

r ac

cide

nts.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

fro

m e

xpos

ure

to h

azar

dous

mat

eria

ls if

ch

emic

als

used

dur

ing

expl

orat

ion/

flow

test

ing

or

from

dri

llin

g fl

uids

that

wer

e im

prop

erly

han

dled

or

rele

ased

in

to th

e en

viro

nmen

t. P

oten

tial

impa

ct f

rom

exp

osur

e to

haz

ardo

us m

ater

ials

if a

n ac

cide

ntal

spi

ll o

r ch

emic

al

rele

ase

wer

e to

occ

ur d

urin

g op

erat

ions

fro

m lu

bric

atin

g oi

ls, h

ydra

ulic

flu

ids,

coo

lant

s,

solv

ents

, and

/or

clea

ning

ag

ents

. P

oten

tial

impa

ct f

rom

exp

osur

e as

soci

ated

wit

h na

tura

lly

occu

rrin

g hy

drog

en s

ulfi

de.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al e

xpos

ure

to

haza

rdou

s m

ater

ials

fro

m

mun

icip

al s

olid

was

te

deli

vere

d to

the

site

. P

oten

tial

impa

ct f

rom

ex

posu

re to

haz

ardo

us

mat

eria

ls a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith th

e fl

amm

abil

ity o

f sy

ngas

pr

oduc

tion

.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al e

xpos

ure

to

haza

rdou

s m

ater

ials

incl

udin

g fu

els

from

boa

ts, m

arin

e ve

ssel

s, b

arge

s, lu

bric

ants

and

hy

drau

lic

flui

ds c

onta

ined

in

the

wav

e or

tida

l ene

rgy

devi

ces

duri

ng o

pera

tion

s an

d m

aint

enan

ce.

Was

te M

anag

emen

t G

ener

al c

onst

ruct

ion

impa

cts.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al in

crea

se in

by

prod

uct w

aste

gen

erat

ed

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

ally

adv

erse

impa

cts

if

addi

tion

al w

aste

wer

e ge

nera

ted

on th

e is

land

of

Haw

ai‘i

. M

inor

am

ount

s of

haz

ardo

us

was

te m

ay b

e ge

nera

ted

incl

udin

g pa

ints

, coa

ting

s, a

nd

spen

t sol

vent

s.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al e

xpos

ure

to

haza

rdou

s w

aste

(i.e

., in

fect

ious

was

te, e

lect

roni

cs,

lead

aci

d ba

tter

ies,

fir

earm

s,

prop

ane

tank

s, s

ludg

e,

agri

cult

ural

was

tes,

soi

l, an

d so

me

nonc

ombu

stib

le

inor

gani

c m

ater

ials

(su

ch a

s co

ncre

te, s

tone

).

Pot

enti

al la

ndfi

ll im

pact

s to

O

‘ahu

and

Haw

ai‘i

(pe

ndin

g th

e re

solu

tion

of

exis

ting

la

ndfi

ll ca

paci

ty c

onst

rain

ts)

if n

on-r

ecyc

labl

e m

ater

ials

ad

d to

exi

stin

g la

ndfi

ll

capa

city

con

stra

ints

.


Summary

Tab

le S

-9a.

Su

mm

ary

of I

mp

acts

for

Uti

lity

-Sca

le R

enew

able

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

Bio

mas

s

Geo

ther

mal

M

un

icip

al S

olid

Was

te-t

o-E

nerg

y F

acili

ty

Mar

ine

Hyd

roki

neti

c E

ner

gy

Dir

ect

Com

bust

ion

Bio

mas

s-F

uele

d St

eam

T

urbi

ne G

ener

atin

g P

roje

ctB

iod

iese

l Pla

nt

and

Ele

ctri

c P

ower

Pla

nt P

roje

ct

Pot

enti

al w

aste

man

agem

ent

impa

cts

from

ash

was

te

bypr

oduc

ts.

Pot

enti

ally

ben

efic

ial i

mpa

cts

resu

ltin

g fr

om d

ecre

ased

m

unic

ipal

sol

id w

aste

in

land

fills

.

Was

tew

ater

P

oten

tial

impa

cts

to

was

tew

ater

ser

vice

s fr

om

trac

e am

ount

s of

che

mic

als

and

elev

ated

tem

pera

ture

s du

ring

blo

wdo

wn

from

the

stea

m c

ycle

and

coo

ling

sy

stem

.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

w

aste

wat

er s

ervi

ces

from

tr

ace

amou

nts

of c

hem

ical

s an

d el

evat

ed te

mpe

ratu

res

duri

ng th

e bl

owdo

wn

from

th

e st

eam

cyc

le a

nd c

ooli

ng

syst

em.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al w

aste

wat

er im

pact

s in

the

even

t of

a le

ak

cont

aini

ng g

eoth

erm

al w

aste

fl

uids

.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

w

aste

wat

er s

ervi

ces

from

bl

owdo

wn.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

w

aste

wat

er s

ervi

ces

from

ve

ssel

eff

luen

t dur

ing

cons

truc

tion

. N

o op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

Soci

oeco

nom

ics

V

ery

smal

l pop

ulat

ion

and

econ

omic

ben

efits

(i.e

., fe

w

net n

ew jo

bs)

duri

ng

cons

truc

tion

and

ope

rati

on.

Ver

y sm

all p

opul

atio

n an

d ec

onom

ic b

enef

its (

i.e.,

few

ne

t new

jobs

) du

ring

co

nstr

ucti

on a

nd o

pera

tion

.

Ver

y sm

all p

opul

atio

n an

d ec

onom

ic b

enef

its (

i.e.,

few

net

ne

w jo

bs)

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion

and

oper

atio

n.

Ver

y sm

all p

opul

atio

n an

d ec

onom

ic b

enef

its (

i.e.,

few

ne

t new

jobs

) du

ring

co

nstr

ucti

on a

nd o

pera

tion

.

Ver

y sm

all p

opul

atio

n an

d ec

onom

ic b

enef

its (

i.e.,

few

ne

t new

jobs

) du

ring

co

nstr

ucti

on a

nd o

pera

tion

.

Env

iron

men

tal J

usti

ce

S

mal

l pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

the

gene

ral p

opul

atio

n.

Sit

e-sp

ecif

ic e

valu

atio

n of

im

pact

ed p

opul

atio

ns

requ

ired

.

Sm

all p

oten

tial

impa

cts

to th

e ge

nera

l pop

ulat

ion.

S

ite-

spec

ific

eva

luat

ion

of

impa

cted

pop

ulat

ions

re

quir

ed.

Sm

all e

nvir

onm

enta

l jus

tice

impa

cts.

S

ite-

spec

ific

eva

luat

ion

of

impa

cted

pop

ulat

ions

req

uire

d.

Sm

all p

oten

tial

impa

cts

to th

e ge

nera

l pop

ulat

ion.

S

ite-

spec

ific

eva

luat

ion

of

impa

cted

pop

ulat

ions

re

quir

ed.

No

effe

cts

iden

tifie

d. B

ecau

se

of th

e un

cert

aint

y of

the

mar

ine

hydr

okin

etic

ene

rgy

desi

gns

and

the

low

pot

enti

al

for

adve

rse

impa

cts,

ther

e w

ould

be

no

disp

ropo

rtio

nate

ly h

igh

and

adve

rse

impa

cts

to m

inor

ity

or lo

w-i

ncom

e po

pula

tion

s.

The

re w

ould

be

no

envi

ronm

enta

l jus

tice

impa

cts

from

the

mar

ine

hydr

okin

etic

en

ergy

rep

rese

ntat

ive

proj

ect.


Summary

Tab

le S

-9a.

Su

mm

ary

of I

mp

acts

for

Uti

lity

-Sca

le R

enew

able

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

Bio

mas

s

Geo

ther

mal

M

un

icip

al S

olid

Was

te-t

o-E

nerg

y F

acili

ty

Mar

ine

Hyd

roki

neti

c E

ner

gy

Dir

ect

Com

bust

ion

Bio

mas

s-F

uele

d St

eam

T

urbi

ne G

ener

atin

g P

roje

ctB

iod

iese

l Pla

nt

and

Ele

ctri

c P

ower

Pla

nt P

roje

ct

Hea

lth

an

d S

afet

y

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

H

ealt

h ri

sks

from

the

use

of

pest

icid

es, h

erbi

cide

s, a

nd

fert

iliz

ers.

A

ddit

iona

l ris

ks o

f tr

affi

c ac

cide

nts

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

the

tran

spor

t of

biom

ass

mat

eria

ls.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

P

oten

tial

hea

lth a

nd s

afet

y ef

fect

s fr

om d

rill

ing

incl

udin

g hy

drog

en s

ulfi

de w

orke

r ex

posu

re.

Pot

enti

al h

ealth

and

saf

ety

impa

cts

from

phy

sica

l, th

erm

al, a

nd c

hem

ical

haz

ards

su

ch a

s hy

drog

en s

ulfi

de

expo

sure

.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

G

ener

al c

onst

ruct

ion

and

oper

atio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al f

or p

ubli

c he

alth

and

sa

fety

eff

ects

incl

udin

g to

bo

ats,

bot

h ci

vili

an a

nd

mil

itar

y m

arin

e ve

ssel

s, a

nd

to th

e pu

blic

ons

hore

in th

e ev

ent t

he d

evic

e w

ere

dest

roye

d, d

amag

ed o

r if

the

loss

of

moo

ring

/ spa

tial

st

abil

izat

ion

wer

e to

occ

ur.


Summary

Tab

le S

-9b

. Su

mm

ary

of I

mp

acts

for

Uti

lity

-Sca

le R

enew

able

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

Res

ourc

e A

rea

Oce

an T

herm

al E

nerg

y C

onve

rsio

n

Ph

otov

olta

ic S

yste

ms

Sola

r T

herm

al S

yste

ms

Win

d (

Lan

d-B

ased

) W

ind

(O

ffsh

ore)

G

eolo

gy a

nd

Soi

ls

N

one;

the

only

pot

enti

al

impa

cts

to g

eolo

gy a

nd s

oils

w

ould

be

the

inte

rfac

e of

the

unde

rsea

cab

le to

con

nect

th

e oc

ean

ther

mal

ene

rgy

conv

ersi

on f

acil

itie

s w

ith

the

grid

.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s fr

om la

nd d

istu

rban

ce/s

oil

eros

ion.

N

o op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s fr

om la

nd d

istu

rban

ce.

Pot

enti

al f

or s

oil

cont

amin

atio

n in

the

even

t of

a le

ak o

r ac

cide

ntal

rel

ease

of

the

heat

tran

sfer

flu

ids

(suc

h as

sy

nthe

tic

oil o

r ev

en m

olte

n sa

lt)

used

in th

e sy

stem

.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s fr

om la

nd d

istu

rban

ce/s

oil

eros

ion.

N

o op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

Gen

eral

ons

hore

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s fr

om la

nd

dist

urba

nce/

soil

ero

sion

. P

oten

tial

impa

cts

to m

arin

e se

dim

ents

(e.

g., n

atur

al

mig

rati

on o

f sa

nd)

from

an

chor

/moo

ring

dev

ices

, un

ders

ea c

able

s, a

nd la

nd/s

ea

tran

siti

on z

ones

. N

o op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

Cli

mat

e an

d A

ir Q

ual

ity

Air

Qua

lity

G

ener

al c

onst

ruct

ion

impa

cts.

L

imit

ed, i

nter

mitt

ent,

and

shor

t-te

rm a

ir q

uali

ty

impa

cts

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion.

Pot

enti

al la

nd d

istu

rban

ce

and

rela

ted

fugi

tive

dus

t at

near

by o

nsho

re c

onst

ruct

ion

rela

ted

area

s, in

clud

ing

area

s w

here

off

shor

e el

ectr

ical

line

s co

nnec

t wit

h th

e on

shor

e re

gion

al e

lect

ric

grid

.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

No

oper

atio

n im

pact

s.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

No

oper

atio

n im

pact

s.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

No

oper

atio

n im

pact

s.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al in

crea

sed

crit

eria

po

llut

ants

fro

m c

onst

ruct

ion

equi

pmen

t inc

ludi

ng m

arin

e ve

ssel

s (p

ower

ed b

y fo

ssil

fu

els,

e.g

., di

esel

, or

gaso

line

) du

ring

con

stru

ctio

n.

Pot

enti

al f

or f

ugit

ive

dust

at

near

by o

nsho

re c

onst

ruct

ion-

rela

ted

area

s.


Summary

Tab

le S

-9b

. Su

mm

ary

of I

mp

acts

for

Uti

lity

-Sca

le R

enew

able

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

Oce

an T

herm

al E

nerg

y C

onve

rsio

n

Ph

otov

olta

ic S

yste

ms

Sola

r T

herm

al S

yste

ms

Win

d (

Lan

d-B

ased

) W

ind

(O

ffsh

ore)

Pot

enti

al in

crea

se in

cri

teri

a po

llut

ant e

mis

sion

s du

ring

co

nstr

ucti

on f

rom

equ

ipm

ent

or m

arin

e ve

ssel

s po

wer

ed

by f

ossi

l fue

ls.

Pot

enti

al o

pera

tiona

l em

issi

ons

from

aux

ilia

ry

dies

el g

ener

ator

s on

the

plat

form

.

Cli

mat

e C

hang

e P

oten

tial

incr

ease

in

gree

nhou

se g

as e

mis

sion

s fr

om c

onst

ruct

ion

equi

pmen

t an

d op

erat

ion

of d

iese

l ge

nera

tors

on

the

plat

form

. P

oten

tial

gre

enho

use

gas

emis

sion

s re

duct

ion

from

a

mix

of

tech

nolo

gies

use

d to

pr

oduc

e el

ectr

icit

y us

ing

foss

il f

uels

.

Pot

enti

al g

reen

hous

e ga

s em

issi

ons

redu

ctio

n fr

om a

m

ix o

f cl

eane

r te

chno

logi

es

used

to p

rodu

ce e

lect

rici

ty

usin

g fo

ssil

fue

ls.

Pot

enti

al g

reen

hous

e ga

s em

issi

ons

redu

ctio

n fr

om a

m

ix o

f di

ffer

ent t

echn

olog

ies

used

to p

rodu

ce e

lect

rici

ty

usin

g fo

ssil

fue

ls.

Pot

enti

al g

reen

hous

e ga

s em

issi

ons

redu

ctio

n fr

om a

m

ix o

f cl

eane

r te

chno

logi

es

used

to p

rodu

ce e

lect

rici

ty

usin

g fo

ssil

fue

ls.

Pot

enti

al g

reen

hous

e ga

s em

issi

ons

redu

ctio

n fr

om a

m

ix o

f cl

eane

r te

chno

logi

es

used

to p

rodu

ce e

lect

rici

ty

usin

g fo

ssil

fue

ls.

Wat

er R

esou

rces

Su

rfac

e W

ater

Po

tent

ial o

cean

sed

imen

t di

stur

banc

e re

sult

ing

in

incr

ease

d tu

rbid

ity a

nd

impa

cts

to c

oral

or

othe

r bo

ttom

com

mun

itie

s of

co

ncer

n.

Pot

enti

al w

ater

qua

lity

im

pact

s fr

om d

isch

arge

not

m

eeti

ng w

ater

qua

lity

cr

iter

ia f

or m

arin

e w

ater

s (i

.e.,

nutr

ient

leve

ls s

uch

as

nitr

ite p

lus

nitr

ate,

ph

osph

ate,

and

ph

osph

orou

s.).

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al s

torm

wat

er r

unof

f fr

om th

e si

te (

depe

nden

t on

the

amou

nt o

f im

perm

eabl

e su

rfac

e/na

ture

of

the

prec

onst

ruct

ion

site

).

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al s

torm

wat

er r

unof

f co

ntam

inat

ion

in th

e ev

ent o

f le

aks

or a

ccid

enta

l rel

ease

s of

th

e he

at tr

ansf

er f

luid

s (s

uch

as

synt

heti

c oi

l or

even

mol

ten

salt

) us

ed in

the

syst

em.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al f

or in

crea

sed

stor

mw

ater

run

off

as a

res

ult

of in

crea

sed

impe

rmea

ble

surf

aces

(w

ind

turb

ine

foun

dati

ons,

ele

ctri

cal

supp

ort b

uild

ings

, and

pav

ed

road

s or

par

king

are

as)

– (s

ite-

spec

ific

).

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s in

clud

ing

hori

zont

al

dire

ctio

nal d

rill

ing

for

elec

tric

al c

able

s an

d fo

r th

e co

nstr

ucti

on o

f a

subs

tati

on.

No

pote

ntia

l ons

hore

eff

ects

du

ring

ope

rati

ons.

P

oten

tial

for

incr

ease

d tu

rbid

ity

at b

reak

out p

oint

fr

om d

rill

ing

mud

or

slur

ries

us

ed d

urin

g ho

rizo

ntal

di

rect

iona

l dri

llin

g.


Summary

Tab

le S

-9b

. Su

mm

ary

of I

mp

acts

for

Uti

lity

-Sca

le R

enew

able

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

Oce

an T

herm

al E

nerg

y C

onve

rsio

n

Ph

otov

olta

ic S

yste

ms

Sola

r T

herm

al S

yste

ms

Win

d (

Lan

d-B

ased

) W

ind

(O

ffsh

ore)

Pot

enti

al in

crea

sed

alga

l bl

oom

impa

cts

from

in

crea

sed

nutr

ient

leve

ls.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s fr

om

tem

pera

ture

var

iati

on a

nd

elev

ated

chl

orin

e le

vels

of

disc

harg

e.

P

oten

tial

impa

cts

to c

oral

or

othe

r bo

ttom

com

mun

itie

s of

co

ncer

n fr

om h

igh

turb

idit

y (s

ite-

spec

ific

).

Gro

undw

ater

M

inim

al g

roun

dwat

er

impa

cts

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion

and

oper

atio

n.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al c

hang

es in

run

off

to

the

site

and

pot

enti

al

asso

ciat

ed c

hang

e in

gr

ound

wat

er r

echa

rge.

Min

or g

roun

dwat

er im

pact

s du

ring

con

stru

ctio

n.

Pot

enti

al c

hang

es in

run

off

to

the

site

and

pot

enti

al

asso

ciat

ed c

hang

e in

gr

ound

wat

er r

echa

rge.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

No

oper

atio

n im

pact

s.

Flo

odpl

ains

and

W

etla

nds

Non

e id

enti

fied

.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s du

ring

co

nstr

ucti

on a

nd o

pera

tion

(s

ite-

spec

ific

).

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s du

ring

co

nstr

ucti

on a

nd o

pera

tion

(s

ite-

spec

ific

).

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s du

ring

co

nstr

ucti

on a

nd o

pera

tion

(s

ite-

spec

ific

).

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s du

ring

co

nstr

ucti

on (

site

-spe

cifi

c).

Bio

logi

cal R

esou

rces

Pot

enti

al f

or s

hort

-ter

m a

nd

smal

l dis

turb

ance

s du

ring

pl

acem

ent o

f th

e ca

blin

g li

nes,

moo

rs, a

nd a

ncho

rs.

Pot

enti

al d

istu

rban

ce to

dee

p an

d sh

allo

w m

arin

e ha

bita

ts

and

shor

elin

es (

incl

udin

g m

arin

e po

ols,

san

dy a

nd

rock

y be

ache

s, s

eagr

ass

habi

tat,

shal

low

ben

thic

co

mm

unit

ies,

and

cor

al r

eefs

at

mul

tipl

e de

pths

) du

ring

co

nstr

ucti

on (

site

-spe

cifi

c).

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

bio

logi

cal

reso

urce

s in

clud

ing

mig

rato

ry

bird

s, th

reat

ened

and

en

dang

ered

pla

nts

and

anim

als,

cr

itic

al h

abita

t, pr

otec

ted

land

ar

eas,

and

wet

land

s fr

om

habi

tat l

oss

duri

ng s

ite

deve

lopm

ent (

site

-spe

cifi

c).

For

loca

tion

s ne

ar th

e oc

ean,

po

tent

ial i

mpa

cts

may

occ

ur to

m

arin

e an

chia

line

poo

ls.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

bio

logi

cal

reso

urce

s in

clud

ing

mig

rato

ry

bird

s, th

reat

ened

and

en

dang

ered

pla

nts

and

anim

als,

cr

itic

al h

abita

t, pr

otec

ted

land

ar

eas,

and

wet

land

s) f

rom

ha

bita

t los

s du

ring

sit

e de

velo

pmen

t (si

te-s

peci

fic)

. F

or lo

cati

ons

near

the

ocea

n,

pote

ntia

l im

pact

s m

ay o

ccur

to

mar

ine

anch

iali

ne p

ools

.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

P

oten

tial

impa

cts

to

biol

ogic

al r

esou

rces

incl

udin

g lo

ss o

f ve

geta

tion

and

wild

life

(m

igra

tory

bir

ds, t

hrea

tene

d an

d en

dang

ered

pla

nts

and

anim

als,

cri

tica

l hab

itat

, and

ot

her

high

val

ue a

reas

suc

h as

w

etla

nds

and

nati

ve p

lant

co

mm

unit

ies)

fro

m s

ite

deve

lopm

ent (

site

-spe

cifi

c).

Pot

enti

al f

or m

orta

lity

of

avia

n sp

ecie

s an

d ba

ts (

site

-sp

ecif

ic).

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

P

oten

tial

dis

turb

ance

impa

cts

to th

e oc

ean

floo

r an

d m

arin

e co

mm

unit

ies/

hab

itat

s (i

.e.,

cora

l ree

fs, s

hall

ow b

enth

ic

com

mun

itie

s, s

eagr

ass

habi

tat,

beac

hes,

and

pos

sibl

y m

arin

e po

ols)

dur

ing

inst

alla

tion

of

anch

ors,

un

ders

ea c

able

s (s

ite-

spec

ific

).

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

mar

ine

anim

als

from

tem

pora

ry

cons

truc

tion

noi

se im

pact

s.


Summary

Tab

le S

-9b

. Su

mm

ary

of I

mp

acts

for

Uti

lity

-Sca

le R

enew

able

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

Oce

an T

herm

al E

nerg

y C

onve

rsio

n

Ph

otov

olta

ic S

yste

ms

Sola

r T

herm

al S

yste

ms

Win

d (

Lan

d-B

ased

) W

ind

(O

ffsh

ore)

P

oten

tial

impa

cts

to th

e m

arin

e en

viro

nmen

t fro

m

intr

oduc

tion

of

an

elec

trom

agne

tic

fiel

d al

ong

the

unde

rsea

cab

le.

Pot

enti

al a

ttra

ctio

n of

m

arin

e fi

sh, m

amm

als,

and

se

abir

ds to

str

uctu

res

and

for

biof

ouli

ng o

rgan

ism

s.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

mar

ine

com

mun

itie

s fr

om n

utri

ent

rich

dis

char

ge w

ater

s.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

mar

ine

orga

nism

s du

e to

inta

ke

pipe

s.

Pot

enti

al c

ollis

ion

haza

rds

to

mar

ine

mam

mal

s fr

om

moo

ring

line

s.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

sea

bird

s by

attr

acti

ng/d

isor

ient

ing

them

fro

m o

nsite

ligh

ting

.

Pot

enti

al f

or in

crea

se in

m

arin

e m

amm

al c

olli

sion

s fr

om s

hips

and

boa

ts d

urin

g co

nstr

ucti

on.

Pot

enti

al in

crea

se f

or h

azar

ds

to m

arin

e m

amm

als

cong

rega

ting

in m

arin

e su

bsur

face

str

uctu

res.

P

oten

tial

for

incr

ease

d co

llis

ion

haza

rd f

or la

rge

mar

ine

mam

mal

s (i

.e.,

wha

les)

fro

m m

oori

ng c

able

s. P

oten

tial

haz

ards

(in

crea

sed

risk

for

mor

tali

ties

by

roto

r bl

ade

colli

sion

) to

sea

bird

s in

ar

eas

surr

ound

ing

win

d tu

rbin

es d

ue to

pot

entia

l ag

greg

atio

n of

for

age

fish

ne

ar s

ubm

arin

e st

ruct

ures

, to

wer

saf

ety

ligh

ting

, and

po

tent

ial u

se o

f ab

oveg

roun

d pl

atfo

rm s

truc

ture

s as

res

ting

ar

eas.

P

oten

tial

intr

oduc

tion

of

an

elec

trom

agne

tic

fiel

d in

to th

e m

arin

e en

viro

nmen

t alo

ng th

e ca

ble

resu

ltin

g in

pot

enti

al

impa

cts

to m

arin

e m

amm

als

wit

h el

ectr

osen

sory

sys

tem

s.


Summary

Tab

le S

-9b

. Su

mm

ary

of I

mp

acts

for

Uti

lity

-Sca

le R

enew

able

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

Oce

an T

herm

al E

nerg

y C

onve

rsio

n

Ph

otov

olta

ic S

yste

ms

Sola

r T

herm

al S

yste

ms

Win

d (

Lan

d-B

ased

) W

ind

(O

ffsh

ore)

L

and

an

d S

ubm

erge

d L

and

Use

L

and

Use

T

ypic

al la

nd u

se im

pact

s as

soci

ated

wit

h th

e in

terf

ace

of a

n un

ders

ea c

able

and

the

elec

tric

al g

rid.

Pot

enti

al la

nd u

se im

pact

s in

clud

ing

land

dis

turb

ance

and

po

ssib

le c

onve

rsio

n of

un

deve

lope

d la

nd a

nd la

nd in

ot

her

curr

ent u

se to

an

ener

gy

gene

rati

ng f

acil

ity.

P

oten

tial

cha

nge

in la

nd

owne

rshi

p pa

tter

ns a

nd/o

r ea

sem

ents

req

uire

d fo

r th

e pr

ojec

t (i.e

., pr

ojec

t sit

e, a

cces

s ro

ads,

cor

rido

rs to

the

near

est

elec

tric

al g

rid)

. P

oten

tial

impa

cts

to a

djac

ent

land

use

s (r

oads

, res

iden

tial

/ co

mm

erci

al a

reas

, his

tori

c si

tes,

sce

nic

loca

tion

s, a

nd

airp

orts

) fr

om th

e gl

int a

nd

glar

e of

the

sola

r pa

nels

.

Pot

enti

al c

hang

e in

land

ow

ners

hip

patt

erns

thro

ugh

purc

hase

and

or

land

use

leas

es

for

both

the

sola

r th

erm

al

proj

ect s

ite

and

any

line

ar

corr

idor

s re

quir

ed to

tie-

in to

th

e ex

isti

ng e

lect

rica

l gri

d.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

un

deve

lope

d la

nd o

r la

nd

curr

entl

y us

ed f

or o

ther

use

s co

uld

be c

onve

rted

to e

nerg

y us

es.

Pot

enti

al la

nd u

se im

pact

s in

clud

ing

land

dis

turb

ance

du

ring

sit

e pr

epar

atio

n an

d tu

rbin

e in

stal

latio

n, a

s w

ell a

s ac

cess

roa

d co

nstr

ucti

on a

nd

supp

ort s

truc

ture

s.

Pot

enti

al c

onve

rsio

n of

un

deve

lope

d la

nd o

r la

nd

wit

h ot

her

curr

ent l

and

uses

fo

r en

ergy

use

. P

oten

tial

land

owne

rshi

p ch

ange

s an

d ob

tain

men

t of

land

use

eas

emen

ts.

Pot

enti

al c

hang

e in

loca

l la

ndow

ners

hip

patt

erns

. P

oten

tial

land

dis

turb

ance

du

ring

con

stru

ctio

n of

the

tie-

in to

the

exis

ting

tran

smis

sion

gr

id.

Sub

mer

ged

Lan

d U

se

Pot

enti

al f

or la

rge

obst

ruct

ions

in th

e oc

ean

floo

r fr

om s

truc

ture

s.

Non

e; P

V p

roje

cts

wou

ld b

e la

nd-b

ased

and

not

impa

ct

subm

erge

d la

nd u

ses.

Non

e; s

olar

ther

mal

pro

ject

s w

ould

be

land

-bas

ed a

nd n

ot

impa

ct s

ubm

erge

d la

nd u

ses.

Non

e; la

nd-b

ased

win

d tu

rbin

es w

ould

hav

e no

po

tent

ial e

ffec

ts to

su

bmer

ged

land

use

.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

sea

flo

or

requ

irin

g a

subm

erge

d la

nds

leas

e.

C

ult

ura

l an

d H

isto

ric

Res

ourc

es

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

P

oten

tial

dir

ect i

mpa

cts

from

ons

hore

and

off

shor

e co

nstr

ucti

on a

ctiv

itie

s to

ar

chae

olog

ical

and

his

tori

c pr

oper

ties

, inc

ludi

ng b

uria

l si

tes

and

prot

ecte

d tr

aditi

onal

and

cus

tom

ary

activ

itie

s.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

P

oten

tial

dir

ect i

mpa

cts

from

co

nstr

ucti

on a

ctiv

itie

s to

ar

chae

olog

ical

and

his

tori

c pr

oper

ties

, inc

ludi

ng b

uria

l si

tes

and

prot

ecte

d tr

aditi

onal

an

d cu

stom

ary

acti

viti

es.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

P

oten

tial

dir

ect i

mpa

cts

from

co

nstr

ucti

on a

ctiv

itie

s to

ar

chae

olog

ical

and

his

tori

c pr

oper

ties

, inc

ludi

ng b

uria

l si

tes

and

prot

ecte

d tr

aditi

onal

an

d cu

stom

ary

acti

viti

es.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

T

he v

isua

l im

pact

of

win

d tu

rbin

es m

ay b

e un

acce

ptab

le

near

cul

tura

l and

his

tori

c ar

eas.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

T

he v

isua

l im

pact

of

win

d tu

rbin

es m

ay b

e un

acce

ptab

le

near

cul

tura

l and

his

tori

c ar

eas.


Summary

Tab

le S

-9b

. Su

mm

ary

of I

mp

acts

for

Uti

lity

-Sca

le R

enew

able

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

Oce

an T

herm

al E

nerg

y C

onve

rsio

n

Ph

otov

olta

ic S

yste

ms

Sola

r T

herm

al S

yste

ms

Win

d (

Lan

d-B

ased

) W

ind

(O

ffsh

ore)

Incr

ease

d li

keli

hood

of

unau

thor

ized

acc

ess

to

cult

ural

ly s

ensi

tive

are

as b

y w

orke

r pr

esen

ce d

urin

g op

erat

ions

. P

oten

tial

for

vis

ual,

nois

e, o

r re

stri

cted

acc

ess

effe

cts

on

sens

itiv

e cu

ltur

al a

nd

hist

oric

res

ourc

es a

nd

activ

itie

s.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

on

a hi

stor

ical

bui

ldin

g, s

truc

ture

, or

dis

tric

t by

faci

litie

s be

ing

inco

mpa

tibl

e w

ith th

e hi

stor

ic c

onte

xt o

f a

stru

ctur

e or

are

a.

Incr

ease

d li

keli

hood

of

unau

thor

ized

acc

ess

to

cult

ural

ly s

ensi

tive

are

as b

y w

orke

r pr

esen

ce d

urin

g op

erat

ions

. P

oten

tial

for

vis

ual,

nois

e, o

r re

stri

cted

acc

ess

effe

cts

on

sens

itiv

e cu

ltur

al a

nd h

isto

ric

reso

urce

s an

d ac

tivi

ties.

P

oten

tial

impa

ct o

n a

hist

oric

al

buil

ding

, str

uctu

re, o

r di

stri

ct

by f

acil

ities

bei

ng

inco

mpa

tibl

e w

ith th

e hi

stor

ic

cont

ext o

f a

stru

ctur

e or

are

a.

Incr

ease

d li

keli

hood

of

unau

thor

ized

acc

ess

to

cult

ural

ly s

ensi

tive

are

as b

y w

orke

r pr

esen

ce d

urin

g op

erat

ions

. P

oten

tial

for

vis

ual,

nois

e, o

r re

stri

cted

acc

ess

effe

cts

on

sens

itiv

e cu

ltur

al a

nd h

isto

ric

reso

urce

s an

d ac

tivi

ties.

P

oten

tial

impa

ct o

n a

hist

oric

al

buil

ding

, str

uctu

re, o

r di

stri

ct

by f

acil

ities

bei

ng in

com

patib

le

wit

h th

e hi

stor

ic c

onte

xt o

f a

stru

ctur

e or

are

a.

Pot

enti

al d

irec

t im

pact

s fr

om

cons

truc

tion

act

ivit

ies

to

arch

aeol

ogic

al a

nd h

isto

ric

prop

erti

es, i

nclu

ding

bur

ial

site

s an

d pr

otec

ted

trad

ition

al

and

cust

omar

y ac

tivi

ties

. In

crea

sed

like

liho

od o

f un

auth

oriz

ed a

cces

s to

cu

ltur

ally

sen

siti

ve a

reas

by

wor

ker

pres

ence

dur

ing

oper

atio

ns.

Pot

enti

al f

or v

isua

l, no

ise,

or

rest

rict

ed a

cces

s ef

fect

s on

se

nsit

ive

cult

ural

and

his

tori

c re

sour

ces

and

acti

vitie

s.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

on

a hi

stor

ical

bui

ldin

g, s

truc

ture

, or

dis

tric

t by

faci

litie

s be

ing

inco

mpa

tibl

e w

ith th

e hi

stor

ic c

onte

xt o

f a

stru

ctur

e or

are

a.

The

vis

ual i

mpa

ct o

f w

ind

turb

ines

may

be

unac

cept

able

ne

ar c

ultu

ral a

nd h

isto

ric

area

s w

here

the

hist

oric

in

tegr

ity (

sett

ing,

fee

ling,

as

soci

atio

n, v

iew

shed

s) p

lays

an

impo

rtan

t rol

e in

the

valu

e of

the

reso

urce

.

Pot

enti

al d

irec

t im

pact

s fr

om

onsh

ore

and

offs

hore

co

nstr

ucti

on a

ctiv

itie

s to

ar

chae

olog

ical

and

his

tori

c pr

oper

ties

, inc

ludi

ng b

uria

l si

tes

and

prot

ecte

d tr

aditi

onal

an

d cu

stom

ary

acti

viti

es.

Incr

ease

d li

keli

hood

of

unau

thor

ized

acc

ess

to

cult

ural

ly s

ensi

tive

are

as b

y w

orke

r pr

esen

ce d

urin

g op

erat

ions

. P

oten

tial

for

vis

ual,

nois

e, o

r re

stri

cted

acc

ess

effe

cts

on

sens

itiv

e cu

ltur

al a

nd h

isto

ric

reso

urce

s an

d ac

tivi

ties.

P

oten

tial

impa

ct o

n a

hist

oric

al b

uild

ing,

str

uctu

re,

or d

istr

ict b

y fa

cili

ties

bein

g in

com

pati

ble

with

the

hist

oric

co

ntex

t of

a st

ruct

ure

or a

rea.

T

he v

isua

l im

pact

of

win

d tu

rbin

es m

ay b

e un

acce

ptab

le

near

cul

tura

l and

his

tori

c ar

eas

whe

re th

e hi

stor

ic in

tegr

ity

(set

ting

, fee

ling,

ass

ocia

tion,

vi

ewsh

eds)

pla

ys a

n im

port

ant

role

in th

e va

lue

of th

e re

sour

ce.


Summary

Tab

le S

-9b

. Su

mm

ary

of I

mp

acts

for

Uti

lity

-Sca

le R

enew

able

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

Oce

an T

herm

al E

nerg

y C

onve

rsio

n

Ph

otov

olta

ic S

yste

ms

Sola

r T

herm

al S

yste

ms

Win

d (

Lan

d-B

ased

) W

ind

(O

ffsh

ore)

C

oast

al Z

one

Man

agem

ent

P

oten

tial

impa

cts

to

desi

gnat

ed s

peci

al

man

agem

ent a

reas

fro

m th

e ca

ble

cros

sing

the

shor

elin

e (s

ite-

spec

ific

).

Pot

enti

al s

hore

fron

t acc

ess

impa

cts

from

the

cabl

e cr

ossi

ng th

e sh

orel

ine

(sit

e-sp

ecif

ic).

P

oten

tial

sho

reli

ne e

rosi

on

impa

cts

from

the

cabl

e cr

ossi

ng th

e sh

orel

ine

(sit

e-sp

ecif

ic).

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

de

sign

ated

spe

cial

m

anag

emen

t are

as, s

hore

fron

t ac

cess

, and

sho

reli

ne e

rosi

on

(sit

e-sp

ecif

ic).

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

de

sign

ated

spe

cial

m

anag

emen

t are

as, s

hore

fron

t ac

cess

, and

sho

reli

ne e

rosi

on

(sit

e-sp

ecif

ic);

P

oten

tial

for

adv

erse

impa

cts

to th

ose

loca

tion

s ne

ar th

e sh

orel

ine.

P

oten

tial

for

incr

ease

in r

unof

f an

d se

dim

enta

tion

and

impa

cts

to c

oast

al w

ater

hab

itat

s fr

om

land

cle

arin

g.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

de

sign

ated

spe

cial

m

anag

emen

t are

as,

shor

efro

nt a

cces

s, a

nd

shor

elin

e er

osio

n (s

ite-

spec

ific

).

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

de

sign

ated

spe

cial

m

anag

emen

t are

as,

shor

efro

nt a

cces

s, a

nd

shor

elin

e er

osio

n (s

ite-

spec

ific

).

Scen

ic a

nd V

isua

l Res

ourc

es

G

ener

al v

isua

l im

pact

s du

ring

con

stru

ctio

n.

Pot

enti

al lo

ng-t

erm

vis

ual

impa

cts

onsh

ore

from

the

intr

oduc

tion

of

a tr

ansi

tion

si

te.

Gen

eral

vis

ual i

mpa

cts

duri

ng

cons

truc

tion

. P

oten

tial

long

-ter

m v

isua

l im

pact

s fr

om s

olar

pan

els,

in

clud

ing

in a

ssoc

iati

on w

ith

new

fac

iliti

es a

nd a

ssoc

iate

d bu

ildi

ngs.

P

oten

tial

gli

ntin

g, g

lare

, and

vi

sual

eff

ects

dep

endi

ng o

n th

e pa

nel o

rien

tati

on, s

un

angl

e, v

iew

ing

angl

e, v

iew

er

dist

ance

, and

oth

er v

isib

ility

fa

ctor

s; m

ay a

lso

be

depe

nden

t on

indi

vidu

al

view

er s

ensi

tivi

ty.

Pot

enti

al lo

ng-t

erm

vis

ual

effe

cts

from

rou

tine

m

aint

enan

ce a

ctiv

itie

s.

Gen

eral

vis

ual i

mpa

cts

duri

ng

cons

truc

tion

. P

oten

tial

long

-ter

m d

ynam

ic

visu

al im

pact

s fr

om p

arab

olic

tr

ough

s/m

irro

rs (

glar

e/

refl

ecte

d li

ght)

, the

rmal

st

orag

e ta

nks,

ste

am

cond

ense

r, c

ooli

ng to

wer

s (p

lum

es)

and

gene

rato

r as

wel

l as

roa

d ac

cess

, par

king

, m

aint

enan

ce f

acili

ties,

and

tr

ansm

issi

on li

ne ti

e-in

. P

oten

tial

for

indi

vidu

al

disc

omfo

rt f

rom

gla

re e

ffec

ts,

depe

ndin

g on

vie

wer

se

nsit

ivity

, vie

wer

loca

tion,

vi

ewer

mov

emen

t, an

d ti

me

of

day.

Gen

eral

sho

rt-t

erm

vis

ual

impa

cts

duri

ng c

onst

ruct

ion

incl

udin

g si

te p

repa

rati

on

acti

viti

es s

uch

as c

lear

ing,

co

nstr

ucti

on o

f ac

cess

and

on

site

roa

ds, e

quip

men

t la

ydow

n ar

eas,

inst

alla

tion

of

turb

ine

foun

dati

ons,

ere

ctio

n of

turb

ines

, and

con

nect

ion

to th

e gr

id.

Pot

enti

al lo

ng-t

erm

vis

ual

impa

cts

from

win

d tu

rbin

e op

erat

ions

incl

udin

g th

e pr

esen

ce o

f th

e w

ind

turb

ines

, mov

emen

t of

the

roto

r bl

ades

, sha

dow

fli

cker

, bl

ade

glin

ting

, fla

shin

g av

iati

on w

arni

ng li

ghts

(n

ight

tim

e in

par

ticu

lar)

, ro

ads,

veh

icle

s, a

nd w

orke

rs

cond

ucti

ng m

aint

enan

ce

activ

itie

s.

Pot

enti

al lo

ng-t

erm

vis

ual

impa

cts

from

win

d tu

rbin

e op

erat

ions

incl

udin

g th

e pr

esen

ce o

f th

e w

ind

turb

ines

, the

sw

eepi

ng

mov

emen

t of

the

blad

es,

ligh

ting

for

the

mar

ine

and

avia

tion

nav

igat

ion,

and

the

land

/sea

tran

siti

on s

ite.

D

epen

ding

on

view

er

sens

itiv

ity, p

oten

tial

for

lo

ng-t

erm

impa

cts

to v

iew

ers

due

to th

e st

rong

ver

tica

l li

nes/

larg

e sw

eep

of

turb

ines

/ mov

ing

blad

es th

at

can

dom

inat

e vi

ews

or

com

man

d vi

sual

att

enti

on.


Summary

Tab

le S

-9b

. Su

mm

ary

of I

mp

acts

for

Uti

lity

-Sca

le R

enew

able

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

Oce

an T

herm

al E

nerg

y C

onve

rsio

n

Ph

otov

olta

ic S

yste

ms

Sola

r T

herm

al S

yste

ms

Win

d (

Lan

d-B

ased

) W

ind

(O

ffsh

ore)

P

oten

tial

incr

ease

in li

ght

poll

utio

n im

pact

s (s

kygl

ow,

ligh

t tre

spas

s, a

nd g

lare

) fr

om

secu

rity

ligh

ting

and

oth

er

exte

rior

ligh

ting

aro

und

buil

ding

s, p

arki

ng a

reas

, wor

k ar

eas

and

duri

ng m

aint

enan

ce

acti

viti

es (

vehi

cle-

mou

nted

li

ghts

).

Dep

endi

ng o

n vi

ewer

se

nsit

ivity

, pot

enti

al f

or

long

-ter

m im

pact

s to

vie

wer

s ne

arby

due

to th

e st

rong

ve

rtic

al li

nes/

larg

e sw

eep

of

turb

ines

/ mov

ing

blad

es th

at

can

dom

inat

e vi

ews

or

com

man

d vi

sual

att

enti

on.

Dep

endi

ng o

n vi

ewer

se

nsit

ivity

, pot

enti

al f

or

long

-ter

m s

hado

w f

lick

er

impa

cts

for

view

ers

clos

e en

ough

to f

all w

ithi

n th

e sh

adow

s ca

st b

y th

e tu

rbin

es.

Rec

reat

ion

Res

ourc

es

G

ener

al c

onst

ruct

ion

impa

cts.

P

oten

tial

long

-ter

m im

pact

s in

the

vici

nity

of

onsh

ore

and

offs

hore

fac

ilitie

s fr

om

acce

ss r

estr

icti

ons

and

pote

ntia

l vis

ual i

mpa

cts

from

the

faci

litie

s.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al lo

ng-t

erm

impa

cts

such

as

land

cov

er r

equi

red

for

the

arra

ys a

nd a

ssoc

iate

d fa

cili

ties

req

uire

d fo

r th

e pr

ojec

t res

ulti

ng in

acc

ess

rest

rict

ions

to a

rea

as w

ell a

s vi

sual

impa

cts

crea

ted

by th

e pr

esen

ce o

f th

e fa

cili

ties

and

mai

nten

ance

act

ivit

ies.

P

oten

tial

impa

cts

to n

earb

y re

crea

tion

are

as f

rom

pan

els

and

othe

r co

mpo

nent

s th

at

refl

ect a

nd r

esul

t in

glin

ting

, gl

are,

and

oth

er v

isua

l eff

ects

.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al lo

ng-t

erm

impa

cts

from

acc

ess

rest

rict

ions

to th

e si

te a

nd v

isua

l im

pact

s as

soci

ated

wit

h th

e ne

w

faci

litie

s.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

rec

reat

ion

reso

urce

s fr

om li

ght p

ollu

tion

, pa

rtic

ular

ly th

ose

area

s w

here

a

dark

nig

ht s

ky is

val

ued

(i.e

., ca

mpg

roun

ds).

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al lo

ng-t

erm

impa

cts

such

as

acce

ss r

estr

icti

ons

due

to th

e pr

esen

ce o

f w

ind

turb

ines

, mov

emen

t of

the

roto

r bl

ades

, sha

dow

fli

cker

, bl

ade

glin

ting

, avi

atio

n w

arni

ng li

ghts

, roa

ds,

vehi

cles

, and

wor

kers

co

nduc

ting

mai

nten

ance

ac

tivit

ies.

P

oten

tial

impa

cts

to n

earb

y re

crea

tion

are

as f

rom

str

ong

vert

ical

line

s of

the

turb

ines

do

min

atin

g vi

ews

and

larg

e sw

eep

of m

ovin

g bl

ades

co

mm

andi

ng v

isua

l at

tent

ion.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al lo

ng-t

erm

impa

cts

incl

udin

g ac

cess

res

tric

tion

s du

e to

the

pres

ence

of

the

win

d tu

rbin

es, t

he s

wee

ping

m

ovem

ent o

f th

e ro

tor

blad

es, l

ight

ing

for

mar

ine

and

avia

tion

nav

igat

ion,

and

th

e la

nd/s

ea tr

ansi

tion

site

.


Summary

Tab

le S

-9b

. Su

mm

ary

of I

mp

acts

for

Uti

lity

-Sca

le R

enew

able

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

Oce

an T

herm

al E

nerg

y C

onve

rsio

n

Ph

otov

olta

ic S

yste

ms

Sola

r T

herm

al S

yste

ms

Win

d (

Lan

d-B

ased

) W

ind

(O

ffsh

ore)

P

oten

tial

intr

usio

n to

the

natu

ral s

cene

ry a

nd v

iew

shed

de

pend

ing

on th

e vi

ewer

se

nsit

ivity

. P

oten

tial

impa

cts

to th

e ni

ght

sky

for

near

by r

ecre

atio

n ar

eas

(i.e

., ca

mpg

roun

ds)

from

avi

atin

g w

arni

ng li

ghts

.L

and

an

d M

arin

e T

ran

spor

tati

on

Lan

d T

rans

port

atio

n N

one.

Sho

rt-t

erm

tran

spor

tati

on

impa

cts

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

cons

truc

tion

traf

fic.

Sho

rt-t

erm

tran

spor

tati

on

impa

cts

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

cons

truc

tion

traf

fic.

Pot

enti

al s

hort

-ter

m im

pact

s on

roa

dway

traf

fic

duri

ng

proj

ect d

evel

opm

ent (

i.e.,

tran

spor

tati

on o

f w

ind

turb

ine

com

pone

nts

such

as

the

blad

es a

nd tu

rbin

es to

the

cons

truc

tion

sit

e).

Pot

enti

al s

hort

-ter

m im

pact

s on

roa

dway

traf

fic

duri

ng

proj

ect d

evel

opm

ent (

i.e.,

tran

spor

tati

on o

f w

ind

turb

ine

com

pone

nts

such

as

the

blad

es a

nd tu

rbin

es to

the

harb

or f

or tr

ansp

ort t

o th

e co

nstr

ucti

on s

ite)

. M

arin

e T

rans

port

atio

n P

oten

tial

obs

truc

tion

im

pact

s to

mar

ine

navi

gati

on in

clud

ing

to

tour

ist c

ruis

es, p

asse

nger

fe

rrie

s, f

ishi

ng v

esse

ls

(rec

reat

iona

l and

co

mm

erci

al),

and

larg

e co

mm

erci

al c

argo

shi

ps.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

m

ilit

ary

mar

ine

oper

atio

ns,

surf

ace

and

subs

urfa

ce

navi

gati

on f

rom

bot

h fl

oati

ng a

nd s

ubm

erge

d st

ruct

ures

.

Non

e; in

stal

lati

on a

nd

oper

atio

n of

a u

tility

-sca

le P

V

syst

em w

ould

not

impa

ct

mar

ine

tran

spor

tatio

n.

Non

e; in

stal

lati

on a

nd

oper

atio

n of

a s

olar

ther

mal

sy

stem

wou

ld n

ot h

ave

any

mar

ine

tran

spor

tati

on im

pact

s as

it w

ould

be

tota

lly la

nd-

base

d.

Min

or im

pact

s on

mar

ine

tran

spor

tati

on f

rom

shi

pmen

t vi

a m

arin

e ca

rgo

ship

.

Pot

enti

al n

avig

atio

n ha

zard

s to

dom

esti

c an

d m

ilit

ary

mar

ine

tran

spor

tati

on

incl

udin

g to

mil

itary

su

bmar

ine

oper

atio

ns f

rom

un

ders

ea s

truc

ture

s (m

oori

ng

cabl

es a

nd p

ower

line

s ex

tend

ing

dow

n to

the

ocea

n fl

oor)

.

Air

spac

e M

anag

emen

t

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

m

ilit

ary

tran

spor

tati

on

oper

atio

ns (

mar

ine

surf

ace

and

avia

tion

ope

rati

ons)

.

Pot

enti

al h

azar

ds to

air

craf

t an

d pi

lots

fro

m s

unli

ght

refl

ecti

on; d

epen

dent

on

the

mag

nitu

de o

f re

flec

tion

(gl

int

and

glar

e) f

rom

sol

ar p

ower

sy

stem

s.

Pot

enti

al h

azar

ds to

bot

h m

ilit

ary

and

civi

lian

air

craf

t fr

om r

efle

ctio

ns o

f th

e co

ncen

trat

ed s

olar

pow

er

faci

lity

.

Pot

enti

al h

azar

ds to

air

spac

e na

viga

tion

, bot

h m

ilit

ary

(tra

inin

g an

d op

erat

ions

) an

d ci

vili

an (

incl

udin

g to

uris

t in

dust

ry h

elic

opte

rs/f

ix-

win

ged

airc

raft

).

Pot

enti

al h

azar

ds to

air

spac

e na

viga

tion

, bot

h m

ilit

ary

(tra

inin

g an

d op

erat

ions

) an

d ci

vili

an (

incl

udin

g to

uris

t in

dust

ry h

elic

opte

rs/f

ix-

win

ged

airc

raft

).


Summary

Tab

le S

-9b

. Su

mm

ary

of I

mp

acts

for

Uti

lity

-Sca

le R

enew

able

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

Oce

an T

herm

al E

nerg

y C

onve

rsio

n

Ph

otov

olta

ic S

yste

ms

Sola

r T

herm

al S

yste

ms

Win

d (

Lan

d-B

ased

) W

ind

(O

ffsh

ore)

P

oten

tial

impa

cts

on

appr

oach

pat

hs to

air

port

s.

P

oten

tial

air

turb

ulen

ce

haza

rds

to b

oth

mil

itar

y an

d ci

vili

an a

ircr

aft (

like

ly li

mit

ed

to lo

w a

ltitu

de a

ircr

aft i

.e.,

heli

copt

ers

or d

urin

g ta

ke-o

ffs

and

land

ings

) fr

om

Con

serv

atio

n S

tew

ards

hip

Pro

gram

pla

nts

empl

oyin

g a

dry

cool

ing

syst

em.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

avi

atio

n na

viga

tion

and

com

mun

icat

ion

syst

ems

such

as

rada

r.

Pot

enti

al h

azar

ds to

air

craf

ts

dow

nwin

d of

rot

or in

duce

d tu

rbul

ence

.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

avi

atio

n na

viga

tion

and

com

mun

icat

ion

syst

ems

such

as

rada

r.

Pot

enti

al h

azar

ds to

air

craf

ts

dow

nwin

d of

rot

or-i

nduc

ed

turb

ulen

ce.

Noi

se a

nd

Vib

rati

on

S

hort

-ter

m n

oise

and

vi

brat

ion

impa

cts

to

sens

itiv

e no

ise

rece

ptor

s,

incl

udin

g po

tent

ial i

mpa

cts

to m

arin

e m

amm

als

and

sea

turt

les.

L

ong-

term

noi

se a

nd

vibr

atio

n im

pact

s fr

om

oper

atio

n of

an

ocea

n th

erm

al e

nerg

y co

nver

sion

fa

cili

ty 3

.5 m

iles

off

-sho

re

wou

ld b

e m

inim

al w

ith

impl

emen

tati

on o

f be

st

man

agem

ent p

ract

ices

.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Ope

rati

onal

noi

se a

nd

vibr

atio

n im

pact

s fr

om la

nd-

base

d w

ind

turb

ines

wou

ld

occu

r w

hen

win

d co

ndit

ions

ar

e fa

vora

ble,

day

or

nigh

t.

Sho

rt-t

erm

noi

se a

nd

vibr

atio

n im

pact

s to

sen

sitiv

e no

ise

rece

ptor

s, in

clud

ing

pote

ntia

l im

pact

s to

mar

ine

mam

mal

s an

d se

a tu

rtle

s.

Lon

g-te

rm n

oise

and

vi

brat

ion

impa

cts

from

op

erat

ion

of w

ind

turb

ines

lo

cate

d 5

mil

es o

ffsh

ore

wou

ld b

e m

inim

al w

ith

impl

emen

tati

on o

f be

st

man

agem

ent p

ract

ices

.

Uti

liti

es a

nd

In

fras

tru

ctu

re

G

ener

al c

onst

ruct

ion

impa

cts.

P

oten

tial

ly m

oder

ate

effe

cts

to e

lect

ric

util

ities

(si

te-

spec

ific

).

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al m

inim

al im

pact

s to

el

ectr

ic u

tilit

ies

(sit

e-sp

ecif

ic).

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al m

inim

al im

pact

s to

el

ectr

ic u

tilit

ies

(sit

e-sp

ecif

ic).

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al m

inor

impa

cts

to

elec

tric

uti

liti

es (

site

-sp

ecif

ic).

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

ele

ctri

c ut

iliti

es (

site

-spe

cifi

c).

Haz

ardo

us M

ater

ials

and

Was

te M

anag

emen

t H

azar

dous

M

ater

ials

G

ener

al c

onst

ruct

ion

impa

cts.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.


Summary

Tab

le S

-9b

. Su

mm

ary

of I

mp

acts

for

Uti

lity

-Sca

le R

enew

able

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

Oce

an T

herm

al E

nerg

y C

onve

rsio

n

Ph

otov

olta

ic S

yste

ms

Sola

r T

herm

al S

yste

ms

Win

d (

Lan

d-B

ased

) W

ind

(O

ffsh

ore)

P

oten

tial

exp

osur

e to

ha

zard

ous

mat

eria

ls d

urin

g op

erat

ions

fro

m la

rge

quan

titi

es o

f am

mon

ia

and/

or c

hlor

ine

gas/

liqu

id,

incl

udin

g th

roug

h ac

cide

ntal

rel

ease

s or

leak

s.

Pot

enti

al f

or f

ires

or

expl

osio

ns f

rom

cho

rine

an

d ga

seou

s am

mon

ia

com

bina

tion

s.

Pot

enti

al e

xpos

ure

to tr

ace

amou

nts

of h

azar

dous

m

ater

ials

(i.e

., ca

dmiu

m,

sele

nium

, ars

enic

) if

pan

els

wer

e br

oken

.

P

oten

tial

haz

ardo

us m

ater

ials

im

pact

s as

soci

ated

wit

h co

nstr

ucti

on f

rom

mun

itio

n re

spon

se s

ites

and

the

pote

ntia

l use

of

batt

erie

s fo

r en

ergy

sto

rage

.

Was

te M

anag

emen

t G

ener

al c

onst

ruct

ion

impa

cts.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

P

oten

tial

haz

ardo

us w

aste

im

pact

s re

sulti

ng f

rom

trac

e am

ount

s of

cad

miu

m,

sele

nium

, or

arse

nic

if s

olar

pa

nels

are

bro

ken

and/

or

duri

ng s

olar

pan

el

deco

mm

issi

onin

g/di

spos

al.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Min

imal

con

stru

ctio

n an

d de

mol

itio

n w

aste

. P

oten

tial

impa

cts

duri

ng th

e de

com

mis

sion

ing

and

dism

antl

ing

of th

e w

ind

turb

ine

as r

esul

t of

turb

ine

rem

oval

. W

aste

wat

er

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s to

w

aste

wat

er e

fflu

ent f

rom

ad

ded

chlo

rine

.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al im

pact

s fr

om

was

tew

ater

dis

char

ge

resu

ltin

g fr

om d

ispo

sal o

f P

V

mod

ules

at t

heir

end

-lif

e,

part

icul

arly

fro

m p

oten

tial

le

achi

ng o

r co

ntam

inat

ion

from

cad

miu

m c

onta

inin

g m

ater

ials

.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n im

pact

s.

Min

or a

nd li

mit

ed

was

tew

ater

impa

cts

from

co

nstr

ucti

on a

nd d

urin

g op

erat

ions

/mai

nten

ance

ac

tivi

ties

fro

m p

erso

nnel

and

m

achi

nery

ope

rati

ons.

Soci

oeco

nom

ics

V

ery

smal

l pop

ulat

ion

and

econ

omic

ben

efits

(i.e

., fe

w

Ver

y sm

all p

opul

atio

n an

d ec

onom

ic b

enef

its (

i.e.,

few

V

ery

smal

l pop

ulat

ion

and

econ

omic

ben

efits

(i.e

., fe

w

Ver

y sm

all p

opul

atio

n an

d ec

onom

ic b

enef

its (

i.e.,

few

V

ery

smal

l pop

ulat

ion

and

econ

omic

ben

efits

(i.e

., fe

w


Summary

Tab

le S

-9b

. Su

mm

ary

of I

mp

acts

for

Uti

lity

-Sca

le R

enew

able

Tec

hn

olog

ies

and

Act

ivit

ies

(con

tin

ued

)

Res

ourc

e A

rea

Oce

an T

herm

al E

nerg

y C

onve

rsio

n

Ph

otov

olta

ic S

yste

ms

Sola

r T

herm

al S

yste

ms

Win

d (

Lan

d-B

ased

) W

ind

(O

ffsh

ore)

ne

t new

jobs

) du

ring

co

nstr

ucti

on a

nd o

pera

tion

. ne

t new

jobs

) du

ring

co

nstr

ucti

on a

nd o

pera

tion

. ne

t new

jobs

) du

ring

co

nstr

ucti

on a

nd o

pera

tion

. ne

t new

jobs

) du

ring

co

nstr

ucti

on a

nd o

pera

tion

. ne

t new

jobs

) du

ring

co

nstr

ucti

on a

nd o

pera

tion

. E

nvir

onm

enta

l Jus

tice

Sm

all p

oten

tial

impa

cts

to

the

gene

ral p

opul

atio

n.

Sit

e-sp

ecif

ic e

valu

atio

n of

im

pact

ed p

opul

atio

ns

requ

ired

.

Sm

all e

nvir

onm

enta

l jus

tice

impa

cts.

No

disp

ropo

rtio

nate

ly h

igh

and

adve

rse

impa

cts

to m

inor

ity

popu

lati

ons

or to

low

-inc

ome

popu

lati

ons

from

sol

ar

phot

ovol

taic

pan

els

oper

atio

ns.

Min

imal

pot

enti

al f

or

envi

ronm

enta

l jus

tice

impa

cts

due

to s

mal

l env

iron

men

tal

impa

cts

to g

ener

al p

opul

atio

n.

Pot

enti

al e

nvir

onm

enta

l ju

stic

e im

pact

s de

pend

ing

on

siti

ng lo

cati

on.

Sm

all p

oten

tial

for

en

viro

nmen

tal j

usti

ce

impa

cts.

Hea

lth

an

d S

afet

y

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

P

oten

tial

wor

ker

expo

sure

to

chl

orin

e an

d am

mon

ia

gase

s.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

G

ener

al c

onst

ruct

ion

and

oper

atio

n im

pact

s.

Gen

eral

con

stru

ctio

n an

d op

erat

ion

impa

cts.

G

ener

al c

onst

ruct

ion

and

oper

atio

n im

pact

s.

Pot

enti

al f

or p

ubli

c he

alth

an

d sa

fety

impa

cts

incl

udin

g to

boa

ts, b

oth

civi

lian

and

m

ilit

ary

mar

ine

vess

els,

and

to

the

publ

ic o

nsho

re in

the

unli

kely

eve

nt th

e de

vice

w

ere

dest

roye

d, d

amag

ed o

r if

the

loss

of

moo

ring

/ spa

tial

st

abil

izat

ion

wer

e to

occ

ur.

Summary


S.9 Alternatives Considered by DOE

DOE NEPA implementing regulations require that a PEIS analysis include a no-action alternative, which provides a baseline for comparison against the impacts of the proposed action. Under the no-action alternative, DOE would continue to support, through funding and other actions, the State of Hawai‘i in meeting its HCEI goals on a case-by-case basis, but without guidance to integrate and prioritize funding decisions and other actions.

Implementation of the HCEI in Hawai‘i will occur whether or not DOE develops guidance to assist in making decisions or other actions related to clean energy in Hawai‘i. Therefore, the potential environmental impacts associated with each of the renewable energy technologies likely would also occur under the no-action alternative; however, there may not be formal guidance in place that would assist DOE in taking actions that maximize the benefits of certain technologies while minimizing the potential adverse environmental impacts in important resource areas. If the goals of the HCEI are not met, the State of Hawai‘i would remain heavily dependent on fossil fuels and statutory greenhouse gas targets probably would not be met.

Preferred Alternative CEQ regulations [40 CFR 1502.14(e)] require DOE to identify its preferred alternative in this Final PEIS. DOE plans to incorporate the information presented in this PEIS into guidance that could build upon the permitting requirements, best management practices, and potential mitigation measures identified to minimize potential environmental impacts for future development of renewable energy projects and energy efficiency activities. Therefore, DOE’s proposed action is also the preferred alternative.

HAWAI‘I CLEAN ENERGY...clean energy technologies and activities into five categories: (1) Energy...

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