Handbook of Advanced Ceramics andComposites

Yashwant R. Mahajan • Roy JohnsonEditors

Handbook of AdvancedCeramics and CompositesDefense, Security, Aerospace andEnergy Applications

With 723 Figures and 155 Tables

EditorsYashwant R. MahajanInternational Advanced Research Centrefor Powder Metallurgy and NewMaterials (ARCI)Balapur, Hyderabad, India

Roy JohnsonInternational Advanced Research Centre forPowder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI)Balapur, Hyderabad, India

ISBN 978-3-030-16346-4 ISBN 978-3-030-16347-1 (eBook)ISBN 978-3-030-16348-8 (print and electronic bundle)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16347-1

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of thematerial is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or informationstorage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodologynow known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoes not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevantprotective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookare believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or theeditors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errorsor omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claimsin published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG.The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Preface

Advanced ceramics and composites containing ceramics either in the form of matrixor reinforcement (e.g., monolithic ceramics, CMCs, MMCs, PMCs, hybrid compos-ites, porous ceramics, etc.) have recently emerged as high-performance functionaland structural materials. They find applications in strategic areas such as defense,aerospace, security, and energy. The editors believe that this book is comprehensiveand unique with a wide range of coverage on relevant and emerging topics. Excellentreviews on various topics have been contributed by leading researchers from Indiaand abroad. The primary motivation for compiling this book is to bring out acoherent portrayal of the wide span of up-to-date status of advanced materialsfrom leading research groups working in the sectors of defense, security, aerospace,and sustainable and nuclear energy. The topics have been judiciously selected by theeditors on the basis of their vast experience in the relevant fields. Contributors wereadvised to design their manuscripts on recent technological advances particularlyaddressing the challenges and innovations, which conveys the vital information toarrive at the research directions for the benefit of the users of the book.

The book is structured into eight parts which involve ceramic materials fordefense applications, ceramic materials for ballistic armor applications, transparentand optical ceramics for defense and aerospace, advanced ceramics and CMCs fornuclear applications, ceramics CMCs and PMCs for aeronautics and space applica-tions, intermediate and very high temperature ceramics materials, materials forsustainable energy applications, and ceramics coatings and their critical applications.

We have made an attempt that the book is a blend of underlying technologydevelopment in various paradigms. We do hope that this book will immenselybenefit experts in their specific fields ranging from defense to security to aerospaceand energy who wish to have an overview of the related disciplines, as the bookprovides extensive coverage of the broad spectrum of relevant subjects.

The editors are indebted to numerous individuals and institutions in India andabroad in many ways.

We are extremely thankful to the authors for sparing their valuable time tocontribute to this book. We are especially thankful to the Section Editors for theirdedicated efforts in critically reviewing the manuscripts pertaining to their domainsof expertise.

v

One of the editors (YRM) is particularly grateful to Ms. Anita Lekhwani,Executive Editor, Springer Nature, who initiated this book project and for herencouragement and suggestions given from time to time.

The editors profusely thank Ms. Shruti Datt, Associate Editor, Springer Nature,and Ms. Sonal Nagpal, Consultant, Springer Nature, for meticulously managing theoverall activities of the project and interfacing with the authors at various stages ofthis endeavor.

Last but not least, our special thanks go to Ms. Raasika Dhandapani, ProjectManager, SPi Global, for copyediting, typesetting, verifying necessary permissions,etc., during the production of manuscripts.

August 2020Hyderabad, India

Yashwant R. MahajanRoy Johnson

vi Preface

Contents

Volume 1

Part I Ceramic Materials for Defense Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1 Manifestations of Nanomaterials in Development of AdvancedSensors for Defense Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Rohini Kitture and Sangeeta Kale

2 Nanocrystalline PNS-PZT-Based Energy Harvester forStrategic Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35H. H. Kumar, C. M. Lonkar, and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian

3 2D-Nanolayered Tungsten and Molybdenum Disulfides:Structure, Properties, Synthesis, and Processing forStrategic Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Harish Kumar Adigilli, A. K. Pandey, and Joydip Joardar

4 Nanoporous Aerogels for Defense and Aerospace Applications . . . 121Neha Hebalkar, Keerthi Sanghamitra Kollipara, Yamini Ananthan,and Murali Krishna Sudha

5 Microwave Materials for Defense and Aerospace Applications . . . 165J. Varghese, N. Joseph, H. Jantunen, S. K. Behera, H. T. Kim, andM. T. Sebastian

6 Development of PLZT Electroceramics with UltrahighPiezoelectric Properties by a Novel Material EngineeringApproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215A. R. James and Ajeet Kumar

7 Slip-Cast Fused Silica Radomes for Hypervelocity Vehicles:Advantages, Challenges, and Fabrication Techniques . . . . . . . . . . 251Ibram Ganesh and Yashwant Ramchandra Mahajan

vii

8 Patent Trends in Additive Manufacturing of CeramicMaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319Priya Anish Mathews, Swati Koonisetty, Sanjay Bhardwaj,Papiya Biswas, Roy Johnson, and G. Padmanabham

Part II Ceramic Materials for Ballistic Armor Applications . . . . . . 355

9 Ceramic Composite Armour for Ballistic Protection . . . . . . . . . . . 357P. Rama Subba Reddy, S. Geasin Savio, and Vemuri Madhu

10 Multilayered Ceramic-Composites for Armour Applications . . . . 403Kiran Akella

11 Transparent Ceramics for Ballistic Armor Applications . . . . . . . . 435Senthil Kumar Rajendran, Papiya Biswas, Roy Johnson, andYashwant Ramchandra Mahajan

Part III Transparent and Optical Ceramics for Defense andAerospace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

12 Transparent and Machinable Glass-Ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461Himadri Sekhar Maiti

13 Processing of Infrared Transparent Magnesium AluminateSpinel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495Papiya Biswas, Roy Johnson, Yashwant Ramchandra Mahajan, andG. Padmanabham

14 Zinc Sulfide Ceramics for Infrared Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533Roy Johnson, Papiya Biswas, Pandu Ramavath, andYashwant Ramchandra Mahajan

15 Advances in Nano-finishing of Optical Glasses and GlassCeramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569Mahender Kumar Gupta, I. Abdul Rasheed, and M. Buchi Suresh

16 Electric Field/Current-Assisted Sintering of Optical Ceramics . . . 601Hidehiro Yoshida

Part IV Advanced Ceramics and CMCs for NuclearAppliactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639

17 Advanced SiC-SiC Composites for Nuclear Application . . . . . . . . 641Tetsuji Noda

18 Advanced Ceramic Fuels for Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors . . . . . 667Baldev Raj, P. R. Vasudeva Rao, P. Puthiyavinayagam, andK. Ananthasivan

viii Contents

19 Boron-Based Ceramics and Composites for Nuclear and SpaceApplications: Synthesis and Consolidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703Tammana S. R. C. Murthy, J. K. Sonber, K. Sairam, Sanjib Majumdar,and Vivekanand Kain

20 Novel Inorganic Compound Based Sensors for TheirApplication in Nuclear Energy Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739V. Jayaraman and T. Gnanasekaran

21 Processing of Barium Zinc Tantalate (BZT) MicrowaveDielectric Ceramics for RF Window Application in FusionReactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793Swathi Manivannan and Dibakar Das

Volume 2

Part V Ceramics, CMCs, and PMCs for Aeronautics andSpace Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829

22 SiC-Based Composites Through Liquid Infiltration Routes . . . . . . 831Suresh Kumar, Ashok Ranjan, L. M. Manocha, and N. Eswara Prasad

23 Carbon Fiber Reinforced Silicon Carbide Ceramic MatrixComposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877Andi Udayakumar, M. Rizvan Basha, Sarabjit Singh, Sweety Kumari,and V. V. Bhanu Prasad

24 Development of Polycarbosilane (PCS) Polymer andPCS-Derived SiC Fibers and Their Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913Rakesh Kumar Gupta, Raghwesh Mishra, Suresh Kumar,Ashok Ranjan, L. M. Manocha, and N. Eswara Prasad

25 Development of Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced CeramicMatrix Nanocomposites for Advanced Structural Applications . . . 929Luv Gurnani and Amartya Mukhopadhyay

26 Polymer-Derived Ceramics and Their Space Applications . . . . . . 975S. Packirisamy, K. J. Sreejith, Deepa Devapal, and B. Swaminathan

27 PZT and Lead-Free Piezo Ceramics for Aerospace andEnergy Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1081P. K. Panda and B. Sahoo

28 Processing of Ceramic Foams for Thermal Protection . . . . . . . . . . 1105Sujith Vijayan, Praveen Wilson, and Kuttan Prabhakaran

29 Silicon Carbide-Based Lightweight Mirror Blanks for SpaceOptics Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135Dulal Chandra Jana and Bhaskar Prasad Saha

Contents ix

Part VI Intermediate and Very High Temperature Ceramic . . . . . 1165

30 Silicides and Silicide Matrix Composites forHigh-Temperature Structural Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1167R. Mitra

31 High-Temperature Environmental Degradation Behavior ofUltrahigh-Temperature Ceramic Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1221R. Mitra, M. Mallik, and Sunil Kashyap

Part VII Materials for Sustainable Energy Applications . . . . . . . . . 1257

32 Hybrid Supercapacitor-Battery Energy Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1259Mainul Akhtar and S. B. Majumder

33 Recent Developments in Electrode Materials for Lithium-IonBatteries for Energy Storage Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1297Moodakare B. Sahana and Raghavan Gopalan

34 Nano-configured Opto-electric Ceramic Systems forPhoto-electrochemical Hydrogen Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335Pramod H. Borse

Part VIII Ceramic Coatings and Their Processes for CriticalApplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1369

35 New-Generation Ceramic Coatings for High-TemperatureApplications by Liquid Feedstock Plasma Spraying . . . . . . . . . . . 1371S. Joshi, N. Markocsan, P. Nylén, and G. Sivakumar

36 Multifunctional Sol-Gel Nanocomposite Coatings forAerospace, Energy, and Strategic Applications: Challenges andPerspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1413R. Subasri and K. R. C. Soma Raju

37 Materials Aspects of Thermal Barrier Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1443Ashutosh S. Gandhi

38 Processing of Ceramic and Cermet Composite Coatings forStrategic and Aerospace Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1465L. Rama Krishna, P. Suresh Babu, Manish Tak, D. Srinivasa Rao,G. Padmanabham, and G. Sundararajan

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1527

x Contents

About the Editors

Dr. Yashwant R. Mahajan is presently working as aTechnical Advisor at International Advanced ResearchCentre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials(ARCI), Hyderabad, India. He obtained his Ph.D.degree in Physical Metallurgy in 1978 from PolytechnicInstitute of Brooklyn, New York. Dr. Mahajan carriedout his postdoctoral research in the areas of titaniumbase alloys, powder metallurgy, and high temperaturedispersion strengthened aluminum base alloys at the AirForce Materials Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air ForceBase, Ohio, for 4 years. He has worked in variouscapacities, namely, Scientist/Joint Director at theDefence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, ARCI,and Defence Research and Development Laboratory,Hyderabad, India, and Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd.,Bangalore, India. Dr. Mahajan made major contribu-tions in the areas of MMCs, advanced ceramics, andCMCs. Under his leadership, a number of ceramic-based technologies were developed and transferred tothe industry. He has published more than 130 technicalpapers in peer-reviewed journals and conference pro-ceedings and holds 13 patents (including 2 US).Dr. Mahajan is a recipient of NRC Associateship ofNational Academy of Sciences, USA, the best metallur-gist of the year award (IIM), MRSI Medal, MRSI-IISCsuperconductivity award, and VASVIK Medal. He is aprofessional member of ASM International, TMS,MRS-USA, SPIE-USA, Institute of Materials-UK,American Ceramic Society, MRSI, and IIM.

Dr.Mahajan had initiated and successfully implementeda number of programs concerning selection and applicationof advanced materials for defense applications, which

xi

includes Development of Infrared Domes and WindowsBased on Transparent Ceramics, SiAlON Radomes forHypersonic Missile Applications, Ultra-High TemperatureMaterials for the Airframe and Scramjet Engine of Hyper-sonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle, Reaction BondedSilicon Carbide Thrust Bearings for Naval Application,and Silicon Carbide Based Mirror Substrates for SatelliteApplication.

Dr. Roy Johnson is currently Scientist “G” and Asso-ciate Director of International Advanced Research Cen-tre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI),Department of Science and Technology, Government ofIndia, Hyderabad. Dr. Johnson was awarded the Ph.D.degree in Chemistry from Nagpur University for theresearch carried out at National Environmental Engi-neering Research Institute, Nagpur. He joined ARCI in1994 and worked in various capacities and led severalresearch projects in the area of advanced ceramics,transparent ceramics, cellular ceramics, chemical vapordeposition, and isostatic shaping. In addition to the basicresearch, he was successful in realizing various technol-ogies leading to commercialization of products in thestrategic and civilian sectors for potential applications.Ceramic honeycomb–based energy efficient heaters andanti-mine boots, which are the first of its kind, andinfrared transparent windows and domes are some ofthe successful technology development programs led byhim. Several focused R&D initiatives conceptualized byhim in the past few years have resulted in the establish-ment of unique facilities and a team of scientists withleading expertise in ceramic processing and shaping inthe country. Currently, in the capacity of AssociateDirector, ARCI, he provides leadership to three majorcenters of excellence, namely, ceramic processing,non-oxide ceramics, and sol-gel based nano-compositecoatings.

Dr. Johnson has 100 research publications in reputedjournals, 11 Indian patents to his credit, and co-authoredone book and two book chapters. He is a recognizedresearch supervisor and guided 6 students for their PhDdegree. Dr. Johnson is a frequent reviewer for severalinternational journals. He is a Fellow of Indian Instituteof Ceramics and Institution of Chemists and also amember of several Indian and international professional

xii About the Editors

bodies. Dr. Johnson was the theme leader for advancedceramics session during Indo-German Frontiers of Engi-neering Symposium 2014. He is also the recipient ofmany awards including MRSI Medal 2012 (MaterialsResearch Society), ARCI Technology award 2012, andPandit Madan Mohan Malaviyaji award (IndianCeramic Society – 2011).

About the Editors xiii

About the Section Editors

Himadri Sekhar MaitiDepartment of Ceramic TechnologyGovernment College of Engineering andCeramic TechnologyKolkata, West Bengal, India

L. M. ManochaDefence Materials and Stores Researchand Development EstablishmentDRDO, Kanpur, India

xv

L. Rama KrishnaInternational Advanced ResearchCentre for Powder Metallurgy andNew Materials (ARCI)Balapur, Hyderabad, India

Vemuri MadhuDefence Metallurgical Research LaboratoryDefence Research and Development OrganizationHyderabad, Telangana, India

Pramod H. BorseInternational Advanced Research Centrefor Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI)Balapur, Hyderabad, India

Rahul MitraDepartment of Metallurgical and Materials EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KharagpurKharagpur, West Bengal, India

xvi About the Section Editors

Roy JohnsonInternational Advanced Research Centrefor Powder Metallurgy and New Materials, (ARCI)Balapur, Hyderabad, India

Tetsuji NodaNational Institute for Materials ScienceTsukuba, Japan

About the Section Editors xvii

Contributors

Harish Kumar Adigilli International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Met-allurgy and New Materials (ARCI), Balapur, Hyderabad, India

Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Tech-nology, Warangal, India

Kiran Akella Research and Development Establishment (Engineers), DefenceResearch and Development Organisation, Pune, India

Mainul Akhtar Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology,Kharagpur, India

Yamini Ananthan International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgyand New Materials, Balapur, Hyderabad, India

K. Ananthasivan Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research [IGCAR],Kalpakkam, India

Priya Anish Mathews International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Met-allurgy and New Materials (ARCI), Hyderabad, India

P. Suresh Babu International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgyand New Materials, Balapur, Hyderabad, India

M. Rizvan Basha Materials Science Division, CSIR-National Aerospace Labora-tories, Bengaluru, India

S. K. Behera Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NITRourkela, Rourkela, India

Sanjay Bhardwaj International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgyand New Materials (ARCI), Hyderabad, India

Papiya Biswas Center for Ceramic Processing, International Advanced ResearchCentre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI), Hyderabad, Telangana,India

Pramod H. Borse Center for Nanomaterials, International advanced research cen-ter for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials, (ARCI), Hyderabad, India

xix

Dibakar Das School of Engineering Sciences and Technology (SEST), Universityof Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India

Deepa Devapal Ceramic Matrix Products Division, Analytical Spectroscopy andCeramics Group, PCM Entity, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Indian SpaceResearch Organization, Thiruvananthapuram, India

Ashutosh S. Gandhi Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, IndianInstitute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India

Ibram Ganesh Centre of Excellence for Ceramic Processing, InternationalAdvanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI),Hyderabad, Telangana, India

T. Gnanasekaran Materials Chemistry Division, Materials Chemsitry and MetalFuel Cycle Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, India

Raghavan Gopalan Centre for Automotive Energy Materials, InternationalAdvanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials, IITMResearch Park, Chennai, India

Mahender Kumar Gupta Research Centre Imarat, Hyderabad, India

Rakesh Kumar Gupta Defence Materials and Stores Research and DevelopmentEstablishment, Kanpur, India

Luv Gurnani High Temperature and Energy Materials Laboratory, Department ofMetallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai,India

Neha Hebalkar International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgyand New Materials, Balapur, Hyderabad, India

A. R. James Ceramics and Composites Group, Defence Metallurgical ResearchLaboratory, Hyderabad, India

Dulal Chandra Jana Centre for Non-Oxide Ceramics, International AdvancedResearch Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI), Hyderabad,India

H. Jantunen Microelectronics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

V. Jayaraman Materials Chemistry Division, Materials Chemsitry and Metal FuelCycle Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, India

Joydip Joardar International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgyand New Materials (ARCI), Balapur, Hyderabad, India

Roy Johnson International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy andNew Materials (ARCI), Balapur, Hyderabad, India

N. Joseph Microelectronics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

xx Contributors

S. Joshi University West, Trollhättan, Sweden

Vivekanand Kain Materials Processing and Corrosion Engineering Division/Department of Atomic Energy, Materials Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,Mumbai, India

Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India

Sangeeta Kale Department of Applied Physics, Defence Institute of AdvancedTechnology (Deemed University), Girinagar, Pune, India

Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian Department of Metallurgical and Mate-rials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (Deemed University),Pune, India

Sunil Kashyap Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, IndianInstitute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India

H. T. Kim Korean Institute for Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Jinju-si,South Korea

Rohini Kitture Department of Applied Physics, Defence Institute of AdvancedTechnology (Deemed University), Girinagar, Pune, India

SpringerNature Technology and Publishing Solutions, Magarpatta City, Pune, India

Keerthi Sanghamitra Kollipara International Advanced Research Centre forPowder Metallurgy and New Materials, Balapur, Hyderabad, India

Swati Koonisetty International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgyand New Materials (ARCI), Hyderabad, India

L. Rama Krishna International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgyand New Materials (ARCI), Balapur, Hyderabad, India

Ajeet Kumar Ceramics and Composites Group, Defence Metallurgical ResearchLaboratory, Hyderabad, India

H. H. Kumar Armament Research and Development Establishment, Pune, India

Suresh Kumar Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Estab-lishment, DRDO, Kanpur, India

Sweety Kumari Ceramics and Composites, Defence Metallurgical Research Lab-oratory, Hyderabad, India

C. M. Lonkar Armament Research and Development Establishment, Pune, India

Vemuri Madhu Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, Defence Researchand Development Organization, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Yashwant Ramchandra Mahajan International Advanced Research Centre forPowder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI), Balapur, Hyderabad, India

Contributors xxi

Himadri Sekhar Maiti Department of Ceramic Technology, Government Collegeof Engineering and Ceramic Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Sanjib Majumdar Materials Processing and Corrosion Engineering Division/Department of Atomic Energy, Materials Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,Mumbai, India

Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India

S. B. Majumder Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology,Kharagpur, India

M. Mallik Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Insti-tute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India

Swathi Manivannan School of Engineering Sciences and Technology (SEST),University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India

L. M. Manocha Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Estab-lishment, DRDO, Kanpur, India

N. Markocsan University West, Trollhättan, Sweden

Raghwesh Mishra Defence Materials and Stores Research and DevelopmentEstablishment, Kanpur, India

R. Mitra Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Instituteof Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India

Amartya Mukhopadhyay High Temperature and Energy Materials Laboratory,Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, IIT Bombay,Powai, Mumbai, India

Tammana S. R. C. Murthy Materials Processing and Corrosion EngineeringDivision/Department of Atomic Energy, Materials Group, Bhabha Atomic ResearchCentre, Mumbai, India

Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India

Tetsuji Noda National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan

P. Nylén University West, Trollhättan, Sweden

S. Packirisamy Ceramic Matrix Products Division, Analytical Spectroscopy andCeramics Group, PCM Entity, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Indian SpaceResearch Organization, Thiruvananthapuram, India

Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry andBiochemistry, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, GreaterNoida, India

Gadhe Padmanabham International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Met-allurgy and New Materials (ARCI), Hyderabad, India

xxii Contributors

P. K. Panda Materials Science Division, CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories,Bangalore, India

A. K. Pandey Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, NationalInstitute of Technology, Warangal, India

Kuttan Prabhakaran Department of Chemistry, The Indian Institute of SpaceScience and Technology (IIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

N. Eswara Prasad Defence Materials and Stores Research and DevelopmentEstablishment, DRDO, Kanpur, India

V. V. Bhanu Prasad Ceramics and Composites, Defence Metallurgical ResearchLaboratory, Hyderabad, India

P. Puthiyavinayagam Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research [IGCAR],Kalpakkam, India

Baldev Raj National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Bengaluru, India

Senthil Kumar Rajendran International Advanced Research Centre for PowderMetallurgy and New Materials (ARCI), Hyderabad, India

K. R. C. Soma Raju Centre for Sol-Gel Coatings, International AdvancedResearch Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI), Hyderabad,India

Pandu Ramavath Center for Ceramic Processing, International AdvancedResearch Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI), Hyderabad,Telangana, India

Ashok Ranjan Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Estab-lishment, DRDO, Kanpur, India

D. Srinivasa Rao International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgyand New Materials, Balapur, Hyderabad, India

I. A. Rasheed Research Centre Imarat, Hyderabad, India

P. Rama Subba Reddy Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, DefenceResearch and Development Organization, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Bhaskar Prasad Saha Centre for Non-Oxide Ceramics, International AdvancedResearch Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI), Hyderabad,India

Moodakare B. Sahana Centre for Automotive Energy Materials, InternationalAdvanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials, IITMResearch Park, Chennai, India

Baldev Raj: deceased.

Contributors xxiii

B. Sahoo Materials Science Division, CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories,Bangalore, India

K. Sairam Materials Processing and Corrosion Engineering Division/Departmentof Atomic Energy, Materials Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai,India

Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India

S. Geasin Savio Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, Defence Researchand Development Organization, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

M. T. Sebastian Korean Institute for Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Jinju-si, South Korea

Sarabjit Singh Ceramics and Composites, Defence Metallurgical Research Labo-ratory, Hyderabad, India

G. Sivakumar International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgyand New Materials (ARCI), Hyderabad, India

J. K. Sonber Materials Processing and Corrosion Engineering Division/Depart-ment of Atomic Energy, Materials Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mum-bai, India

K. J. Sreejith Ceramic Matrix Products Division, Analytical Spectroscopy andCeramics Group, PCM Entity, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Indian SpaceResearch Organization, Thiruvananthapuram, India

R. Subasri Centre for Sol-Gel Coatings, International Advanced Research Centrefor Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI), Hyderabad, India

Murali Krishna Sudha International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Met-allurgy and New Materials, Balapur, Hyderabad, India

G. Sundararajan International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgyand New Materials, Balapur, Hyderabad, India

M. Buchi Suresh International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgyand New Materials, Hyderabad, India

B. Swaminathan Ceramic Matrix Products Division, Analytical Spectroscopy andCeramics Group, PCM Entity, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Indian SpaceResearch Organization, Thiruvananthapuram, India

Morgan Advanced Materials, Murugappa Mogan Thermal Ceramics Ltd., Ranipet,Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India

Manish Tak International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy andNew Materials, Balapur, Hyderabad, India

xxiv Contributors

Andi Udayakumar Materials Science Division, CSIR-National Aerospace Labo-ratories, Bengaluru, India

J. Varghese Microelectronics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

P. R. Vasudeva Rao Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India

Sujith Vijayan Department of Chemistry, The Indian Institute of Space Scienceand Technology (IIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

Praveen Wilson Department of Chemistry, The Indian Institute of Space Scienceand Technology (IIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

Hidehiro Yoshida Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, TheUniversity of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Contributors xxv