àH$aU àH$aU {Vgao{Vgao{Vgao g§emoYZ nÓVrg§emoYZ...
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àH aU àH aU àH aU àH aU {Vgao {Vgao {Vgao {Vgao g§emoYZ nÓVr g§emoYZ nÓVr g§emoYZ nÓVr g§emoYZ nÓVr
Transcript of àH$aU àH$aU {Vgao{Vgao{Vgao g§emoYZ nÓVrg§emoYZ...
àH$aU àH$aU àH$aU àH$aU {Vgao{Vgao{Vgao{Vgao
g§emoYZ nÓVrg§emoYZ nÓVrg§emoYZ nÓVrg§emoYZ nÓVr
àH$aU {VgaoàH$aU {VgaoàH$aU {VgaoàH$aU {Vgao
g§emoYZ nÓVrg§emoYZ nÓVrg§emoYZ nÓVrg§emoYZ nÓVr
3.1 àñVmdZm
3.2 g§emoYZmÀ`m ì`m»`m
3.3 gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço
3.4 gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMo àH$ma
3.5 g§emoYZ Aä`mg {df`
3.6 g§emoYZ {df`mMr ì`már
3.7 nydm©ä`mg
3.8 {df` {ZdS>
3.9 g¡Óm§{VH$ _m§S>Ur
3.9.1 gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m{df`H$ g¡Óm§{VH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ
3.9.2 àñVwV AÜ``ZmgmR>r bo~qbJ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMr Cn`wº$Vm
3.10 g§emoYZmMo _hÎd
3.11 g§emoYZmMr C{ÔîQ>ço
3.12 g§emoYZmMr J¥{hVHo$
3.13 g§emoYZ nÓVr
3.14 Z_wZm {ZdS>
3.15 nyd©MmMUr
3.16 KQ>H$ {ZdS>
3.17 VÏ` g§H$bZ
3.18 VÏ`m§Mo {díbofU d {Zd©MZ
3.18.1 gm§Ho${VH$sH$aU
3.18.2 dJuH$aU
3.18.3 gmaUrH$aU
3.19 g_mamon
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àH$aU {VgaoàH$aU {VgaoàH$aU {VgaoàH$aU {Vgao
g§emoYZ nÓVrg§emoYZ nÓVrg§emoYZ nÓVrg§emoYZ nÓVr
3.13.13.13.1 àñVmdZmàñVmdZmàñVmdZmàñVmdZm
{Okmgm hm _mZdmMm _yi ñd^md Amho. Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>Zm§À`m àVr _mZdmÀ`m _ZmV
Agbobr Hw$VyhbmMr ^mdZm gmVË`mZo AV¥áVoMr d {OkmgmMr am{hbobr Amho. _mZdmÀ`m àmW{_H$
AdñWonmgyZM gy`©, M§Ð, A¾r, D$Z, nmD$g, OÝ_, _¥Ë`y, yH§$n B. KQ>Zm _mZdmH$[aVm
AmíM`©H$maH$ d ahñ`_` ñdê$nmÀ`m hmoË`m. `m KQ>Zm§Mo ñdê$n OmUyZ KoÊ`mH$[aVm _mZd gVV
à`ËZerb am{hbm. Amnbr {Okmgm V¥á H$aÊ`mH$[aVm àma§{^H$ kmZàmárV Ë`mZo gmVË`mZo ^a
KmVbr. gwê$dmVrMo Ë`mMo kmZ gd©gmYmaU Agbo Var H$mbm§VamZo Ë`mMo ñdê$n g§K{Q>V hmoV
OmD$Z Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>Zm§Mr CH$b Vmo H$ê$ bmJbm. Am{X_H$mimV Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>Zm§Mm g§~§Y _mZdmZo
OmXyer bmdbm. VX²Z§Va Ë`mMm g§~§Y X¡dr BÀN>mer bmdbm Jobm. `mVyZM ZdZdrZ H$ënZm Am{U
YmaUm `mVyZ _mZdmZo g¡Óm§{VH$ {dMmaYmaoH$S>o Amnbr dmQ>Mmb gwê$ Ho$br. `mVyZM {ZJ_ZmË_H$
VH©$emó CX`mg Ambo. na§Vw Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV Ë`m {dMmaYmaoVhr n[adV©Z hmoD$Z nwT>o B§{Ð`
AZw^ddmXmMr {dMmaYmam nwT>o Ambr. `mVyZM EH$ ZdrZ ~m¡{ÓH$ MoVZm VgoM OmJ¥Vr _mZdr
g§emoYZmV§J©V odyZ {ZgJ©dmXr {dMmaYmaoMm (Naturalistic Approach) CX` Pmbm.
H$mona{ZH$gZo 1543 _Ü`o Theory of Planetary Movement Mm {gÓm§V _m§S>bm.
`mM H$mimV Ý`yQ>Z, J°{b{bAmo B. d¡km{ZH$m§Zr d¡km{ZH$ {gÓm§Vm§Mr _m§S>Ur Ho$br. hm H$mi
d¡km{ZH$ nÓVrMm H$mbI§S> g_Obm OmVmo. `mM H$mimV S>m{d©ZÀ`m {dH$mgdmXr {gÓm§VmZo _mZdr
qMVZ Am{U AÝdofU `m nÓVrbm EH$ ZdrZ {Xem àXmZ Ho$br Am{U J¥{hVH$m§da AmYm[aV
{ZJ_ZmË_H$ nÓVrMm {dH$mg Pmbm. `mM {dMmaYmaoZo à^m{dV hmoD$Z Am°JñV H$m°åVZo
gm_m{OH$emómÀ`m Aä`mgmV àË`jdmXmMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br Va B©_mBb XaIr_ `mZo
gm_m{OH$emómV {df`naËdo Aä`mg nÓVr àmYmÝ`H«$_mZo AmUbr.1
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g§emoYZ hm kmZmMm A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ Amho. _mZdr OrdZmV g§emoYZmMo _hÎd \$ma _moR>o
Amho. dV©_mZ kmZmV ZdrZ kmZmMr ^a Q>mH$Uo ho g§emoYZmMo _yb yV H$m`© Amho. A{daV g§emoYZ
Am{U Ë`mda AmYm[aV {ZîH$f© `mÛmao g_mO CÞV AdñWoV nmohMÊ`mg _XV hmoVo Am{U `mMÛmao
^{dî`H$mimV g_mOmMr CÞVr hmoÊ`mghr _XV hmoVo. gd© àH$maMr g§emoYZo hr àm_w»`mZo g_mO
OrdZmer g§~§{YV AgVmV. _mZdr OrdZmVrb, ì`dhmamVrb Am{U g¥ï>rVrb {d{dY g_ñ`m
gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r gmVË`mZo g§emoYZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. gË` emoYyZ H$mT>Uo hm g§emoYZmMm
CÔoe Amho. g_mOm_Ü`o Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` Am{U Z¡{VH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m KQ>Zm gmVË`mZo
KS>V AgVmV. Ë`mV {ZpíMV Agm H$m`©H$maU g§~§Y AgVmo. na§Vw Amnë`mbm Vmo _mhrV ZgVmo.
Ë`mVrb H$m`© Am{U H$maU^md `m§À`mVrb AÝ`moÝ` g§~§YmMo {díbofU H$ê$Z Ë`mMm emoY KoUo hm
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMm CÔoe Amho. Amnë`m AZw^dmÀ`m H$joV `oUmè`m H$moUË`mhr KQ>Zog§~§Yr Ago
H$m? hm àíZ Amnë`m _ZmV `oUo Am{U Ë`m_wio AmnU AñdñW hmoUo hrM g§emoYZmMr n{hbr
nm`ar Amho. `m àíZmMm gmVË`mZo nmR>nwamdm H$aUo, Ë`m {df`mg§~§Yr g§nyU© _m{hVr Am{U
AmH$S>odmarMo g§H$bZ H$aUo, g§H${bV _m{hVrMo emóewÓ {díbofU H$aUo, Ë`mMr nÓVera _m§S>Ur
H$aUo, Ë`mMo {Zd©MZ H$aUo, Ë`mMr H$maU_r_m§gm H$aUo Am{U Ë`mMo CÎma emoYUo `m gd© à{H«$`m§Mm
emór` gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmV g_mdoe hmoVmo.2
3.23.23.23.2 g§emoYZmÀ`m ì`m»`m g§emoYZmÀ`m ì`m»`m g§emoYZmÀ`m ì`m»`m g§emoYZmÀ`m ì`m»`m (Definitions of Research)
g§emoYZmÀ`m ì`m»`oÀ`m ñdê$nmV gd©_mÝ` ñdê$nmMr EH$M ì`m»`m AmT>iV Zmhr.
Aä`mg {df`mH$S>o g§emoYZmÀ`m {df`mH$S>o, à{H«$ oH$S>o d g§emoYZmÀ`m C{Ôï>m§H$S>o àË`oH$
Aä`mgH$mMm nmhÊ`mMm Ñï>rH$moZ doJdoJim Agë`m_wio g§emoYZmÀ`m ì`m»`o~m~V EH$_V AmT>iV
Zmhr.
1.1.1.1. do~ñQ>ado~ñQ>ado~ñQ>ado~ñQ>a
do~ñQ>aÀ`m eãXH$mofmV, ""g§emoYZ åhUOo VÏ`o dm VÎdo emoYÊ`mgmR>r H$aÊ`mV `oUmar
{M{H$Ëgm qH$dm n[ajU qH$dm EImXr Jmoï> emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r gVV d nÓVera Ho$bobo n[al_.''
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2.2.2.2. Eg. ñboqgOa Am{U E_. ñQ>rEg. ñboqgOa Am{U E_. ñQ>rEg. ñboqgOa Am{U E_. ñQ>rEg. ñboqgOa Am{U E_. ñQ>r\\\\o$ZgZo$ZgZo$ZgZo$ZgZ
""kmZmÀ`m H$jm {dñVmarV H$aUo, Ë`mMr AMyH$Vm VnmgUo Am{U {gÓm§VmÀ`m _m§S>UrgmR>r
qH$dm H$boÀ`m ì`mdhm[aH$ Cn`moJmgmR>r ho kmZ {H$VnV Cn`moJr nS>Vo ho nmhÊ`mgmR>r emór`
nÓVr emoYyZ H$mT>Uo, Ë`mMo {díbofU H$aUo Am{U gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m g§H$ënZm _m§S>Ê`mMr
ì`dpñWV nÓV åhUOo gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ hmo`.''
3. P. V. Young
"We may define social research as the systematic method of
discovering new facts of verifying old facts, their sequences
interrelationships, casual explanations and the natural laws which govern
them."3
darb gd© ì`m»`m§dê$Z ho ñnï> hmoVo H$s, gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ hr _mZdmÀ`m gm_m{OH$
OrdZmÀ`m {d{dY n¡by§Mr AÜ``Z H$aÊ`mMr EH$ d¡km{ZH$ nÓVr Amho. {OMm CÔoe gm_m{OH$
KQ>Zm qH$dm g_ñ`mÀ`m g§X^m©V ZdrZ kmZmMr àmár H$aUo hm Amho. gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmÀ`m
AmYmamda g_mOmMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr Amho åhUyZ Oa g_mO qH$dm gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m g§~§YmV
H$moUË`mhr KQ>ZoÀ`m g§X^m©V dmñV{dH$ kmZ àmá H$am`Mo Agob Va Ë`m_Ü`o A§V y©V g§~§YmÀ`m
{df`m~m~V kmZ àmá H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. WmoS>Š`mV Ago åhUVm `oB©b H$s, gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ
hr gm_m{OH$ OrdZ, A§V y©V à{H«$`m d {Z`_m§Mr EH$ d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZ nÓVr Amho.
3.33.33.33.3 gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMr d¡{eîQ>çogm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMr d¡{eîQ>çogm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMr d¡{eîQ>çogm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço4444
darb ì`m»`m§À`m AmYmao gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMr H$mhr _hÎdnyU© d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo
{deX H$aVm `oVrb.
1. gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ ho gm_m{OH$ OrdZm~m~V ZdrZ _m{hVr emoYÊ`mgmR>r hmVr
KoVbo OmVo. `m_Ü`o OwÝ`m _m{hVrMo n[ajU Ho$bo OmVo. VgoM CnbãY Agboë`m
kmZmVrb nañnag§~§Y ñnï> Ho$bm OmVmo.
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2. gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ hr gVV MmbUmar nÓVera Am{U d¡km{ZH$ à{H«$`m Amho.
`m_Ü`o gm_m{OH$ OrdZnÓVrÀ`m ZdrZ _m{hVrMm emoY KoD$Z dV©_mZ kmZmMr
H$jm dmT>{dbr OmVo.
3. gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZm_Ü`o gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§À`m (g_yh, JQ>, g§ñH¥$Vr, Y_©, g_mO,
na§nam, _Zmod¥Îmr) Aä`mg H$aVmZm ZdrZ _m{hVr, {gÓm§V d g§H$ënZm _m§S>ë`m
OmVmV.
4. gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmÛmao H$m`©H$maU g§~§Y Vnmgbm OmVmo. H$m`©H$maU g§~§Y
åhUOo XmoZ doJdoJù`m KQ>Zm§Mm nañnamer Agbobm g§~§Y hmo`. CXm. {ejUmMo
à_mU dmT>ë`mg ì`º$sMr {dMma H$aÊ`mMr {H«$`m ~XbVo åhUyZ S>m°. ~m~mgmho~
Am§~oS>H$am§Zr, ""kmZ hm {Vgam S>moim Amho Ago åhQ>bo.'' ""{eH$m, g§K{Q>V ìhm
Am{U g§Kf© H$am'' hm nañna H$m`©H$maU g§~§Y Amho. ""~mb{ddmhm_wio
bmoH$g§»`mdmT>rMo à_mU dmT>Vo.'' ""~mb{ddmh ho Hw$nmo{fV ~mbH$mÀ`m OÝ_mg
H$maUr yV R>aVmV.'' ""{ejUàgma Pmë`mg Hw$Qw>§~ {Z`moOZmMo _hÎd gm§JÊ`mMr
JaO nS>V Zmhr.'' B.
3.43.43.43.4 gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMo àH$magm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMo àH$magm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMo àH$magm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMo àH$ma5555 (Types of Social Research)
g§emoYZmMo ñdê$n, CÔoe Am{U g§emoYH$mMm Ñï>rH$moZ `m AmYmamda gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMo
_w»` XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV. Vo nwT>rbà_mUo -
1.1.1.1. _m¡{bH$ AWdm ewÓ g§emoYZ_m¡{bH$ AWdm ewÓ g§emoYZ_m¡{bH$ AWdm ewÓ g§emoYZ_m¡{bH$ AWdm ewÓ g§emoYZ
ho _yb yV ñdê$nmMo g§emoYZ hmo`. `mbmM g¡Óm§{VH$ g§emoYZ Agohr åhQ>bo OmVo.
Ho$di kmZgmYZm hmM `m g§emoYZmMm EH$_od CÔoe AgVmo. gË`mMm emoY KoUo `m g§emoYZmMo
à_wI Ü`o` AgVo. Q>r. EM. hŠgbo ho `m {gÓm§VmMo H$Å>a g_W©H$ hmoVo. ZdrZ kmZ àmá H$aUo,
kmZmV ^a Q>mH$Uo AWdm Ë`mMr d¥Ór H$aUo, CnbãY kmZmMo nwZn©arjU H$ê$Z Ë`mMo ewÓrH$aU
H$aUo hm à_wI hoVy AgVmo. Ho$di ZdrZ kmZ àmá H$ê$Z, OwÝ`m kmZmV ^a KmbyZ ZdrZ
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{gÓm§VmMr _m§S>Ur _m¡{bH$ g§emoYZmV Ho$br OmVo. åhUyZM ZdrZ {gÓm§VmMm emoY KoUo d nma§n[aH$
{gÓm§VmV {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUUo Ago XmoZ àH$mao _m¡{bH$ g§emoYZ Ho$bo OmVo.
2.2.2.2. ì`mdhm[aH$ AWdm {H«$`m{^_wI g§emoYì`mdhm[aH$ AWdm {H«$`m{^_wI g§emoYì`mdhm[aH$ AWdm {H«$`m{^_wI g§emoYì`mdhm[aH$ AWdm {H«$`m{^_wI g§emoYZ Z Z Z (Practical or Applied Research)
am°~Q>© qbS> `m§Zr `m nÓVrMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm Amho. Á`m g§emoYZmMm CÔoe ì`mdhm[aH$
Cn`moJmgmR>r kmZ àmá H$aUo hm AgVmo Ë`mg ì`mdhm[aH$ g§emoYZ Ago åhUVmV. VgoM gm_m{OH$
g§emoYZ AÜ``ZmÀ`m {ZîH$fmªZm {H«$`mË_H$ ê$n XoÊ`mÀ`m H$moUË`mhr VmËH$m{bH$ qH$dm ^mdr
`moOZm§er g§~§{YV AgVo Voìhm Ë`mg {H«$`m{^_wI g§emoYZ Ago åhUVmV. ì`mdhm[aH$ Am{U
{H«$`m{^_wI ho XmoZ eãX EH$_oH$m§er {_iVoOwiVo AmhoV. H$maU H$moUË`mhr gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m
g_ñ`m AWdm KQ>Zm§Zm ì`mdhm[aH$ VgoM {H«$`mË_H$ _hÎd AgVo. {_idboë`m kmZmMo _mZdr
OrdZmÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r ì`mdhm[aH$ Cn`moJ H$amdm ho `m nÓVrMo à_wI C{Ôï> Amho.
ewÓ d {H«$`m{^_wI g§emoYZ ho XmoÝhr EH$_oH$m§g nañna nyaH$ ñdê$nmMr AmhoV.
H$maU ZdrZ kmZ VÏ`o d OwÝ`m VÏ`m§Mm d kmZmMm nS>Vmim H$ê$Z nmhÊ`mH$S>o Ogo EH$ g§emoYZ
^a XoVo Ë`mM {R>H$mUr {H«$`m{^_wI g§emoYZ kmZmMm ì`mdhm[aH$ nmVirda dmna H$aÊ`mda ^a
XoVmo. VÎd Am{U ì`dhma `mV gm§JS> KmbUo g_mOmÀ`m Ñï>rZo EH$ H$mimMr JaO åhUyZ AmoiImdr
bmJob. VÎdkmZmbm ì`dhmamMr OmoS> {_iV Agob Va VÎdkmZ g_mOn`moJr nS>V AgVo.
åhUyZ ewÓ d {H«$`m{^_wI g§emoYZ hr EH$_oH$m§g nyaH$ R>aUmar AgVmV. `mda AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV
^a XoÊ`mV `oV Amho.
3.53.53.53.5 g§emoYZ g§emoYZ g§emoYZ g§emoYZ Aä`mg {df`Aä`mg {df`Aä`mg {df`Aä`mg {df`
àñVwV à~§YmMm {df` ""~oiJmd {OëømVrb J«m_rU _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ ""~oiJmd {OëømVrb J«m_rU _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ ""~oiJmd {OëømVrb J«m_rU _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ ""~oiJmd {OëømVrb J«m_rU _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$
g_ñ`m''g_ñ`m''g_ñ`m''g_ñ`m'' hm Amho.
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3.63.63.63.6 g§emoYZ {df`mMr ì`márg§emoYZ {df`mMr ì`márg§emoYZ {df`mMr ì`márg§emoYZ {df`mMr ì`már
àñVwV g§emoYZ {df`mMr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ì`már ~oiJmd {OëømVrb ~oiJmd, ImZmnya,
{M¸$moS>r, hþ o$ar d AWUr `m VmbwŠ`mnwaVrM _`m©{XV AgyZ {df` {df`H$ ì`már hr `m
VmbwŠ`mVrb _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m Aä`mgÊ`mnwaVrM _`m©{XV Amho.
3.73.73.73.7 nydm©ä`mg nydm©ä`mg nydm©ä`mg nydm©ä`mg (Review of Literature)
"~oiJmd {OëømVrb J«m_rU _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m' `m {df`mda
g§emoYZmË_H$ÑîQ>çm àH$me Q>mH$V AgVmZm `m {df`mMm nydm©ä`mg Aä`mgUo g§emoYH$mbm
Amdí`H$ Amho. H$maU ^maV ho ~hþ^m{fH$ amï´> AgyZ KQ>H$amÁ`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmZm ^mfm hm
KQ>H$ AmYma yV _mZbm Amho. ^maVm_Ü o ^mfoÀ`m AmYmamda KQ>H$amÁ`o {Z_m©U Pmë`m_wio Am{U
_wimVM ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr ~hw^m{fH$ Agë`mZo AZoH$ amÁ`mVrb gr_mdVu ^mJm_Ü`o ^mm{fH$
Aëng§»`mH$ {Z_m©U Pmbo Am{U Ë`mVyZM AZoH$ gr_mdmX {Z_m©U Pmbo. Ë`m_Ü`o Am§Y« d _Ðmg
(Vm{_iZmSy>), amOñWmZ d _Ü`àXoe, _hmamï´> d JwOamV, {~hma d CÎmaàXoe, n§Om~ d h[a`mZm
Am{U _hmamï´> d H$Zm©Q>H$ `m amÁ`mV§J©V ~oiJmd, H$madma, {ZnmUr `mgh gw_mao 865 IoS>r d
16 ZJao Am{U 1951 À`m OZJUZoZwgma `m àXoemVyZ 6.75 bmI bmoH$g§»`oMm _amR>r ^m{fH$
àXoe H$Zm©Q>H$_Ü`o am{hbm. _hmamï´> Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$ `m amÁ`mV§J©V AgUmè`m `m gr_mdmXmda
AZoH$ emgH$s` g{_Ë`m, Am`moJ Zo_Ê`mV Ambo hmoVo. `m g{_Ë`m§Mo d Am`moJm§Mo [anmoQ>© d Ahdmb
`m Aä`mgm_Ü`o _hÎdnyU© R>aUma AmhoV. VgoM AZoH$ {dMmad§VmZrhr `m àíZm§da Aä`mgnyU©
boIZ Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m_Ü`o
"bmoH$emhr g_mOdmXmMo amOH$maU - lr. Eg. E_. OmoetÀ`m OrdZ Am{U H$m`m©Mm
{M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg'6 `m_Ü`o g§`wº$ _hmamï´> Midi hr ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mbI§S>mV åhUOoM
""_hmamï´>mMr Apñ_Vm'' N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m H$mbI§S>mnmgyZ Vo AH$mobm H$ama,
Xma Am`moJ, Ooìhrnr g{_VrÀ`m Ahdmbmda àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm Amho. _hmË_m Jm§Yr,
gaXma nQ>ob, n§{S>V Zohê$ B. Mr ^m{fH$ àm§VaMZog§X^m©Vrb y{_H$m _m§S>br Amho. Ë`mgmR>r _amR>r
146146146146
^m{fH$m§Mr à`ËZm§Mr EH$OyQ>, gmVË` VgoM Eg. E_. Omoer `mgma»`m ~bX§S> ì`{º$_Îdm§Mo à`ËZ
Cn`moJmV Amë`mMo {XgyZ Ambo.
Ë`mM~amo~a "H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` nwZ~mªYUrVrb àemgH$s` g_ñ`m'7 YmadmS> {dÚmnrR>
(amÁ`emó, Am°JñQ> 1977) `m nrEM. S>r. nXdrgmR>r gmXa Ho$boë`m emoYà~§Ym_Ü`o Hw$bH$Uu
Ama. Ama. `m§Zr ~oiJmdgh H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$ë`m_wio àemgH$s` Á`m g_ñ`m Amë`m
Ë`m g_ñ`m§Mm D$hmnmoh Ho$bm Amho. VgoM gr_màíZmg§X^m©V {d{dY g{_Ë`m Ë`m_Ü`o Xma Am`moJ,
Ooìhrnr g{_Vr, _hmOZ g{_VrMm Ahdmb, Ë`mda gr_mdmgr`m§Zr {Xboë`m Vrd« à{V{H«$`m
_m§S>Ê`mV Amë`m AmhoV. 1951 Am{U 1961 À`m OZJUZoZwgma _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mr AgUmar
bmoH$g§»`m `mMo H$moï>H$mÛmao gyÌ~Ó[aË`m {ddoMZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
"{edgoZoMr {Z{_©Vr, dmT>, ñdê$n, `emn`e Am{U ^maVr` amOH$maUmVrb {edgoZoMo
^{dVì` `m§Mm {díbofUmË_H$ Aä`mg'8 `m _w§~B© {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m H$bm emIoVrb amÁ`emó
{df`mÀ`m nrEM. S>r. nXdrgmR>r gmXa Ho$boë`m à~§Ym_Ü`o {edgoZoMr gr_màíZmg§X^m©Vrb
y{_H$m, _hmamï´> EH$sH$aU g{_VrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {edgoZoZo doimodoir Ho$bobr Am§XmobZo, gË`mJ«h,
gr_mbT>çmgmR>r {edgoZoZo {Xbobo hþVmË_o, _hmOZ g{_Vrdarb Amjon, {damoYr nj åhUyZ
doimodoir {dYmZn[afXoV gr_màíZmg§X^m©V _m§S>Ê`mV Ambobr ~mOy B. Jmoï>tda àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho.
""H$ÞS>-_amR>r gm§ñH¥${VH$ AZw~§YmÀ`m AZwf§JmZo gr_m^mJmVrb _amR>r gm{hË`mMm
Aä`mg''9 `m_Ü`o gr_mdmX {Z{_©Vr, ^mfmdma àm§VaMZm, amÁ`nwZa©MZm _§S>i, H$Zm©Q>H$-_hmamï>
gr_mdmX, g§`wº$ _hmamï´> Midi, grm_mdmXmMo ^m{fH$, amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$, _mZgemór`
VgoM gm{hË`mdarb n[aUm_, _amR>r gr_m~m§Ydm§Mr Ý`mæ` ~mOy, H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maMr y{_H$m,
H|$Ð gaH$maMr y{_H$m, gr_màíZmÀ`m gmoS>dUyH$sgmR>r _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mo à`ËZ B. KQ>Zmd§a
g§emoYZmË_H$ AÜ``Z Ho$bo Amho.
147147147147
"_hmamï´>mMo _hm_§WZ'10
`m bmbOr n|S>go `m§À`m nwñVH$m_Ü`o 1 _o 1960 amoOr Oo
_hmamï´> amÁ` ^maVmÀ`m ZH$memda H$moabo Jobo Ë`m_Ü o ~oiJmd, H$madma, {~Xa, ^mbH$s, g§Vnya
hm gw_mao 20 bmI _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mm _wbyI g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambm Zmhr. `m _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zm
Ë`m§À`m _m`~mobrÀ`m _hmamï´> amÁ`mV A§V y©V H$aÊ`mEodOr Ë`m§Zm Jobr 55 df} Ë`m§À`m
BÀN>o{dê$Ó H$Zm©Q>H$mV S>m§~yZ R>odÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`m§Mr AdñWm "Zm Ka H$m Zm KmQ> H$m' Aer Amho.
1 _o amoOr _hmamï´>mV "_hmamï´> {XZ' gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo Va H$Zm©Q>H$mV S>m§~ë`m Joboë`m _amR>r
_mUgm§Zm 1 Zmoìh|~a H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` ñWmnZoMm {Xdg hm "H$mim {XZ' åhUyZM nmimdm bmJVmo.
Aem AdñWoV `m gr_m^mJmVrb _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mr AdñWm, Ë`m§Zm oS>gmdUmao {d{dY àíZ, Ë`m§Zm
ñdV:À`m ApñVËdmgmR>r H$amdm bmJUmam g§Kf©, H$ÞS>rJm§H$Sy>Z {_iV AgUmar hrZ dmJUyH$,
_w§~B©gh g§`wº$ _hmamï´> Am§XmobZmVrb 106 hþVmË_o, gÎmmYmè`m§Mo ñdmWu amOH$maU,
Ë`m_wio {^OV nS>bobm gr_màíZ, {d{dY gm{hË` g§_obZo, Ë`mVrb R>amd, _hmamï´> EH$sH$aU
g{_VrMr ñWmnZm, H$m`}, à`ËZ B. Jmoï>tMm D$hmnmoh `m_Ü`o n|S>go `m§Zr Ho$bm Amho.
Va "20 ì`m eVH$mVrb _hmamï´>'11
I§S> gmVdm `m `. {X. \$S>Ho$ `m§À`m nwñVH$mV
g§`wº$ _hmamï´> Midi 1948 Vo 1956 `m H$mbmdYrV _w§~B©gh g§`wº$ _hmamï´> `m ^maVr`
g§KamÁ`mVrb EH$^mfr KQ>H$amÁ`m§À`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zr Ho$boë`m Am§XmobZmMo dU©Z,
{ddoMZ d {díbofU H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a ^mfmdma àm§VaMZm Am{U g§{dYmZ
g^m, H$m±J«og loð>tMo àm§Vm~m~VMo YmoaU, Jm§Yr, Zohê$ Am{U gaXma nQ>ob `m§Mm _§w~B©gh g§`wº$
_hmamï´>mbm {damoY, Xma Am`moJ, Ooìhrnr g{_Vr VgoM `ed§Vamd MìhmUm§Mr y{_H$m, _hmamï´>mZo
h¸$ gm§{JVbobm gr_odarb ^mJ AmH$S>odmargh Z_yX H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. amÁ`nwZa©MZm
Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm, Am`moJmÀ`m gr_màíZmg§~§YrÀ`m {e\$maer `mda àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho. "H$èhoMo
nmUr' `m AmMm`© AÌo `m§À`m AmË_d¥Îmm_Ü`o g§`wº$ _hmamï´>mMo aUqeJ, _hm{Û^m{fH$ amÁ`,
g§`wº$ _hmamï´> g{_VrMr n{hbr {ZdS>UyH$ qOHy$Z _w§~B©da _hmamï´>mMm P|S>m, _w§~B© _hmamï´>mbm
{_imbr nU ~oiJmd, {ZnmUr, H$madma, ^mbH$s hm ^mJ _mÌ H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ`mVM am{hbm `m_Ü`o
fS>`§Ì H$m`? `mda qMVZmË_H$ boIZ Ho$bo.
148148148148
A°S>. am_ AmnQ>o `m§À`m "_hmamï´>-H$Zm©Q>H$ gr_mdmX'12
`m nwñVH$mVyZ gr_mdmX åhUOo
H$m`? gr_mdmXmMo ñdê$n, gr_mdmX gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo, ^m{fH$ VÎdo, _hmOZ
Am`moJ, amÁ` nwZa©MZm Am`moJ, H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maMr H$ÞS> gº$s~m~VMr n[anÌHo$, ZH$meo
BË`mXr~m~VMr _m{hVr {Xbr Amho. Va _hmamï> emgZmZo _hmamï´>-åh¡gya-Ho$ai gr_mdmX Am`moJmg
gmXa Ho$boë`m {ZdoXZmV Xma Am`moJ, Ooìhrnr g{_Vr, amÁ` nwZa©MZm Am`moJ, ^mfm d g§ñH¥$Vr
`m§À`mVrb EH${OZgrnUm, _hmamï´> emgZmMr H¡${\$`V, åh¡gyaMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ VgoM ~oiJmd {OëømMr
^m¡Jmo{bH$, Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd© y_r, gr_m^mJmV hmoUmar gm{hË` g§_obZo, Ë`mVyZ hmoUmao R>amd B.
Jmoï>tda àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho..
Jmoèho {Zb_ `m§À`m "{edYZwî`'13
`m nwñVH$m_Ü o gr_màíZmg§~§YmVrb {edgoZoMr
y{_H$m AË`§V ñnï>nUo _m§S>br Amho. {edgoZoMr ñWmnZm 1966 _Ü`o Pmbr. VoìhmnmgyZ Vo
AmOn`ªV gr_màíZmg§X^m©V Á`m Á`m doir Am§XmobZo, _moM} H$mT>bo Ë`m Ë`m doir {edgoZm
AJ«ogaM am{hbr Amho. ho {d{dY XmIbo XoD$Z ñnï> Ho$bo Amho. ^mfmdma àm§VaMZm H$m`Xm 1956
bm ApñVËdmV Ambm. Ë`mVyZM gr_màíZ {Z_m©U Pmbm. _hmOZ Am`moJmZo `m àm§VaMZoÀ`m
{e\$maer Ho$ë`m. Ë`m {e\$maer åhUOo gr_mdmgr`m§À`m H$miOmbm oJm nmS>Umè`m hmoË`m.
Ë`m nyU©nUo H$Zm©Q>H$Ym{O©Ê`m hmoË`m. H$maU Ë`m {e\$maer 1961 À`m {eaJUVrMm AmYma KoD$Z
_m§S>Ê`mV Amë`m hmoË`m. dmñV{dH$ 1951 À`m {eaJUVrMm {dMma H$aVm gr_m^mJmVrb gw_mao
1 bmI 20 hOma bmoH$g§»`on¡H$s 62 hOma bmoH$ _amR>r ^m{fH$ hmoVo. åhUOoM _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mr
g§»`m 50 Q> o$, H$ÞS>rJm§Mr 23 Q> o$ Am{U AÝ` ^m{fH$m§Mr g§»`m gw_mao 25 Q> o$ hmoVr. ~oiJmd
eha gd© ~mOy§Zr _amR>r ^m{fH$ _mUgm§ZrM doT>bobo hmoVo. nU Am`moJmZo _hmamï´>mÀ`m nmR>rV I§Ora
Iwngbm. Ë`m_wio _hmamï´>mMo _moR>o ZwH$gmZ Pmbo. AmOhr hmoV Amho. AmVmhr gr_m~m§Ydm§Mo OrdZ ho
H$ï>àX ~ZV Amho. H$ÞS>rJm§H$Sy>Z hmoUmao AÝ`m`, AË`mMma dmT>VM AmhoV B. Jmoï>tda àH$me
Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm Amho.
149149149149
VgoM "Agm bT>m Ago bT>dæ`o'14
`m nwñVH$m_Ü`o g§`wº$ _hmamï´> MidirMm B{Vhmg,
_hmamï´>mÀ`m Apñ_VogmR>r qH$~hþZm _hmamï>mgmR>r {Od§V Agon`ªV _r godm H$arZ åhUUmao
à~moYZH$ma R>mH$ao, _hmamï´>mMo ~bX§S> ì`º$s_Îd AmMm`© AÌo, Á`m§Zr gr_màíZ {Od§V R>odbm,
gr_màíZr Á`m _hmOZ Am`moJmZo Ahdmb V`ma Ho$bm Ë`m AhdmbmMr Ho$bobr {Ma\$mS> `mVyZ
{XgyZ `oVo. _hmamï´>-H$Zm©Q>H$ gr_màíZ Á`mbm AmO 55 df} nyU© hmoV AmhoV Varhr Ë`m~m~V Zm
{ZaJmR> Zm CH$b, gmam~§Xr bT>m, bT>çmMo ñdê$n, bwB©À`m AË`mMmamMm ^rfU B{Vhmg,
gr_mbT>çmVrb ~oiJmd {dÚmWu g§KmMr H$m_{Jar B. Jmoï>tda àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm Amho. H$moR>mao
A{Zb `m§À`m "AmYw{ZH$ _hmamï´>mMm B{Vhmg' `m nwñVH$m_Ü`o _hmamï´> amÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr, ñdV§Ì
_§w~B© amÁ`, g§`wº$ _hmamï´> Midi, g§`wº$ _hmamï´> g{_VrMr ñWmnZm, OiJmd n[afX, AH$mobm
H$ama, Xma H${_eZ, S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§Zr Xma H${_eZbm Ho$bobo {ZdoXZ, B§{Xam Jm§Yr
Am{U g§`wº$ _hmamï´> Midi, eoVH$ar H$m_Jma nj Am{U g§`wº$ _hmamï´> Midi, Ooìhrnr g{_Vr,
ZmJnya H$ama, 1953 Mm amÁ` nwZa©MZm Am`moJ B. KQ>H$m§da g§emoYZmË_H$ÑîQ>çm àH$me
Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm Amho.
"gZmVZ à^mV'15
_Ü`o _hmamï´> Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$ gr_mdmXmVyZ {Z_m©U Pmboë`m g_ñ`m§da
àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho. gr_m^mJ hm dmXJ«ñV àXoe Agë`mZo VoWo drO, nmUr, añVo, {ejU
AmXr gw{dYm nwa{dÊ`mH$S>o emgZmZo Xwb©j Ho$ë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. Va H$ÞS> gº$s_wio VoWrb
Vê$U {Zê$n`mo{JVoÀ`m VUmdm_wio ì`gZm{YZVoH$S>o diyZ Ë`mVM Jwa\$Q>V Mmbbo AmhoV.
Ë`m§Zr gr_m^mJmVrb _amR>r OZVobm Ë`m§À`m KQ>ZmË_H$ A{YH$mam§nmgyZhr d§{MV R>odë`mZo
Ë`m§À`mM ñdV§Ì XoemV Ë`m§Zm Xwb©{jV OrdZ OJmdo bmJV Amho. Ë`m_wio ^{dî`mV
ZjbdmXmgmaIr amï´>mg KmVH$ g_ñ`mhr {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vo. Ë`m_wio `m dmXmda VmoS>Jm H$mT>Uo
XmoÝhr amÁ`m§À`m {hVmMo R>aob Ago åhQ>bo Amho.
150150150150
"`w{ZH$ \$sMg©'16
`m_Ü`o "H$mÌrVb§ ~oiJmd' `m boImV gr_m^mJmV _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mr
g§»`m A{YH$ AgyZ VoWrb g§ñH¥$Vr AmOhr OnÊ`mMm à`ËZ _amR>r ^m{fH$ H$aVmV ho {d{dY
KQ>Zm§dê$Z ñnï> Ho$bo Amho. ~oiJmdMo Mm¡H$, añË`m§Mr, Jëë`m§Mr Zmdo, _§{Xao, XwH$mZm§darb \$bH$,
Ym{_©H$ gU, g_ma§^, gm§ñH¥${VH$ XodmUKodmU, Xadfu gr_m^mJmV hmoV AgUmar _amR>r gm{hË`
g§_obZo, _amR>r dmMZmb`o, _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌo d Ë`m§Mm In `m Jmoï>tda àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho.
Va A{bH$S>o 1986 À`m H$ÞS>gº$s_wio emim, _hm{dÚmb`o, ImOJr dm gaH$mar H$m`m©b`o
`m_Ü`o H$ÞS>Mm dmna, XwH$mZm§Mo \$bH$, ~gdarb \$bH$ H$mZS>rV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio _amR>r
^m{fH$m§Mo OrUo Oar hbmIrMo ~ZV Agbo Var AmOMr ZdrZ {nT>r H$ÞS> AmË_gmV H$aV
Agë`mZo _amR>r-H$ÞS> gm§ñH¥${VH$ AZw~§Y {Z_m©U hmoV Agë`mMo åhQ>bo Amho.
"~oiJmd gr_màíZ Zo_H$m Amho Var H$m`?'17
`m boImV H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ`H$ma^ma ^mfm
H$m`Xm 1963 Zwgma H$ÞS> hr amÁ`^mfm åhUyZ Omhra Pmbr Agbr Var g§{dYmZmVrb
29 d 30 H$b_m§Zwgma Á`m {OëømV 15% nojm OmñV bmoH$ amÁ`^mfoVa _mV¥^mfm AgUmao
AmhoV, Ë`m§À`mgmR>r n`m©` åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m ^mfon¡H$s H$moUË`mhr ^mfoMr amÁ`H$ma^ma ^mfm åhUyZ
VaVyX Ho$br Jobr Zgë`mZo gXa H$m`Xm amÁ`^mfm Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$ emgZmZo Ë`m H$m`X`mg§~§Yr
àH$m{eV Ho$bobr n[anÌHo$ Am{U AmXoe ho gd© ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$m§À`m g§X^m©V amï´>r`
YmoaUm§À`m {dê$Ó, KQ>Zm{dê$Ó R>aVmV. Ë`m_wio AmO emio_Ü`o H$ÞS> ^mfm {eH$Ê`mMr BÀN>m
ZgUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm gº$sZo {df` XoUo åhUOo KQ>ZoZo XoemMo ZmJarH$ åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm ~hmb
Ho$boë`m ì`{º$ñdmV§Í`mdaM JXm AmUÊ`mgmaIo Amho Ago åhQ>bo Amho. Ë`mnwT>o OmD$Z Jm`H$dmS>
`m§Zr AmOhr ~oiJmdÀ`m EHy$U bmoH$g§»`o_Ü`o 54.7% _amR>r, 15.8% CXy©-_amR>r Am{U
23.8% H$ÞS> ^m{fH$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. CXy©-_amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mm g_mdoe _amR>r ^m{fH$m§_Ü o
Ho$ë`mg Vmo AmH$S>m 70% À`m Amgnmg OmVmo. Va ~oiJmdmVrb _hmZJanm{bHo$H$S>o XáamVrb
Zm|Xr_Ü o 80% XwH$mZo _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mr AmhoV, añVo, dmS>çm, Mm¡H$ `m§Mr Zmdo _amR>rM AmhoV.
ehamV 8 _amR>r Va 2 H$ÞS> X¡{ZHo$ AmhoV. Ago AgVmZm H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma ~oiJmddaVr Amnbm
h¸$ H$moUË`m BamÚmZo gm§Jy eH$Vo Ago åhQ>bo Amho.
151151151151
darbà_mUo _hmamï´>-H$Zm©Q>H$ gr_màíZmg§X^m©V AZoH$ g§emoYH$m§Zr VgoM gm{hpË`H$,
nÌH$ma, ZoVo BË`mXtZr `mg§X^m©V Amnbr {d{dY _Vo _m§S>br AmhoV. 1956 nmgyZ AmOVmJm`V
H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maH$Sy>Z _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mr hmoUmar ggohmobnQ>, ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$ AgyZhr
Ë`mH$S>o H$Zm©Q>H$Mo Om{Udnyd©H$ Xwb©j, gr_màíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r _hmamï´> EH$sH$aU g{_VrMr
bmoH$emhr _mJm©Zo AZoH$ Am§XmobZo, gr_m^mJmVrb ^m{fH$ aMZm, _amR>r ^m{fH$m§da hmoUmao AÝ`m`,
AË`mMma BË`mXtda dñVy{Zð> Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV Amë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. _mÌ EHy$U
H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ`mV Aëng§»`mH$ åhUyZ _amR>r ^m{fH$ OZVm hr ~oiJmd {OëømV Aëng§»`mH$
Zmhr H$maU ~oiJmd, ImZmnya, {ZnmUr, {M¸$moS>r d AWUr `m nmM VmbwŠ`mV {Zåå`mnojm A{YH$
bmoH$g§»`m hr _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mr AgyZ AmOn`ªV gd©M ñVamda Ë`m§Mo dM©ñd {XgyZ `oVo.
na§Vw H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zm Aëng§»`mH$ R>a{dbo. na§Vw Aëng§»`mH$m§Mo h¸$ d
A{YH$ma `m§Mo g§dY©Z Z H$aVm `m bmoH$emhr ^maVmV Ë`m§À`m h¸$m§da JXm AmUyZ Ë`m§Mo OrdZM
CÜdñV H$aÊ`mMm KmQ> Mmb{dë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. 1986 À`m H$ÞS> gº$sZo Va gr_m^mJmVrb
_amR>r ^mfm, g§ñH¥$Vr d Apñ_VmM Zï> H$aÊ`mMm OUy {dS>mM H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo KoVë`mMo darb
_m§S>UrVyZ {XgyZ `oVo. Va {d{dY {dÚmnrR>m§VyZ darb {df`mg§X^m©V g§emoYZ H$aÊ`m~amo~aM
AZoH$ {dMmad§VmZr nwñVHo$, J«§Wñdê$nmV `m {df`mda àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho. Va gmYZm,
bmoH$amÁ`, à~moYZ àH$meZ Á`moVr B. gma»`m {Z`VH$m{bH$m§_YyZ, X¡{ZH$ dV©_mZnÌmVyZ VgoM
g§Ho$VñWim§dê$Z _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m g_ñ`m§~Ôb {d{dY A§JmZr àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm Amho.
C„oI H$aÊ`mgmaIr ~m~ åhUOo gr_màíZmg§X^m©Vrb _wInÌ åhUyZ ~oiJmd `oWyZ àH$m{eV
hmoUmao X¡{ZH$ Vê$U ^maV dV©_mZnÌ `m_YyZ gr_màíZmÀ`m {Z{_©VrnmgyZ Vo AmOVmJm`V
KS>boë`m gd© KQ>Zm§da àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm Amho.
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3.83.83.83.8 {df` {ZdS> {df` {ZdS> {df` {ZdS> {df` {ZdS> (Selection of Topic)
Mother tongue is the language of heart Ago Eg. Q>r. H$mobarO `m§Zr åhQ>bo
Amho. `m_Ü`oM _mV¥^mfoMo _hÎd ñnï> hmoVo. XmoZ _Vm§Zm EH${ÌV AmUÊ`mMo gm_Ï`© _mV¥^mfoV
AgVo. `mgmR>r Á`m§Mr ^mfm g_mZ, Ë`m§Zm EH$_oH$m§er g§nH©$ gmYUo, ì`dhma H$aUo ghO eŠ`
hmoVo. ^mfm EH$_oH$m§_Ü`o {Oìhmù`mMo g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$aVo. {dMmamoº$s, {dMmam{^_wIVm, {dMma
g_OmdyZ KoUo ho ^mfo_wioM eŠ` hmoVo. {dMmam§Zm MmbZm XoÊ`mH$[aVm, {dMma n«JQ>ZmH$[aVm Am{U
d¡Mm[aH$ XodmUKodmU Am{U Ë`m_YyZ {dH$mg gmYÊ`mgmR>r ^mfm Cn`moJr nS>Vo. Ë`m_wio ^mfm ho
gm_m{OH$ Am§Vaì`dhmamMo gmYZ Amho. ^mfoMo _hÎd {deX H$aVmZm lr. am. gr. gam\$ `m§Zr
åhQ>bo Amho, ^mfm ho Vr ^mfm Á`m g_mOmV dmnabr OmVo Ë`m g_mOmVrb gXñ`m§Mo nañna
ì`dhmamMo gmYZ Amho. g_mZ ^mfo_wio g_mOmMo ì`dhma gwb^ hmoVmV. g_mOmVrb KQ>H$
EH$_oH$m§er g§~§Y R>ody eH$VmV Am{U {dMmam§Mr XodmUKodmU hmoD$ eH$Vo. emgZmMr ^mfm d
g_mOmMr ^mfm EH$ Agë`mg OZVobm emgZm~Ôb AmnwbH$s dmQ>Vo. emgZmMm H$ma^ma OZVoÀ`m
gd© KQ>H$m§Zm g_OUo eŠ` hmoVo A{U emgZmV OZVoMo à{V{ZYr Amë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zm àemgZ$
H$aVmZm ^mfoMo AS>ga amhV ZmhrV. EH$_oH$m§er g§~§Y R>odUo hr Or g_mOmMr EH$ _hÎdmMr JaO
Amho Vr g_mZ ^mfo_wio eŠ` hmoVo.18
^mfoMo g_mOOrdZm_Ü`o Agbobo ñWmZ bjmV KoD$ZM ^maVm_Ü`o Á`m AZoH${dY ^mfm
~mobUmao bmoH$g_yh AmhoV Ë`m§À`m {dH$mgmMm àíZ Ë`m Ë`m g§X^m©V VnmgyZ nmhUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.
`m_YyZ EH$M g_mZ ^mfm ~mobUmè`m OZg_yhmMm EH$ {d{eï> àm§V V`ma Ho$ë`mg {dH$mgmg
MmbZm {_iob hm {dMma ~{bð> hmoV Jobm. ^maVm_Ü`o {~«Q>reH$mimV ^mfmdma àm§VaMZm ìhmdr
`mgmR>rM {dMma _m§S>bo OmV hmoVo. 1912 À`m g oV åhUOoM H$m±J«ogÀ`m A{YdoeZmV _w§~B©
BbmŠ`mVyZ qgYr ^mfH$m§Zm doJio H$mTy>Z Ë`m§Mo doJio EH$ ñdV§§Ì amÁ` ~Zdmdo Aer gyMZm _m§S>br
hmoVr. Ë`mM~amo~a _w§~B© àm§VmVyZ VobJy ^mfH$m§Zm doJio H$mTy>Z Ë`m§Mo doJio VobJy ^mfH$ amÁ` H$amdo
Agohr gwMdbo Jobo. nU `mMm {ZU©` Pmbm Zmhr. gZ 1920 _Ü`o ZmJnyamV ^aboë`m amï´>r`
153153153153
g oV nwÝhm ^mfmdma àm§VaMZoMm _wÔm MM}bm Ambm. gmh{OH$M ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va ^mfmdma àm§VaMZoMo
VÎd pñdH$mê$Z Ë`mZwgma àm§VmMr Zì`mZo aMZm H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m doJmZo gwê$ Pmbr. 1928 gmbr
Zohê$ g{_VrZo qgY àm§VmMr {e\$mag H$aVmZm EH$^mfr àXoe d bmoHo$ÀN>oMm AmYma KoVbm hmoVm.
_m±Q>o½`y-Moåg\$moS>© AhdmbmZo {ÛXb emgZ nÓVrMm (1918) nm`m KmVbm. `m AhdmbmV
{dYr_§S>imMo H$m_H$mO àmXo{eH$ ^mfoVyZ A{YH$ gwairVnUo H$aVm `oB©b Ago à{VnmXZ Ho$bo.
1931 _Ü`o ^maV gaH$maZo Zo_boë`m "AmoS>moZob' g{_VrZo ^mfo~amo~a OZVoÀ`m BÀN>obm àmYmÝ`
XoD$Z C{S>`m ^m{fH$ àXoemÀ`m Amo[agm àm§VmMr {e\$mag Ho$br. {Oëhm n[afX g{_VrZo 1949
gmbr gmXa Ho$boë`m Amnë`m AhdmbmV `m Am`moJmZo ì`º$ Ho$boë`m _Vm§Zm gd©gmYmaU g§_Vr
Xe©dbr Agbr Var OZVoÀ`m AmJ«hr ^mdZm§Mr XIb KoVbr Amho. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va bmoH$m§_Ü o
Pmbobr amOH$s` OmJ¥Vr d _hÎdmÀ`m àmXo{eH$ ^mfm§Mo dmT>Vo _hÎd `m§Mo n`©dgmZ hiyhiy ^m{fH$
AmYmamda H$mhr {d{eï> amÁ`m§À`m {Z{_©VrMr _m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mV Ambr. 1952 gmbr Am§Y«
amÁ`mÀ`m _mJUrgmR>r lr. nmoÅ>r lram_y„y `m§Zr CnmofU H$ê$Z XohË`mJ Ho$bm. Ë`m_wio gaH$maMo
YmoaU ^mfmdma àm§VaMZobm AZwHy$b hmoD$Z 1 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1953 amoOr Am§Y«àXoeMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr.
^maV gaH$maZo 1953 _Ü`o amÁ`m§À`m nwZa©MZoMr VnmgUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ` nwZa©MZm
Am`moJmMr {Z`wº$s Ho$br. Am`moJmZo Ho$boë`m {e\$maer {dMmamV KoD$Z 1956 gmbr 14 amÁ`o d
6 H|$Ðem{gV àXoem§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. `m_Ü`o _amR>r d JwOamWr ^m{fH$m§À`m _w§~B© {Û^m{fH$
amÁ`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm. 1 _o 1960 amoOr _w§~B© {Û^m{fH$ amÁ`m_YyZ _hmamï´> d JwOamV amÁ o
{Z_m©U Pmbr. Varhr ~oiJmd, H$madma, {~Xa d Jwb~Jm© {OëømVrb 16 ZJao d 865 IoS>çm§Mm
_amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mm y^mJ H$Zm©Q>H$_Ü`o am{hbm. gd©gmYmaUnUo 35 bmI bmoH$g§»`oÀ`m `m
^mJmVrb OZVoZo _hmamï´> amÁ`m_Ü`o OmÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$emhr _mJm©Zo {d{dY Am§XmobZo Ho$br.
1 Zmoìh|~a 1956 amoOr åh¡gya (H$Zm©Q>H$)amÁ`mV g_m{dï> Pmboë`m `m _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m
gr_m^mJmV 1946 gmbr _hmamï´> EH$sH$aU g{_VrMr ñWmnZm Pmbr. `m g{_VrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
gr_m^mJ _hmamï´>mV g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zr doimodoir gË`mJ«h, haVmi,
CnmofU, ~§S> B. _mJmªMm Adb§~ Ho$bm. VgoM _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zr ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWmnmgyZ Vo
154154154154
g§gXoÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$mn`ªVÀ`m AZoH$ {ZdS>UwH$m qOH$ë`m d gr_m^mJ _hmamï´>mVM g_m{dï> ìhmdm ho
bmoH$emhr _mJm©Zo XmIdyZ {Xbo. Jobr 58 df} hm gr_màíZ gwQ>bobm Zmhr. _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mr
g§ñH¥$Vr, ê$T>r, na§nam, gm_m{OH$ OS>UKS>U `m ~m~r H$ÞS>^mfm Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$ `m§À`mer
EH${OZgrnUmZo R>ê$ eH$V ZmhrV Va H$Zm©Q>H$ emgZ Amnë`m H$ÞS> ^mfoÀ`m àgmamgmR>r d
Apñ_VogmR>r doJdoJù`m _mJm©Zo H$ÞS> gº$s H$aV Amho. AmO gaH$mar H$m`m©b`o, nmobrg,
H$moQ>©H$Moar, BboŠQ´>rH$ {d^mJ, emim, _hm{dÚmb`o, _hgyb {d^mJ, XdmImZo, n[adhZ {d^mJ B.
VyZ gd© H$mJXnÌo, \$bH$, ZmoQ>rer `m H$ÞS>_YyZM Agë`mZo `m V_m_ _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zm AZoH$
g_ñ`m§Zm gm_moao Omdo bmJV Amho. AmO Ë`m§Mr AdñWm ""Zm Ka H$m Zm KmQ> H$m'' Aer Pmbr
Amho.
_r gr_mbJV ^mJmOdirb a{hdmgr Agë`mZo Am{U gr_m^mJmVrb bmoH$m§er doJdoJù`m
H$maUm§Zr Amboë`m g§~§Ym_wio `m bmoH$m§Mo g_ñ`mJ«ñV OrdZ OdiyZ AZw^dV Amho.
ñdV: _bmgwÓm `m gr_màíZmMr Pi nmohMVM Amho. Ë`m_wio H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maH$Sy>Z `m _amR>r
^m{fH$m§da hmoUmao AÝ`m`, Ë`m§Zm oS>gmdUmè`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m§Mm g§emoYZmË_H$ Aä`mg
H$aÊ`mMr Ñï>r _bm gVV OmJ¥V H$aV Amho. åhUyZ _r g§emoYZmgmR>r `m {df`mMr {ZdS> Ho$br
Amho.
3.93.93.93.9 g¡Óm§{VH$ _m§S>Urg¡Óm§{VH$ _m§S>Urg¡Óm§{VH$ _m§S>Urg¡Óm§{VH$ _m§S>Ur
g_mOemó ho gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmMo d¡km{ZH$ nÓVrZo Aä`mg H$aUmao emó åhUyZ
AmoiIbo OmV Agbo Var gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmMr g§H$ënZm hr A{Ve` pŠbï> d Jw§VmJw§VrMr Amho.
`m gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmMm dñVw{Zð> Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMm AZoH$ {dMmad§Vm§Zr à`ËZ Ho$bobm
Amho. _mZdr {dídmV AZoH$ ~è`mdmB©Q> KQ>Zm KS>V AgyZ Ë`mMo AZoH$ ~aodmB©Q> n[aUm_ _mZdmda
hmoV AgVmV. {ZgJ© {Z`_m§Zwgma KS>Umè`m KQ>Zm dm KS>m_moS>tMr gË`Vm dm dmñVdVm emoYyZ
H$mT>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ogm AZoH$ emókm§Zr d g§emoYH$m§Zr Ho$bm Amho Vgm _mZdr OrdZmV KS>Umè`m
KQ>Zm dm KS>m_moS>r, g_ñ`m§Mr dmñVdVm emoYyZ H$mTy>Z _mZdr OrdZ A{YH$ gwb^, gwIr, g_¥Ó
155155155155
d g§nÞ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ {dMmad§V, g_mOemók d _mZdd§eemókm§Zr Ho$bm
Amho. Ë`mgmR>r AZoH$ g_mOemór` {gÓm§Vm§Mo à{VnmXZ Ho$bo Amho. Aem {gÓm§V{Z{_©VrÀ`m
à{H«$`oV g§emoYZmÀ`m nÓVr, V§Ìo, VÏ` g§H$bZmMo {d{dY _mJ©, VÏ` {díbofUmÀ`m nÓVr B. _Ü o
gwYmaUm H$ê$Z gm_m{OH$ gË` dm dmñVdVoMm Ame` {deX H$aUmar AZoH$ {dYmZo _m§S>br OmD$
bmJbr. Aem àH$maÀ`m {dYmZm§Zm {_iyZ T>mo~i_mZmZo g¡Óm§{VH$ {dYmZo qH$dm emór` {dYmZo Aer
g§km {Xbr OmVo.
gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm, KS>m_moS>r dm g_ñ`og§X^m©V Or VÏ`o g§H${bV H$aVmo Vr AZw^dm{Y{ð>V
Agbr nm{hOoV. qH$~hþZm emór` kmZmMm CJ_ hm _mZdmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ {dídmVyZ hmoV AgVmo
Ago _V Oo. E. Wm°_gZ `m§Zr 'Introduction to Science' `m J«§WmV Z_yX Ho$bobo Amho.19
nU Ago Agbo Var gm_m{OH$emómV AZw^dm{Y{ð>V kmZmbm VH©$ewÓVoMr, ~w{Óàm_mÝ`VoMr d
dñVw{Zð>VoMr Ooìhm OmoS> {Xbr OmVo Voìhm§M emídV kmZmMr _m§S>Ur H$aVm `oVo Ago Wm°_gZ `m§Mo
_V Amho.
_mZdr gm_m{OH$ OrdZmVrb KQ>Zm, KS>m_moS>r, g_ñ`m d gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr{df`r
d¡km{ZH$ nÓVrZo AÜ``Z H$ê$Z gm_m{OH$ dmñVdVoMm emoY KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Am°JñV H$m°åV `m§Zr
18 ì`m eVH$mV Ho$bm. Ë`m§À`m _Vo EH$mM àH$maÀ`m d {d{dY àH$maÀ`m KQ>Zm AWdm g_ñ`m
{d{dY {R>H$mUr Oar KS>V Agë`m Var Ë`mnmR>r_mJMr H$maUo, Ë`m§À`m n[aUm_H$maH$VoMr Vrd«Vm
àË`oH$ H$mimVë`m g_mOì`dñWoV {^Þ {^Þ Agbobr {XgyZ `oVmV. H$maU Xoe, H$mb d
n[apñWVrZwê$n KQ>Zm§À`m ñdê$nmV d¡{dÜ`Vm AmT>iVo. Ë`mgmR>r g_mOemók, {dMmad§V `m§Zr
Ë`m KQ>Zm, g_ñ`o~m~VMr IarIar _m{hVr g§H${bV H$ê$Z Ë`mMo {díbofU H$ê$Z Ë`m~m~V
gm_m{OH$ dmñVdVm emoYUo Am{U AMyH$ {gÓm§VmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo `mda ^a {Xbm Amho.
_mZdr OrdZmV KS>Umè`m Aem {d{^Þ KQ>Zm§Mo ñdê$n, Ë`mVrb {^ÞVm, Vrd«Vm, n[aUm_H$maH$Vm
OmUyZ KoD$Z Ë`m§Mm dñVw{Zð>nUo Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r g_mOemómV {d{dY {gÓm§V _m§S>bo AmhoV.
g_mOemók Q>m°bH$m°Q> nmg©Ýg `m§Zr ""Essays on Sociological Theory" `m J«§WmV
156156156156
AZw^dmÀ`m AmYmamda EImÚm ñdV§Ì d Vm{H©$H$ g§H$ënZm§Mr Ho$bobr _m§S>Ur åhUOoM {gÓm§V
hmo`.''20
g_mOemór` {gÓm§Vm~m~V H$moUmhr g_mOemókm§Mo, _mZdd§eemókm§Mo d {dMmad§VmMo
EH$_V Zmhr qH$dm EImXm {gÓm§V {d{eï> gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm d g_ñ`oMo dmñVd AÜ``Z H$aÊ`mg
n[anyU© Amho Ago åhUVm `oUma Zmhr. Ë`m_wio gm_m{OH$emómVrb KQ>Zm, g_ñ`m§Mo ñdê$n,
pŠbï>Vm {dMmamV KoD$Z H$mb, n[apñWVr g§X^m©V Ë`m Ë`m KQ>Zoda, AZw^dmda g§emoYZmÀ`m
AmYmao dñVw{Zð> Aä`mg OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ AZoH$ nmíMmË` d AmYw{ZH$ {dMmad§VmZr Ho$bobm
{XgyZ `oVmo.
àñVwV Aä`mg{df` hm ""~oiJmd {OëømVrb J«m_rU _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$
g_ñ`m'' `m {df`mer g§~§{YV AgyZ `m_Ü`o 1956 nmgyZ ~oiJmd {OëømVrb ~oiJmd,
ImZmnya, {M¸$moS>r, AWUr d hþ o$ar `m nmM VmbwŠ`mVrb _amR>r ~hþ^m{fH$ bmoH$m§Zm oS>gmdUmè`m
{d{dY gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m d Ë`mMo _mZdr g_mOmda hmoUmao n[aUm_ `mda g§emoYZmË_H$ àH$me
Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm AgyZ VoWrb _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§~m~V dñVw{Zð> Aä`mg
H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY g¡Óm§{VH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ _m§S>Ê`mV Ambo AmhoV.
3.9.13.9.13.9.13.9.1 gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m{df`H$ g¡Óm§{VH$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZgm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m{df`H$ g¡Óm§{VH$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZgm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m{df`H$ g¡Óm§{VH$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZgm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m{df`H$ g¡Óm§{VH$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZ
g_mOemór` AÜ``ZmV gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§{df`rMm EH$_od Ñ{ï>H$moZ AmT>iV Zmhr.
H$maU gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo O{Q>b ñdê$n, Jw§VmJw§V, pŠbï> gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y bjmV KoVm gd©M
g_ñ`m§Mo {díbofU EH$mM {gÓm§VmÀ`m AmYmao H$aUo eŠ` Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Aem gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo
AÜ``Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY Ñ{ï>H$moZ _m§S>Ê`mV Ambo AmhoV. Vo nwT>rbà_mUo -
1.1.1.1. gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>ZmË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$ZmË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$ZmË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$ZmË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmoZmoZmoZ
gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>ZmVyZM gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV `mda hm Ñ{ï>H$moZ ^a XoVmo.
hm Ñ{ï>H$moZ gd©àW_ S>ãë`y. Am`. Wm°_g d âbmoaoZ P°{ZH$s `m§Zr (X nmobre {nP§Q> BZ `wamon
A°ÝS> A_o[aH$m) _m§S>bm. B. g. 19 ì`m d 20 ì`m eVH$mV bmoH$g§»`oMo ñWbm§Va, ZJam§Mr dmT>
157157157157
Am{U H$maImZm CËnmXZ nÓVrMm àgma `m VrZ H$maUm§_wio wamon d A_o[aHo$V na§namJV Aem
g_mOaMZo_Ü`o Am_ybmJ« n[adV©Z KSy>Z Ambo. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ {d{dY gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U
Pmë`m.
_mZd g_mO hm n[adV©Zerb Amho. H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m H$aUm§Zo g_mOmV n[adV©Z KSy>Z
`oVo.Ë`m_who n[adV©Z ho àË oH$ g_mOmMo A{d^mÁ` A§J Amho. n[adV©Zm_wio g_mOmVrb ê$T>r,
na§nam, {dídmg, AmMma-{dMma, gd`r Am{U JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mÀ`m nÓVr `m_Ü`o ~Xb hmoV ZgyZ
g_mOnaËdo Ë`m_Ü`o Ag_mZVm AmT>iVo. `mMm n[aUm_ g_mOì`dñWoda hmoVmo. Am{U Ë`mVyZM
gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z KSy>Z `oVo. Ago Agbo Var H$moUVmhr g_mO nyU©nUo {dK{Q>V ZgVmo Va Ë`m
g_mOmV g§KQ>Zhr AgVo. g§KQ>Z åhUOo g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY ^mJm_Ü`o Am{U H$m`m©_Ü`o g_Ýd`,
gmVË` Am{U gOJVm AgUo hmo`. `mgmR>r g_mOm_Ü`o à^mdr H$m`© H$aV Agbobr {Z`_ZmË_H$
ì`dñWm Agbr nm{hOo. `mdê$Z E{b`Q> d _o[ab `m§Zr gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Z åhUOo "gm_m{OH$
g§~§YmVrb gwg§dmX' Ago åhQ>bo Amho. `mgmR>r gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zm§Mr ì`dñWm hr AË`§V _hÎdmMr
_mZbr OmVo. {Z`_Zm§Mo AmË_gmVrH$aU àË`oH$ ì`{º$À`m ì`{º$_ËdmV, g_mOrH$aUmÛmao Ho$bo
Agbo nm{hOoV. nU Á`mdoiobm gXmof g_mOrH$aU KSy>Z `oD$Z, gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zm§À`m nmbZm§Mo
_hÎd H$_r hmoVo Aemdoir {Z_m©U hmoUmar n[apñWVr hr gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Zmg nmofH$ R>aVo.
`mg§X^m©V Wm°_g Am{U P°{ZH$s `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho H$s, "ì`º$s qH$dm g_yhmÀ`m dV©Zmda {Z`§ÌU
àñWm{nV H$aUmar {Z`§ÌUmË_H$ ì`dñWm H$_Hw$dV hmoUo qH$dm _moS>H$irg `oUo åhUOoM gm_m{OH$
{dKQ>Z KSy>Z `oUo hmo`.'21
gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z ho g_mOmÀ`m ñW¡`m©bm Am{U {dH$mgmbm hmZrH$maH$ R>aVo.
VgoM g_mOmMo KQ>H$ Agboë`m ì`º$s, g_yh, g§ñWm, g§KQ>Zm `m§À`mhr H$m ©j_Vobm KmVH$ R>aVo
d g§~§{YV KQ>H$m§H$Sy>Z {Z`_Zmê$n dV©Z KS>yZ `oV Zmhr. n[aUm_r Ë`mVyZ d¡`{º$H$, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$
Am{U g_wXm` {dKQ>Zmgma»`m g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV. g_mO ApñWa ~ZVmo, H$m`Xm gwì`dñWm
{Ii{Iir ~ZVo. bmoH$m§Mm gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zm§daMm {dídmg CS>Vmo. Ë`m_wio Aer n[apñWVr doirM
158158158158
~XbyZ g_mOm_Ü`o Zì`mZo g§KQ>Z àñWm{nV H$ê$Z g_mO H$m`©àdU R>odUo AË`mdí`H$ AgVo.
Ë`mgmR>r gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zm§Mr H$R>moa A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo, Ë`mgmR>r AMyH$ _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo Am{U
àË`oH$ KQ>H$m§Mo g_mOrH$aU KS>dyZ AmUyZ g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY ^mJmV `mo½` Vmo g_Ýd`o gmYbm
Jobm nm{hOo Ago Cnm` {dKQ>ZdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m AmYmamda gwM{dbo OmVmV.
2.2.2.2. gm_m{OH$ {dH¥${Vemór` Ñ{ï>H$moZgm_m{OH$ {dH¥${Vemór` Ñ{ï>H$moZgm_m{OH$ {dH¥${Vemór` Ñ{ï>H$moZgm_m{OH$ {dH¥${Vemór` Ñ{ï>H$moZ
Ordg¥ï>rÀ`m CËnÎmr d {dH$mgmMo ñnï>rH$aU H$aUmè`m `m CËH«$m§VrdmXmÀ`m {gÓm§VmMm
à^md h~©Q>© ñnoÝgagma»`m gm_m{OH$ {dMmad§Vm§da nS>bm. ñnoÝgaZo hr H$ënZm g_mOmbm bmJy
H$ê$Z Ordmà_mUo g_mOmMm {dH$mgXoIrb gmYonUmH$Sy>Z Jw§VmJw§VrH$S>o hmoV OmVmo Ago _m§S>bo.
Ordearam_Ü o Oer {dH¥$Vr g§^dVo VerM Vr g_mOearam_Ü`ohr g§^dVo Ago _m§S>bo Amho. _mZdr
earambm EImÚm amoJmZo qH$dm {dH¥$VrZo nN>mS>bo Va g§nyU© eara Á`mà_mUo AH$m`©j_ ~ZVo VgoM
g_mOê$nr earambmhr EImÚm g_ñ`oÀ`m amoJmZo nN>mS>bo Va Ë`mMm {dnarV n[aUm_ g§nyU© _mZd
g_mOmÀ`m H$m`©j_Voda hmoVmo. g_mOmÀ`m H$m`m©V {~KmS> {Z_m©U hmoD$Z gm_m{OH$ ñdmñÏ`
{~KS>Vo. g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmbm AS>Wim R>aVmo. `mdê$Z "gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m åhUOo _mZdr
g_mOmbm OS>Umè`m {dH¥${V AWdm amoJ AmhoV' Ago `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m nwañH$Ë`mªªMo _V Amho.
`m Ñ{ï>H$moZm_Ü`o XmoZ {dMmaàdmh AgyZ nwamVZ {dH¥${VdmX`m§À`m _Vo, gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m
`m {dH¥$V AWdm amoJr ì`º$s_wio {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Ë`m_wio Aem ì`qº$Zm g_mOmnmgyZ doJio R>odbo
nm{hOoV. H$maU VoM gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Zm O~m~Xma AmhoV Ago _mZVmV. Va AmYw{ZH$
{dH¥${VdmX`m§À`m _Vo, EH$§Xa g_mOmVrb gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§M {dH¥$V AgyZ Ë`mbm g_mOmVrb
ì`º$s ~ir nS>VmV. åhUOo ì`º$sMm OÝ_, ì`º$sMo g§nyU© g_mOrH$aU Á`m Hw$Qw>§~, {ddmh, {ejU,
Y_©, AW©, amÁ` B. gma»`m gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm_m\©$V hmoV AgVo Ë`m g§ñWmM Oa {dH¥$V AgVrb,
ì`º$sMo gw`mo½` g_mOrH$aU KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mV H$_r nS>V AgVrb, Ë`m§Zm _yë`{ejU, gm_m{OH$
{Z`_Zm§Mo _hÎd {eH$dV ZgVrb Va Aem ì`º$s {dH¥$V AWdm amoJr ~ZUma, `mgmR>r åhUyZ
