Harvard Referencing

Plagiarism and HarvardReferencing

Simone Ngozi [email protected]

Learning Outcomes

An awareness of what constitutesplagiarism and how to avoid it

An understanding of the HarvardReferencing system in-text citations Bibliographies/reference lists

An awareness of the need toreference all resources includingelectronic

An understanding of how to evaluateelectronic resources

What is plagiarism?

“presenting someone else’swork as your own (by work wemean any kind of intellectualoutput: text, data, sound,images, computer programs,music and performance” (Pears& Shields, p.1)

Acknowledging the informationsources that you have usedwhen producing an assignmentis called referencing.

If you do not acknowledgethese information sources, youwill be guilty of plagiarism.

Why should you cite other people’swork?

To establish the credibility andauthority of your knowledge andideas

To show that you have readwidely

To demonstrate that you haveanalysed material and formedyour own opinion

What constitutes plagiarism

Use of any source of information(including electronic) w/oproper acknowledgement

Quoting, summarising orparaphrasing, copying andpasting without citing source

Citing sources you didn’t use Unauthorised collaboration

Why do students plagiarise?

Poor study skills Inability to find information Poor citation skills Lack of understanding of what

constitutes plagiarism

How to get to Library page

Click on Harvard Referencing

Harvard Referencing

Referencing

In-text citations andbibliography/reference list

In-text citations

In-text citations appear in thebody of the text of yourassignment and should beincluded whenever you quote,summarise or otherwise refer tosomeone else’s ideas.

Bibliography

The bibliography goes at theend of your work and is a list ofall the information sources youhave used to produce it. It willinclude works that you haven’treferred to directly in yourassignment, as well as all ofthose that you have cited.

Reference List

The Reference List also comesat the end of your report butonly includes sources cited inthe text of your assignment asin-text citations

How the in-text citations link to thereference list.

By looking at the author’s namein the in-text citation, yourlecturer will be able to find thereference in the alphabeticalReference List at the end of theassignment.

The Harvard System

Both in-text citations and thebibliography/reference list mustbe written in a standardisedformat. The system ofreferencing most widely used inacademic writing, and thesystem you are required to usein your written work for UEL, isthe called the Harvard System.

Harvard Citations

In-text citations

What is an in-text citation?

When you quote, summarise orotherwise refer to someoneelse’s work in an assignment,you must indicate that you havedone this by inserting areference into the body of thetext. This is called citing and thereference is called an in-textcitation.

What do I need to include?

You must include: author year the work was published page number(s) if applicable

In which ways can I use sources inmy text?

There are three different waysof using sources:

The short direct quotation-within the text.

Paraphrasing. Longer direct quotation.

The short direct quotation

Feuerstein(2000, p.11) notedthat “One concern I have abouttexts on software engineering isthat reading a book is inherentlya passive acitivity”……

Paraphrasing

Studying a book can beregarded as a passive activity(Feuerstein, 2000, p11).

Longer direct quotation

If you need to use a longerquotation:

Indent it Leave a space both above and

below it.

Example of a longer direct quotation

Feuerstein, explaining the ethosbehind his work, wrote:

One concern I have about texts oncomputing is that reading a book isinherently a passive activity. Youread, and you attempt to absorbinformation from another, moreexperienced (you hope) developer…(2000, p.11).

In-text citation for web page

Author knownBrown (2003) provided information

about computer networks.Only title knownThe latest study (Online Information

Forum, 2005) revealed……Author and title unknownThe latest study

(http://www.onlinesurvey.org,2005) revealed……

Example

Harvard References

Bibliographic Citations

What should you include inreferences?- Authors/editors

Put the surname first followed byinitial(s) of forename.

If there are two or more contributingnames, include them all in the orderthey appear on the title page.

If there are more than three authors,cite the first only followed by et al.

Some publications are produced byorganisations. You can use anorganisation as a corporate author.

If the book is compiled by an editor,signify this by using (ed.) after theeditor’s name.

Authors/editors

If no author can be identified,the item should be cited by title.

Year of publication

The year of publication, or yearwhen a web site was lastupdated, is given in roundbrackets.

Other date information, e.g. dayand month of publication forjournal and newspaper articles.

If no date can be identified, use(no date).

Title

Use the title given on the titlepage and subtitle (if any).

Capitalise the first letter of thefirst word and any propernouns.

Use italics for publication title.

Edition

Only include the edition numberif it is not the first. ‘Edition ‘ isusually abbreviated to edn.

Place of Publication and Publisher

You will usually find these twopieces of information on theback of the title page.

Page reference (for books andjournals)

If quoting a specific sectioninclude the pages where thatquotation begins.

In order to avoid confusioninsert the abbreviation p. beforethe page number (or pp. whenmore than one page).

Title of journal / newspaper article

The title given on the journalfront cover should be recorded.

Do not abbreviate the journaltitle unless the journal titleactually is or contains anabbreviation.

Put the title of the journal initalics.

Issue information – for journals

Volume number. Issue, part number, month or

season. Year of publication.

URL

The Uniform Resource Locator(e.g. the Internet Address-http://www...).

If the URL is very long, shortenit to an appropriate length sothat it breaks at a logical point.

Date accessed

The date you last used the webpage. This is in round brackets.

Harvard references

Books

Books

CITATION ORDER: Author/editor Year of publication (in round

brackets) Title (in italics) Edition (only include the edition

number if it is not the firstedition)

Place of publication: Publisher

Book with one author

Ogata, K. (2002) SoftwareEngineering. 2nd edn. London:Prentice Hall.

Book with two authors

Chapra, S. & Canale, R. (1988)Methods for software engineers.London: McGraw-Hill.

Book with more than three authors

Connolly, M. et al. (2006)Computing for all. London: JessicaKingsley.

Book with an editor rather than anauthor

Davies, M. (ed.) (1997) TheBlackwell companion to computing.Oxford: Blackwell.

Book with two editors

Roker, D. & Coleman, J. (eds.)(2006) Working with softwareengineers. London: JessicaKingsley.

Book without an individual author

Institution of Software Engineers.(2000) Framework for computernetworking. London: Telford Press.

Book which is not the first edition ofa title

Nicholson, P. (2006) Practice forsoftware engineers. 3rd edn.Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Harvard References

Chapter/section of an editedbook

Chapter/section of an edited book

CITATION ORDER: Author of the chapter/section of an edited

book. Year of publication (in round brackets). Title of the chapter/section (in a single

quotation mark). ‘in’ plus author/editor of the book. Title of the book (in italics). Place of publication: Publisher. Page reference.

Chapter within an edited book

Hooghe, L. (1996) ‘Building aEurope with the regions: thechanging role of computernetworks’, in Smith, P. (ed.)Cohesion policy and Europeanintegration: building multi-levelgovernance. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, pp.40-70.

Harvard References

Printed journals

Printed journals

CITATION ORDER: Author Year of publication (in round

brackets) Title of the article (in single speech

marks) Title of the journal (in italics) Issue information (volume, part

number, month or season) Page reference

Printed Journal Reference

Mahoney, G. (2007) ‘Softwareengineering practice’, The Engineer,29 (1), pp.3-5.

Harvard References

Printed newspaper articles


CITATION ORDER: Author Year of publication (in round

brackets) Title of article (in single quotation

mark) Title of newspaper (in italics) Day and month Page reference


Orr, D. (2006) ‘Highlights insoftware engineering’ TheIndependent, 10 October, p.30.

Harvard references

Journal article from a database

Electronic journal articles (through adatabase) e.g. Ebsco

CITATION ORDER: author year of publication (in round brackets) title of the article (in single speech

marks) title of the journal (in italics) Volume, issue and page numbers Name of the collection ie the database

which you used (in italics) [online] Available at: URL of collection (Accessed: date).

Journal article from a database

Mahoney, G. (2007) ‘Greataccomplishments in softwareengineering’, The Engineer, 29 (1),pp.3-5 EBSCO Academic SearchComplete [Online]. Available at:http://ebscohost.com/ (Accessed:17 April 2007).

Harvard references

Newspaper article from a database

Newspaper article from a database

CITATION ORDER: Author Year of publication [in round brackets] Title of article [in a single quotation mark] Title of newspaper [in italics] Day and month Name of collection i.e. the database which

you used (in italics) [online] (Accessed: date).

Newspaper article from internetnewspaper

Orr, D. (2006) ‘Highlights ofSoftware Engineering’, TheIndependent. 10 October [Online]Available at:http://www.independent.com/(Accessed: 17 April 2007).

Harvard References

Citing organisation or personalInternet sites

Citing organisation or personalInternet sites

CITATION ORDER: Author Year that the site was published/

last updated (in round brackets)Or (no date)

Title of the Internet site (in italics) Available at: URL (Accessed: date)

Internet sites (1) Sites which have allthe details required.

Lewisham Council (2006) Careers insoftware engineering. Available at:http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/SoftwareEngineering/CareersInSoftwareEngineering/(Accessed: 11 April 2007).

Internet Sites (2) Sites where noauthor can be identified- Use title

Heatherbank Museum of Computing(2007) Available at:http://www.gcal.ac.uk/heatherbank/index.html/. (Accessed: 17 April2007).

Internet Sites (3): Sites for which no authoror title can be identified –Use URL

http://www.newmediarepublic.com/dvideo/compression.html (2005). (Accessed: 27March 2007).

Harvard references

Arranging your list of references

Arranging your references

You should arrange yourreferences in alphabetical orderby author surname.

Do not divide the list into books,journals and web sites.


Connolly, M. et al. (2006) Computing forall. London: Jessica Kingsley.

Gregor, C. (2006) Practical skills forsoftware engineering. Exeter: LearningMatters (Transforming computingpractice).

Heatherbank Museum of Computing(2007) Available at:http://www.gcal.ac.uk/heatherbank/index.html(Accessed: 17 April 2007).


Lewisham Council (2006) Careers insoftware engineering. Available at:http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/HealthAndSocialCare/CareersInSocialWork/(Accessed: 11 April 2007).

Orr, D. (2006) ‘Highlights of softwareengineering’, The Independent. 10October [Online] Available at:http://www.independent.com/(Accessed: 17 April 2007).

Example

Evaluating Websites

Relevance Reliability and validity Currency Accuracy

Summary

Manage your time Use the ideas of others sparingly,

only to support your own argument Include in-text referencing,

bibliography/reference Be consistent in your referencing Save all your notes Create a bibliography as you go – you

can always remove items if you don’tuse them

Use only legitimate academic sources

Reference

Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005)Cite them right: the essential guideto referencing and plagiarism.Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear TreeBooks.

808.027/PEA

Harvard Referencing

Documents

Transcript of Harvard Referencing