HAP 7.6-7.13

Skeletal System

I. The SkullA. Cranium (8 bones) 1. Frontal bone (1)

a. Anterior portion of skullb. Supraorbital Foramenc. Frontal Sinuses

2. Parietal Bones (2)a. Located to each side of frontal bone

3. Occipital Bone (1)a. Forms the back of the skullb. Foramen Magnum – large hole for spinal cordc. Occipital Condyle – articulate with atlas (1st vertebra

4. Temporal Bones (2)a. Form sides of cranium above occipital boneb. Mastoid Processc. Styloid Processd. Mandibular Fossae. Zygomatic bone – prominence of cheek

5. Sphenoid Bone (1)a. Wedged in the middle of craniumb. Sella Turcica – depression that holds the pituitary glandc. Sphenoidal sinuses

6. Ethmoid Bone (1)a. Located in front of sphenoid boneb. Ethmoidal sinuses

B. Facial Bones (13 non-moveable + 1 moveable) 1. Maxilla Bones (2) – upper jaw; most anterior

in moutha. Forms part of hard palateb. Maxillary Sinusesc. Teeth sockets

2. Palatine Bones (2) – behind hard palate (L shaped)a. Form part of hard palateb. Forms wall of nasal cavity

3. Zygomatic Bones (2)a. Zygomatic arch

4. Lacrimal Bones (2)a. Scale like bone located in the medial wall of each orbit b/t ethmoid and maxilla

5. Nasal Bones (2)a. Long, thin and rectangularb. Fused at the midline

6. Vomer Bone (1)a. Anterior of maxilla

7. Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)a. Nasal cavity boneb. Supports mucous membranes

8. Mandible (1) – horseshoe shapeda. Mandibular condyleb. Coronoid Process – anterior of

mandibular condyle

II. The Vertebral ColumnA. Characteristics

1. Location – skull to pelvisa. Supports head and trunkb. Protects spinal cord

2. Vertebra Regionsa. Body (1) -anterior drum shaped portion -supports weight -intervertebral discs – cushion pads b/t

b. Pedicles (2) -projects from body c. Laminae (2) -comes off of pedicles -fuses to form spinous process -failure causes spina bifidad. Spinous process (1)e. Vertebral arch – pedicles, laminae,

and spinous processf. Vertebral foramen – spinal cord

passes

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g. Transverse process -projects laterally and posteriorly -attachment for ligament and musclesh. Superior and inferior articular

processes -join vertebrae togetheri. Interverteberal foramina -openings for spinal nerves

11 Body

2 Pedicle

3 Lamina

4 Transverse Process

5 Spinous Process

6 Vertebral Foramen

7 Rib Facet

8 Superior Articular Facet

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B. Cervical Vertebrae (7)1. Found in neck2. Have transverse foramina (blood vessels to brain)3. Spinous process is forked (bifid)4. special cervical vertebrae

a. Atlas -supports head (up and down

movement) -facets that articulate with occipital chondyleb. Axis -dens (odontoid process)

allows movement from side to side

C. Thoracic Vertebrae (12)1. Larger than cervical vertebrae2. long pointed spinous processes

D. Lumbar vertebrae (5)1. Found in the small of the back2. larger and more load bearing than thoracic

E. Sacrum (5)1. Bones are fused together2. Triangular in shape (pg. 144)3. spinous processes form a ridge of tubercles4. post./ant. Saccral foramen5. vertebral foramen forms the sacral canal6. sacral hiatus – opening at the inf. end of sacrum

F. Coccyx (4)1. inferior most part of vertebral column2. bones are fused together3. attachment site.

III. The Thoracic CageA. Functions

1. Protection2. Support and attachment3. Breathing

B. Bones of the Thoracic Cage1. Ribs (24 or 12 sets)

a. True Ribs (vertebralsternal ribs) – (7) -connect vertebrae to sternum -connected by costal cartilageb. False Ribs (vertebralcondral ribs) – (5) -Upper 3 connect by cartilage of true rib #7 -Lower 2 do not connect

floating ribs (vertebral rib)

c. Rib anatomy -head (posterior end) – articulates with body of vertebra -tubercle – close to the head articulates with transverse process of vertebra

2. Sternum (breastbone)a. Manubrium – articulates with clavicleb. Bodyc. Xiphoid process

IV. Pectoral GirdleA. Functions

1. Supports upper limbs2. attachment for muscles

B. Bones of the Pectoral Girdle1. Clavicle (2)

a. Runs horizontally between the manubrium and scapula

b. Braces the scapulac. Attachment for upper limbs, chest,

and backd. Sternal and acromial ends

2. Scapula (2)a. Broad triangular bonesb. Located on the upper posterior backc. Spine – divides scapulad. Acromion process – tip of shoulder -art w/ clavicle -muscular attachmente. Coracoid process – curves ant. and

inf. with clavicle -muscular attachment -glenoid cavity – art. with the

humerous

V. Upper LimbsA. Functions

1. framework of arm2. act as levers (movement)3. muscular attachment

B. Bones of the Upper Limbs1. Humerus

a. Large boneb. Head fits into the glenoid cavityc. Greater tubercled. Lesser tuberclee. Intertubecular groovef. Deltoid tuberosity – attachment for deltoid

g. Lateral and medial condyles -Capitulum – articulates w/ radius -Trochlea – articulates w/ ulnah. Epicondyles – muscular attachmenti. Coronoid fossa – receives the coronoid process of ulnaj. Olecranon fossa – receives the ulnar process

2. Radiusa. Thumb side of forearmb. Head of radius – disclike -articulates with the ulna and humerusc. Radial tuberosity – inferior of head -attaches bicepsd. Styloid process – inferior end

3. Ulnaa. Longer than radiusb. Trochlear notch c. Olecrenon process d. Coronoid processe. Radial notchf. Styloid processg. Head articulates with radius and triquetrum

3. The Handa. Carpal bones (8) -articulates with radius and ulna

1 Scaphoid

2 Lunate

3 Triquetrum

4 Pisiform

5 Trapezium

6 Trapezoid

7 Capitate

8 Hamate

b. Metacarpals (5) -makeup the framework of the palm -numbered 1-5 (begin with thumb) -articulate with carpals and phalangesc. Phalanges (14) -3 per finger / 2 for thumb -labeled as “proximal”, “middle”, and “distal”

VI. Pelvic GirdleA. Functions

1. Supports the trunk of the body2. Provides attachment for lower limbs3. Provides protection of internal organs

B. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle1. Coxa – Hipbones (2)

a. Ilium – superior portion of coxa -iliac crest -iliac fossa -sacroiliac joint – where ilium and sacrum joint

b. Ischium – lowest posterior part of coxa -ischial tuberosity – muscular

attachment and supports weight while sitting

c. Pubis – anterior portion of coxa -pubic symphysis – shock absorber -pubic arch – wider in females

-obturator foramen – 2nd largest foramen*all three coxa bones form the acetabulum

-cup shaped cavity that receives the head of the femur

VII. Lower LimbsA. Functions

1. Support body’s weight2. Acts as levers3. Muscular attachment4. Framework of leg

B. Bones of the Lower Limbs1. Femur

a. Largest bone in the bodyb. Similar to the humerusc. Head of the femurd. Fovea Capitis – ligament attachment sitee. Greater Trochanter – muscular attachmentf. Lesser Trochanter – muscular attachmentg. Lateral and medial condyles – articulates w/ tibiah. Patella (bone) – articulates w/ femur

2. Tibiaa. Located medially b. Also known as the shinc. Medial/lateral condyles – art. w/ condyles of

femurd. Tibial tuberositye. Medial malleolus – inner ankle -articulates w/ the talus

3. Fibulaa. Lateral to tibiab. Head of fibula – art. w/ tibia -non weight bearing bonec. Lateral malleolus – outer ankle

4. The Foota. Tarsal Bones (7) -Art. with tibia and fibula

1 Talus

2 Calcaneus

3 Navicular

4 Medial Cuneiform

5 Intermediate Cuneiform

6 Lateral Cuneiform

7 Cuboid

b. Metatarsals (5) -same as metacarpalsc. Phalanges -each toe has 3 / great toe 2

VIII. JointsA. Def – Junction between bonesB. Functions

1. bind skeletal system2. allow bone growth3. allow shape change (during childbirth)4. allow movement

C. Types of Joints1. Fibrous Joint – no movement

Ex: Skull bones2. Cartilaginous Joint – limited movement

Ex: Vertebrae, pubic symphysis3. Synovial Joint – free movement

Ex: Knee, elbow, shoulder…

a. Types of Synovial Joints-Ball and Socket (hip)-Condyloid (carpal bones fit into metacarpals)-Gliding (ribs and carpal bones)-Hinge (knee and elbow)-Pivot (proximal end of radius and ulna)-Saddle (trapezium and thumb)