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SAP HANA Database - SQL Reference ManualSAP HANA Appliance Software SPS 04

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Table of Content

Table of ContentSAP HANA Database - SQL Reference Manual

SQL Reference ManualNotationIntroduction

SQLSupported Languages and Code PagesCommentIdentifiersSingle Quotation MarkDouble Quotation MarkSQL Reserved Words

Data TypesClassification of Data TypesDatetime Types

Date FormatsTime FormatsTimestamp FormatsAdditional FormatsSupported Functions for Date/Time types

Numeric TypesCharacter String TypesBinary TypesLarge Object (LOB) TypesMapping between SQL Data Type and Column Store Data TypeData Type ConversionTyped Constant

PredicatesComparison PredicatesRange PredicateIn PredicateExists PredicateLIKE PredicateNULL PredicateCONTAINS Predicate

OperatorsUnary and Binary OperatorsOperator PrecedenceArithmetic OperatorsString OperatorsComparsion OperatorsLogical OperatorsSet Operators

Express ionsCase ExpressionsFunction ExpressionsAggregate ExpressionsSubqueries in Expressions

SQL FunctionsIntroductionData Type Conversion Functions

CASTTO_ALPHANUMTO_BIGINTTO_BINARYTO_BLOBTO_CHARTO_CLOBTO_DATETO_DATS

Table of Content

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323333333334343434353535353636

3636373737373838383839393939404040404141414242424243434343444444

4444454545464646464747474748484848494949505050505151515152

TO_DECIMALTO_DOUBLETO_INTTO_INTEGERTO_NCHARTO_NCLOBTO_NVARCHARTO_REALTO_SECONDDATETO_SMALLDECIMALTO_SMALLINTTO_TIMETO_TIMESTAMPTO_TINYINTTO_VARCHAR

DateTime FunctionsADD_DAYSADD_MONTHSADD_SECONDSADD_YEARSCURRENT_DATECURRENT_TIMECURRENT_TIMESTAMPCURRENT_UTCDATECURRENT_UTCTIMECURRENT_UTCTIMESTAMPDAYNAMEDAYOFMONTHDAYOFYEARDAYS_BETWEENEXTRACTHOURISOWEEKLAST_DAYLOCALTOUTCMINUTEMONTHMONTHNAMENEXT_DAYNOWQUARTERSECONDSECONDS_BETWEENUTCTOLOCALWEEKWEEKDAYYEAR

Number FunctionsABSACOSASINATANATAN2BINTOHEXBITANDCEILCOSCOSHCOTEXPFLOORGREATESTHEXTOBINLEASTLNLOGMODPOWERROUNDSIGNSINSINHSQRTTANTANHUMINUS

Table of Content

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5252525353535354545455555555565656575757585858

595959595960616162626363

646464656667687375767777787983909091919192929393949495969697

979798

101102103104105113113

String FunctionsASCIICHARCONCATLCASELEFTLENGTHLOCATELOWERLPADLTRIMNCHARREPLACERIGHTRPADRTRIMSUBSTR_AFTERSUBSTR_BEFORESUBSTRINGTRIMUCASEUNICODEUPPER

Miscellaneous FunctionsCOALESCECURRENT_CONNECTIONCURRENT_SCHEMACURRENT_USERGROUPING_IDIFNULLMAPNULLIFSESSION_CONTEXTSESSION_USERSYSUUID

SQL StatementsSchema Definition and Manipulation Statements

ALTER AUDIT POLICYALTER FULLTEXT INDEXALTER INDEXALTER SEQUENCEALTER TABLECREATE AUDIT POLICYCREATE FULLTEXT INDEXCREATE INDEXCREATE SCHEMACREATE SEQUENCECREATE SYNONYMCREATE TABLECREATE TRIGGERCREATE VIEWDROP AUDIT POLICYDROP FULLTEXT INDEXDROP INDEXDROP SCHEMADROP SEQUENCEDROP SYNONYMDROP TABLEDROP TRIGGERDROP VIEWRENAME COLUMNRENAME INDEXRENAME TABLEALTER TABLE ALTER TYPETRUNCATE TABLE

Data Manipulation StatementsDELETEEXPLAIN PLANINSERTLOADMERGE DELTAREPLACE | UPSERTSELECTUNLOADUPDATE

Table of Content

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124124125125126126

126127127127127

128128129131132133134135135136142

143143144145

147149

150

System Management StatementsSET SYSTEM LICENSEALTER SYSTEM ALTER CONFIGURATIONALTER SYSTEM ALTER SESSION SETALTER SYSTEM ALTER SESSION UNSETALTER SYSTEM CANCEL [WORK IN] SESSIONALTER SYSTEM CLEAR SQL PLAN CACHEALTER SYSTEM CLEAR TRACESALTER SYSTEM DISCONNECT SESSIONALTER SYSTEM LOGGINGALTER SYSTEM RECLAIM DATAVOLUMEALTER SYSTEM RECLAIM LOGALTER SYSTEM RECLAIM VERSION SPACEALTER SYSTEM RECONFIGURE SERVICEALTER SYSTEM REMOVE TRACESALTER SYSTEM RESET MONITORING VIEWALTER SYSTEM SAVE PERFTRACEALTER SYSTEM SAVEPOINTALTER SYSTEM START PERFTRACEALTER SYSTEM STOP PERFTRACEALTER SYSTEM STOP SERVICEUNSET SYSTEM LICENSE ALL

Session Management StatementsCONNECTSET HISTORY SESSIONSET SCHEMASET [SESSION]UNSET [SESSION]

Transaction Management StatementsCOMMITLOCK TABLEROLLBACKSET TRANSACTION

Access Control StatementsALTER SAML PROVIDERALTER USERCREATE ROLECREATE SAML PROVIDERCREATE USERDROP ROLEDROP SAML PROVIDERDROP USERGRANTREVOKE

Data Import Export StatementsEXPORTIMPORTIMPORT FROM

Restrictions for SQL StatementsSee Also

SQL Error Codes

Table of Content

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SAP HANA Database - SQL Reference Manual

This guide describes SQL language supported by SAP HANA DB.


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SQL Reference Manual


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Notation

This reference use BNF (Backus Naur Form) which is the notation technique used to define programminglanguages, to describe SQL. BNF describes the syntax of a grammar using a set of production rules using a setof symbols.

Symbols used in BNF

Symbol Description

< >Angle brackets are used to surround the name of a syntactic element (BNF nontermina l ) of the SQLlanguage.

::=The defini tion operator i s used to provide defini tions of the element appeared on the left s ide ofthe operator in a production rule.

[ ]Square brackets are used to indicate optiona l elements in a formula . Optiona l elements may bespeci fied or omitted.

{ }Braces group elements in a formula . Repeti tive elements (zero or more elements ) can be speci fiedwithin brace symbols .

|The a l ternative operator indicates that the portion of the formula fol lowing the bar i s ana l ternative to the portion preceding the bar.

...The el l ips i s indicates that the element may be repeated any number of times . If el l ips i s appearsafter grouped elements speci fying that the grouped elements enclosed with braces are repeated.If el l ips i s appears a fter a s ingle element, only that element i s repeated.

!!Introduces normal Engl i sh text. This i s used when the defini tion of a syntactic element i s notexpressed in BNF.


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Introduction

This chapter describes the SAP HANA Database implementation of Structured Query Language (SQL). Itexplains the characteristics of SQL, also how to manage comments and reserve words.

SQL

SQL stands for Structured Query Language. It is a standardized language for communicating with a relationaldatabase. SQL is used to retrieve, store or manipulate information in the database.

SQL statements perform the following tasks:

Schema definition and manipulationData manipulationSystem managementSession managementTransaction management

Supported Languages and Code Pages

The SAP HANA Database supports Unicode to allow the use of all languages in the Unicode Standard and 7 BitASCII code page without restriction.

Comment

You can add comments to improve readability and maintainability of your SQL statements. Comments aredelimited in SQL statements as follows:

Double hyphens "--". Everything after the double hyphen until the end of a line is considered by theSQL parser to be a comment"/*" and "*\/". This style of commenting is used to place comments on multiple lines. All text betweenthe opening "/*" and closing "*\/" is ignored by the SQL parser.

Identifiers

Syntax:

<identifier> ::= <simple_identifier> | <double_quotes><special_identifier><double_quotes> <simple_identifier> ::= <letter> [{<letter_or_digit>|<underscore>}, ...] <double_quotes> ::= " <special_identifier> ::= any character <letter> ::= A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z <digit> ::= 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 <letter_or_digit> ::= <letter> | <digit> <underscore> ::= _

Identifiers are used to represent names used in SQL statement including table name, view name, synonymname, column name, index name, function name, procedure name, user name, role name, and so on. Thereare two kinds of identifiers; undelimited identifiers and delimited identifiers.

Undelimited table and column names must start with a letter and cannot contain any symbols otherthan digits or an underscore "_".Delimited identifiers are enclosed in the delimiter, double quotes, then the identifier can contain anycharacter including special characters. For example, "AB$%CD" is a valid identifier name.Limitations:

"_SYS_" is reserved exclusively for database engine, hence not allowed at the beginning ofschema object names.Role name and user name must be specified as undelimited identifiers.Maximum length for the identifiers is 127 characters.

Single Quotation Mark

Single quotation marks are used to delimit string literals and single quotation mark itself can be representedusing two single quotation marks.

Double Quotation Mark


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Double quotation marks are used to delimit identifiers and double quotation mark itself can be representedusing two double quotation marks.

SQL Reserved Words

Reserved words are words which have a special meaning to the SQL parser in the SAP HANA Database thatcannot be used as a user-defined name. Reserved words should not be used in SQL statements for schemaobject names. If necessary, you can work around this limitation by delimiting a table or column name withdouble quotation marks.

The following table lists all the current and future reserved words for the SAP HANA Database.

Table 1. Reserved Words

ALL ALTER AS BEFORE

BEGIN BOTH CASE CHAR

CONDITION CONNECT CROSS CUBE

CURRENT_CONNECTION CURRENT_DATE CURRENT_SCHEMA CURRENT_TIME

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP CURRENT_USER CURRENT_UTCDATE CURRENT_UTCTIME

CURRENT_UTCTIMESTAMP CURRVAL CURSOR DECLARE

DISTINCT ELSE ELSEIF ELSIF

END EXCEPT EXCEPTION EXEC

FOR FROM FULL GROUP

HAVING IF IN INNER

INOUT INTERSECT INTO IS

JOIN LEADING LEFT LIMIT

LOOP MINUS NATURAL NEXTVAL

NULL ON ORDER OUT

PRIOR RETURN RETURNS REVERSE

RIGHT ROLLUP ROWID SELECT

SET SQL START SYSDATE

SYSTIME SYSTIMESTAMP SYSUUID TOP

TRAILING UNION USING UTCDATE

UTCTIME UTCTIMESTAMP VALUES WHEN

WHERE WHILE WITH


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Data Types

This section describes the data types used in the SAP HANA Database.

Data type specifies the characteristics of a data value. A special value of NULL is included in every data typeto indicate the absence of a value. The following table shows the built-in data types available in the SAPHANA Database.

Classification of Data Types

In the SAP HANA Database each data type can be classified by its characteristic as follows:

Table 2: Classification of data types

Classification Data Type

Datetime types DATE, TIME, SECONDDATE, TIMESTAMP

Numeric types TINYINT, SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT, SMALLDECIMAL, DECIMAL, REAL, DOUBLE

Character s tring types VARCHAR, NVARCHAR, ALPHANUM, SHORTTEXT

Binary types VARBINARY

Large Object types BLOB, CLOB, NCLOB, TEXT

Datetime Types

DATE The DATE data type consists of year, month, and day information to represent a date value. Thedefault format for the DATE data type is 'YYYY-MM-DD'. YYYY represents the year, MM representsthe month, and DD represents the day. The range of date value is 0001-01-01 through 9999-12-31.

TIME The TIME data type consists of hour, minute, and second to represent a time value. The defaultformat for the TIME data type is 'HH24:MI:SS'. HH24 represents the hour from 0 to 24, MI representsthe minute from 0 to 59, SS represents the second from 0 to 59.

SECONDDATE The SECONDDATE data type consists of year, month, day, hour, minute and second information torepresent a date with time value. The default format for the SECONDDATE data type is 'YYYY-MM-DDHH24:MI:SS'. YYYY represents the year, MM represents the month, DD represents the day, HH24represents hour, MI represents minute, and SS represents seconds. The range of date value is 0001-01-01 00:00:01 through 9999-12-31 24:00:00.

TIMESTAMP The TIMESTAMP data type consists of date and time information. Its default format is 'YYYY-MM-DDHH24:MI:SS.FF7'. FFn represents the fractional seconds where n indicates the number of digits infractional part. . The range of the timestamp value is 0001-01-01 00:00:00.0000000 through 9999-12-31 23:59:59.9999999.

For details on supported formats for datetime types, refer to Table 4, Table 5, Table 6 and Table 7 below.

Date Formats

The following date/time formats can be used when parsing a string into a date/time type and converting adate/time type value into a string value. Please note that format for Timestamp is the combination of Dateand Time with the additional support for fractional seconds.


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Table 4: Supported formats for Date

Format Description Examples

YYYY-MM-DD Defaul t format INSERT INTO TBL VALUES ('1957-06-13');

YYYY/MM/DD YYYY/MM-DD YYYY-MM/DD

YYYY from 0001 to 9999, MM from 1 to 12,DD from 1 to 31. If year has less than fourdigi ts , month has less than two digi ts , orday has less than two digi ts , then va lueswi l l be padded by one or more zeros . Forexample, a two digi t year 45 wi l l be savedas year 0045, a one digi t month 9 wi l l besaved as 09, and a one digi t day 2 wi l l besaved as 02.

INSERT INTO TBL VALUES ('1957-06-13'); INSERT INTO TBL VALUES ('1957/06/13'); INSERT INTO TBL VALUES ('1957/06-13'); INSERT INTO TBL VALUES ('1957-06/13');

YYYYMMDD ABAP Data Type, DATS format. INSERT INTO TBL VALUES ('19570613');

MON Abbreviated name of month. (JAN. ~ DEC.)

INSERT INTO TBL VALUES (TO_DATE('2040-Jan-10', 'YYYY-MON-DD')); INSERT INTO TBL VALUES (TO_DATE('Jan-10', 'MON-DD'));

MONTH Name of month. (JANUARY - DECEMBER).

INSERT INTO TBL VALUES (TO_DATE('2040-January-10', 'YYYY-MONTH-DD')); INSERT INTO TBL VALUES(TO_DATE('January-10', 'MONTH-DD'));

RM Roman numera l month (I-XII ; JAN = I).

INSERT INTO TBL VALUES (TO_DATE('2040-I-10', 'YYYY-RM-DD')); INSERT INTO TBL VALUES (TO_DATE('I-10','RM-DD'));

DDD Day of year (1-366).

INSERT INTO TBL VALUES (TO_DATE('204','DDD')); INSERT INTO TBL VALUES (TO_DATE('2001-204','YYYY-DDD'));

Time Formats

Table 5: Supported formats for Time


HH24:MI:SS Defaul t format

HH:MI[:SS][AM|PM] HH12:MI[:SS][AM|PM]HH24:MI[:SS]

HH from 0 to 23. MI from 0 to 59. SS from 0to 59. FFF from 0 to 999. If one digi t hour, minute, second i sspeci fied, then 0 wi l l be inserted intothe va lue. For example, 9:9:9 wi l l besaved as 09:09:09. HH12 indicates 12 hour clock and HH24indicates 24 hour clock.AM or PM can be speci fied as a suffix toindicate the time va lue i s before or a fternoon.

INSERT INTO TBL VALUES ('23:59:59'); INSERT INTO TBL VALUES ('3:47:39 AM'); INSERT INTO TBL VALUES ('9:9:9 AM'); INSERT INTO TBL VALUES(TO_TIME('11:59:59','HH12:MI:SS');

SSSSS Seconds past midnight (0-86399).INSERT INTO TBL VALUES (TO_TIME('12345','SSSSS'));

Timestamp Formats

Table 6: Supported formats for Timestamp


YYYY-MM-DDHH24:MI:SS.FF7

Defaul t format

FF [1..7]

Fractiona l seconds has the range 1 to 7after the FF parameter to speci fy thenumber of digi ts in the fractiona l secondportion of the date time va lue returned. Ifa digi t i s not speci fied, the defaul t va lueis used.

INSERT INTO TBL VALUES(TO_TIMESTAMP('2011-05-1112:59.999','YYYY-MM-DD HH:SS.FF3'));

Additional Formats


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Table 7: Additional formats for Datetime

Format Description Example

D Day of week (1-7). TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,'D')

DAY Name of day (MONDAY - SUNDAY). TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,'DAY')

DY Abbreviated name of day (MON - SUN). TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,'DY')

MON Abbreviated month name (JAN - DEC) TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,'MON')

MONTH Ful l month name (JANUARY - DECEMBER) TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,'MONTH')

RMRoman numera l month (I - XII ; I i s forJanuary)

TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,'RM')

Q Quarter of year (1, 2, 3, 4) TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,'Q')

W Week of month (1-5). TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,'W')

WW Week of year (1-53). TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,'WW')

Supported Functions for Date/Time types

ADD_DAYSADD_MONTHSADD_SECONDSADD_YEARSCOALESCECURRENT_DATECURRENT_TIMECURRENT_TIMESTAMPCURRENT_UTCDATECURRENT_UTCTIMECURRENT_UTCTIMESTAMPDAYNAMEDAYOFMONTHDAYOFYEARDAYS_BETWEENEXTRACTGREATESTGREATESTHOURIFNULLISOWEEKLAST_DAYLEASTLOCALTOUTCMINUTEMONTHMONTHNAMENEXT_DAYNULLIFQUARTERSECONDSECONDS_BETWEENTO_CHARTO_DATETO_DATSTO_NCHARTO_TIMETO_TIMESTAMPUTCTOLOCALWEEKWEEKDAYYEAR

Numeric Types

TINYINT The TINYINT data type stores an 8-bit unsigned integer. The minimum value is 0 and the maximumvalue is 255 for TINYINT.

SMALLINT The SMALLINT data type stores a 16-bit signed integer. The minimum value is -32,768 and themaximum value is 32,767 for SMALLINT.


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INTEGER The INTEGER data type stores a 32-bit signed integer. The minimum value is -2,147,483,648 and themaximum value is 2,147,483,647 for INTEGER.

BIGINT The BIGINT data type stores a 64-bit signed integer. The minimum value is -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 and the maximum value is 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 for BIGINT.

DECIMAL(precision, scale) or DEC(p,s) The DECIMAL(p, s) data type specifies a fixed-point decimal number with precision p and scale s. Theprecision is the total number of significant digits and can range from 1 to 34.

The scale is the number of digits from the decimal point to the least significant digit and can rangefrom -6,111 to 6,176, which means scale specifies the range of the exponent in the decimal number

from 10-6111 to 106176. If scale is not specified, it defaults to 0. Scale is positive when the number hassignificant digits to the right of the decimal point and negative when the number has significant digitsto the left of the decimal point.

Examples: 0.0000001234 (1234 x 10-10) has the precision 4 and the scale 10. 1.0000001234(10000001234 x 10-10) has the precision 11 and scale 10. 1234000000 (1234x106) has the precision 4and scale -6.

When precision and scale are not specified, DECIMAL becomes a floating-point decimal number. Inthis case, precision and scale can vary within the range described above, 1~34 for precision and -6,111~6,176 for scale depending on the stored value.

SMALLDECIMAL The SMALLDECIMAL is a floating-point decimal number. The precision and scale can vary within therange, 1~16 for precision and -369~368 for scale depending on the stored value. SMALLDECIMAL issupported only on column store.

DECIMAL and SMALLDECIMAL are floating-point types. For instance, a decimal column can store anyof 3.14, 3.1415, 3.141592 whilst maintaining their precision.

DECIMAL(p, s) is the SQL standard notation for fixed-point decimal. For instance, 3.14, 3.1415,3.141592 are stored in a decimal(5, 4) column as 3.1400, 3.1415, 3.1416, respectively keeping thespecified precision(5) and scale(4).

REAL The REAL data type specifies a single-precision 32-bit floating-point number.

DOUBLE The DOUBLE data type specifies a single-precision 64-bit floating-point number. The minimum value is-1.79769 x 10308 and the maximum value is 1.79769x10308 . The smallest positive DOUBLE value is2.2207x10-308 and the largest negative DOUBLE value is -2.2207x10-308.

FLOAT(n) The FLOAT(n) data type specifies a 32-bit or 64-bit real number, where n specifies the number ofsignificant bits and can range between 1 and 53.

When you use the FLOAT(n) data type, if n is smaller than 25, it becomes a 32-bit REAL data type. If nis greater than or equal to 25, it then becomes a 64-bit DOUBLE data type. If n is not declared, itbecomes a 64-bit double data type by default.

Character String Types

The character string data types are used to store values that contain character strings. While VARCHAR datatypes contain ASCII character strings, NVARCHAR are used for storing Unicode character strings.

VARCHAR The VARCHAR(n) data type specifies a variable-length ASCII character string, where n indicates themaximum length and is an integer between 1 and 5000.

NVARCHAR The NVARCHAR(n) data type specifies a variable-length Unicode character set string, where nindicates the maximum length and is an integer between 1 and 5000.

ALPHANUM The ALPHANUM(n) data type specifies a variable-length character string which contains alpha-numeric characters, where n indicates the maximum length and is an integer between 1 and 127.

SHORTTEXT The SHORTTEXT(n) data type specifies veriable-length character string which supports textsearch-


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features and stringsearch-features. This is not a standalone sql-type. Selecting a SHORTTEXT(n)-column yields a column of type NVARCHAR(n).

<shorttext_type> ::= SHORTTEXT '(' int_const ')' <elem_list_shorttext>

<elem_list_shorttext> ::= <elem_shorttext> [... ',' <elem_shorttext>]

<elem_shorttext> ::= <fulltext_elem> | SYNC[HRONOUS]

Binary Types

Binary types are used to store bytes of binary data.

VARBINARY The VARBINARY(n) data type is used to store binary data of a specified maximum length in bytes,where n indicates the maximum length and is an integer between 1 and 5000.

Large Object (LOB) Types

LOB (large objects) data types, CLOB, NCLOB and BLOB, are used to store a large amount of data such as textdocuments and images. The maximum size of an LOB is 2 GB.

BLOB The BLOB data type is used to store large binary data.

CLOB The CLOB data type is used to store large ASCII character data.

NCLOB The NCLOB data type is used to store a large Unicode character object.

TEXT The TEXT data type specifies which supports textsearch-features. This is not a standalone sql-type.Selecting a TEXT-column yields a column of type NCLOB.

<text_type> ::= TEXT <opt_fulltext_elem_list_text>

<opt_fulltext_elem_list_text> ::= <fulltext_elem_text> [... ',' <fulltext_elem_text>]

<fulltext_elem_text> ::= <fulltext_elem> | [SYNC[HRONOUS] | [ASYNC[HRONOUS] FLUSH [QUEUE] EVERY <n> MINUTES [[OR] AFTER <m> DOCUMENTS] ]

Syntax-rules common to TEXT and SHORTTEXT

<fulltext_elem> ::= LANGUAGE COLUMN <column_name> | LANGUAGE DETECTION '(' <str_const_list> ')' | MIME TYPE COLUMN <column_name> | FUZZY SEARCH INDEX [ON|OFF] | PHRASE INDEX RATIO [ON|OFF] | CONFIGURATION <str_const> | SEARCH ONLY [ON|OFF] | FAST PREPROCESS [ON|OFF]

LOB types are provided for storing and retrieving such large data. LOB types support the followingoperations.

The length() function returns the LOB length in bytes.LIKE can be used to search LOB columns.

The LOB types have the following restrictions:

LOB columns cannot appear in ORDER BY or GROUP BY clauses.LOB columns cannot appear in FROM clauses as a join predicate.LOB columns cannot appear in WHERE clauses as a predicate except LIKE, CONTAINS, =, or <>.LOB columns cannot appear in SELECT clauses as an aggregate function argument.LOB columns cannot appear in SELECT DISTINCT clauses.LOB columns cannot be used in set operations such as EXCEPT. UNION ALL is an exception.LOB columns cannot be used as a primary key.LOB columns cannot be used in CREATE INDEX statements.LOB columns cannot be used in statistics update statements.


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Mapping between SQL Data Type and Column Store Data Type

SQL Type Column Store Type

Integer Types TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT CS_INT

BIGINT CS_FIXED(18,0)

Approximate Types REAL CS_FLOAT

DOUBLE CS_DOUBLE

FLOAT CS_DOUBLE

FLOAT(p) CS_FLOAT, CS_DOUBLE

Decimal Types DECIMAL CS_DECIMAL_FLOAT

DECIMAL(p,s ) CS_FIXED(p-s ,s )

SMALLDECIMAL CS_SDFLOAT

Character Types VARCHAR CS_STRING,CS_ALPHANUM,CS_UNITDECFLOAT,CS_DATE,CS_TIME

NVARCHAR CS_STRING,CS_ALPHANUM,CS_UNITDECFLOAT

CLOB, NCLOB CS_STRING

ALPHANUM CS_ALPHANUM

Binary Types BLOB CS_RAW

VARBINARY CS_RAW

Date/Time Types DATE CS_DAYDATE,CS_DATE

TIME CS_SECONDTIME,CS_TIME

TIMESTAMP CS_LONGDATE,CS_DATE,CS_SECONDDATE

SECONDDATE CS_SECONDDATE

Data Type Conversion

This section describes the data type conversion allowed in SAP HANA Database.

Explicit type conversion

The type of an expression result, for example a field reference, a function on fields, or literals can beconverted using the following functions: CAST, TO_ALPHANUM, TO_BIGINT, TO_VARBINARY,TO_BLOB, TO_CLOB, TO_DATE, TO_DATS, TO_DECIMAL, TO_DOUBLE, TO_INTEGER, TO_INT,TO_NCLOB, TO_NVARCHAR, TO_REAL, TO_SECONDDATE, TO_SMALLINT, TO_TINYINT, TO_TIME,TO_TIMESTAMP, TO_VARCHAR.

Implicit type conversion

When a given set of operand/argument types does not match what an operator/function expects, atype conversion is carried out by the SAP HANA Database. This conversion only occurs if a relevantconversion is available and if it makes the operation/function executable. For instance, a comparisonof BIGINT and VARCHAR is performed by implicitly converting VARCHAR to BIGINT. The entire explicitconversions can be used for implicit conversion except for the TIME and TIMESTAMP data types. TIMEand TIMESTAMP can be converted to each other using TO_TIME(TIMESTAMP) andTO_TIMESTAMP(TIME).

Examples

Table 8: Implicit Type conversion Examples

Input Expression Transformed Expression with Implicit Conversion

BIGINT > VARCHAR BIGINT > BIGINT(VARCHAR)

BIGINT > DECIMAL DECIMAL(BIGINT) > DECIMAL

TIMESTAMP > DATE TIMESTAMP > TIMESTAMP(DATE)

DATE > TIME Error because there i s no convers ion ava i lable between DATE and TIME

In the tables below,

Boxes with "OK" means data type conversions are allowed without any checks.Boxes with "CHK" means the data type can be converted if the data is valid for the target type.Boxes with "-" indicates that data type conversion is not allowed.

The rules shown are applicable to both implicit and explicit conversion except for Time to Timestampconversion. Only explicit conversions are allowed for converting the Time data type to Timestamp using theTO_TIMESTAMP or CAST functions.


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Table 9a: Data type conversion table

Target/Source

tinyint - OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK

smallint CHK - OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK

integer CHK CHK - OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK

bigint CHK CHK CHK - OK CHK CHK CHK OK OK OK

decimal CHK CHK CHK CHK - CHK CHK CHK OK OK OK

decimal(p,s) CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK OK

smalldecimal CHK CHK CHK CHK OK CHK - CHK CHK OK OK

real CHK CHK CHK CHK OK CHK CHK - OK OK OK

double CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK - OK OK

varchar CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK - OK

nvarchar CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK -

Table 9b: Data type conversion table

Target/Source

time date seconddate timestamp varchar nvarchar

time - - - - OK OK

date - - OK OK OK OK

seconddate time date - timestamp OK OK

timestamp time date seconddate - OK OK

varchar CHK CHK CHK CHK - OK

nvarchar CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK -

Table 9c: Data type conversion table

Target/Source

varbinary alphanum varchar nvarchar

varbinary - - - -

alphanum - - OK OK

varchar OK OK - OK

nvarchar OK OK CHK -

Data Type Precedence

This section describes the data type precedence implemented by the SAP HANA Database. Data typeprecedence specifies that the data type with lower precedence is converted to the data type with higherprecedence.

tinyi

nt

smal

lint

inte

ger

bigi

nt

deci

mal

deci

mal

(p,s

)

smal

ldec

imal

real

doub

le

varc

har

nvar

char


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Highest TIMESTAMP

SECONDDATE

DATE

TIME

DOUBLE

REAL

DECIMAL

SMALLDECIMAL

BIGINT

INTEGER

SMALLINT

TINYINT

NCLOB

NVARCHAR

CLOB

VARCHAR

BLOB

Lowest VARBINARY

Typed Constant

A constant is a symbol that represents a specific fixed data value.

Character string contant A character string constant is enclosed in single quotation marks.

'Brian''100'

Unicode string has a similar format to character string but is preceded by an N identifier (N stands forNational Language in the SQL-92 standard). The N prefix must be uppercase.

N'abc'

SELECT 'Brian' "character string 1", '100' "character string 2", N'abc' "unicode string" FROM DUMMY;

character string 1, character string 2, unicode string Brian, 100, abc

Number constant A number constant is represented by a string of numbers that are not enclosed in quotation marks.Numbers may contain a decimal point or scientific notation.

123123.41.234e2

A hexadecimal number constant is a string of hexadecimal numbers and has the prefix 0x.

0x0abc

SELECT 123 "integer", 123.4 "decimal1", 1.234e2 "decimal2", 0x0abc "hexadecimal" FROM DUMMY;

integer, decimal1, decimal2, hexadecimal 123, 123.4, 123.4, 2748

Binary string constant A binary string has the prefix X and is a string of hexadecimal numbers that are enclosed in quotationmarks.

X'00abcd'x'dcba00'

SELECT X'00abcd' "binary string 1", x'dcba00' "binary string 2" FROM DUMMY;

binary string 1, binary string 2


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00ABCD, DCBA00

Date/Time/Timestamp constant Date, Time and Timestamp each have the following prefixes.

date'2010-01-01'time'11:00:00.001'timestamp'2011-12-31 23:59:59'

SELECT date'2010-01-01' "date", time'11:00:00.001' "time", timestamp'2011-12-31 23:59:59' "timestamp" FROM DUMMY;

date, time, timestamp 2010-01-01, 11:00:00, 2011-12-31 23:59:59.0


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Predicates

A predicate is specified by combining one or more expressions, or logical operators, and returns one of thefollowing logical/truth values: TRUE, FALSE, or UNKNOWN.

Comparison Predicates

Two values are compared using comparison predicates and the comparison returns true, false, or unknown.

Syntax:

<comparison_predicate> ::= <expression> { = | != | <> | > | < | >= | <= } [ ANY | SOME| ALL ] { <expression_list> | <subquery> } <expression_list> ::= <expression>, ...

Expressions can be a simple expression such as a character, date, or number. An expression can also be ascalar subquery.

ANY, SOME - When ANY or SOME are specified, the comparison returns true if at least one value returned bythe subquery or expression_list is true. ALL - When ALL is specified, the comparison returns true if thecomparison of all values returned by the subquery or expression_list is true.

Range Predicate

A value is compared with a list of values within the provided range.

Syntax:

<range_predicate> ::= <expression1> [NOT] BETWEEN <expression2> AND <expression3>

BETWEEN ... AND ... - When a range predicate is used, it returns true if expression1 is within the rangespecified by expression2 and expression3. True will only be returned if expression2 has a lesser value thanexpression3.

In Predicate

A value is compared with a specified set of values. True will be returned if the value of expression1 is found inthe expression_list (or subquery).

Syntax:

<in_predicate> ::= <expression> [NOT] IN { <expression_list> | <subquery> }

Exists Predicate

Returns true if the subquery returns a result set that is not empty and returns false if the subquery returns anempty result set.

Syntax:

<exists_predicate> ::= [NOT] EXISTS ( <subquery> )

LIKE Predicate

The LIKE predicate is used for string comparisons. Expression1 is tested for a pattern contained inexpression2. Wildcard characters ( % ) and ( _ ) may be used in the comparison string expression2. LIKEreturns true if the pattern specified by expression2 is found.

The percentage sign (%) matches zero or more characters and underscore (_) matches exactly onecharacter. To match a percent sign or underscore in the LIKE predicate, an escape character must be used.

Using the optional argument, ESCAPE expression3, you can specify the escape character that will be usedallowing the underscore (_) or percentage sign (%) to be matched.

Syntax:

<like_predicate> ::= <expression1> [NOT] LIKE <expression2> [ESCAPE <expression3>]

NULL Predicate


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When the IS NULL predicate is specified, a value can be compared with NULL. IS NULL returns true if theexpression value is NULL. If the IS NOT NULL predicate is specified, it returns true if a value is not NULL.

Syntax:

<null_predicate> ::= <expression> IS [NOT] NULL

CONTAINS Predicate

The CONTAINS predicate is used to search for text-matches to a search string in subqueries.

Syntax:

<contains_function> ::= CONTAINS '(' <contains_columns> ',' <search_string>')' | CONTAINS '(' <contains_columns> ',' <search_string> ',' <search_specifier> ')' <contains_columns> ::= '*' | <column_name> | '(' <columnlist> ')' <search_string> ::= <string_const> <search_specifier> ::= <search_type> <opt_search_specifier2_list> | <search_specifier2_list> <opt_search_specifier2_list> ::= empty | <search_specifier2_list> <search_type> ::= <exact_search> | <fuzzy_search> | <linguistic_search> <search_specifier2_list> ::= <search_specifier2> | <search_specifier2_list> ',' <search_specifier2> <search_specifier2> := <weights> | <language> <exact_search> ::= EXACT <fuzzy_search> ::= FUZZY | FUZZY '(' <float_const> ')' | FUZZY '(' <float_const> ',' <additional_params> ')' <linguistic_search> ::= LINGUISTIC <weights> ::= WEIGHT '(' <float_const_list> ')' <language> :: LANGUAGE '(' <string_const> ')' <additional_params> ::= <string_const>

search_stringThe freestyle-search-string format is used (eg. Peter "Palo Alto" OR Berlin -"SAP LABS" )

search_specifierIf the search_specifier clause is not specified EXACT is taken as default

EXACTEXACT returns true for those records where exact matches of the searchterms are found in the search-attributes

FUZZYFUZZY returns true for those records where words similar to the searchterms are found in the search-attributes (e.g. spelling errors will be ignored to a certain extent)

float_constIf float_const is omitted, then 0.8 is the default. This default can be overridden by defining parameterFUZZINESSTHRESHOLD supported by columnstore join-views

WEIGHTIf a weights list is specified, it must be the same size as the number of (expanded) columns in<contains_columns>

LANGUAGE


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LANGUAGE is used during preprocessing of the search string and as a pre-search filter. Only documents whichmatch the search string and the language specified are returned.

LINGUISTICLINGUISTIC returns true for those records where word-variants of the searchterms are found in the search-attributes (e.g. searching for 'cats' will also return records which contain 'cat')

Limitations: If there are multiple CONTAINS predicates specified in the where clause of a select statement,then only one of the predicates may consist of more than one column in the <contains_columns> list

The CONTAINS-predicate works only on column store tables (simple tables and join-views)

Examples:

Exact search

select * from T where contains(column1, 'dog OR cat') -- EXACT is implicit select * from T where contains(column1, 'dog OR cat', EXACT) select * from T where contains(column1, '"cats and dogs"') -- phrase search

Fuzzy search

select * from T where contains(column1, 'catz', FUZZY(0.8))

Linguistic search:

select * from T where contains(column1, 'catz', LINGUISTIC)

Freestyle search: The freestyle-search is a search mulitple columns.

select * from T where CONTAINS( (column1,column2,column3), 'cats OR dogz', FUZZY(0.7)) select * from T where CONTAINS( (column1,column2,column3), 'cats OR dogz', FUZZY(0.7))


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Operators

You can perform arithmetic operations in expressions by using operators. Operators can be used forcalculation, value comparison or to assign values.

Unary and Binary Operators

Table 10. Unary and binary operators

Operator Operation Format Description

UnaryA unary operator appl ies to one operand or as ingle va lue express ion.

operator operand

unary plusoperator(+)

unary negationoperator(-)

logica lnegation(NOT)

BinaryBinary A binary operator appl ies to two operandsor two va lue express ions .

operand1 operatoroperand2

multipl i cativeoperators ( *, / )

addi tive operators (+,- )

comparisonoperators ( =,!=,<,>,<=,>=)

logica l operators (AND, OR )

Operator Precedence

An expression can use several operators. If the number of operators is greater than one then the SAP HANADatabase will evaluate them in order of operator precedence. You can change the order of evaluation byusing parentheses, as expressions contained within parentheses are always evaluated first.

If parentheses are not used, the operators have the precedence indicated by the table below. Please note,the SAP HANA Database will evaluate operators with equal precedence from left to right within anexpression.

Table 11. SQL operator precedence

Precedence Operator Operation

Highest () parentheses

+, - unary pos i tive and negative operation

*, / multipl i cation, divi s ion

+, - addi tion, subtraction

|| concatenation

=, !=, <, >, <=, >=, IS NULL, LIKE, BETWEEN compars ion

NOT logica l negation

AND conjunction

Lowes t OR dis junction

Arithmetic Operators

You use arithmetic operators to perform mathematical operations such as adding, subtracting, multiplying,dividing and negation of numeric values.


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Table 12. Arithmetic operators

Operator Description

-<express ion> Negation. If the express ion i s the NULL va lue, the resul t i s NULL.

<express ion> +<express ion>

Addition. If ei ther express ion i s the NULL va lue, the resul t i s NULL.

<express ion> -<express ion>

Subtraction. If ei ther express ion i s the NULL va lue, the res ul t i s NULL.

<express ion> *<express ion>

Multipl i cation. If ei ther express ion i s NULL, the resul t i s NULL.

<express ion> /<express ion>

Divis ion. If ei ther express ion i s NULL, or i f the s econd express ion i s 0, an error i sreturned.

String Operators

A concatenation operator combines two items such as strings, expressions or constants into one.

Table 13. Concatenation operators

Operator Description

<express ion> || <express ion>String concatenation (two vertica l bars ).If ei ther s tring i s NULL, i t returns NULL.

For VARCHAR or NVARCHAR type strings, leading or trailing spaces are kept. If either string is of data typeNVARCHAR, the result has data type NVARCHAR and is limited to 5000 characters. The maximum length forVARCHAR concatenation is also limited to 5000 characters.

Comparsion Operators

Syntax:

<comparison_operation> ::= <expression1> <comparison_operator> <expression2>

Table 14. Comparison operators

Operator Description Example

= Equa l to SELECT * FROM students WHERE id = 25;

> Greater than SELECT * FROM students WHERE id > 25;

< Less than SELECT * FROM students WHERE id < 25;

>= Greater than or equa l to SELECT * FROM students WHERE id >= 25;

<= Less than or equa l to SELECT * FROM students WHERE id <= 25;

!=, <> Not equa lSELECT * FROM students WHERE id != 25; SELECT * FROM students WHERE id <> 25;

Logical Operators

Search conditions can be combined using AND or OR operators. You can also negate them using the NOToperator.

Table 15. Logical operators

Operator Syntax Description

AND

WHEREcondition1ANDcondition2

When us ing AND, the combined condi tion i s TRUE i f both condi tions are TRUE,FALSE i f ei ther condi tion i s FALSE, and UNKNOWN otherwise.

OR

WHEREcondition1ORcondition2

When us ing OR, the combined condi tion i s TRUE i f ei ther condi tion i s TRUE,FALSE i f both condi tions are FALSE, and UNKNOWN otherwise.

NOTWHERE NOTcondition

The NOT operator i s placed before a condi tion to negate the condi tion. The NOTcondition i s TRUE i f condi tion i s FALSE, FALSE i f condi tion i s TRUE, and UNKNOWNif condi tion i s UNKNOWN.

Set Operators

The operators described in this section perform set operations on the results of two or more queries.


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Table 16. Set operators

Operator Returned Value

UNION Combines the resul ts of two or more select s tatements or query expres s ions

UNIONALL

Combines the resul ts of two or more select s tatements or query expres s ions , including a l ldupl icate rows .

INTERSECTCombines the resul ts of two or more select s tatements or query expres s ions , and returns a l lcommon rows .

EXCEPT Takes output from the fi rs t query and then removes rows selected by the second query.


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Expressions

An expression is a clause that can be evaluated to return values.

Syntax:

<expression> ::= <case_expression> | <function_expression> | <aggregate_expression> | (<expression> ) | ( <subquery> ) | - <expression> | <expression> <operator> <expression> | <variable_name> | <constant> | [<correlation_name>.]<column_name>

Case Expressions

A case expression allows the user to use IF ... THEN ... ELSE logic without using procedures in SQL statements.

Syntax:

<case_expression> ::= CASE <expression> WHEN <expression> THEN <expression>, ... [ ELSE <expression>] { END | END CASE }

If the expression following the CASE statement is equal to the expression following the WHEN statement,then the expression following the THEN statement is returned. Otherwise the expression following the ELSEstatement is returned if it exists.

Function Expressions

SQL built-in functions can be used as an expression.

Syntax:

<function_expression> ::= <function_name> ( <expression>, ... )

Aggregate Expressions

An aggregate expression uses an aggregate function to calculate a single value from the values of multiplerows in a column.

Syntax:

<aggregate_expression> ::= COUNT(*) | <agg_name> ( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] <expression> ) <agg_name> ::= COUNT | MIN | MAX | SUM | AVG | STDDEV | VAR

Aggregatename

Description

COUNTCounts the number of rows returned by a query. COUNT(*) returns the number of rows , regardlessof the va lue of those rows and including dupl icate va lues . COUNT(<express ion>) returns thenumber of non-NULL va lues for that express ion returned by the query.

MIN Returns the minimum va lue of express ion.

MAX Returns the maximum va lue of express ion.

SUM Returns the sum of express ion.

AVG Returns the ari thmetica l mean of express ion.

STDDEV Returns the s tandard deviation of given express ion as the square root of VARIANCE function.

VAR Returns the variance of express ion as the square of s tandard deviation.

Subqueries in Expressions


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A subquery is a SELECT statement enclosed in parentheses. The SELECT statement can contain one and onlyone select list item. When used as an expression a scalar subquery is allowed to return only zero or one value.

Syntax:

<scalar_subquery_expression> ::= (<subquery>)

Within the SELECT list of the top level SELECT, or in the SET clause of an UPDATE statement, you can use ascalar subquery anywhere that you can use a column name. However, scalar_subquery cannot be used insideGROUP BY clause.

Example:

For example, the following statement returns the number of employees in each department, grouped bydepartment name:

SELECT DepartmentName, COUNT(*), 'out of', (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Employees) FROM Departments AS D, Employees AS E WHERE D.DepartmentID = E.DepartmentID GROUP BY DepartmentName;


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SQL Functions

Introduction

This chapter describes SQL Functions that are provided by SAP HANA Database.

Data Type Conversion FunctionsDateTime FunctionsNumber FunctionsString FunctionsMiscellaneous Functions

Data Type Conversion Functions

Data type conversion functions are used to convert arguments from one data type to another, or to testwhether a conversion is possible.

CAST

Syntax

CAST (expression AS data_type)

Syntax Elements

expression - The expression to be converted. data type - The target data type. TINYINT | SMALLINT |INTEGER | BIGINT | DECIMAL | SMALLDECIMAL | REAL | DOUBLE | ALPHANUM | VARCHAR | NVARCHAR |DAYDATE | DATE | TIME | SECONDDATE | TIMESTAMP

Description

Returns the value of an expression converted to a supplied data type.

Example

SELECT CAST (7 AS VARCHAR) "cast" FROM DUMMY; cast 7

TO_ALPHANUM

Syntax

TO_ALPHANUM (value)

Description

Converts a given value to an ALPHANUM data type.

Example

SELECT TO_ALPHANUM ('10') "to alphanum" FROM DUMMY; to alphanum 10

TO_BIGINT

Syntax

TO_BIGINT (value)

Description

Converts a value to a BIGINT data type.


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Example

SELECT TO_BIGINT ('10') "to bigint" FROM DUMMY; to bigint 10

TO_BINARY

Syntax

TO_BINARY (value)

Description

Converts a value to a BINARY data type.

Example

SELECT TO_BINARY ('abc') "to binary" FROM DUMMY; to binary 616263

TO_BLOB

Syntax

TO_BLOB (value)

Description

Converts a value to a BLOB data type. The argument value must be a binary string.

Example

SELECT TO_BLOB (TO_BINARY('abcde')) "to blob" FROM DUMMY; to blob abcde

TO_CHAR

Syntax

TO_CHAR (value [, format])

Description

Converts a given value to a CHAR character data type. If the format specifier is omitted, the conversion isperformed using the date format model as explained in Date Formats

Example

SELECT TO_CHAR (TO_DATE('2009-12-31'), 'YYYY/MM/DD') "to char" FROM DUMMY; to char 2009/12/31

TO_CLOB

Syntax

TO_CLOB (value)

Description


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Converts a value to a CLOB data type.

Example

SELECT TO_CLOB ('TO_CLOB converts the value to a CLOB data type') "to clob" FROM DUMMY; to clob TO_CLOB converts the value to a CLOB data type

TO_DATE

Syntax

TO_DATE (d [, format])

Description

Converts a date string d into a DATE data type. If the format specifier is omitted, the conversion is performedusing the date format model as explained in Date Formats.

Example

SELECT TO_DATE('2010-01-12', 'YYYY-MM-DD') "to date" FROM DUMMY; to date 2010-01-12

TO_DATS

Syntax

TO_DATS (d)

Description

Converts a date string d into an ABAP DATE string with format 'YYYYMMDD'.

Example

SELECT TO_DATS ('2010-01-12') "abap date" FROM DUMMY; abap date 20100112

TO_DECIMAL

Syntax

TO_DECIMAL (value [, precision, scale])

Description

Converts the value to a DECIMAL data type.

The precision is the total number of significant digits and can range from 1 to 34.

The scale is the number of digits from the decimal point to the least significant digit and can range from -

6,111 to 6,176. This means that the scale specifies the range of the exponent in the decimal number from 10-

6111 to 106176. If the scale is not specified, it defaults to 0. Scale is positive when the number has significantdigits to the right of the decimal point, and negative when the number has significant digits to the left of thedecimal point.

When precision and scale are not specified, DECIMAL becomes a floating-point decimal number. In this case,precision and scale can vary within the range described above, 1~34 for precision and -6,111~6,176 for scaledepending on the stored value.


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Example

SELECT TO_DECIMAL(7654321.888888, 10, 3) "to decimal" FROM DUMMY

to decimal 7654321.889

TO_DOUBLE

Syntax

TO_DOUBLE (value)

Description

Converts a value to a DOUBLE (double precision) data type.

Example

SELECT 3*TO_DOUBLE ('15.12') "to double" FROM DUMMY; to double 45.36

TO_INT

Syntax

TO_INT (value)

Description

Converts the value to an INTEGER data type.

Example

SELECT TO_INT('10') "to int" FROM DUMMY; to int 10

TO_INTEGER

Syntax

TO_INTEGER (value)

Description

Converts the value to an INTEGER data type.

Example

SELECT TO_INTEGER ('10') "to int" FROM DUMMY; to int 10

TO_NCHAR

Syntax

TO_NCHAR (value [, format])

Description

Converts the value to a NCHAR unicode character data type. If the format specifier is omitted, the conversion


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is performed using the date format model as explained in Date Formats.

Example

SELECT TO_NCHAR (TO_DATE('2009-12-31'), 'YYYY/MM/DD') "to nchar" FROM DUMMY; to nchar 2009/12/31

TO_NCLOB

Syntax

TO_NCLOB (value)

Description

Converts a value to a NCLOB data type.

Example

SELECT TO_NCLOB ('TO_NCLOB converts the value to a NCLOB data type') "to nclob" FROM DUMMY;

to nclob TO_NCLOB converts the value to a NCLOB data type

TO_NVARCHAR

Syntax

TO_NVARCHAR (value [,format])

Description

Converts the value to a NVARCHAR unicode character data type. If the format specifier is omitted, theconversion is performed using the date format model as explained in Date Formats.

Example

SELECT TO_NVARCHAR(TO_DATE('2009/12/31'), 'YY-MM-DD') "to nchar" FROM DUMMY; to nchar 09-12-31

TO_REAL

Syntax

TO_REAL (value)

Description

Converts a value to a REAL (single precision) data type.

Example

SELECT 3*TO_REAL ('15.12') "to real" FROM DUMMY; to real 45.36000061035156

TO_SECONDDATE

Syntax

TO_SECONDDATE (d [, format])


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Description

Converts a date string d into a SECONDDATE data type. If the format specifier is omitted, the conversion isperformed using the date format model as explained in Date Formats.

Example

SELECT TO_SECONDDATE ('2010-01-11 13:30:00', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS') "to seconddate" FROM DUMMY; to seconddate 2010-01-11 13:30:00.0

TO_SMALLDECIMAL

Syntax

TO_SMALLDECIMAL (value)

Description

Converts the value to a SMALLDECIMAL data type.

Example

SELECT TO_SMALLDECIMAL(7654321.89) "to smalldecimal" FROM DUMMY;

to smalldecimal 7654321.89

TO_SMALLINT

Syntax

TO_SMALLINT (value)

Description

Converts the value to a SMALLINT data type.

Example

SELECT TO_SMALLINT ('10') "to smallint" FROM DUMMY; to smallint 10

TO_TIME

Syntax

TO_TIME (t [, format])

Description

Converts a time string t into the TIME data type. If the format specifier is omitted, the conversion isperformed using the time format model as explained in Time Formats.

Example

SELECT TO_TIME ('08:30 AM', 'HH:MI AM') "to time" FROM DUMMY; to time 08:30:00

TO_TIMESTAMP


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Syntax

TO_TIMESTAMP (d [, format])

Description

Converts a date string d into the TIMESTAMP data type. If the format specifier is omitted, the conversion isperformed using the date format model as explained in Date Formats.

Example

SELECT TO_TIMESTAMP ('2010-01-11 13:30:00', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS') "to timestamp" FROM DUMMY; to timestamp 2010-01-11 13:30:00.0

TO_TINYINT

Syntax

TO_TINYINT (value)

Description

Converts the value to a TINYINT data type.

Example

SELECT TO_TINYINT ('10') "to tinyint" FROM DUMMY; to tinyint 10

TO_VARCHAR

Syntax

TO_VARCHAR (value [, format])

Description

Converts a given value to a VARCHAR character data type. If the format specifier is omitted, the conversion isperformed using the date format model as explained in Date Formats.

Example

SELECT TO_VARCHAR (TO_DATE('2009-12-31'), 'YYYY/MM/DD') "to char" FROM DUMMY; to char 2009/12/31

DateTime Functions

ADD_DAYS

Syntax

ADD_DAYS (d, n)

Description

Computes the date d plus n days.

Example


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SELECT ADD_DAYS (TO_DATE ('2009-12-05', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), 30) "add days" FROM DUMMY; add days 2010-01-04

ADD_MONTHS

Syntax

ADD_MONTHS (d, n)

Description

Computes the date d plus n months.

Example

SELECT ADD_MONTHS (TO_DATE ('2009-12-05', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), 1) "add months" FROM DUMMY; add months 2010-01-05

ADD_SECONDS

Syntax

ADD_SECONDS (t, n)

Description

Computes the time t plus n seconds.

Example

SELECT ADD_SECONDS (TO_TIMESTAMP ('2012-01-01 23:30:45'), 60*30) "add seconds" FROM DUMMY; add seconds 2012-01-02 00:00:45.0

ADD_YEARS

Syntax

ADD_YEARS (d, n)

Description

Computes the date d plus n years.

Example

SELECT ADD_YEARS (TO_DATE ('2009-12-05', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), 1) "add years" FROM DUMMY; add years 2010-12-05

CURRENT_DATE

Syntax

CURRENT_DATE

Description

Returns the current local system date.


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Example

SELECT CURRENT_DATE "current date" FROM DUMMY; current date 2010-01-11

CURRENT_TIME

Syntax

CURRENT_TIME

Description

Returns the current local system time.

Example

SELECT CURRENT_TIME "current time" FROM DUMMY; current time 17:37:37

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

Syntax

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

Description

Returns the current local system timestamp information.

Example

SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP "current timestamp" FROM DUMMY; current timestamp 2010-01-11 17:38:48.802

CURRENT_UTCDATE

Syntax

CURRENT_UTCDATE

Description

Returns the current UTC date. The UTC stands for Coordinated Universal Time, also known as GreenwichMean Time (GMT).

Example

SELECT CURRENT_UTCDATE "Coordinated Universal Date" FROM DUMMY; Coordinated Universal Time 2010-01-11

CURRENT_UTCTIME

Syntax

CURRENT_UTCTIME

Description


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Returns the current UTC time.

Example

SELECT CURRENT_UTCTIME "Coordinated Universal Time" FROM DUMMY; Coordinated Universal Time 08:41:19

CURRENT_UTCTIMESTAMP

Syntax

CURRENT_UTCTIMESTAMP

Description

Returns the current UTC timestamp.

Example

SELECT CURRENT_UTCTIMESTAMP "Coordinated Universal Timestamp" FROM DUMMY; Coordinated Universal Timestamp 2010-01-11 08:41:42.484

DAYNAME

Syntax

DAYNAME (d)

Description

Returns the weekday in English for date d.

Example

SELECT DAYNAME ('2011-05-30') "dayname" FROM DUMMY; dayname MONDAY

DAYOFMONTH

Syntax

DAYOFMONTH (d)

Description

Returns an integer the day of the month for date d.

Example

SELECT DAYOFMONTH ('2011-05-30') "dayofmonth" FROM DUMMY; dayofmonth 30

DAYOFYEAR

Syntax

DAYOFYEAR (d)


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Description

Returns an integer representation of the day of the year for date d.

Example

SELECT DAYOFYEAR ('2011-05-30') "dayofyear" FROM DUMMY; dayofyear 150

DAYS_BETWEEN

Syntax

DAYS_BETWEEN (d1, d2)

Description

Computes the number of days between d1 and d2.

Example

SELECT DAYS_BETWEEN (TO_DATE ('2009-12-05', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), TO_DATE('2010-01-05', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "days between" FROM DUMMY; days between 31

EXTRACT

Syntax

EXTRACT ({YEAR | MONTH | DAY | HOUR | MINUTE | SECOND} FROM d)

Description

Finds and returns the value of a specified datetime field from date d.

Example

SELECT EXTRACT (YEAR FROM TO_DATE ('2010-01-04', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "extract" FROM DUMMY; extract 2010

HOUR

Syntax

HOUR (t)

Description

Returns an integer representation of the hour for time t.

Example

SELECT HOUR ('12:34:56') "hour" FROM DUMMY; hour 12

ISOWEEK

Syntax


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ISOWEEK (d)

Description

Returns the ISO year and week numbers of date d. The week number is prefixed by the letter W.

Please also see WEEK

Example

SELECT ISOWEEK (TO_DATE('2011-05-30', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "isoweek" FROM DUMMY; isoweek 2011-W22

LAST_DAY

Syntax

LAST_DAY (d)

Description

Returns the date of the last day of the month that contains the date d.

Example

SELECT LAST_DAY (TO_DATE('2010-01-04', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "last day" FROM DUMMY; last day 2010-01-31

LOCALTOUTC

Syntax

LOCALTOUTC (t, timezone)

Description

Convert the local time t from a timezone to the UTC(GMT) time

Example

SELECT LOCALTOUTC (TO_TIMESTAMP('2012-01-01 01:00:00', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'), 'EST') "localtoutc" FROM DUMMY; localtoutc 2012-01-01 06:00:00.0

MINUTE

Syntax

MINUTE (t)

Description

Returns an integer representation of the minute for time t.

Example

SELECT MINUTE ('12:34:56') "minute" FROM DUMMY; minute 34


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MONTH

Syntax

MONTH(d)

Description

Returns the number of the month from date d.

Example

SELECT MONTH ('2011-05-30') "month" FROM DUMMY; month 5

MONTHNAME

Syntax

MONTHNAME(d)

Description

Returns the name of the month in English for date d.

Example

SELECT MONTHNAME ('2011-05-30') "monthname" FROM DUMMY; monthname MAY

NEXT_DAY

Syntax

NEXT_DAY (d)

Description

Returns the date of the next day after date d.

Example

SELECT NEXT_DAY (TO_DATE ('2009-12-31', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "next day" FROM DUMMY; next day 2010-01-01

NOW

Syntax

NOW ()

Description

Returns the current timestamp.

Example

SELECT NOW () "now" FROM DUMMY; now


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2010-01-01 16:34:19.894

QUARTER

Syntax

QUARTER (d, [, start_month ])

Description

Returns the numerical year quarter of date d. The first quarter starts in the month specified by start_month.If start_month is not specified the first quarter is assumed to begin in January.

Example

SELECT QUARTER (TO_DATE('2012-01-01', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), 2) "quarter" FROM DUMMY; quarter 2011-Q4

SECOND

Syntax

SECOND (t)

Description

Returns an integer representation of the second for time t.

Example

SELECT SECOND ('12:34:56') "second" FROM DUMMY; second 56

SECONDS_BETWEEN

Syntax

SECONDS_BETWEEN (d1, d2)

Description

Computes the number of seconds between date arguments d1 and d2, which is semantically equal to d2 - d1.

Example

SELECT SECONDS_BETWEEN ('2009-12-05', '2010-01-05') "seconds between" FROM DUMMY; Seconds between 2678400

UTCTOLOCAL

Syntax

UTCTOLOCAL (t, timezone)

Description

Convert the UTC(GMT) time t to the local time in a timezone

Example


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SELECT UTCTOLOCAL (TO_TIMESTAMP('2012-01-01 01:00:00', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'), 'EST') "utctolocal" FROM DUMMY; utctolocal 2011-12-31 20:00:00.0

WEEK

Syntax

WEEK (d)

Description

Returns the week number of date d.

Please also see ISOWEEK

Example

SELECT WEEK (TO_DATE('2011-05-30', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "week" FROM DUMMY; week 23

WEEKDAY

Syntax

WEEKDAY (d)

Description

Returns an integer representation of the day of the week for date d. The return value ranges from 0 to 6,representing Monday(0) through to Sunday(6).

Example

SELECT WEEKDAY (TO_DATE ('2010-12-31', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "week day" FROM DUMMY; week day 4

YEAR

Syntax

YEAR (d)

Description

Returns the year number of date d.

Example

SELECT YEAR (TO_DATE ('2011-05-30', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "year" FROM DUMMY; year 2011

Number Functions

Number functions take numeric values, or strings with numeric characters, as inputs and return numericvalues. When strings with numeric characters are provided as inputs implicit conversion from a string to anumber is performed automatically before results are computed.

ABS


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Syntax

ABS (n)

Description

Returns the absolute value of the numeric argument n.

Example

SELECT ABS (-1) "absolute" FROM DUMMY; absolute 1

ACOS

Syntax

ACOS (n)

Description

Returns the arc-cosine, in radians, of the numeric argument n between -1 and 1.

Example

SELECT ACOS (0.5) "acos" FROM DUMMY; acos 1.0471975511965979

ASIN

Syntax

ASIN (n)

Description

Returns the arc-sine, in radians, of the numeric argument n between -1 and 1.

Example

SELECT ASIN (0.5) "asin" FROM DUMMY; asin 0.5235987755982989

ATAN

Syntax

ATAN (n)

Description

Returns the arc-tangent, in radians, of the numeric argument n. The range of n is unlimited.

Example

SELECT ATAN (0.5) "atan" FROM DUMMY; atan 0.4636476090008061


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ATAN2

Syntax

ATAN2 (n, m)

Description

Returns the arc-tangent, in radians, of the ratio of two numbers n and m. This produces the same result asATAN(n/m).

Example

SELECT ATAN2 (1.0, 2.0) "atan2" FROM DUMMY; atan2 0.4636476090008061

BINTOHEX

Syntax

BINTOHEX (expression)

Description

Converts a binary value to a hexadecimal value.

Example

SELECT BINTOHEX('AB') "bintohex" FROM DUMMY; bintohex 4142

BITAND

Syntax

BITAND (n, m)

Description

Performs an AND operation on the bits of the arguments n and m. Both n and m must be non-negativeintegers. The BITAND function returns a result with BIGINT type.

Example

SELECT BITAND (255, 123) "bitand" FROM DUMMY; bitand 123

CEIL

Syntax

CEIL (n)

Description

Returns the first integer that is greater or equal to the value n.

Example

SELECT CEIL (14.5) "ceiling" FROM DUMMY;


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ceiling 15

COS

Syntax

COS (n)

Description

Returns the cosine of the angle, in radians, of the argument n.

Example

SELECT COS (0.0) "cos" FROM DUMMY; cos 1.0

COSH

Syntax

COSH (n)

Description

Computes the hyperbolic cosine of the argument n.

Example

SELECT COSH (0.5) "cosh" FROM DUMMY; cosh 1.1276259652063807

COT

Syntax

COT (n)

Description

Computes the cotangent of a number n, where the argument is an angle expressed in radians.

Example

SELECT COT (40) "cot" FROM DUMMY; cot -0.8950829176379128

EXP

Syntax

EXP (n)

Description

Returns the result of the base of natural logarithms e raised to the power of the argument n.

Example


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SELECT EXP (1.0) "exp" FROM DUMMY; exp 2.718281828459045

FLOOR

Syntax

FLOOR (n)

Description

Returns the largest integer not greater than the numeric argument n.

Example

SELECT FLOOR (14.5) "floor" FROM DUMMY; floor 14

GREATEST

Syntax

GREATEST (n1 [, n2]...)

Description

Returns the greatest value among the arguments: n1, n2, ...

Example

SELECT GREATEST ('aa', 'ab', 'ba', 'bb') "greatest" FROM DUMMY; greatest bb

HEXTOBIN

Syntax

HEXTOBIN (value)

Description

Converts a hexadecimal value to a binary value.

Example

SELECT HEXTOBIN ('1a') "hextobin" FROM DUMMY; hextobin 1A

LEAST

Syntax

LEAST (n1 [, n2]...)

Description

Returns the least value among the arguments: n1, n2...

Example


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SELECT LEAST('aa', 'ab', 'ba', 'bb') "least" FROM DUMMY; least aa

LN

Syntax

LN (n)

Description

Returns the natural logarithm of the argument n.

Example

SELECT LN (9) "ln" FROM DUMMY; ln 2.1972245773362196

LOG

Syntax

LOG (b, n)

Description

Returns the natural logarithm of a number n base b. Base b must be a positive value greater than 1 and nmust be any positive value.

Example

SELECT LOG (10, 2) "log" FROM DUMMY; log 0.30102999566398114

MOD

Syntax

MOD (n, d)

Description

Returns the remainder of a number n divided by a divisor d.

When n is negative this function acts differently to the standard computational modulo operation.

The following explains example of what the MOD function returns as the result.

If d is zero, then n is returned.If n is greater than 0 and n is less than d, then n is returned.If n is less than 0 and n is greater than d, then n is returned.In other case that those mentioned above, remainder of the absolute value of n divided by theabsolute value of d is used to calculate remainder. If n is less than 0, then the returned remainderfrom MOD is a negative number, and if n is greater than 0, then the returned remainder from MOD isa positive number.

Example

SELECT MOD (15, 4) "modulus" FROM DUMMY; modulus


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3

SELECT MOD (-15, 4) "modulus" FROM DUMMY; modulus -3

POWER

Syntax

POWER (b, e)

Description

Calculates the base number b raised to the power of an exponent e.

Example

SELECT POWER (2, 10) "power" FROM DUMMY; power 1024.0

ROUND

Syntax

ROUND (n [, pos])

Description

Rounds argument n to the specified pos amount of places after the decimal point.

Example

SELECT ROUND (16.16, 1) "round" FROM DUMMY; round 16.2

SELECT ROUND (16.16, -1) "round" FROM DUMMY; round 20

SIGN

Syntax

SIGN (n)

Description

Returns the sign (positive or negative) of the numeric argument n. Returns 1 if n is a positive value,-1 if n is anegative value, and 0 if n is equal to zero.

Example

SELECT SIGN (-15) "sign" FROM DUMMY; sign -1

SIN

Syntax


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SIN (n)

Description

Returns the sine of n, where the argument is an angle expressed in radians.

Example

SELECT SIN ( 3.141592653589793/2) "sine" FROM DUMMY; sine 1.0

SINH

Syntax

SINH (n)

Description

Returns the hyperbolic sine of n, where the argument is an angle expressed in radians.

Example

SELECT SINH (0.0) "sinh" FROM DUMMY; sinh 0.0

SQRT

Syntax

SQRT (n)

Description

Returns the square root of the argument n.

Example

SELECT SQRT (2) "sqrt" FROM DUMMY; sqrt 1.4142135623730951

TAN

Syntax

TAN (n)

Description

Returns the tangent of n, where the argument is an angle expressed in radians.

Example

SELECT TAN (0.0) "tan" FROM DUMMY; tan 0.0

TANH

Syntax


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TANH (n)

Description

Returns the hyperbolic tangent of the numeric argument n.

Example

SELECT TANH (1.0) "tanh" FROM DUMMY; tanh 0.7615941559557649

UMINUS

Syntax

UMINUS (n)

Description

Returns the negated value of the numeric argument n.

Example

SELECT UMINUS(-765) "uminus" FROM DUMMY;

uminus 765

String Functions

ASCII

Syntax

ASCII(c)

Description

Returns the integer ASCII value of the first byte in a string c.

Example

SELECT ASCII('Ant') "ascii" FROM DUMMY; ascii 65

CHAR

Syntax

CHAR (n)

Description

Returns the character with the ASCII value of a number n.

Example

SELECT CHAR (65) || CHAR (110) || CHAR (116) "character" FROM DUMMY; character Ant


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CONCAT

Syntax

CONCAT (str1, str2)

Description

Returns a combined string consisting of str1 followed by str2. The concatenation operator (||) is identical tothis function.

Example

SELECT CONCAT ('C', 'at') "concat" FROM DUMMY; concat Cat

LCASE

Syntax

LCASE(str)

Description

Converts all characters in string str to lowercase.

Note:The LCASE function is identical to the LOWER function.

Example

SELECT LCASE ('TesT') "lcase" FROM DUMMY; lcase test

LEFT

Syntax

LEFT (str, n)

Description

Returns the first n characters/bytes from the beginning of string str.

Example

SELECT LEFT ('Hello', 3) "left" FROM DUMMY; left Hel

LENGTH

Syntax

LENGTH(str)

Description

Returns the number of characters in string str. For Large Object (LOB) types, this function returns the lengthof the object in bytes.

Example


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SELECT LENGTH ('length in char') "length" FROM DUMMY; length 14

LOCATE

Syntax

LOCATE (haystack, needle)

Description

Returns the position of a substring needle within a string haystack. Returns 0 if needle is not found withinhaystack.

Example

SELECT LOCATE ('length in char', 'char') "locate" FROM DUMMY; Locate 11

SELECT LOCATE ('length in char', 'length') "locate" FROM DUMMY; Locate 1

SELECT LOCATE ('length in char', 'zchar') "locate" FROM DUMMY; Locate 0

LOWER

Syntax

LOWER(str)

Description

Converts all characters in string str to lowercase.

Note:The LOWER function is identical to the LCASE function.

Example

SELECT LOWER ('AnT') "lower" FROM DUMMY; lower ant

LPAD

Syntax

LPAD (str, n [, pattern])

Description

Pads the start of string str with spaces to make a string of n characters in length. If the pattern argument isprovided string str will be padded using sequences of these characters until the required length is met.

Example

SELECT LPAD ('end', 15, '12345') "lpad" FROM DUMMY;


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lpad 123451234512end

LTRIM

Syntax

LTRIM (str [, remove_set])

Description

Returns string str, trimmed of all leading spaces. If remove_set is specified, LTRIM removes all the characterscontained in this set from the start of string str. This process continues until a character not the inremove_set is reached.

Note:remove_set is treated as a set of characters and not as a search string.

Example

SELECT LTRIM ('babababAabend','ab') "ltrim" FROM DUMMY; ltrim Aabend

NCHAR

Syntax

NCHAR (n)

Description

Returns the Unicode character with the integer code number n.

Example

SELECT NCHAR (65) "nchar" FROM DUMMY; nchar A

REPLACE

Syntax

REPLACE (original_string, search_string, replace_string)

Description

Searches in original_string for all occurrences of search_string and replaces them with replace_string.

If original_string is an empty string, then the result will be an empty string.If two overlapping substrings match the search_string in the original_string, then only the firstoccurrence will be replaced.If original_string does not contain any occurrence of search_string, then original_string will bereturned unchanged.If original_string, search_string, or replace_string are NULL then NULL is returned.

Example

SELECT REPLACE ('DOWNGRADE DOWNWARD','DOWN', 'UP') "replace" FROM DUMMY; replace UPGRADE UPWARD

RIGHT


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Syntax

RIGHT(str, n)

Description

Returns the rightmost n characters/bytes of string str.

Example

SELECT RIGHT('HI0123456789', 3) "right" FROM DUMMY; right 789

RPAD

Syntax

RPAD (str, n [, pattern])

Description

Pads the end of string str with spaces to make a string of n characters in length. If the pattern argument isprovided string str will be padded using sequences of these characters until the required length is met.

Example

SELECT RPAD ('end', 15, '12345') "right padded" FROM DUMMY; right padded end123451234512

RTRIM

Syntax

RTRIM (str [,remove_set ])

Description

Returns string str, trimmed of all trailing spaces. If remove_set is specified, RTRIM removes all the characterscontained in this set from the end of string str. This process continues until a character not the in remove_setis reached.

Note:remove_set is treated as a set of characters and not as a search string.

Example

SELECT RTRIM ('endabAabbabab','ab') "rtrim" FROM DUMMY; rtrim endabA

SUBSTR_AFTER

Syntax

SUBSTR_AFTER (str, pattern)

Description

Returns a substring of string str that follows the first occurrence of the pattern argument.

If str does not contain the pattern substring, then an empty string is returned.


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If pattern is an empty string, then str is returned.If str or pattern is NULL, then NULL is returned.

Example

SELECT SUBSTR_AFTER ('Hello My Friend','My ') "substr after" FROM DUMMY; substr after Friend

SUBSTR_BEFORE

Syntax

SUBSTR_BEFORE (str, pattern)

Description

Returns a substring of string str before the first occurrence of the pattern argument in the target string.

If str does not contain the pattern substring, then an empty string is returned.If pattern is an empty string, then str is returned.If str or pattern is NULL, then NULL is returned.

Example

SELECT SUBSTR_BEFORE ('Hello My Friend','My') "substr before" FROM DUMMY; substr before Hello

SUBSTRING

Syntax

SUBSTRING (str, start_position [, string_length])

Description

Returns a substring of string str starting from start_position within the string. SUBSTRING can return theremaining part of a string from the start_position or optionally, a number of characters set by thestring_length parameter.

If start_position is less than 0, then it is considered as 1.If string_length is less than 1, then an empty string is returned.

Example

SELECT SUBSTRING ('1234567890',4,2) "substring" FROM DUMMY; substring 45

TRIM

Syntax

TRIM ([[LEADING | TRAILING | BOTH] trim_char FROM] str )

Description

Returns string str after removing leading and trailing spaces. The trimming operation is carried out eitherfrom the start (LEADING), end (TRAILING) or both(BOTH) ends of string str.

If either str or trim_char are a null values, then a NULL is returned.If no options are specified, TRIM removes both the leading and trailing substring trim_char from stringstr.If trim_char is not specified, then a single blank space is used.


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Example

SELECT TRIM ('a' FROM 'aaa123456789aa') "trim both" FROM DUMMY; trim both 123456789 SELECT TRIM (LEADING 'a' FROM 'aaa123456789aa') "trim leading" FROM DUMMY; trim leading 123456789aa

UCASE

Syntax

UCASE (str)

Description

Converts all characters in string str to uppercase.

Note:The UCASE function is identical to the UPPER function.

Example

SELECT UCASE ('Ant') "ucase" FROM DUMMY; ucase ANT

UNICODE

Syntax

UNICODE(c)

Description

Returns an integer containing the Unicode code point of the first character in the string, or NULL if the firstcharacter is not a valid encoding.

Example

SELECT UNICODE ('#') "unicode" FROM DUMMY; unicode 35

UPPER

Syntax

UPPER (str)

Description

Converts all characters in string str to uppercase.

Note:The UPPER function is identical to the UCASE function.

Example

SELECT UPPER ('Ant') "uppercase" FROM DUMMY; uppercase ANT


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ANT

Miscellaneous Functions

COALESCE

Syntax

COALESCE (expression_list)

Description

Returns the first non-NULL expression from a list. At least two expressions must be contained inexpression_list, and all expressions must be comparable. The result will be NULL if all the arguments areNULL.

Example

CREATE TABLE coalesce_example (ID INT PRIMARY KEY, A REAL, B REAL); INSERT INTO coalesce_example VALUES(1, 100, 80); INSERT INTO coalesce_example VALUES(2, NULL, 63); INSERT INTO coalesce_example VALUES(3, NULL, NULL);

SELECT id, a, b, COALESCE (a, b*1.1, 50.0) "coalesce" FROM coalesce_example;

ID A B coalesce

1 100.0 80.0 100.0

2 NULL 63.0 69.30000305175781

3 NULL NULL 50.0

CURRENT_CONNECTION

Syntax

CURRENT_CONNECTION

Description

Returns the id of the current connection.

Example

SELECT CURRENT_CONNECTION "current connection" FROM DUMMY; current connection 2

CURRENT_SCHEMA

Syntax

CURRENT_SCHEMA

Description

Returns a string containing the current schema name.

Example

SELECT CURRENT_SCHEMA "current schema" FROM DUMMY; current schema SYSTEM

CURRENT_USER


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Syntax

CURRENT_USER

Description

Returns the current user name at the current statement context. This will be user name which is currently atthe top of authorization stack.

Example

-- example showing basic function operation using SYSTEM user SELECT CURRENT_USER "current user" FROM DUMMY; current user SYSTEM

-- definer-mode procedure declared by USER_A CREATE PROCEDURE USER_A.PROC1 LANGUAGE SQLSCRIPT SQL SECURITY DEFINER AS BEGIN SELECT CURRENT_USER "current user" FROM DUMMY; END; -- USER_B executing USER_A.PROC1 CALL USER_A.PROC1;

current user USER_A

-- invoker-mode procedure declared by USER_A CREATE PROCEDURE USER_A.PROC2 LANGUAGE SQLSCRIPT SQL SECURITY INVOKER AS BEGIN SELECT CURRENT_USER "current user" FROM DUMMY; END; -- USER_B is executing USER_A.PROC CALL USER_A.PROC2;

current user USER_B

GROUPING_ID

Syntax

GROUPING_ID(column_name_list)

Description

GROUPING_ID function can be used with GROUPING SETS to return multiple levels of aggregations in a singleresult set. GROUPING_ID returns an integer value to identify which grouping set each row belongs to. Eachcolumn in GROUPING_ID must be an element of the GROUPING SETS.

GROUPING_ID is assigned by converting the bit vector generated from GROUPING SETS to a decimal numberby treating the bit vector as a binary number. When a bit vector is composed, 0 is assigned to each columnspecified in the GROUPING SETS and 1 otherwise in the order it appears in the GROUPING SETS. By treatingthe bit vector as a binary number, this function returns an integer value as the output.

Example

SELECT customer, year, product, SUM(sales), GROUPING_ID(customer, year, product) FROM guided_navi_tab GROUP BY GROUPING SETS ( (customer, year, product), (customer, year), (customer, product), (year, product), (customer), (year), (product));


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CUSTOMER YEAR PRODUCT SUM(SALES) GROUPING_ID(CUSTOMER,YEAR,PRODUCT) 1 C1 2009 P1 100 0 2 C1 2010 P1 50 0 3 C2 2009 P1 200 0 4 C2 2010 P1 100 0 5 C1 2009 P2 200 0 6 C1 2010 P2 150 0 7 C2 2009 P2 300 0 8 C2 2010 P2 150 0 9 C1 2009 a 300 1 10 C1 2010 a 200 1 11 C2 2009 a 500 1 12 C2 2010 a 250 1 13 C1 a P1 150 2 14 C2 a P1 300 2 15 C1 a P2 350 2 16 C2 a P2 450 2 17 a 2009 P1 300 4 18 a 2010 P1 150 4 19 a 2009 P2 500 4 20 a 2010 P2 300 4 21 C1 a a 500 3 22 C2 a a 750 3 23 a 2009 a 800 5 24 a 2010 a 450 5 25 a a P1 450 6 26 a a P2 800 6

IFNULL

Syntax

IFNULL (expression1, expression2)

Description

Returns the first not NULL input expression.

Returns expression1 if expression1 is not NULL.Returns expression2 if expression1 is NULL.Returns NULL if both input expressions are NULL.

Example

SELECT IFNULL ('diff', 'same') "ifnull" FROM DUMMY; ifnull diff

SELECT IFNULL (NULL, 'same') "ifnull" FROM DUMMY; ifnull same

SELECT IFNULL (NULL, NULL) "ifnull" FROM DUMMY; ifnull NULL

MAP

Syntax

MAP (expression, search1, result1 [, search2, result2] ... [, default_result])

Description

Searches for an expression within a set of search values and returns the corresponding result.

If the expression value is not found and default_result is defined, MAP returns default_result.If the expression value is not found and default_result is not defined, MAP returns NULL.


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Note:Search values and corresponding results are always provided in search-result pairs.

Example

SELECT MAP(2, 0, 'Zero', 1, 'One', 2, 'Two', 3, 'Three', 'Default') "map" FROM DUMMY;

map Two

SELECT MAP(99, 0, 'Zero', 1, 'One', 2, 'Two', 3, 'Three', 'Default') "map" FROM DUMMY;

map Default

SELECT MAP(99, 0, 'Zero', 1, 'One', 2, 'Two', 3, 'Three') "map" FROM DUMMY;

map NULL

NULLIF

Syntax

NULLIF (expression1, expression2)

Description

NULLIF compares the values of two input expressions. If the first expression equals the second expression,NULLIF returns NULL.

If expression1 does not equal expression2, NULLIF returns expression1.If expression2 is NULL, NULLIF returns expression1.

Example

SELECT NULLIF ('diff', 'same') "nullif" FROM DUMMY; nullif diff

SELECT NULLIF('same', 'same') "nullif" FROM DUMMY; nullif NULL

SESSION_CONTEXT

Syntax

SESSION_CONTEXT(session_variable)

Description

Returns the value of session_variable assigned to the current user.

The session_variable accessed can either be predefined or user-defined. Predefined session variables that canbe set by the client are 'APPLICATION', 'APPLICATIONUSER', and 'TRACEPROFILE'.

Session variables can be defined or modified using SET [SESSION] <variable_name> = <value> command, andunset using UNSET [SESSION] <variable_name>.

SESSION_CONTEXT returns an NVARCHAR with a maximum length of 512 characters.

Example

To read session variables use:


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SELECT SESSION_CONTEXT('APPLICATION') "session context" FROM DUMMY;

session context HDBStudio

SESSION_USER

Syntax

SESSION_USER

Description

Returns the user name of the current session.

Example

-- example showing basic function operation using SYSTEM user SELECT SESSION_USER "session user" FROM DUMMY; session user SYSTEM

-- definer-mode procedure declared by USER_A CREATE PROCEDURE USER_A.PROC1 LANGUAGE SQLSCRIPT SQL SECURITY DEFINER AS BEGIN SELECT SESSION_USER "session user" FROM DUMMY; END; -- USER_B is executing USER_A.PROC CALL USER_A.PROC1;

session user USER_B

-- invoker-mode procedure declared by USER_A CREATE PROCEDURE USER_A.PROC2 LANGUAGE SQLSCRIPT SQL SECURITY INVOKER AS BEGIN SELECT SESSION_USER "session user" FROM DUMMY; END; -- USER_B is executing USER_A.PROC CALL USER_A.PROC2;

session user USER_B

SYSUUID

SYSUUID

SYSUUID

Description

Returns the SYSUUID of the connected SAP HANA instance.

Example

SELECT SYSUUID FROM DUMMY; SYSUUID 4DE3CD576C79511BE10000000A3C2220


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SQL Statements

This chapter describes the SQL statements that are supported by the SAP HANA Database.

Schema Definition and Manipulation StatementsData Manipulation StatementsSystem Management StatementsSession Management StatementsTransaction Management StatementsAccess Control StatementsData Import Export Statements

Schema Definition and Manipulation Statements

ALTER AUDIT POLICY

Syntax

ALTER AUDIT POLICY <policy_name> <audit_mode>

Syntax Elements

<policy_name> ::= <identifier>

The name of the audit policy to be altered.

<audit_mode> ::= ENABLE | DISABLE

The audit mode enables or disables the audit policy.

ENABLEEnables the audit policy.

DISABLEDisables the audit policy.

Description

The ALTER AUDIT POLICY statement enables or disables an audit policy. <policy_name> must specify anexisting audit policy.

Only database users having the system privilege AUDIT ADMIN are allowed to alter an audit policy. Eachdatabase user that has this privilege can alter any audit policy, regardless of if they are the creator of thepolicy.

A newly created audit policy is disabled by default and does not cause any auditing to occur. Therefore theaudit policy has to be enabled to make its audit actions take effect.

An audit policy can be disabled and enabled as often as required.

Configuration Parameters

The following configuration parameters for auditing are stored in global.ini, in the section on auditingconfiguration:

global_auditing_state ( 'true' / 'false' )Regardless of the number of enabled audit policies, auditing will only occur if the global_auditing_stateconfiguration parameter is set to true. The default is 'false'.

default_audit_trail_type ( 'SYSLOGPROTOCOL' / 'CSVTEXTFILE' )Specifies how auditing results will be stored.

SYSLOGPROTOCOL: uses the system syslog.CSVTEXTFILE: stores audit information as comma-separated values in a text file.

default_audit_trail_pathSpecifies the file path where the CSVTEXTFILE should be stored.

These parameters can be selected in monitoring view M_INIFILE_CONTENTS if the current user has the


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required system privileges. These parameters will only be seen in the case that they have been explicitly set.

System Tables and Monitoring Views

AUDIT_POLICY: shows all audit policies and their states M_INIFILE_CONTENTS: shows the database system configuration parameters

Only database users with system privilege CATALOG READ, DATA ADMIN or INIFILE ADMIN can view thecontent of the M_INIFILE_CONTENTS view. For all other database users this view will be empty.

Example

For this example you need to first create an audit policy called priv_audit using the following statement:

CREATE AUDIT POLICY priv_audit AUDITING SUCCESSFUL GRANT PRIVILEGE, REVOKE PRIVILEGE, GRANT ROLE, REVOKE ROLE LEVEL CRITICAL;

Now you can enable this audit policy with:

ALTER AUDIT POLICY priv_audit ENABLE;

You can also disable the same audit policy with:

ALTER AUDIT POLICY priv_audit DISABLE;

ALTER FULLTEXT INDEX

Syntax

ALTER FULLTEXT INDEX <index_name> <alter_fulltext_index_option>

Syntax Elements

<index_name> ::= <identifier>

The identifier of the fulltext index to be altered.

<alter_fulltext_index_option> ::= <fulltext_parameter_list> | <queue_command> QUEUE

Specifies whether the parameters of the fulltext index or the state of the fulltext index queue should bechanged. The latter is only possible for an asynchronous explicit fulltext index.

<fulltext_parameter_list> ::= <fulltext_parameter> [, ...]

A list of fulltext index parameters that are to be changed.

<fulltext_parameter> ::= FUZZY SEARCH INDEX <on_off> | PHRASE INDEX RATIO <index_ratio> | <change_tracking_elem>

<on_off> ::= ON | OFF

FUZZY SEARCH INDEXUse a fuzzy search index.

PHRASE INDEX RATIOSpecifies the phrase index ratio.

<index_ratio> ::= <float_literal>

Specifies the percentage of the phrase index ratio, the value used must be between 0.0 and 1.0

<change_tracking_elem> ::= SYNC[HRONOUS] | ASYNC[HRONOUS] [FLUSH [QUEUE] <flush_queue_elem>]

SYNC[HRONOUS]Changes the fulltext index to synchronous mode.

ASYNC[HRONOUS]


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Changes the fulltext index to asynchronous mode.

<flush_queue_elem> ::= EVERY <integer_literal> MINUTES | AFTER <integer_literal> DOCUMENTS | EVERY <integer_literal> MINUTES OR AFTER <integer_literal> DOCUMENTS

When using an asynchronous index you use the flush_queue_elem to specify when to update the fulltextindex.

<queue_command> ::= FLUSH | SUSPEND | ACTIVATE

FLUSHUpdate the fulltext index with the documents in the queue which have already been processed.

SUSPENDSuspends the fulltext index processing queue.

ACTIVATEActivates the fulltext index processing queue.

Description

With this command you can either change the parameters of a fulltext index or the state of an indexprocessing queue. The queue is a mechanism used to enable a fulltext index to operate in asynchronousmanner, i.e. inserts are not blocked until a document is processed.

The ALTER FULLTEXT INDEX <index_name> <fulltext_elem_list> statement changes the parameters of afulltext index.

The ALTER FULLTEXT INDEX <index_name> <queue_parameters> statement changes the processing queuestate for an asynchronous fulltext index.

Example

ALTER FULLTEXT INDEX i1 PHRASE INDEX RATIO 0.3 FUZZY SEARCH INDEX ON

In the example above for fulltext index 'i1' the phrase index is set to 30 percent and the fuzzy search index isturned on.

ALTER FULLTEXT INDEX i2 SUSPEND QUEUE

Suspends the queue for fulltext index 'i2'.

ALTER FULLTEXT INDEX i2 FLUSH QUEUE

Updates fulltext index 'i2' with all processed documents in the queue.

ALTER INDEX

Syntax

ALTER INDEX <index_name> REBUILD

Syntax Elements

<index_name>::= <identifier>

Specifies the name of the index to be rebuilt.

Description

The ALTER INDEX statement rebuilds an index.

Example

The following example rebuilds the idx index.

ALTER INDEX idx REBUILD;


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ALTER SEQUENCE

Syntax

ALTER SEQUENCE <sequence_name> [<alter_sequence_parameter_list>] [RESET BY <reset_by_subquery>]

Syntax Elements

<sequence_name> ::= <identifier>

The name of the sequence to be altered.

<alter_sequence_parameter_list> ::= <alter_sequence_parameter>, ...

<alter_sequence_parameter> ::= <sequence_parameter_restart_with> | <basic_sequence_parameter>

<sequence_parameter_restart_with> ::= RESTART WITH <restart_value>

<basic_sequence_parameter> ::= INCREMENT BY <increment_value> | MAXVALUE <maximum_value> | NO MAXVALUE | MINVALUE <minimum_value> | NO MINVALUE | CYCLE | NO CYCLE

RESTART WITHThe starting value of the sequence. If you do not specify a value for the RESTART WITH clause, the currentvalue of the sequence is used.

<restart_value> ::= <integer_literal>

An integer value between 0 and 4611686018427387903 which will be the first value provided by thesequence generator.

INCREMENT BYThe sequence increment.

<increment_value> ::= <integer_literal>

An integer value which will be used to increment or decrement the sequence value.

MAXVALUEDefines the maximum value that can be generated by the sequence.

<maximum_value> ::= <integer_literal>

A positive integer which defines the maximum value generated by the sequence. The maximum value mustbe between 0 and 4611686018427387903.

NO MAXVALUEWhen the NO MAXVALUE directive is used the maximum value for an ascending sequence will be4611686018427387903 and the maximum value for a descending sequences will be -1.

MINVALUEDefines the minimum value that can be generated by the sequence.

<minimum_value> ::= <integer_literal>

A positive integer which defines the minimum value generated by the sequence. The minimum value must bebetween 0 and 4611686018427387903.

NO MINVALUEWhen the NO MINVALUE directive is used, the minimum value for an ascending sequence is 1 and theminimum value for a descending is -4611686018427387903.

CYCLEWhen the CYCLE directive is used the sequence number will be restarted after it reaches its maximum orminimum value.


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NO CYCLEWhen the NO CYCLE directive is used the sequence number will not be restarted after it reaches its maximumor minimum value.

<reset_by_subquery> ::= <subquery>

During a restart of the database, the system automatically executes the RESET BY statement and thesequence value is restarted with the value determined from the RESET BY subquery.

For details about subqueries please see Subquery

Description

The ALTER SEQUENCE statement is used to alter the parameters of a sequence generator.

Example

In the example below you change the starting sequence value of sequence seq to 2.

ALTER SEQUENCE seq RESTART WITH 2;

In the example below you change the maximum value of sequence seq to 100 along with no minimum value.

ALTER SEQUENCE seq MAXVALUE 100 NO MINVALUE;

In the example below you change the increment of sequence seq to 2 along with a "no cycle" restriction.

ALTER SEQUENCE seq INCREMENT BY 2 NO CYCLE;

In the example below you first create a table r, with a column a. You then change the reset-by subquery ofsequence seq to the maximum value contained in column a.

CREATE TABLE r (a INT); ALTER SEQUENCE seq RESET BY SELECT MAX(a) FROM r;

ALTER TABLE

Syntax

ALTER TABLE <table_name> { <add_column_clause> | <drop_column_clause> | <alter_column_clause> | <add_primary_key_clause> | <drop_primary_key_clause> | <preload_clause> | <table_conversion_clause> | <move_clause> | <add_range_partition_clause> | <move_partition_clause> | <drop_range_partition_clause> | <partition_by_clause> | <disable_persistent_merge_clause> | <enable_persistent_merge_clause> | <enable_delta_log> | <disable_delta_log> | <enable_automerge> | <disable_automerge> }

Syntax Elements

<table_name> ::= [<schema_name>.]<identifier> <add_column_clause> ::= ADD ( <column_definition> [<column_constraint>], ... ) <drop_column_clause> ::= DROP ( <column_name>, ... ) <alter_column_clause> ::= ALTER ( <column_definition> [<column_constraint>], ... ) <column_definition> ::= <column_name> <data_type> [<column_store_data_type>] [<ddic_data_type>] [DEFAULT <default_value>] [GENERATED ALWAYS AS <expression>]


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A composite unique key enables the specification of multiple columns as a unique key. With a uniqueconstraint, multiple rows cannot have the same value in the same column.

PRIMARY KEYA primary key constraint is a combination of a NOT NULL constraint and a UNIQUE constraint. It prohibitsmultiple rows from having the same value in the same column.

BTREE | CPBTREESpecifies the index type. When column data types are character string types, binary string types, decimaltypes, or when the constraint is a composite key, or non-unique constraint, the default index type isCPBTREE. Otherwise, BTREE is used.BTREE keyword has to be used in order to use B+-tree index and the CPBTREE keyword has to be used for theCPB+-tree index.B+-tree is a tree which maintains sorted data that performs efficient insertion, deletion and search ofrecords.CPB+-tree stands for Compressed Prefix B+-Tree, which is based on pkB-tree. CPB+-tree is a very small indexbecause it uses 'partial key' that is only part of full key in index nodes. CPB+-tree shows better performancethan B+-Tree for larger keys.If the index type is omitted, the SAP HANA Database chooses the appropriate index considering the columndata types.

ALTER Increasing the length of a column can be done. When modifying column definition is tried in column store, noerror is returned because no check is done inside the database yet. An error may be returned if the data doesnot fit in the new data type defined when selecting the column. ALTER does not follow data type conversionrules yet.

Adding NOT NULL constraint to an existing column is allowed if

the table is empty orthe default value is specified when the table has data

<add_primary_key_clause> ::= ADD [CONSTRAINT <constraint_name>] PRIMARY KEY ( <column_name>, ... ) <constraint_name> ::= <identifier>

ADD PRIMARY KEY Adds a primary key constraint.

PRIMARY KEY A primary key constraint is a combination of a NOT NULL constraint and a UNIQUE constraint. It prohibitsmultiple rows from having the same value in the same column.

CONSTRAINT Specifies the name of a constraint.

<drop_primary_key_clause> ::= DROP PRIMARY KEY

DROP PRIMARY KEY Drops the primary key constraint.

<preload_clause> ::= PRELOAD ALL | PRELOAD ( <column_name> ) | PRELOAD NONE

PRELOAD sets/removes the preload flag of the given tables or columns. PRELOAD ALL sets preload flags of all columnsin the table, PRELOAD ( <column_name> ) sets the flags of columns specified, and PRELOAD NONE removesthe flags of all columns. As a consequence, these tables are automatically loaded into memory after an indexserver start. The current status of the preload flag is visible in the system table TABLES, column PRELOAD,possible values ('FULL', 'PARTIALLY', 'NO') and in system table TABLE_COLUMNS, column PRELOAD, possiblevalues ('TRUE', 'FALSE').

<table_conversion_clause> ::= [ALTER TYPE] {ROW [THREADS <number_of_threads>] | COLUMN [THREADS <number_of_threads> [BATCH <batch_size>]]}

ALTER TYPE ROW | COLUMN This command is used to convert the table storage from ROW to COLUMN or from COLUMN to ROW.

THREADS <number_of_threads> Specifies how many threads should be used in parallel for table conversion. The optimal value for number ofthreads should set to the number of available CPU cores.


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Default: The default value is param_sql_table_conversion_parallelism that is, the number of CPU coresspecified in the indexserver.ini file.

BATCH <batch_size> Specifies the number of rows inserted in batch, and the default value is 2,000,000 which is the optimal value.Insert into column table will be immediately committed after every <batch_size> records insertion, whichmay reduce memory consumption. BATCH option can be used only when the table is converted from ROW toCOLUMN. However, the batch size more than 2,000,000 might cause high memory consumption, thus it isnot recommended to change this value.

A new table with a different storage type can be created from an existing table by copying the existingtable's columns and data. This command is used to convert the table storage from ROW to COLUMN or fromCOLUMN to ROW. If the source table was in ROW storage, then the created table will be in COLUMNstorage.

<move_clause> ::= MOVE [PARTITION <partition_number>] TO [LOCATION ]<host_port> [PHYSICAL] | MOVE [PARTITION <partition_number>] PHYSICAL

MOVE moves a table to another location in a distributed environment. The port number is the internalindexserver port number, 3xx03.

I you have a partitioned table you can only move individual parts by specifying the optional partition number.Moving a partitioned table without specifying a partition number will result in an error.

The PHYSICAL keyword is only for column store tables. Row store tables are always moved physical.

If the optional keyword PHYSICAL is specified, the persistence storage is immediately moved to the targethost. Otherwise move will just create a link inside the new host persistence pointing to the old hostpersistence. This link will be removed on the next merge or a another move operation without the TO<host_port> part.

The move PHYSICAL operation without TO <host_port> part will just remove persistence links that might stillexists from previouse move operations.

LOCATION is supported only for backward-compatibility

<add_range_partition_clause> ::= ADD <range_partition_clause> <range_partition_clause> ::= PARTITION <lower_value> <= VALUES < <upper_value> | PARTITION <value_or_values> = <target_value> | PARTITION OTHERS <lower_value> ::= <string_literal> | <numeric_literal> <upper_value> ::= <string_literal> | <numeric_literal> <target_value> ::= <string_literal> | <numeric_literal>

ADD PARTITION Adds a partition for tables partitioned with RANGE, HASH RANGE, ROUNDROBIN RANGE. When adding apartition to a table which is partitioned by range and with a rest partition, the rest partition can berepartitioned if needed.

<drop_range_partition_clause> ::= DROP <range_partition_clause> <range_partition_clause> ::= PARTITION <lower_value> <= VALUES < <upper_value> | PARTITION <value_or_values> = <target_value> | PARTITION OTHERS <lower_value> ::= <string_literal> | <numeric_literal> <upper_value> ::= <string_literal> | <numeric_literal> <target_value> ::= <string_literal> | <numeric_literal>

DROP PARTITION Drops a partition for tables partitioned with RANGE, HASH RANGE, ROUNDROBIN RANGE.

<partition_clause> ::= PARTITION BY <hash_partition> [,<range_partition> | ,<hash_partition>] | PARTITION BY <range_partition> | PARTITION BY <roundrobin_partition> [,<range_partition>]

<hash_partition> ::= HASH (<partition_expression>[, ...]) PARTITIONS { <num_partitions> | GET_NUM_SERVERS() }

<range_partition> ::= RANGE ( <partition_expression> ) ( <range_spec> ) <roundrobin_partition> ::= ROUNDROBIN PARTITIONS {<num_partitions> |


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GET_NUM_SERVERS()}

<range_spec> ::= {<from_to_spec> | <single_spec>[,...] } [, PARTITION OTHERS] <from_to_spec> ::= PARTITION <lower_value> <= VALUES < <upper_value> <single_spec> ::= PARTITION VALUE <single_value> <partition_expression> ::= <column_name>| YEAR(<column_name>) | MONTH(<column_name>)

PARTITION BY Partitions table with RANGE, HASH RANGE, ROUNDROBIN RANGE. For table partition clause, refer toCREATE TABLE.

<merge_partition_clause> ::= MERGE PARTITIONS

MERGE PARTITIONS Merges all parts of a partitioned table into a non-partitioned table.

<disable_persistent_merge_clause> ::= DISABLE PERSISTENT MERGE

DISABLE PERSISTENT MERGE Instructs the merge-manager to use main-memory merges instead of persistent merges for the given table.

<enable_persistent_merge_clause> ::= ENABLE PERSISTENT MERGE

ENABLE PERSISTENT MERGE Instructs the merge-manager to use persistent merges for the given table (default behaviour).

<enable_delta_log> ::= ENABLE DELTA LOG

ENABLE DELTA LOG Enables logging for table. After enabling, you have to perform a savepoint to be sure that all data is persistedand you have to perfrom a data backup, else you can not recover this data.

<enable_delta_log> ::= DISABLE DELTA LOG

DISABLE DELTA LOG Disables logging for table. If logging is disabled, no log entries will be persisted for this table. Changes to thistable will only be written to the data area, when a savepoint is done. This can cause loss of committedtransaction, when the indexserver terminates. In case of termination, you have to truncate this table andinsert all data again.

Only use this command for initial load !

<enable_delta_log> ::= ENABLE AUTOMERGE

ENABLE AUTOMERGE Instructs the merge-manager to handle this table.

<enable_delta_log> ::= DISABLE AUTOMERGE

DISABLE AUTOMERGE Instructs the merge-manager to ignore this table.

Description

The ALTER TABLE statement changes the status of a table.

Example

Table t is created and the default value of column b is set to 10:

CREATE TABLE t (a INT, b INT); ALTER TABLE t ALTER (b INT DEFAULT 10);

Column c is added to table t:

ALTER TABLE t ADD (c NVARCHAR(10) DEFAULT 'NCHAR');


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A primary key constraint, prim_key is created on table t:

ALTER TABLE t ADD CONSTRAINT prim_key PRIMARY KEY (a, b);

The table type of table t is changed to COLUMN:

ALTER TABLE t COLUMN;

The preload flags of column b and c are set:

ALTER TABLE t PRELOAD (b, c);

Table t is partitioned with RANGE, and another partition is added:

ALTER TABLE t PARTITION BY RANGE (a) (PARTITION VALUE = 1, PARTITION OTHERS); ALTER TABLE t ADD PARTITION 2 <= VALUES < 10;

The session type of table t is changed to HISTORY:

ALTER TABLE t CREATE HISTORY;

Logging of table t is disabled:

ALTER TABLE t DISABLE DELTA LOG;

CREATE AUDIT POLICY

Syntax

CREATE AUDIT POLICY <policy_name> AUDITING <audit_status_clause> <audit_action_list> LEVEL <audit_level>

Syntax Elements

<audit_status_clause> ::= SUCCESSFUL | UNSUCCESSFUL | ALL

<audit_action_list> ::= <audit_action_name>[,<audit_action_name>]...

<audit_action_name> ::= GRANT PRIVILEGE | REVOKE PRIVILEGE | GRANT STRUCTURED PRIVILEGE | REVOKE STRUCTURED PRIVILEGE | GRANT ROLE | REVOKE ROLE | GRANT ANY | REVOKE ANY | CREATE USER | DROP USER | CREATE ROLE | DROP ROLE | ENABLE AUDIT POLICY | DISABLE AUDIT POLICY | CREATE STRUCTURED PRIVILEGE | DROP STRUCTURED PRIVILEGE | ALTER STRUCTURED PRIVILEGE | CONNECT | SYSTEM CONFIGURATION CHANGE | SET SYSTEM LICENSE | UNSET SYSTEM LICENSE

<audit_level> ::= EMERGENCY | ALERT | CRITICAL | WARNING | INFO

Description

The CREATE AUDIT POLICY statement creates a new audit policy. This audit policy can be enabled afterwardsand will then cause the auditing of the specified audit actions to happen. Only database users having the system privilege AUDIT ADMIN are allowed to create an audit policy. The specified audit policy name must not be identical to the name of an existing audit policy. An audit policy defines which audit actions will be audited. Existing audit policies need to be enabled to makethe auditing happen.

The <audit_status_clause> defines, if only successful or unsuccessful or all executions of the specified auditactions are audited.


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The following audit actions are available. They are grouped in several groups. Audit actions of one group canbe combined in one audit policy. Audit actions of different groups can not be combined in one audit policy.

Audit PolicyGroupNumber

Description

GRANT PRIVILEGE 1 audits the grant of privi leges to users or roles

REVOKE PRIVILEGE 1 audits the revoke of privi leges from users or roles

GRANT STRUCTUREDPRIVILEGE

1audits the grant of s tructured/ana lytica l privi leges to users orroles

REVOKE STRUCTUREDPRIVILEGE

1audits the revoke of s tructured/ana lytica l privi leges from usersor roles

GRANT ROLE 1 audi ts the grant of roles to users or roles

REVOKE ROLE 1 audi ts the revoke of roles from users or roles

GRANT ANY 1audits the grant of privi leges , s tructured privi leges or roles tousers or roles

REVOKE ANY 1audits the revoke of privi leges , s tructured privi leges or roles fromusers or roles

CREATE USER 2 audits the create of users

DROP USER 2 audits the drop of users

CREATE ROLE 2 audi ts the create of roles

DROP ROLE 2 audi ts the drop of roles

CONNECT 3 audits the connect of users to the database

SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONCHANGE

4 audits changes to the s ys tem configuration (e.g. INIFILE)

ENABLE AUDIT POLICY 5 audi ts the activation of audi t pol icies

DISABLE AUDIT POLICY 5 audi ts the deactivation of audi t pol icies

CREATE STRUCTUREDPRIVILEGE

6 audits the creation of s tructured/ana lytica l privi leges

DROP STRUCTUREDPRIVILEGE

6 audits the destruction of s tructured/ana lytica l privi lege

ALTER STRUCTUREDPRIVILEGE

6 audits the change of s tructured/ana lytica l privi lege

SET SYSTEM LICENSE 7 audi ts the ins ta l la tion of a l i cense

UNSET SYSTEM LICENSE 7 audi ts the deletion of l i censes

Each audit policy is assigned to a audit level. Possible levels, in decreasing order of importance, are:EMERGENCY, ALERT, CRITICAL, WARNING, INFO.

To make auditing happen, audit policies have to be created and enabled and the configuration parameterglobal_auditing_state (see below) has to be set to true;

Configuration Parameter

Currently the configuration parameter for auditing are stored in global.ini, section auditing configuration andare the following:

global_auditing_state ( 'true' / 'false' ) to activate / deactivate the whole auditing, no matter, how manyaudit policies are available and enabled. The default is false, meaning: no auditing will happen at all. default_audit_trail_type ( 'SYSLOGPROTOCOL' / 'CSVTEXTFILE' ) to specify, how to store the auditing results.SYSLOGPROTOCOL is the default. CSVTEXTFILE should be used only for testing purposes. default_audit_trail_path to specify where to store the file, in case CSVTEXTFILE had been selected.

As all configuration parameter, these parameters can be selected in view M_INIFILE_CONTENTS, if thecurrent user has the needed privilege to do so. But these parameter currently will only be seen in case theyhave been set explicitly. This means, they will not be seen with a newly installed database instance.

System and Monitoring Views

AUDIT_POLICY: shows all audit policies and their states M_INIFILE_CONTENTS: shows the configuration parameter concerning auditing

Only database users with system privilege CATALOG READ, DATA ADMIN or INIFILE ADMIN can see any infoout of the view M_INIFILE_CONTENTS. For other database users this view will be empty.


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Example

A new audit policy named priv_audit is created which will audit successful commands concerning grantingand revoking of privileges and roles. This audit policy has the medium audit level CRITICAL. This policy has to be enabled explicity (see alter_audit_policy) to make the auditing of the audit policy tohappen.


CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX

Syntax

CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX <index_name> ON <tableref> '(' <column_name> ')' [<fulltext_parameter_list>]

Syntax

<index_name> ::= <string_literal>

Specifies the name of the fulltext index.

<fulltext_parameter_list> ::= <fulltext_parameter> [, ...]

<fulltext_parameter> ::= LANGUAGE COLUMN <column_name> | LANGUAGE DETECTION '(' <string_literal_list> ')' | MIME TYPE COLUMN <column_name> | <change_tracking_elem> | FUZZY SEARCH INDEX <on_off> | PHRASE INDEX RATIO <on_off> | CONFIGURATION <string_literal> | SEARCH ONLY <on_off> | FAST PREPROCESS <on_off>


LANGUAGE COLUMNColumn where the language of a document is specified.

LANGUAGE DETECTIONSet of languages to be considered for language detection.

MIME TYPE COLUMNColumn where the mime-type of a document is specified.

FUZZY SEARCH INDEXSpecifies whether the fuzzy search index should be used.

PHRASE INDEX RATIOSpecifies the percentage of the phrase index. Value must be between 0.0 and 1.0

CONFIGURATIONPath to a custom configuration file for text analysis.

SEARCH ONLYIf set to ON the original document content is not stored.

FAST PREPROCESSIf set to ON, fast preprocessing is used, i.e. linguistic searches are not possible.

<change_tracking_elem> ::= SYNC[HRONOUS] | ASYNC[HRONOUS] [FLUSH [QUEUE] <flush_queue_elem>]

SYNCIf specified a synchronous fulltext index is created.

ASYNCIf specified an asynchronous fulltext index is created.

<flush_queue_elem> ::= EVERY <integer_literal> MINUTES | AFTER <integer_literal> DOCUMENTS


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| EVERY <integer_literal> MINUTES OR AFTER <integer_literal> DOCUMENTS

Specifies when to update the fulltext index if an asynchronous index is used.

Description

The CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX statement creates an explicit fulltext index on the given table column.

Example

CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX i1 ON A(C) FUZZY SEARCH INDEX OFF SYNC LANGUAGE DETECTION ('EN','DE','KR')

The example above creates a synchronous fulltext index named 'i1' on column 'C' of table 'A' where the fuzzysearch index is not used and the set of languages for language detection consists of 'EN','DE' and 'KR'.

CREATE INDEX

Syntax

CREATE [UNIQUE] [BTREE | CPBTREE] INDEX <index_name> ON <table_name> (<column_name_order>, ...) [ASC | DESC]

Syntax Elements

<index_name> ::= [<schema_name>.]<identifier> <column_name_order> ::= <column_name> [ASC | DESC]

UNIQUEUsed to create unique indexes. Check for duplicates will occur when an index is created and when a record isadded to the table.

BTREE | CPBTREEUsed to select the kind of index to use.

BTREE keyword has to be used in order to use B+-tree index and the CPBTREE keyword has to be used for theCPB+-tree index.B+-tree is a tree which maintains sorted data that performs efficient insertion, deletion and search ofrecords.CPB+-tree stands for Compressed Prefix B+-Tree, which is based on pkB-tree. CPB+-tree is a very small indexbecause it uses 'partial key' that is only part of full key in index nodes. CPB+-tree shows better performancethan B+-Tree for larger keys.When column data types are character string types, binary string types, decimal types, or when theconstraint is a composite key, or a non-unique constraint, the default index type is CPBTREE; otherwise,BTREE is used.If neither BTREE nor CPBTREE keyword is specified, then SAP HANA Database chooses the appropriate indextype.

ASC | DESCSpecifies whether the index should be created in ascending or descending order.These keywords can be only used in the btree index, and can be specified only once for each column.

Description

The CREATE INDEX statement creates an index.

Example

Table t is created, then CPBTREE index idx is created on column b of table t with ascending order:

CREATE TABLE t (a INT, b NVARCHAR(10), c NVARCHAR(20)); CREATE INDEX idx ON t(b);

CPBTREE index idx1 is created on column a of table t with ascending order and column b with descedingorder:

CREATE CPBTREE INDEX idx1 ON t(a, b DESC);


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CPBTREE index idx2 is created on column a and c of table t with desceding order:

CREATE INDEX idx2 ON t(a, c) DESC;

UNIQUE CPBTREE index idx3 is created on column b and c of table t with ascending order:

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx3 ON t(b, c);

UNIQUE BTREE index idx4 is created on column a of table t with ascending order:

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx4 ON t(a);

CREATE SCHEMA

Syntax

CREATE SCHEMA <schema_name> [OWNED BY <user_name>]

Syntax Elements

<schema_name> ::= <identifier> <user_name> ::= <identifier>

OWNED BYSpecifies the name of the schema owner. If omitted, the current user will be the owner of the schema.

Description

The CREATE SCHEMA statement creates a schema in the current database.

Example

CREATE SCHEMA my_schema OWNED BY system;

CREATE SEQUENCE

Syntax

CREATE SEQUENCE <sequence_name> [<common_sequence_parameter_list>] [RESET BY <subquery>]

Syntax Elements

<sequence_name> ::= <identifier> <common_sequence_parameter_list> ::= <common_sequence_parameter>, ... <common_sequence_parameter> ::= <sequence_parameter_start_with> | <basic_sequence_parameter> <basic_sequence_parameter> ::= INCREMENT BY n | MAXVALUE n | NO MAXVALUE | MINVALUE n | NO MINVALUE | CYCLE | NO CYCLE <sequence_parameter_start_with> ::= START WITH n

INCREMENT BYDefines the amount the next sequence value is incremented from the last value assigned. The default is 1.Specify a negative value to generate a descending sequence. An error is returned if the INCREMENT BY valueis 0

START WITHDefines the starting sequence value. If you do not specify a value for the START WITH clause, MINVALUE isused for ascending sequences and MAXVALUE is used for descending sequences.

MAXVALUEDefines the largest value generated by the sequence and must be between 0 and 4611686018427387903.

NO MAXVALUE


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NO MAXVALUEWhen MAXVALUE is not specified, the maximum value for an ascending sequence is 4611686018427387903and the maximum value for a descending sequences is -1.

MINVALUEThe minimum value of a sequence can be specified after MINVALUE and is between 0 and4611686018427387903.

NO MINVALUEWhen MINVALUE is not specified, the minimum value for an ascending sequence is 1 and the minimum valuefor a descending is -4611686018427387903.

CYCLEThe sequence number will be reused after it reaches its maximum or minimum value.

NO CYCLEDefault option. The sequence number will not be reused after it reaches its maximum or minimum value.

RESET BYDuring the restart of the database, database automatically executes the RESET BY statement and thesequence value is restarted with the specified value from the statement after RESET BY.If RESET BY is not specified, the sequence value is stored persistently in database. During the restart of thedatabase, the next value of the sequence is generated from the saved sequence value.

Description

The CREATE SEQUENCE statement is used to create a sequence.

A sequence is used to generate unique integers by multiple users. CURRVAL is used to get the current valueof the sequence and NEXTVAL is used to get the next value of the sequence. CURRVAL is only valid aftercalling NEXTVAL in a session.

Example

Example 1:Sequence seq is created, then CURRVAL and NEXTVAL are used to get the values from the sequence:

CREATE SEQUENCE seq START WITH 11;

NEXTVAL returns 11:

SELECT seq.NEXTVAL FROM DUMMY;

CURRVAL returns 11:

SELECT seq.CURRVAL FROM DUMMY;

Example 2:If the sequence s is used to create a unique key on column A in the table R, then after a database is restarted,a UNIQUE key value can be created by automatically assigning the maximum value of column A to thesequence value using a RESET BY statement as follows:

CREATE TABLE r (a INT); CREATE SEQUENCE s RESET BY SELECT IFNULL(MAX(a), 0) + 1 FROM r; SELECT s.NEXTVAL FROM DUMMY;

CREATE SYNONYM

Syntax

CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM <synonym_name> FOR <object_name>

Syntax Elements

<synonym_name> ::= <identifier>

<object_name> ::= <table_name> | <view_name> | <procedure_name> | <sequence_name>


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Description

The CREATE SYNONYM creates an alternate name for a table, view, procedure or sequence.

You can use a synonym to re-point functions and stored procedures to differing tables, views or sequenceswithout needing to re-write the function or stored procedure.

The optional PUBLIC element allows for the creation of a public synonym. A public synonym can be accessedby any users, but the users that have proper privilege on its base object can access the base object.

Example

CREATE SYNONYM a_synonym FOR a;

CREATE TABLE

Syntax

CREATE [<table_type>] TABLE <table_name> <table_contents_source> [<logging_option> | <auto_merge_option> | <partition_clause> | <location_clause>]

Syntax Elements

<table_name> ::= [<schema_name>.]<identifier> <schema_name> ::= <identifier>

For descriptions on schema name and identifer, please refer to Identifiers.

table_type:

<table_type> ::= COLUMN | ROW | HISTORY COLUMN | GLOBAL TEMPORARY | LOCAL TEMPORARY

ROW, COLUMNIf the majority of access is through a large number of tuples but with only a few selected attributes,COLUMN-based storage should be used. If the majority of access involves selecting a few records with allattributes selected, ROW-based storage is preferable. The SAP HANA Database uses a combination to enablestorage and interpretation in both forms. You can define the type of organization for each table. The defaultvalue is ROW.

HISTORY COLUMNCreates a table with a particular transaction session type called 'HISTORY'. Tables with session type HISTORYsupport time travel; the execution of queries against historic states of the database is possible.

Timetravel can be done in the following ways.Session-level timetravel:SET HISTORY SESSION TO UTCTIMESTAMP = <utc_timestamp> SET HISTORY SESSION TO COMMIT ID = <commit_id> <utc_timestamp> ::= <string_literal> <commit_id> ::= <unsigned_integer>

A database session can be set back to a certain point-in-time. The COMMIT ID variant of the statement takesa commitid as a parameter. The value of the commitid parameter must occur in COMMIT_ID column of thesystem table SYS.TRANSACTION_HISTORY, otherwise an exception will be thrown. The COMMIT ID is usefulwhen using user defined snapshots. A user defined snapshot can be taken by simply storing the commitidwhich is assigned to a transaction during the commit phase. The commitid can be retrieved by executing thefollowing query directly after a transaction commit:

SELECT LAST_COMMIT_ID FROM M_TRANSACTIONSWHERE CONNECTION_ID = CURRENT_CONNECTION;

The TIMESTAMP-variant of the statement takes a timestamp as parameter. Internally, the timestamp isused to look up a (commit_time,commit_id)-pair inside the system-table SYS.TRANSACTION_HISTORY wherethe commit_time is close to the given timestamp (to be more precisely: choose pair where maximalCOMMIT_TIME is smaller or equal to the given timestamp; if no such pair is found an exception will beraised). The session then will be restored with the determined commit-id as in the COMMIT ID variant.To terminate a restored session to switch back to the current session, an explicit COMMIT or ROLLBACK hasto be executed on the DB connection.


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to be executed on the DB connection.

Statement-level timetravel:

<subquery> AS OF UTCTIMESTAMP <utc_timestamp> <subquery> AS OF COMMIT ID <commit_id>

In order to be able to relate the commitid with the commit time, a system table SYS.TRANSACTION_HISTORYis maintained which stores additional information for each transaction which commits data for history table.For detailed information on setting session-level timetravel, please refer to SET HISTORY SESSION, and fordetails on <subquery>, please refer to Subquery.

Note:. Autocommit has to be turned off when a session should be restored (otherwise an exception will be thrownwith an appropriate error message). Non-history tables in restored sessions always show their current snapshot. Only data query statement (select) is allowed inside restored sessions.. A history table must have a primary key. The session type can be checked from the column, SESSION_TYPE of the system table SYS.TABLES.

GLOBAL TEMPORARYTable definition is globally available while data is visible only to the current session. The table is truncated atthe end of the session.

Metadata in a global temporary table is persistent meaning the metadata exists until the table is droppedand the metadata is shared across sessions. Data in a global temporary table is session-specific meaning onlythe owner session of the global temporary table is allowed to insert/read/truncate the data, exists for theduration of the session and data from the global temporary table is automatically dropped when the sessionis terminated. Global temporary table can be dropped only when the table does not have any record in it.

Supported operations on Global Temporary Table:1. Create without a primary key2. Rename table3. Rename column4. Truncate5. Drop6. Create or Drop view on top of global temporary table7. Create synonym8. Select9. Select into or Insert10. Delete11. Update12. Upsert or Replace

LOCAL TEMPORARYThe table definition and data is visible only to the current session. The table is truncated at the end of thesession.

Metadata exists for the duration of the session and is session-specific meaning only the owner session of thelocal temporary table is allowed to see. Data in a local temporary table is session-specific meaning only theowner session of the local temporary table is allowed to insert/read/truncate the data, exists for the durationof the session and data from the local temporary table is automatically dropped when the session isterminated.

Supported operations on Global Temporary Table:1. Create without a primary key2. Truncate3. Drop4. Select5. Select into or Insert6. Delete7. Update8. Upsert or Replace

table_contents_source:

<table_contents_source> ::= (<table_element>, ...) | <like_table_clause> [WITH [NO] DATA] | [(<column_name>, ...)] <as_table_subquery> [WITH [NO] DATA]] <table_element> ::= <column_definition> [<column_constraint>] | <table_constraint> (<column_name>, ... ) <column_definition> ::= <column_name> <data_type> [<column_store_data_type>] [<ddic_data_type>] [DEFAULT <default_value>] [GENERATED ALWAYS AS <expression>]


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A primary key constraint is a combination of a NOT NULL constraint and a UNIQUE constraint. It prohibitsmultiple rows from having the same value in the same column.

BTREE | CPBTREESpecifies the index type. When column data types are character string types, binary string types, decimaltypes, or when the constraint is a composite key, or non-unique constraint, the default index type isCPBTREE. Otherwise, BTREE is used.BTREE keyword has to be used in order to use B+-tree index and the CPBTREE keyword has to be used for theCPB+-tree index.B+-tree is a tree which maintains sorted data that performs efficient insertion, deletion and search ofrecords.CPB+-tree stands for Compressed Prefix B+-Tree, which is based on pkB-tree. CPB+-tree is a very small indexbecause it uses 'partial key' that is only part of full key in index nodes. CPB+-tree shows better performancethan B+-Tree for larger keys.If the index type is omitted, the SAP HANA Database chooses the appropriate index considering the columndata types.

<table_constraint> ::= UNIQUE [BTREE | CPBTREE] | PRIMARY KEY [BTREE | CPBTREE]

This defines a table constraint which can be used on one or more columns of a table. There are two kinds of atable constraint. They are:

<like_table_clause> ::= LIKE <like_table_name> <like_table_name> ::= <table_name>

Creates a table that has the same definition as like_table_name. All the column definitions with constraintsand default values are copied from like_table_name. Data is filled from the specified table when WITH DATAoption is provided, however, the default value is WITH NO DATA.

<as_table_subquery> ::= AS '(<subquery>)

Creates a table and fills it with the data computed by the <subquery>. Only NOT NULL constraints are copiedby this clause. If column_names are specified, specified column_names override the column names from<subquery>. The default value is WITH DATA.

WITH [NO] DATA Specifies whether the data is copied from <subquery> or <like_table_clause>.

<logging_option> ::= LOGGING | NO LOGGING [RETENTION <retention_period>] <retention_period> ::= <unsigned_integer>

LOGGING | NO LOGGINGLOGGING (default value) specifies that table logging is activated.NO LOGGING specifies that logging is deactivated. A NO LOGGING table means that the definition of thetable is persistent and globally available, data is temporary and global.

RETENTIONSpecifies the retention time in seconds of the column table created by NOLOGGING. After the specifiedretention period has elapsed, the table will be dropped if used physical memory of the host reaches above80%.

<auto_merge_option> ::= AUTO MERGE | NO AUTO MERGE

AUTO MERGE | NO AUTO MERGEAUTO MERGE (default value) specifies that automatic delta merge is triggered.

<partition_clause> ::= PARTITION BY <hash_partition> [, <range_partition> | , <hash_partition>] | PARTITION BY <range_partition> | PARTITION BY <roundrobin_partition> [,<range_partition>] <hash_partition> ::= HASH (<partition_expression> [, ...]) PARTITIONS {<num_partitions> | GET_NUM_SERVERS()} <range_partition> ::= RANGE (<partition_expression>) (<range_spec>, ...) <roundrobin_partition> ::= ROUNDROBIN PARTITIONS {<num_partitions> | GET_NUM_SERVERS()} [, <range_partition>] <range_spec> ::= {<from_to_spec> | <single_spec>} [, ...] [, PARTITION OTHERS] <from_to_spec> ::= PARTITION <lower_value> <= VALUES < <upper_value> <single_spec> ::= PARTITION VALUE <target_value> <partition_expression> ::= <column_name> | YEAR(<column_name>) | MONTH(<column_name>) <lower_value> ::= <string_literal> | <numeric_literal>


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<upper_value> ::= <string_literal> | <numeric_literal> <target_value> ::= <string_literal> | <numeric_literal> <num_partitions> ::= <unsigned_integer>

GET_NUM_SERVERS() is the function that returns the number of servers. PARTITION OTHERS means that all other values that are not specified in partition specification make onepartition. It is possible to determine the index servers on which the partitions are created. If you specify the LOCATION,the partitions will be created on these instances using round robin. Duplicates in the list will be removed. Ifyou specify exactly the same number of instances as partitions in the partition specification, then eachpartition will be assigned to the respective instance in the list. All index servers in the list have to belong tothe same instance.If no locations are specified, the partitions will be created randomly. If the number of partitions matches thenumber of servers - for example by using GET_NUM_SERVERS() - it is ensured that multiple CREATE TABLEcalls distribute the partitions in the same way. In case of a multi-level partitioning, this applies for the numberof partitions of the first level. This mechanism is useful if several tables are to be created which have asemantic relation to each other.

<location_clause> ::= AT [LOCATION] {'<host>:<port>' | ('<host>:<port>', ...)} <host> ::= <string_literal> <port> ::= <unsigned_integer>

AT LOCATIONA table can be created in the specified location with host:port. Location list can be specified when creatingpartitioned tables that are distributed on multiple instances. When location list is provided without<partition_clause>, the table is created on the first location specified.If location information is not provided, the table will be automatically assigned to one node. This option canbe used for both row store and column store tables in a distributed environment.

Description

The CREATE TABLE statement creates a table. Tables are created without data except when<as_table_subquery> or <like_table_clause> is used with the WITH DATA option.

Example

Table A is created, which has INTEGER-type column A and B. Column A has the primary key constraint:

CREATE TABLE A (A INT PRIMARY KEY, B INT);

A partitioned table P1 is created, which has DATE-type column U. Column U has the primary key constraintand is used as RANGE-partitioning column:

CREATE COLUMN TABLE P1 (U DATE PRIMARY KEY) PARTITION BY RANGE (U) (PARTITION '2010-02-03' <= VALUES < '2011-01-01', PARTITION VALUE = '2011-05-01');

A partitioned table P2 is created, which has INTEGER-type column I, J and K. Column I and J make the primarykey constraint and are used as HASH-partitioning column. Column K is used as sub HASH-partitioning column:

CREATE COLUMN TABLE P2 (I INT, J INT, K INT, PRIMARY KEY(I, J)) PARTITION BY HASH (I, J) PARTITIONS 2, HASH (K) PARTITIONS 2;

A Table C1 is created, which has the same definition as table A. Table C1 also has the same records as table A:

CREATE COLUMN TABLE C1 LIKE A WITH DATA;

A Table C2 is created, which has the same column data type and NOT NULL constraint as table A. Table C2has no records:

CREATE TABLE C2 AS (SELECT * FROM A) WITH NO DATA;

CREATE TRIGGER

Syntax

CREATE TRIGGER <trigger_name> <trigger_action_time> <trigger_event> ON <subject_table_name> [REFERENCING <transition_list>] [<for_each_row>] BEGIN [<trigger_decl_list>]


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[<proc_handler_list>] <trigger_stmt_list> END

Syntax Elements

<trigger_name> ::= <identifier>

The name of trigger you create.

<subject_table_name> ::= <identifier>

The name of table your trigger is defined on. For descriptions on identifer, see Identifiers.

<trigger_action_time> ::= BEFORE | AFTER

Specify when trigger acction occur.

BEFORETrigger is executed before the subject table operation.

AFTERTrigger is executed after the subject table operation.

<trigger_event> ::= INSERT | DELETE | UPDATE

Specify which data modification command activate trigger action.

<transition_list> ::= <transition> | <transition_list> , <transition> <transition> ::= <trigger_transition_old_or_new> <trigger_transition_var_or_table> <trans_var_name> | <trigger_transition_old_or_new> <trigger_transition_var_or_table> AS <trans_var_name>

When trigger transition variable is declared, trigger can access records that are being changed by triggertriggering DML.While row level trigger execution, <trans_var_name>.<column_name> represents corresponding columnrecord being changed in trigger.Here <column_name> is subject table's column name. See example of transition variable

<trigger_transition_old_or_new> ::= OLD | NEW <trigger_transition_var_or_table> ::= ROW <trans_var_name> ::= <identifier>

OLD You can access old record of DML in trigger, which is to-be-replaced-by-update old record or deleted-old-record. UPDATE trigger and DELETE trigger can have OLD ROW transition variable.

NEWYou can access new record of DML in trigger, which is to-be-inserted new record or to-be-updated newrecord.UPDATE trigger and INSERT trigger can have NEW ROW transition variable.

Only transition variable is supported.Transition table is not supported feature. If you put 'TABLE' as <trigger_transition_var_or_table>, you will see not-supported-feature error.

<for_each_row> ::= FOR EACH ROW

The trigger will be called in a row-wise fashion. Row level trigger execution is default mode without FOR EACH ROW syntaxCurrently statement-wise trigger is not supported.

<trigger_decl_list> ::= DECLARE <trigger_decl> | <trigger_decl_list> DECLARE <trigger_decl> <trigger_decl> ::= <trigger_var_decl> | <trigger_condition_decl>


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<trigger_var_decl> ::= <var_name> CONSTANT <data_type> [<not_null>] [<trigger_default_assign>] ; | <var_name> <data_type> [<not_null>] [<trigger_default_assign>] ; <var_name> ::= <identifer> <data_type> ::= DATE | TIME | SECONDDATE | TIMESTAMP | TINYINT | SMALLINT | INTEGER | BIGINT | SMALLDECIMAL | DECIMAL | REAL | DOUBLE | VARCHAR | NVARCHAR | ALPHANUM | SHORTTEXT | VARBINARY | BLOB | CLOB | NCLOB | TEXT <not_null> ::= NOT NULL <trigger_default_assign> ::= DEFAULT <expression> | := <expression> <trigger_condition_decl> ::= <condition_name> CONDITION ; | <condition_name> CONDITION FOR <sql_error_code> ; <condition_name> ::= <identifier> <sql_error_code> ::= SQL_ERROR_CODE <int_const>

trigger_decl_listYou can declare trigger variable or condition.Declared variable can be used scalar value assignment or referenced in trigger SQL statement. Declared condition name can be referenced when exception handler.

CONSTANT When CONSTANT kewword was given, you cannot change the variable while trigger execution.

<proc_handler_list> ::= <proc_handler> | <proc_handler_list> <proc_handler> <proc_handler> ::= DECLARE EXIT HANDLER FOR <proc_condition_value_list> <trigger_stmt> <proc_condition_value_list> ::= <proc_condition_value> | <proc_condition_value_list> , <proc_condition_value> <proc_condition_value> ::= SQLEXCEPTION | SQLWARNING | <sql_error_code> | <condition_name>

Exception handler can be declared for catching with existing sql exception, specific error code number or condition name declared on condition variable.

<trigger_stmt_list> ::= <trigger_stmt> | <trigger_stmt_list> <trigger_stmt> <trigger_stmt> ::= <proc_block> | <proc_assign> | <proc_if> | <proc_loop> | <proc_while> | <proc_for> | <proc_foreach> | <proc_signal> | <proc_resignal> | <trigger_sql>

Trigger body syntax is a part of procedure body syntax. See detail of create procedure definition in SAP HANA Database SQLScript guide.The syntax of trigger body complies with that of procedure, which are nested block(proc_block),scalar variable assign(proc_assign), if block(proc_if), loop block(proc_loop), for block(proc_for), for each block(proc_foreach), exception signal(proc_signal), exception resignal(proc_resignal), and sql statement(proc_sql).

<proc_block> ::= BEGIN [<trigger_decl_list>]


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[<proc_handler_list>] <trigger_stmt_list> END ;

You can add another 'BEGIN ... END;' block in a nested way.

<proc_assign> ::= <var_name> := <expression> ;

var_name is variable name, which should be declared previously.

<proc_if> ::= IF <condition> THEN <trigger_stmt_list> [<proc_elsif_list>] [<proc_else>] END IF ;

<proc_elsif_list> ::= ELSEIF <condition> THEN <trigger_stmt_list>

<proc_else> ::= ELSE <trigger_stmt_list>

For descriptions on condition, refer to <condition> in SELECT.Using IF ... THEN ... ELSEIF ... END IF, you can control execution flow with condition.

<proc_loop> ::= LOOP <trigger_stmt_list> END LOOP ;

<proc_while> ::= WHILE <condition> DO <trigger_stmt_list> END WHILE ;

<proc_for> ::= FOR <column_name> IN [<reverse>] <expression> <DDOT_OP> <expression> DO <trigger_stmt_list> END FOR ;

<column_name> ::= <identifier> <reverse> ::= REVERSE <DDOT_OP> ::= ..

<proc_foreach> ::= FOR <column_name> AS <column_name> [<open_param_list>] DO <trigger_stmt_list> END FOR ;

<open_param_list> ::= ( <expr_list> )

<expr_list> ::= <expression> | <expr_list> , <expression>

<proc_signal> ::= SIGNAL <signal_value> [<set_signal_info>] ;

<proc_resignal> ::= RESIGNAL [<signal_value>] [<set_signal_info>] ;

<signal_value> ::= <signal_name> | <sql_error_code>

<signal_name> ::= <identifier>

<set_signal_info> ::= SET MESSEGE_TEXT = '<message_string>'

<message_string> ::= <identifier>

SET MESSEGE_TEXTIf you set your own message with SET MESSAGE_TEXT,the message is delivered to users when specified error is thrown from trigger execution.

SIGNAL statement provide raise an exception explicitly. User-defined range (10000 ~ 19999) will be allowed for the error code to issue. RESIGNAL statement provide raise an exception on the action statement in exception handler. If error code is not specified, RESIGNAL will throw up the catched exception.

<trigger_sql> ::= <select_into_stmt> | <insert_stmt> | <delete_stmt> | <update_stmt> | <replace_stmt> | <upsert_stmt>

For descriptions on insert_stmt, refer to INSERT.For descriptions on delete_stmt, refer to DELETE.For descriptions on update_stmt, refer to UPDATE.


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For descriptions on replace_stmt and upsert_stmt, refer to REPLACE | UPSERT.

<select_into_stmt> ::= SELECT <select_list> INTO <var_name_list> <from_clause > [<where_clause>] [<group_by_clause>] [<having_clause>] [{<set_operator> <subquery>, ... }] [<order_by_clause>] [<limit>]

<var_name_list> ::= <var_name> | <var_name_list> , <var_name>

<var_name> ::= <identifier>

For descriptions on select_list, from_clause, where_clause, group_by_clause, having_clause, set_operator, subquery, order_by_clause, limit, refer to SELECT.

var_name is scalar variable name which should be declared before.You can assign selected item value to the scalar variable.

Description

CREATE TRIGGER statement creates a trigger.A trigger is special kind of stored procedure that automatically executes when an event occurs on a certaintable.CREATE TRIGGER command defines a set of statements that is executed when a givenoperation(INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE)takes place on a given object(subject table)

Only database users having the TRIGGER privilege for the given <subject_table_name> are allowed to createa trigger for that table. Current trigger limitation is described below:

INSTEAD_OF trigger is not supported.Access of subject table which is table that trigger is defined on, is not allowed in trigger body,which means any insert/update/delete/replace/select for table which trigger is on is not allowed. Only row level trigger is supported. Statement level trigger is not supported. Row level trigger means trigger action will be executed for every row changes. Statement level trigger means trigger action will be executed once for a statement execution.Syntax 'FOR EACH ROW' means row-wise trigger execution and it is default mode. Even when 'FOREACH ROW' is not defined, it is still row level trigger.Transition table (OLD/NEW TABLE) is not supported. When trigger SQL statement want to refer to data that are being changed by trigger-triggering-eventlike insert/update/delete, transition variable/table will be a way SQL statement in trigger body access old and new data. Transition variable is used by row level trigger while transition table is used by statement level trigger.Trigger execution on partitioned table to multiple host or table in slave node is not supported.A table can have only one trigger for each DML operation which would be a insert trigger, a update trigger and a delete trigger and three of them all can beactivated together.Therefore, a table can have maximum three triggers total.Not supported trigger action feature(while procedure does) : resultset assignment(select resultset assignment to tabletype), exit/continue command(execution flow control), cursor open/fetch/close(get each record data of search result by cursor and access record in loop), procedure call(call another proecedure), dynomic sql execution(build SQL statements dynamically at runtime of SQLScript), return(end SQL statement execution)


TRIGGERS is system view for trigger.

System view TRIGGERS shows: SCHEMA_NAME, TRIGGER_NAME, TRIGGER_OID, OWNER_NAME, OWNER_OID,SUBJECT_TABLE_SCHEMA, SUBJECT_TABLE_NAME, TRIGGER_ACTION_TIME, TRIGGER_EVENT, TRIGGERED_ACTION_LEVEL,DEFINITION


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Example

You first need table which trigger is defined on.

CREATE TABLE TARGET ( A INT);

You also need tables which trigger accesses and modifies.

CREATE TABLE SAMPLE ( A INT);

Following is example of create trigger.

CREATE TRIGGER TEST_TRIGGER AFTER INSERT ON TARGET FOR EACH ROW BEGIN DECLARE SAMPLE_COUNT INT; SELECT COUNT(*) INTO SAMPLE_COUNT FROM SAMPLE; IF :SAMPLE_COUNT = 0 THEN INSERT INTO SAMPLE VALUES(5); ELSEIF :SAMPLE_COUNT = 1 THEN INSERT INTO SAMPLE VALUES(6); END IF; END;

Trigger TEST_TRIGGER will be executed after any record insert execution for TARGET table.Since SAPMLE table record count is zero in the first insert try, the trigger TEST_TRIGGER will insert 5 toSAMPLE table.In the second insertion to TARGET table, the trigger insert 6 to SAMPLE table because its count is two.

INSERT INTO TARGET VALUES (1); SELECT * FROM SAMPLE; 5 INSERT INTO TARGET VALUES (2); SELECT * FROM SAMPLE; 5 6

Followings are more example of create trigger. FOR/WHILE Example

CREATE TABLE TARGET ( A INT); CREATE TABLE SAMPLE ( A INT); CREATE TRIGGER TEST_TRIGGER_WHILE_UPDATE AFTER UPDATE ON TARGET BEGIN DECLARE found INT := 1; DECLARE val INT := 1; WHILE :found <> 0 DO SELECT count(*) INTO found FROM sample WHERE p = :val; IF :found = 0 THEN INSERT INTO sample VALUES(:val,100000); END IF; val := :val + 1; END WHILE; END;

CREATE TABLE TARGET ( A INT); CREATE TABLE control_tab(id INT PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(30), payment INT); CREATE TABLE message_box(message VARCHAR(200), log_time TIMESTAMP);

CREATE TRIGGER TEST_TRIGGER_FOR_INSERT AFTER INSERT ON TARGET BEGIN DECLARE v_id INT := 0; DECLARE v_name VARCHAR(20) := ''; DECLARE v_pay INT := 0; DECLARE v_msg VARCHAR(200) := ''; DELETE FROM message_box; FOR v_id IN 100 .. 103 DO SELECT name, payment INTO v_name, v_pay FROM control_tab WHERE id = :v_id; v_msg := :v_name || ' has ' || TO_CHAR(:v_pay); INSERT INTO message_box VALUES (:v_msg, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);


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END FOR; END;

handler Examples

CREATE TABLE TARGET ( A INT); CREATE TABLE MYTAB (I INTEGER PRIMARY KEY); CREATE TRIGGER MYTRIG_SQLEXCEPTION AFTER INSERT ON TARGET BEGIN DECLARE EXIT HANDLER FOR SQLEXCEPTION SELECT ::SQL_ERROR_CODE, ::SQL_ERROR_MESSAGE FROM DUMMY; INSERT INTO MYTAB VALUES (1); INSERT INTO MYTAB VALUES (1); -- expected unique violation error: 301 -- not reached END; CREATE TRIGGER MYTRIG_SQL_ERROR_CODE AFTER UPDATE ON TARGET BEGIN DECLARE EXIT HANDLER FOR SQL_ERROR_CODE 301 SELECT ::SQL_ERROR_CODE, ::SQL_ERROR_MESSAGE FROM DUMMY; INSERT INTO MYTAB VALUES (1); INSERT INTO MYTAB VALUES (1); -- expected unique violation error: 301 -- not reached END; CREATE TRIGGER MYTRIG_CONDITION AFTER DELETE ON TARGET BEGIN DECLARE MYCOND CONDITION FOR SQL_ERROR_CODE 301; DECLARE EXIT HANDLER FOR MYCOND SELECT ::SQL_ERROR_CODE, ::SQL_ERROR_MESSAGE FROM DUMMY; INSERT INTO MYTAB VALUES (1); INSERT INTO MYTAB VALUES (1); -- expected unique violation error: 301 -- not reached END;

SIGNAL/RESIGNAL Examples

CREATE TABLE TARGET ( A INT); CREATE TABLE MYTAB (I INTEGER PRIMARY KEY);

CREATE TRIGGER MYTRIG_SIGNAL AFTER INSERT ON TARGET BEGIN DECLARE MYCOND CONDITION FOR SQL_ERROR_CODE 10001; DECLARE EXIT HANDLER FOR MYCOND SELECT ::SQL_ERROR_CODE, ::SQL_ERROR_MESSAGE FROM DUMMY; INSERT INTO MYTAB VALUES (1); SIGNAL MYCOND SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'my error'; -- not reached END; CREATE TRIGGER MYTRIG_RESIGNAL AFTER UPDATE ON TARGET BEGIN DECLARE MYCOND CONDITION FOR SQL_ERROR_CODE 10001; DECLARE EXIT HANDLER FOR MYCOND RESIGNAL; INSERT INTO MYTAB VALUES (1); SIGNAL MYCOND SET MESSAGE_TEXT = 'my error'; -- not reached END;

Transition variable Example

CREATE TABLE TARGET ( A INT, B VARCHAR(10)); CREATE TABLE SAMPLE_OLD ( A INT, B VARCHAR(10)); CREATE TABLE SAMPLE_NEW ( A INT, B VARCHAR(10)); INSERT INTO TARGET VALUES ( 1, 'oldvalue');

CREATE TRIGGER TEST_TRIGGER_VAR_UPDATE AFTER UPDATE ON TARGET REFERENCING NEW ROW mynewrow, OLD ROW myoldrow FOR EACH ROW BEGIN INSERT INTO SAMPLE_new VALUES(:mynewrow.a, :mynewrow.b) INSERT INTO SAMPLE_old VALUES(:myoldrow.a, :myoldrow.b)


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END;

UPDATE TARGER SET b = 'newvalue' WHERE A = 1; SELECT * FROM SAMPLE_NEW; 1, 'newvalue' SELECT * FROM SAMPLE_OLD; 1, 'oldvalue'

CREATE VIEW

Syntax

CREATE VIEW <view_name> [(<column_name>, ... )] AS <subquery>

Syntax Elements

<view_name> ::= [<schema_name>.]<identifier> <schema_name> ::= <identifier> <column_name> ::= <identifier>

Description

The CREATE VIEW statement effectively creates virtual table based on the results of an SQL statement. It isnot a table in a real sense as it does not contain data in itself.

When a column name is specified along with the view name, a query result is displayed with that columnname. If a column name is omitted, a query result gives an appropriate name to the column automatically.The number of column names has to be the same as the number of columns returned from <subquery>.

Update operations on views are supported if the following conditions are met:. Each column in the view must map to a column of a single table. If a column in the base table has NOT NULL constraint without default value, the column must be included inview columns to be an insertable view. Update operation on a view is allowed without this condition.. Must not contain an aggregate or analytic function in a SELECT list for example, the followings are notallowed:. TOP, SET, DISTINCT operator in a SELECT list. GROUP BY, ORDER BY clause. Must not contain a subquery in a SELECT list. Must not contain a sequence value(CURRVAL, NEXTVAL). Must not contain a column view as the base view

If base views or tables are updatable, a view on the base views or tables can be updatable if the aboveconditions are met.

Example

View v is created as selects all records from table a:

CREATE VIEW v AS SELECT * FROM a;

DROP AUDIT POLICY

Syntax

DROP AUDIT POLICY <policy_name>

Syntax Elements

<policy_name> ::= <identifier>

Description

The DROP AUDIT POLICY statement drops an audit policy. <policy_name> must specify an existing auditpolicy. Only database users having the system privilege AUDIT ADMIN are allowed to drop an audit policy. Eachdatabase user having this privilege is allowed to drop any audit policy, no matter if he created it or not. Even if an audit policy is dropped, it may happen, that the audit action specified in the dropped audit policywill be audited further. This will happen, if another audit policy is enabled and specifies that audit action aswell.


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To switch off an audit policy temporarily, it can be disabled and need not be dropped.


AUDIT_POLICY: shows all audit policies and their states M_INIFILE_CONTENTS: shows the configuration parameter concerning auditing

Only database users with system privilege CATALOG READ, DATA ADMIN or INIFILE ADMIN can see any infoout of the view M_INIFILE_CONTENTS. For other database users this view will be empty.

Example

Assuming that the creation of an audit policy happened before using the following statement:


Now this audit policy has to be dropped.

DROP AUDIT POLICY priv_audit;

DROP FULLTEXT INDEX

Syntax

DROP FULLTEXT INDEX <fulltext_index_name>

Syntax Elements

fulltext_index_name ::= <identifier>

Specifies the index to be dropped.

Description

The DROP FULLTEXT INDEX statement removes a fulltext index.

Example

DROP FULLTEXT INDEX idx;

DROP INDEX

Syntax

DROP INDEX <index_name>

Syntax Elements

index_name ::= <identifier>

The index name identifier specifies the index to be dropped.

Description

The DROP INDEX statement removes an index.

Example

DROP INDEX idx;

DROP SCHEMA

Syntax

DROP SCHEMA <schema_name> [<drop_option>]


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Syntax Elements

<drop_option> ::= CASCADE | RESTRICT

Default = RESTRICT

Restrict drop behavior will drop the object when there is no dependent object. If there is a dependent object,an error will be thrown. Cascaded drop drops the object and dependent objects.

Description

The DROP SCHEMA statement removes a schema.

Example

Schema my_schema is created, table my_schema.t is created and then my_schema is dropped with CASCADEoption:

CREATE SCHEMA my_schema; CREATE TABLE my_schema.t (a INT); DROP SCHEMA my_schema CASCADE;

DROP SEQUENCE

Syntax

DROP SEQUENCE <sequence_name> [<drop_option>]

Syntax Elements


Default = RESTRICT

Cascaded drop drops the object and dependent objects. When CASCADE option is not specified, non-cascadeddrop behavior drops the object and does not drop the dependent objects, but invalidates the dependentobjects (VIEW, PROCEDURE).

The invalidated object can be revalidated when an object that has same schema and object name is created.Object ID, schema name, and object name pair is reserved for revalidating dependent objects.

Restrict drop behavior will drop the object when there is no dependent object. If there is a dependent object,an error will be thrown.

Description

The DROP SEQUENCE statement removes a sequence.

Example

DROP SEQUENCE s;

DROP SYNONYM

Syntax

DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM <synonym_name> [<drop_option>]

Syntax Elements

<synonym_name> ::= <identifier> <drop_option> ::= CASCADE | RESTRICT

Default = RESTRICT

Cascaded drop drops the object and dependent objects. When CASCADE option is not specified, non-cascadeddrop behavior drops the object and does not drop the dependent objects, but invalidates the dependent


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objects (VIEW, PROCEDURE).

The invalidated object can be revalidated when an object that has same schema and object name is created.Object ID, schema name, and object name pair will be reserved for revalidating dependent objects.


Description

The DROP SYNONYM statement removes a synonym. The optional PUBLIC element allows for the removal ofa public synonym.

Example

Table a is created, then synonym a_synonym and public synonym pa_synonym are created for table a:

CREATE TABLE a (c INT); CREATE SYNONYM a_synonym FOR a; CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM pa_synonym FOR a;

Synonym a_synonym and public synonym pa_synonym are dropped:

DROP SYNONYM a_synonym; DROP PUBLIC SYNONYM pa_synonym;

DROP TABLE

Syntax

DROP TABLE <table_name> [<drop_option>]

Syntax Elements

<table_name> ::= [<schema_name>.]<identifier> <schema_name> ::= <identifier> <drop_option> ::= CASCADE | RESTRICT

Default = RESTRICT


The invalidated object can be revalidated when an object that has the same schema and object name iscreated. The object ID, schema name, and object name pair will be reserved for revalidating dependentobjects.

Restrict drop behavior drops the object when there is no dependent object. If there is a dependent object, anerror is thrown.

Description

The DROP TABLE statement deletes a table.

Example

Table A is created, then dropped:

CREATE TABLE A(C INT); DROP TABLE A;

DROP TRIGGER

Syntax

DROP TRIGGER <trigger_name>

Syntax Elements


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<trigger_name> ::= <identifier>

The name of the trigger to be dropped.

Description

The DROP TRIGGER statement deletes a trigger. Only database users having the TRIGGER privilege for the table which the trigger was defined on, areallowed to drop a trigger for that table.

Example

For this example you need to first create a trigger called test_trigger like below :

CREATE TABLE TARGET ( A INT); CREATE TABLE SAMPLE ( A INT); CREATE TRIGGER TEST_TRIGGER AFTER UPDATE ON TARGET BEGIN INSERT INTO SAMPLE VALUES(3); END;

Now you can drop trigger with:

DROP TRIGGER TEST_TRIGGER;

DROP VIEW

Syntax

DROP VIEW <view_name> [<drop_option>]

Syntax Elements

<view_name> ::= [<schema_name>.]<identifier> <schema_name> ::= <identifier> <drop_option> ::= CASCADE | RESTRICT

Default = RESTRICT


The invalidated object can be revalidated when an object that has same schema and object name is created.Object ID, schema name, and object name pair will be reserved for revalidating dependent objects.


Description

The DROP VIEW statement removes a view.

Example

Table t is created, then view v is created as selects all records from table t:

CREATE TABLE t (a INT); CREATE VIEW v AS SELECT * FROM t;

View v is dropped:

DROP VIEW v;

RENAME COLUMN

Syntax


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RENAME COLUMN <table_name>.<old_column_name> TO <new_column_name>

Syntax Elements

<old_column_name> ::= <identifier> <new_column_name> ::= <identifier>

Description

The RENAME COLUMN statement changes the name of a column.

For the information on column name, please refer to Identifiers.

Example

Table B is created:

CREATE TABLE B (A INT PRIMARY KEY, B INT);

The list of column names in table B is shown:

SELECT COLUMN_NAME, POSITION FROM TABLE_COLUMNS WHERE SCHEMA_NAME = CURRENT_SCHEMA AND TABLE_NAME = 'B' ORDER BY POSITION;

Column A is renamed to C:

RENAME COLUMN B.A TO C;

The list of column names in table B after renaming is shown:

SELECT COLUMN_NAME, POSITION FROM TABLE_COLUMNS WHERE SCHEMA_NAME = CURRENT_SCHEMA AND TABLE_NAME = 'B' ORDER BY POSITION;

RENAME INDEX

Syntax

RENAME INDEX <old_index_name> TO <new_index_name>

Syntax Elements

<old_index_name> ::= <identifier> <new_index_name> ::= <identifier>

Description

The RENAME INDEX statement changes the name of an index.

For the information on index name, please refer to Identifiers.

Example

Table B is created, then index idx is created on column B of table B:

CREATE TABLE B (A INT PRIMARY KEY, B INT); CREATE INDEX idx on B(B);

The list of index names in table B is shown:

SELECT INDEX_NAME FROM INDEXES WHERE SCHEMA_NAME = CURRENT_SCHEMA AND TABLE_NAME = 'B';

Index idx is renamed to new_idx:

RENAME INDEX idx TO new_idx;

The list of index names in table B after renaming is shown:


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SELECT INDEX_NAME FROM INDEXES WHERE SCHEMA_NAME = CURRENT_SCHEMA AND TABLE_NAME = 'B';

RENAME TABLE

Syntax

RENAME TABLE <old_table_name> TO <new_table_name>

Syntax Elements

<old_table_name> ::= <identifier> <new_table_name> ::= <identifier>

Description

The RENAME TABLE statement changes the name of a table to new_table_name in the same schema.

For the information on table name, please refer to Identifiers.

Example

Table A is created in current schema:

CREATE TABLE A (A INT PRIMARY KEY, B INT);

The list of table names in current schema is shown:

SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM TABLES WHERE SCHEMA_NAME = CURRENT_SCHEMA;

Table A renamed to B:

RENAME TABLE A TO B;

The list of table names in current schema after renaming is shown:

SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM TABLES WHERE SCHEMA_NAME = CURRENT_SCHEMA;

Schema mySchema is created, then table mySchema.A is created:

CREATE SCHEMA mySchema; CREATE TABLE mySchema.A (A INT PRIMARY KEY, B INT);

The list of table names in schema mySchema is shown:

SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM TABLES WHERE SCHEMA_NAME = 'MYSCHEMA';

Table mySchema.A is renamed to B:

RENAME TABLE mySchema.A TO B;

The list of table names in schema mySchema after renaming is shown:

SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM TABLES WHERE SCHEMA_NAME = 'MYSCHEMA';

ALTER TABLE ALTER TYPE

Syntax

<table_conversion_clause> ::= [ALTER TYPE] { ROW [THREADS <number_of_threads>] | COLUMN [THREADS <number_of_threads> [BATCH <batch_size>]] }

Syntax Elements

<number_of_threads> ::= <numeric_literal>

Specifies how many threads should be used in parallel for table conversion. The optimal value for number of


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threads should set to the number of available CPU cores.

<batch_size> ::= <numeric_literal>

Specifies the number of rows inserted in batch, and the default value is 2,000,000 which is the optimal value.An insertion into a column table will be immediately committed after every bach_size records insertion,which may reduce memory consumption. BATCH option can be used only when the table is converted fromROW to COLUMN. However, the batch size more than 2,000,000 might cause high memory consumption,thus it is not recommended to change this value.

Description

A new table with a different storage type can be created from an existing table by copying the existingtable's columns and data. This command is used to convert the table storage from ROW to COLUMN or fromCOLUMN to ROW. If the source table was in ROW storage, then the created table will be in COLUMNstorage.

Configuration Parameters

The default number of threads used for table conversion is specified in [sql] section of indexserver.initable_conversion_parallelism = <numeric_literal> (initial value is 8)

Example

For this example you need to first create tables to be converted.

CREATE COLUMN TABLE col_to_row (col1 INT, col2 INT) CREATE ROW TABLE row_to_col (col1 INT, col2 INT)

col_to_row table will be created in COLUMN storage and row_to_col table will be created in ROW storage

Now you can convert the storage type of col_to_row table from COLUMN to ROW with:

ALTER TABLE col_to_row ALTER TYPE ROW

You can also convert the storage type of row_to_col table from ROW to COLUMN with:

ALTER TABLE row_to_col ALTER TYPE COLUMN

In order to convert in batch mode you need to add a batch option at the end of statement:

ALTER TABLE row_to_col ALTER TYPE COLUMN BATCH 10000

TRUNCATE TABLE

Syntax

TRUNCATE TABLE <table_name>

Description

Deletes all rows from a table. TRUNCATE is faster than DELETE FROM when deleting all records from a table,but TRUNCATE cannot be rollbacked. To rollback from deleting records, "DELETE FROM <table_name>"should be used.

HISTORY tables can also be truncated just like normal tables by executing this command. All parts of thehistory table (main, delta, history main and history delta) will be deleted and the content will be lost.

Data Manipulation Statements

DELETE

Syntax

DELETE [HISTORY] FROM <table_name> [WHERE <condition>]

Syntax Elements


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<table_name> ::= [<schema_name>.]<identifier> <schema_name> ::= <identifier>

For descriptions on identifier, please refer to Identifiers.

<condition> ::= <condition> OR <condition> | <condition> AND <condition> | NOT <condition> | ( <condition> ) | <predicate>

For descriptions on predicates, please refer to Predicates.

Description

The DELETE statement deletes records from a table where the condition is met. If the WHERE clause isomitted, then it removes all records from a table.

DELETE HISTORY

DELETE HISTORY will mark the chosen records of the history-part of the history-table for deletion. This meansthat after executing this command, timetravel queries referencing the deleted rows may still see these rows.In order to physically delete these rows the following statements have to be executed:

ALTER SYSTEM RECLAIM VERSION SPACE; MERGE HISTORY DELTA of <table_name>;

Please note that in some cases even the execution of the two statements above may not lead to physicaldeletion.

To check whether the rows are physically deleted, the following statement can be helpful:

SELECT * FROM <table_name> WHERE <condition> WITH PARAMETERS ('REQUEST_FLAGS'= ('ALLCOMMITTED','HISTORYONLY'));

Note:The “WITH PARAMETERS ('REQUEST_FLAGS'= ('ALLCOMMITTED','HISTORYONLY'))” clause may onlybe used for the purpose of validating the result of using the DELETE HISTORY statement.

Example

CREATE TABLE T (KEY INT PRIMARY KEY, VAL INT); INSERT INTO T VALUES (1, 1); INSERT INTO T VALUES (2, 2); INSERT INTO T VALUES (3, 3);

In the example below, one record will be deleted.

DELETE FROM T WHERE KEY = 1;

KEY VAL

2 2

3 3

EXPLAIN PLAN

EXPLAIN PLAN

EXPLAIN PLAN [SET STATEMENT_NAME = <statement_name>] FOR \ref sql_subquery

Syntax Elements

<statement_name> ::= string literal used to identify the name of a specific execution plan in the output table for a given SQL statement.

It is set to NULL if the SET STATEMENT_NAME is not specified.

Description

The EXPLAIN PLAN statement is used to evaluate the execution plan that the SAP HANA Database follows toexecute an SQL statement. The result of the evaluation is stored into the EXPLAIN_PLAN_TABLE view for


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later user examination.

The SQL statement must be data manipulation statement, thus a schema definition language statementcannot be used with the EXPLAIN PLAN command.

You can obtain SQL plan from EXPLAIN_PLAN_TABLE view. The view is shared by all users. Here is an exampleof reading an SQL plan from the view.

<tr><td>SELECT * FROM EXPLAIN_PLAN_TABLE;</td></tr>

Columns in EXPLAIN_PLAN_TABLE view:

Table 1: Column name and description

Column Name Description

STATEMENT_NAMEThe s tring speci fied as STATEMENT_NAME on executing the EXPLAIN PLAN command. Thisi s used to dis tinguish plans from each other when there are multiple plans in theEXPLAIN_PLAN_TABLE view.

OPERATOR_NAME Name of an operator. Deta i l s are described in the fol lowing s ection.

OPERATOR_DETAILSDeta i l s of an operator. Predicates and expres s ions used by the operator are s hownhere.

SCHEMA_NAME Name of the schema of the accessed table.

TABLE_NAME Name of the accessed table.

TABLE_TYPEType of the accessed table. One of the fol lowing options : COLUMN TABLE, ROW TABLE,MONITORING VIEW, JOIN VIEW, OLAP VIEW, CALCULATION VIEW and HIERARCHY VIEW.

TABLE_SIZE Estimated number of rows in the accessed table

OUTPUT_SIZE Estimated number of rows produced by an operator

SUBTREE_COSTEstimated cost of executing the subtree s tarting from an operator. This va lue i s only forrelative comparison.

OPERATOR_ID ID of an operator unique in a plan. IDs are integers s tarting from 1.

PARENT_OPERATOR_IDOPERATOR_ID of the parent of an operator. The shape of an SQL plan i s a tree and thetopology of the tree can be reconstructed us ing OPERATOR_ID andPARENT_OPERATOR_ID. PARENT_OPERATOR_ID of the root operator i s shown as NULL.

LEVELLevel from the root operator. Level of the root operator i s 1, level of a chi ld of the rootoperator i s 2 and so on. This can be uti l i zed for output indentation.

POSITIONPos i tion in the parent operator. Pos i tion of the fi rs t chi ld i s 1, pos i tion of the secondchi ld i s 2 and so on.

HOST The hostname where an operator was executed

PORT The TCP/IP port used to connect to the host

TIMESTAMP Date and time when the EXPLAIN PLAN command was executed.

CONNECTION_ID ID of the connection where the EXPLAIN PLAN command was executed.

EXECUTION_ENGINE Type of the execution engine where an operator i s executed: COLUMN or ROW

OPERATOR_NAME column in EXPLAIN_PLAN_TABLE view: Table 2. List of column engine operators shownin the OPERATOR_NAME column.

Operator Name Des cription

COLUMNSEARCH

Starting pos i tion of column engine operators . OPERATOR_DETAILS l i s ts projected columns .

LIMIT Operator for l imiting the number of output rows

ORDER BY Operator for sorting output rows

HAVING Operator for fi l tering with predicates on top of grouping and aggregation

GROUP BY Operator for grouping and aggregation

DISTINCT Operator for dupl icate el imination

FILTER Operator for fi l tering with predicates

JOIN Operator for joining input relations

COLUMN TABLE Information about accessed column table

MULTIPROVIDEROperator for producing union-a l l of multiple resul ts having the same grouping andaggregation

Table 3. List of row engine operators shown in the OPERATOR_NAME column.

OperatorName

Description

ROW SEARCH Starting pos i tion of row engine operators . OPERATOR_DETAILS l i s ts projected columns .


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LIMIT Operator for l imiting number of output rows

ORDER BY Operator for sorting output rows

HAVING Operator for fi l tering with predicates on top of grouping and aggregation

GROUP BY Operator for grouping and aggregation

MERGEAGGREGATION

Operator for merging the resul ts of multiple para l lel grouping and aggregations

DISTINCT Operator for dupl icate el imination

FILTER Operator for fi l tering with predicates

UNION ALL Operator for producing union-a l l of input relations

MATERIALIZEDUNION ALL

Operator for producing union-a l l of input relations with intermediate resul t materia l i zation

BTREE INDEXJOIN

Operator for joining input relations through B-tree index searches . Join type suffix can beadded. For example, B-tree index join for left outer join i s s hown as BTREE INDEX JOIN (LEFTOUTER). Join without join type suffix means inner join.

CPBTREEINDEX JOIN

Operator for joining input relations through CPB-tree index searches . Join type suffix can beadded.

HASH JOINOperator for joining input relations through probing hash table bui l t on the fly. Join type suffixcan be added.

NESTED LOOPJOIN

Operator for joining input relations through nested looping. Join type suffix can be added.

MIXEDINVERTEDINDEX JOIN

Operator for joining an input relation of row s tore format with a column table without formatconvers ion us ing an inverted index of the column table. Join type suffix can be added.

BTREE INDEXSEARCH

Table access through B-tree index search

CPBTREEINDEX SEARCH

Table access through CPB-tree index search

TABLE SCAN Table access through scanning

AGGR TABLE Operator for aggregating base table di rectly

MONITORSEARCH

Monitoring view access through search

MONITORSCAN

Monitoring view access through scanning

COLUMN SEARCH is a mark for the starting position of column engine operators and ROW SEARCH is a markfor the starting position of row engine operators. In the example below, the intermediate result produced bya COLUMN SEARCH (ID 10) is consumed by a ROW SEARCH (ID 7), and the intermediate result produced bythe ROW SEARCH (ID 7) is consumed by another COLUMN SEARCH (ID 1). The operators below the lowestCOLUMN SEARCH (ID 10) explain how the COLUMN SEARCH (ID 10) is executed. The operators between theROW SEARCH (ID 7) and the COLUMN SEARCH (ID 10) explain how the ROW SEARCH (ID 7) processes theintermediate result produced by the COLUMN SEARCH (ID 10). The operators between the top COLUMNSEARCH (ID 1) and the ROW SEARCH (ID 7) explain how the top COLUMN SEARCH (ID 1) processes theintermediate result produced by the ROW SEARCH (ID 7). Table 4. Operators

OPERATOR_NAME OPERATOR_ID PARENT_OPERATOR_ID LEVEL POSITION

COLUMN SEARCH 1 NULL 1 1

LIMIT 2 1 2 1

ORDER BY 3 2 3 1

GROUP BY 4 3 4 1

JOIN 5 4 5 1

COLUMN TABLE 6 5 6 1

<fontcolor="BLUE">ROW SEARCH</font>

<fontcolor="BLUE">7</font>




BTREE INDEX JOIN 8 7 7 1

BTREE INDEX JOIN 9 8 8 1

<fontcolor="RED">COLUMN SEARCH</font>

<fontcolor="RED">10</font>




FILTER 11 10 10 1

COLUMN TABLE 12 11 11 1

Example of SQL plan explanation Here is an example of SQL plan explanation of a query. The query is fromTPC-H Benchmark. In the example, all tables are located on row store.

DELETE FROM expla in_plan_table WHERE s tatement_name = 'TPC-H Q10';


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EXPLAIN PLAN SET STATEMENT_NAME = 'TPC-H Q10' FORSELECT TOP 20 c_custkey, c_name, SUM(l_extendedprice * (1 - l_discount)) AS revenue, c_acctba l , n_name, c_address , c_phone, c_commentFROM cus tomer, orders , l inei tem, nationWHERE c_custkey = o_cus tkey AND l_orderkey = o_orderkey AND o_orderdate >= '1993-10-01' AND o_orderdate < ADD_MONTHS('1993-10-01',3) AND l_returnflag = 'R' AND c_nationkey = n_nationkeyGROUP BYc_custkey,c_name,c_acctba l ,c_phone,n_name,c_address ,c_commentORDER BY revenue DESC;

SELECT operator_name, operator_deta i l s , table_nameFROM expla in_plan_tableWHERE s tatement_name = 'TPC-H Q10';

The following is the plan explanation of the above query.

OPERATOR_NAME OPERATOR_DETAILS TABLE_NAME

ROW SEARCHCUSTOMER.C_CUSTKEY, CUSTOMER.C_NAME, SUM(LINEITEM.L_EXTENDEDPRICE * (1 - LINEITEM.L_DISCOUNT)), CUSTOMER.C_ACCTBAL, NATION.N_NAME, CUSTOMER.C_ADDRESS, CUSTOMER.C_PHONE, CUSTOMER.C_COMMENT

None

LIMIT NUM RECORDS: 20

ORDER BY SUM(LINEITEM.L_EXTENDEDPRICE * (1 - LINEITEM.L_DISCOUNT)) DESC None

MERGE AGGREGATION NUM PARTITIONS: 4 None

GROUP BYGROUPING: NATION.N_NAME, R_CUSTOMER.C_CUSTKEY, AGGREGATION: SUM(LINEITEM.L_EXTENDEDPRICE * (1 - LINEITEM.L_DISCOUNT))

None

CPBTREE INDEX JOININDEX NAME: _SYS_TREE_RS_279_#0_#P0,INDEX CONDITION: ORDERS.O_ORDERKEY = LINEITEM.L_ORDERKEY,INDEX FILTER: 'R' = LINEITEM.L_RETURNFLAG

LINEITEM

BTREE INDEX JOININDEX NAME: _SYS_TREE_RS_285_#0_#P0,INDEX CONDITION: CUSTOMER.C_NATIONKEY = NATION.N_NATIONKEY

NATION

BTREE INDEX JOININDEX NAME: _SYS_TREE_RS_283_#0_#P0,INDEX CONDITION: ORDERS.O_CUSTKEY = CUSTOMER.C_CUSTKEY

CUSTOMER

TABLE SCAN FILTER CONDITION: ORDERS.O_ORDERDATE < '1994-01-01' AND ORDERS.O_ORDERDATE >= '1993-10-01' ORDERS

This means that:1. TABLE SCAN will be executed on ORDERS with the FILTER CONDITION.2. BTREE INDEX JOIN will be executed with the B-tree index of CUSTOMER and the result of the below TABLESCAN.3. BTREE INDEX JOIN will be executed with the B-tree index of NATION and the result of the below BTREEINDEX JOIN.4. CPBTREE INDEX JOIN will be executed with the CPB-tree index of LINEITEM and the result of the belowBTREE INDEX JOIN.5. GROUP BY will be executed with the result of the below CPBTREE INDEX JOIN, with 4 threads.6. MERGE AGGREGATION will be executed with the result of the GROUP BY below.

INSERT

Syntax


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INSERT INTO <table_name> [ <column_list_clause> ] { <value_list_clause> | <subquery> }

Syntax Elements

<table_name> ::= [ <schema_name>. ]<identifier> <schema_name> ::= <identifier>

<column_list_clause> ::= ( <column_name>, ... ) <column_name> ::= <identifier>


<value_list_clause> ::= VALUES ( <expression>, ... )

For descriptions on expressions, please refer to Expressions.

Description

The INSERT statement adds records to a table. A subquery that returns records can be used to insert recordsinto the table. If the subquery does not return any records, then the database will not insert any records intothe table. The column list can be specified with the INSERT statement. The column which isn't included in thecolumn list will be shown as a default value. If the column list is omitted, the database inserts all columns inthe table.

Example

CREATE TABLE T (KEY INT PRIMARY KEY, VAL1 INT, VAL2 NVARCHAR(20));

In the below example, you can insert the values.

INSERT INTO T VALUES (1, 1, 'The first');

KEY VAL1 VAL2

1 1 The fi rs t

You can insert a new value into the specified column.

INSERT INTO T (KEY) VALUES (2);

KEY VAL1 VAL2

1 1 The fi rs t

2 NULL NULL

And you can use the subquery.

INSERT INTO T SELECT 3, 3, 'The third' FROM DUMMY;

KEY VAL1 VAL2

1 1 The fi rs t

2 NULL NULL

3 3 The thi rd

LOAD

Syntax

LOAD <table_name> {DELTA | ALL | (<column_name>, ...)}

Description

The LOAD statement loads the column store table data to memory explicitely instead of on first access.

Syntax Elements

<table_name> ::= <identifier>

The name of the table to be loaded into memory


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<column_name> ::= <identifier>

The name of the column to be loaded into memory.

DELTADELTA part of the column store table is loaded into memory. Since the column store is read optimized andcompressed, deltas are introduced to optimize insert or updates. All insertions are passed to a delta.

ALL ALL data of the column store table in main and delta is loaded into memory.

Example

The example below loads the whole table a_table into memory

LOAD a_table all;

The example below loads the columns a_column and another_column of table a_table into memory

LOAD a_table (a_column,another_column);

The load status of a table can be querieed by

select loaded from m_cs_tables where table name = '<table_name>'

MERGE DELTA

Syntax

MERGE [HISTORY] DELTA OF <table_name> [PART n] [WITH PARAMETERS (<parameter_key_value>, ...)]

Syntax Elements

WITH PARAMETERS (<parameter_list>):

Column store-specific options can be passed in using the "WITH PARAMETERS" clause.

<table_name> ::= [<schema_name>.]<identifier> <schema_name> ::= <identifier> <parameter_list> ::= <parameter>,<parameter_list> <parameter> ::= <parameter_name> = <parameter_setting> <parameter_name> ::= 'SMART_MERGE' | 'MEMORY_MERGE' <parameter_setting> ::= 'ON' | 'OFF'

Current parameters: 'SMART_MERGE' = 'ON' | 'OFF' When SMART_MERGE is ON, the database does a smartmerge, this means database decides whether to merge or not based on merge criteria specified inautomerge section of indexserver configuration

'MEMORY_MERGE' = 'ON' | 'OFF' Database merges table delta part in memory only, it will not be persisted.

Description

The MERGE DELTA statement merges the column store table delta part to its main part. Since the columnstore is read optimized and compressed, deltas are introduced to optimize insert or updates in the optimizedway. All insertions are passed to the delta part. At a certain point in time, the delta can be merged into themain column table. Delta will be merged into main column table.

HISTORY - Can be specified to merge the history delta part into the history main part on column storetemporal tables. The table is a temporal table with additional table history.PART - Can be specified to merge the delta of a specific table partition to its main part. The table waspartitioned.

Example

MERGE DELTA OF A; Merges the column store table delta part to its main part.

MERGE DELTA OF A WITH PARAMETERS('SMART_MERGE' = 'ON'); Smart merges the column store table delta part to its main part.


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MERGE DELTA OF A WITH PARAMETERS('SMART_MERGE' = 'ON', 'MEMORY_MERGE' = 'ON'); Smart merges the column store table delta part to its main part non-persistent, in memory only.

MERGE DELTA OF A PART 1; Merge the delta of partition no. 1 of table with name "A" to main part of partion no. 1.

MERGE HISTORY DELTA OF A; Merge the history delta part of table with name "A" into its history main part.

MERGE HISTORY DELTA OF A PART 1; Merges the column store table delta part of the history of table with name "A" to its history main part.

REPLACE | UPSERT

Syntax

UPSERT <table_name> [ <column_list_clause> ] { <value_list_clause> [ WHERE <condition> | WITH PRIMARY KEY ] | <subquery> } REPLACE <table_name> [ <column_list_clause> ] { <value_list_clause> [ WHERE <condition> | WITH PRIMARY KEY ] | <subquery> }

Syntax Elements

<table_name> ::= [ <schema_name>. ]<identifier> <schema_name> ::= <identifier>

<column_list_clause> ::= ( <column_name>, ... ) <column_name> ::= <identifier>


<value_list_clause> ::= VALUES ( <expression>, ... )




Description

Descriptions to detailed syntax elements of this SQL Command.

The UPSERT or REPLACE statement without a subquery is similar to the UPDATE statement. The onlydifference is when the WHERE clause condition is false, it adds a new record to the table like the INSERTstatement.

In case of a table which has a PRIMARY KEY, the PRIMARY KEY column must be included in the column list.Columns defined with NOT NULL without default specification have to be included in the column list as well.Other columns are filled with default value or NULL if not specified.

The UPSERT or REPLACE statement with a subquery works like the INSERT statement, except that if an oldrow in the table has the same value as a new row for a PRIMARY KEY, then the old row is changed by valuesof the returned record from a subquery. Unless the table has a PRIMARY KEY, it becomes equivalent toINSERT because there is no index to be used to determine whether or not a new row duplicates another.

The UPSERT or REPLACE statement with a 'WITH PRIMARY KEY' is same as one with the subquery. It worksbased on the PRIMARY KEY.

Example

CREATE TABLE T (KEY INT PRIMARY KEY, VAL INT);

You can insert a new value.


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UPSERT T VALUES (1, 1);

KEY VAL

1 1

If the condition in WHERE clause is false, a new value will be inserted.

UPSERT T VALUES (2, 2) WHERE KEY = 2;

KEY VAL

1 1

2 2

And you can update the first record of the column "VAL".

UPSERT T VALUES (1, 9) WHERE KEY = 1;

KEY VAL

1 9

2 2

Or you can use the "WITH PRIMARY KEY" keyword.

UPSERT T VALUES (1, 8) WITH PRIMARY KEY;

KEY VAL

1 8

2 2

You can also insert values with a subquery.

UPSERT T SELECT KEY + 2, VAL FROM T;

KEY VAL

1 8

2 2

3 8

4 2

SELECT

Syntax

<select_statement> ::= <subquery> [ <for_update> | <time_travel> ] | ( <subquery> ) [ <for_update> | <time_travel> ] <subquery> ::= <select_clause> <from_clause> [<where_clause>] [<group_by_clause>] [<having_clause>] [{<set_operator> <subquery>, ... }] [<order_by_clause>] [<limit>]

Syntax Elements

SELECT clause

The select clause specifies an output to be returned either to users or to an outer select clause if exists.

<select_clause> ::= SELECT [TOP <integer>] [ ALL | DISTINCT ] <select_list> <select_list> ::= <select_item>[, ...] <select_item> ::= [<table_name>.] <asterisk> | <expression> [ AS <column_alias> ] <table_name> ::= [<schema_name>.] <identifier> <schema_name> ::= <identifier> <column_name> ::= <identifier> <column_alias> ::= <identifier> <asterisk> ::= *


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TOP n TOP can be used to return the first n records from the SQL statement.

DISTINCT and ALL DISTINCT can be used to return only one copy of each set of duplicate records selected. ALL can be used to return all rows selected, including all copies of duplicates. The default is ALL.

select_list The select list allows users to specify columns they want to retrieve from tables.

asterisk Asterisk (*) can be used to select all columns from all tables or views listed in the FROM clause. If a schemaname and a table name or a table name is provided with asterisk(*), it is used to limit the scope of the resultset to the specified table. column_alias A column alias can be used to represent an expression simply.

FROM clause

The from clause specifies inputs such as tables, views, and subqueries to be used in the select statement.

<from_clause> ::= FROM {<table>, ... } <table> ::= <table_name> [ [AS] <table_alias> ] | <subquery> [ [AS] <table_alias> ] | <joined_table>

<table_alias> ::= <identifier> <joined_table> ::= <table> [<join_type>] JOIN <table> ON <predicate> | <table> CROSS JOIN <table> | <joined_table>

<join_type> ::= INNER | { LEFT | RIGHT | FULL } [OUTER]

table alias A table alias can be used to represent a table or a subquery simply.

The join_type specifies the type of join being performed. LEFT indicates a left outer join, RIGHT indicates aright outer join, and FULL indicates a full outer join. OUTER may or may not be used when an outer join isbeing performed. ON <predicate> The ON clause specifies a join predicate. CROSS JOIN CROSS indicates that a cross join is being performed. A cross join produces the cross-product of two tables.

WHERE clause

The WHERE clause is used to specify predicates on inputs in the FROM clause, so users can retrieve thedesired records.

<where_clause> ::= WHERE <condition> <condition> ::= <condition> OR <condition> | <condition> AND <condition> | NOT <condition> | ( <condition> ) | <predicate> <predicate> ::= <comparison_predicate> | <range_preciate> | <in_predicate> | <exist_predicate> | <like_predicate> | <null_predicate> <comparison_predicate> ::= <expression> { = | != | <> | > | < | >= | <= } [ ANY | SOME | ALL ] ({<expression_list> | <subquery>}) <range_predicate> ::= <expression> [NOT] BETWEEN <expression> AND <expression> <in_predicate> ::= <expression> [NOT] IN ( { <expression_list> | <subquer


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y> } ) <exist_predicate> ::= [NOT] EXISTS ( <subquery> ) <like_predicate> ::= <expression> [NOT] LIKE <expression> [ESCAPE <expression>] <null_predicate> ::= <expression> IS [NOT] NULL

<expression_list> ::= {<expression>, ... }

GROUP BY clause

<group_by_clause> ::=

GROUP BY { <group_by_expression_list> | <grouping_set> } <group_by_expression_list> ::= { <expression>, ... }

<grouping_set> ::= { GROUPING SETS | ROLLUP | CUBE } [BEST <integer>] [LIMIT <integer>[OFFSET <integer>] ] [WITH SUBTOTAL] [WITH BALANCE] [WITH TOTAL] [TEXT_FILTER <filterspec> [FILL UP [SORT MATCHES TO TOP]]] [STRUCTURED RESULT [WITH OVERVIEW] [PREFIX <string_literal>] | MULTIPLE RESULTSETS] ( <grouping_expression_list> )

<grouping_expression_list> ::= { <grouping_expression>, ... } <grouping_expression> ::= <expression> | ( <expression>, ... ) | ( ( <expression>, ... ) <order_by_clause> )

The GROUP BY clause is used to group the selected rows based on the values in the specified columns.

GROUPING SETS Generates results with specified multiple groupings of data in a single statement. If no additional options suchas best and limit are set, the result is the same as UNION ALL of the aggregation of each specified group. Forexample, "select col1, col2, col3, count(*) from t group by grouping sets ( (col1, col2), (col1, col3) )" isequivalent to "select col1, col2, NULL, count(*) from t group by col1, col2 union all select col1, NULL, col3,count(*) from t group by col1, col3". In the grouping-sets query each of (col1, col2) and (col1, col3) specifiesthe grouping.

ROLLUP Generates results with multiple levels of aggregation in a single statement. For example, "rollup (col1, col2,col3)" is equivalent to "grouping sets ( (col1, col2, col3), (col1, col2), (col1) )" with an additional aggregationwithout grouping. Thus, the number of grouping that result set contains is the number of columns in ROLLUPlist plus one for last aggregation if there is no additional option.

CUBE Generates results with multiple levels of aggregations in a single statement. For example, "cube (col1, col2,col3)" is equivalent to "grouping sets ( (col1, col2, col3), (col1, col2), (col1, col3), (col2, col3), (col1), (col2),(col3) )" with an additional aggregation without grouping. Thus, the number of grouping that result setcontains is the same as all possible permutations of columns in the CUBE list plus one for the last aggregationif there is no additional option.

BEST n Returns only the top-n grouping sets sorted in descending order of the number of rows aggregated in eachgrouping set. n can be any of zero, positive, and negative. When n is zero, it is the same with no BEST option.When n is negative, it means sorting in ascending order.

LIMIT n1 [OFFSET n2] Returns the first n1 grouped records after skipping n2 ones for each grouping set.

WITH SUBTOTAL Returns for each grouping set an additional subtotal of the returned results as controlled by OFFSET or LIMIT.Unless OFFSET and LIMIT is set, the value is the same as the one for WITH TOTAL.

WITH BALANCE Returns for each grouping set an additional aggregated value of the remaining values not returned ascontrolled by OFFSET or LIMIT.

WITH TOTAL Returns for each grouping set an additional row that is the aggregated total value. OFFSET and LIMIT options


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cannot change this value.

TEXT_FILTER <filterspec> Performs text filtering or highlighting on the grouping columns with <filterspec>, which is a single-quotedstring that follows the below syntax.

<filterspec> ::= '[<prefix>]<element>{<subsequent>, ...}' <prefix> ::= + | - | NOT <element> ::= <token> | <phrase> <token> ::= !! Unicode letters or digits <phrase> ::= !! double-quoted string that does not contain double quotations inside <subsequent> ::= [<prefix_subsequent>]<element> <prefix_subsequent> ::= + | - | NOT | AND | AND NOT | OR

A filter defined by <filterspec> is a token/phrase or tokens/phrases connected with logical operators such asAND, OR and NOT. A token matches a string that contains its corresponding word case-insensitively. Forexample, 'ab' matches 'ab cd' and 'cd Ab' but does not match 'abcd' A token can contain wildcard characters 'that matches any string and ' that matches any character. Inside phrase, however, ' and ' do not work aswildcard characters. With tokens and phrases logical operators AND, OR and NOT may be used together.Since OR is the default operator, 'ab cd' is the same as 'ab OR cd' Note that logical operators should bewritten in uppercase characters. As a kind of logical operators, prefixes '+' and '-' mean inclusion (AND) andexclusion (AND NOT), respectively. For example, 'ab -cd' is the same as 'ab AND NOT cd' If there is no FILL UPoption, only grouped records that have matching values are returned. Note that a filter is applied to only thefirst grouping column in each grouping set.

FILL UP Returns not only matched grouped records, but also non-matched ones. Function text_filter is useful toidentify which one is matched. Refer to 'Related Functions' below.

SORT MATCHES TO TOP Returns matching values before non-matching ones for each grouping set. This option cannot be used withSUBTOTAL, BALANCE and TOTAL.

STRUCTURED RESULT Returns results as temporary tables. For each grouping set a single temporary table is created. If WITHOVERVIEW option is set, an additional temporary table is created for the overview of grouping sets. Thenames of temporary tables are specified by PREFIX option.

WITH OVERVIEW Returns the overview in a separate table additionally.

PREFIX value Specifies a prefix for naming the temporary tables. It must start with "#", which means the temporary table.If omitted, the default prefix is "#GN". Then, the concatenation of this prefix value and a nonnegative integernumber is used as the name of temporary tables; for example, "#GN0", "#GN1" and "#GN2". Refer to'Return Format' below.

MULTIPLE RESULTSETS Returns results in multiple result sets.

Related Functions grouping_id ( <grouping_column1, ..., grouping_columnn> ) function returns an integer number to identifywhich grouping set each grouped record belongs to. text_filter ( <grouping_column> ) function, which is usedwith TEXT_FILTER, FILL UP, and SORT MATCHES TO TOP, displays matching values or NULL. NULL is displayedfor non-matching values when FILL UP option is specified.

Return Format If neither STRUCTURED RESULT nor MULTIPLE RESULTSETS is set, the unioned result of all grouping sets isreturned, with NULL values filling up attributes that are not included in a specific grouping set. WithSTRUCTURED RESULT, temporary tables are created additionally which can be queried using "SELECT *FROM <table name>" in the same session. The name of the tables follows the form

<PREFIX>0: this table will contain the overview if WITH OVERVIEW is specified <PREFIX>n: n-th grouping set subject to re-ordering by the BEST parameter With MULTIPLE RESULTSETS, multiple result sets are returned. Grouped records for each grouping setare in a single result set.

HAVING clause

The HAVING clause is used to select the specified groups that satisfy the predicates. If this clause is omitted,all groups are selected.


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<having_clause> ::= HAVING <condition>

SET OPERATORS

The set operators enable more than one select statements to be combined and only one result set isreturned.

<set_operator> ::= UNION [ ALL | DISTINCT ] | INTERSECT [DISTINCT] | EXCEPT [DISTINCT]

UNION ALL Selects all records from all select statements. Duplicates are not removed.

UNION [DISTINCT] Selects all unique records from all select statements by removing duplicates found from different selectstatements. UNION is the same as UNION DISTINCT.

INTERSECT [DISTINCT] Returns all unique records that exist in all select statements in common.

EXCEPT [DISTINCT] Returns all unique records from the first select statements after removing the duplicates in the followingselect statements.

ORDER BY clause

<order_by_clause> ::= ORDER BY { <order_by_expression>, ... } <order_by_expression> ::= <expression> [ ASC | DESC ] | <position> [ ASC | DESC <position> ::= <integer>

The ORDER BY clause is used to sort records by expressions or positions. A position means the index of theselect list. For "select col1, col2 from t order by 2", 2 indicates col2 as the second expression used in theselect list. ASC is used to sort records in ascending order and DESC is used to sort records in descending order.The default value is ASC.

LIMIT

LIMIT keyword specifies the number of output records.

<limit> ::= LIMIT <integer> [ OFFSET <integer> ]

LIMIT n1 [OFFSET n2] Returns the first n1 records after skipping n2 ones.

FOR UPDATE

FOR UPDATE keywords lock the selected records so that other users cannot lock or change the records untilend of this transaction.

<for_update> ::= FOR UPDATE

TIME TRAVEL

Keywords related wtih time travel can be used for statement-level time travel to go back to the snapshotspecified by commit_id or utctimestamp.

<time_travel> ::= AS OF { { COMMIT ID <commit_id> } | { UTCTIMESTAMP <timestamp> } }

Time travel is possible only with a history column table. <commit_id> can be obtained fromm_history_index_last_commit_id after each commit and its related <timestamp> can be obtained fromsys.m_transaction_history. Here is an example.

create history column table x ( a int, b int ); // after turnning off auto commit insert into x values (1,1); commit; select last_commit_id from m_history_index_last_commit_id where session_id = current_connection; // e.g., 10 insert into x values (2,2);


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commit; select last_commit_id from m_history_index_last_commit_id where session_id = current_connection; // e.g., 20 delete from x; commit; select last_commit_id from m_history_index_last_commit_id where session_id = current_connection; // e.g., 30 select * from x as of commit id 30; // return nothing select * from x as of commit id 20; // return two records (1,1) and (2,2) select * from x as of commit id 10; // return one record (1,1)

select commit_time from sys.transaction_history where commit_id = 10; // e.g., '2012-01-01 01:11:11' select commit_time from sys.transaction_history where commit_id = 20; // e.g., '2012-01-01 02:22:22' select commit_time from sys.transaction_history where commit_id = 30; // e.g., '2012-01-01 03:33:33'

select * from x as of utctimestamp '2012-01-02 02:00:00'; // return one record (1,1) select * from x as of utctimestamp '2012-01-03 03:00:00'; // return two records (1,1) and (2,2) select * from x as of utctimestamp '2012-01-04 04:00:00'; // return nothing

Example

Here is t1 table.

drop table t1;

create column table t1 ( id int primary key, customer varchar(5), year int, product varchar(5), sales int ); insert into t1 values(1, 'C1', 2009, 'P1', 100); insert into t1 values(2, 'C1', 2009, 'P2', 200); insert into t1 values(3, 'C1', 2010, 'P1', 50); insert into t1 values(4, 'C1', 2010, 'P2', 150); insert into t1 values(5, 'C2', 2009, 'P1', 200); insert into t1 values(6, 'C2', 2009, 'P2', 300); insert into t1 values(7, 'C2', 2010, 'P1', 100); insert into t1 values(8, 'C2', 2010, 'P2', 150);

The following GROUPING SETS query is equivalent to the second below group-by query. Note that two groupsinside grouping sets in the first query are specified at each group by in the second query.

select customer, year, product, sum(sales) from t1 group by GROUPING SETS ( (customer, year), (customer, product) );

select customer, year, NULL, sum(sales) from t1 group by customer, year union all select customer, NULL, product, sum(sales) from t1 group by customer, product;

ROLLUP and CUBE are concise representations of grouping sets that are used frequently. The followingROLLUP query is equivalent to the second below grouping-set query.

select customer, year, sum(sales) from t1 group by ROLLUP(customer, year);

select customer, year, sum(sales) from t1 group by grouping sets ( (customer, year), (customer) ) union all select NULL, NULL, sum(sales)


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from t1;

The following CUBE query is equivalent to the second below grouping-set query.

select customer, year, sum(sales) from t1 group by CUBE(customer, year);

select customer, year, sum(sales) from t1 group by grouping sets ( (customer, year), (customer), (year) ) union all select NULL, NULL, sum(sales) from t1;

BEST 1 specifies that the following query returns only top-1 best group. In this example, 4 records exist for(customer, year) group and 2 records exist for (product) group, so the former 4 records are returned. For'BEST -1' instead of 'BEST 1', the latter 2 records are returned.

select customer, year, product, sum(sales) from t1 group by grouping sets BEST 1 ( (customer, year), (product) );

LIMIT 2 limits the number of records to maximum 2 for each group. For (customer, year) group, the numberof its records are 4, then only first 2 records will be returned. For (product) group, the number of its recordsare 2, so all the records will be returned.

select customer, year, product, sum(sales) from t1 group by grouping sets LIMIT 2 ( (customer, year), (product) );

WITH SUBTOTAL produces additional one record for each group to display subtotal of returned records.These subtotal records get NULL for each of customer, year, product columns and the sum of sum(sales)values in the select list.

select customer, year, product, sum(sales) from t1 group by grouping sets LIMIT 2 WITH SUBTOTAL ( (customer, year), (product) );

WITH BALNACE produces additional one record for each group to display subtotal of unreturned records.

select customer, year, product, sum(sales) from t1 group by grouping sets LIMIT 2 WITH BALANCE ( (customer, year), (product) );

WITH TOTAL produces additional one record for each group to display total of all grouped records withoutregard that the records are returned or not.

select customer, year, product, sum(sales) from t1 group by grouping sets LIMIT 2 WITH TOTAL ( (customer, year), (product)


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);

TEXT_FILTER allows users to retrieve the first column of each group with a given <filterspec>. The followingquery will search columns ending with '2': customers for the first grouping set and products for the secondone. Only matched three records will be returned. TEXT_FILTER function in the select list is useful to seewhich values are matched.

select customer, year, product, sum(sales), text_filter(customer), text_filter(product) from t1 group by grouping sets TEXT_FILTER '*2' ( (customer, year), (product) );

FILL UP is used to return both matched and non-matched records with <filterspec>. Therefore, the followingquery returns six records whereas the previous query does three ones.

select customer, year, product, sum(sales), text_filter(customer), text_filter(product) from t1 group by grouping sets TEXT_FILTER '*2' FILL UP ( (customer, year), (product) );

SORT MATCHES TO TOP is used to raise matched records up. For each grouping set, its grouped records willbe sorted.

select customer, year, product, sum(sales), text_filter(customer), text_filter(product) from t1 group by grouping sets TEXT_FILTER '*2' FILL UP SORT MATCHES TO TOP ( (customer, year), (product) );

STRUCTURED RESULT creates temporary tables: one for each grouping set and one more for the overviewtable optionally. "#GN1" table is for (customer, year) grouping set and "#GN2" table is for (product) one.Note that each table contains only related columns. That is, "#GN1" table does not have "product" columnand "#GN2" table does not have "customer" and "year" columns.

select customer, year, product, sum(sales) from t1 group by grouping sets STRUCTURED RESULT ( (customer, year), (product) );

select * from "#GN1"; select * from "#GN2";

WITH OVERVIEW creates a temporary table "#GN0" for the overview table.

drop table "#G1"; drop table "#G2";

select customer, year, product, sum(sales) from t1 group by grouping sets structured result WITH OVERVIEW ( (customer, year), (product) );

select * from "#GN0"; select * from "#GN1"; select * from "#GN2";

Users can change the names of temporary tables by using PREFIX keyword. Note that the names still muststart with '#', which is the prefix of temporary tables.


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select customer, year, product, sum(sales) from t1 group by grouping sets STRUCTURED RESULT WITH OVERVIEW PREFIX '#MYTAB' ( (customer, year), (product) );

select * from "#MYTAB0"; select * from "#MYTAB1"; select * from "#MYTAB2";

Temporary tables are dropped when the corresponding session is closed or when a user executes a dropcommand. A list of temporary tables are seen in m_temporary_tables.

select * from m_temporary_tables;

MULTIPLE RESULTSETS returns resultsets as multiple resultsets. In SAP HANA Studio, the following query willreturn three resultsets: one is for the overview table and two are for grouping sets.

select customer, year, product, sum(sales) from t1 group by grouping sets MULTIPLE RESULTSETS ( (customer, year), (product) );

UNLOAD

Syntax

UNLOAD <table_name>

Syntax Elements

<table_name> ::= <identifier>

The name of the table to be unloaded from memory

Description

The UNLOAD statement unloads the column store table from memory. This can be done to free up memory.The table will be loaded again on next access.

Example

In the example below the table a_table is to be unloaded from memory

UNLOAD a_table;

The load status of a table can be querieed by

select loaded from m_cs_tables where table name = '<table_name>'

UPDATE

Syntax

UPDATE <table_name> [ <alias_name> ] <set_clause> [ WHERE <condition> ]

Syntax Elements

<table_name> ::= [<schema_name>.]<identifier> <schema_name> ::= <identifier> <alias_name> ::= [AS] <identifier>



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<set_clause> ::= SET {<column_name> = <expression>},...




Description

The UPDATE statement changes the values of the records of a table where the condition is met. If theWHERE clause condition is true, the result of expression is assigned to that column. If the WHERE clause isomitted, then it updates all records of a table.

Example

CREATE TABLE T (KEY INT PRIMARY KEY, VAL INT); INSERT INTO T VALUES (1, 1); INSERT INTO T VALUES (2, 2);

If the condition in WHERE clause is true, the record will be updated.

UPDATE T SET VAL = VAL + 1 WHERE KEY = 1;

KEY VAL

1 2

2 2

If the WHERE clause is omitted, all records will be updated.

UPDATE T SET VAL = KEY + 10;

KEY VAL

1 11

2 12

System Management Statements

SET SYSTEM LICENSE

Syntax

SET SYSTEM LICENSE '<license key>'

Description

Install a license key to the database instance. The license key (<license key>="">) is to be copied and pastedfrom the license key file. The system privilege LICENSE ADMIN is required to execute this command.

Example

SET SYSTEM LICENSE '----- Begin SAP License ----- SAPSYSTEM=HD1 HARDWARE-KEY=K4150485960 INSTNO=0110008649 BEGIN=20110809 EXPIRATION=20151231 LKEY=... SWPRODUCTNAME=SAP-HANA SWPRODUCTLIMIT=2147483647 SYSTEM-NR=00000000031047460'

ALTER SYSTEM ALTER CONFIGURATION

Syntax


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ALTER CONFIGURATION (<filename>, <layer>[, <layer_name>]) SET | UNSET <parameter_key_value_list> [ WITH RECONFIGURE]

Syntax Elements

<filename> ::= <string_literal>

The filename is 'indexserver.ini' in the case of row-store engine configuration. The filename used must be oneof the ini files located on the 'DEFAULT' layer. If the file selected by filename does not exist on the requiredlayer, the file will be created in the case of a SET command.

<layer> ::= <string_literal>

Sets the target layer for the configuration change. This parameter can be either 'SYSTEM' or 'HOST'. TheSYSTEM layer is the recommended layer for customer settings. The HOST layer should generally only be usedfor minor configuration, for example parameters contained in daemon.ini.

<layer_name> ::= <string_literal>

If the layer parameter above is set to 'HOST', layer_name is used to target either a tenant name or a targethost name. For example, 'selxeon12' would target the 'selxeon12' host.

SET The SET command updates the value of a key if the key already exists, or inserts it if required.

UNSET The UNSET command removes a key and its associated value.

<parameter_key_value_list> ::= {(<section_name>,<parameter_name>) = <parameter_value>},...

Specifies the section, key and value of the ini file parameter to be altered as follows:

<section_name> ::= <string_literal>

The section name of the parameter to be altered.

<parameter_name> ::= <string_literal>

The name of the parameter to be altered.

<parameter_value> ::= <string_literal>

The value of the parameter to be altered.

WITH RECONFIGURE When WITH RECONFIGURE is specified the configuration changes will be directly applied to the running SAPHANA Database instance.When WITH RECONFIGURE is not specified the new configuration will be written to the ini file, however thenew value is not applied to the current running system and will only be applied at the next startup of thedatabase. This means that there can be inconsistencies between the ini file contents and the actualconfiguration value that the SAP HANA Database is currently using.

Description

Sets or removes configuration parameters in an ini file. Ini file configuration is used for the layeredconfiguration for DEFAULT, SYSTEM, HOST layers.

Note:The DEFAULT layer configuration cannot be changed or removed using this command.

The following is an example of ini file locations:

DEFAULT: /usr/sap/<SYSTEMNAME>/HDB<INSTANCENUMBER>/exe/config/indexserver.iniSYSTEM: /usr/sap/<SYSTEMNAME>/SYS/global/hdb/custom/config/indexserver.iniHOST: /usr/sap/<SYSTEMNAME>/HDB<INSTANCENUMBER>/<HOSTNAME>/indexserver.ini

The priority of the configuration layers is as follows: DEFAULT < SYSTEM < HOST.


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This means that the layer that has the highest priority is the HOST layer, followed by the SYSTEM layer andfinally the DEFAULT layer. The configuration with the highest priority will be applied to the runningenvironment. If the highest priority level configuration is removed, then the configuration with the nexthighest priority will be applied.


Currently available ini files are listed in the M_INIFILES system table and the current configuration is availablein M_INIFILE_CONTENTS system table.

Example

Example syntax to change system layer configuration is as follows:

ALTER SYSTEM ALTER CONFIGURATION ('filename', 'layer') SET ('section1', 'key1') = 'value1', ('section2', 'key2') = 'value2', ... [WITH RECONFIGURE];

ALTER SYSTEM ALTER CONFIGURATION ('filename', 'layer', 'layer_name' ) UNSET ('section1', 'key1'), ('section2'), ...[WITH RECONFIGURE];

ALTER SYSTEM ALTER SESSION SET

Syntax

ALTER SYSTEM ALTER SESSION <session_id> SET <key> = <value>

Syntax Elements

<session_id> ::= <unsigned_integer>

The session ID of the session where the variable should be set.

<key> ::= <string_literal>

The key of a session variable. The maximum length of key is 32 characters.

<value> ::= <string_literal>

The desired value of a session variable. The maximum length of value is 512 characters.

Description

With this command you can set session variables of database sessions.

Note:There are several read-only session variables that you cannot change with this command:APPLICATION, APPLICATIONUSER, TRACEPROFILE.

Session variables can be retrieved using SESSION_CONTEXT function and unset using the ALTER SYSTEMALTER SESSION UNSET command.

Example

In the example below you set the variable 'MY_VAR' to 'dummy' in session 200006.

ALTER SYSTEM ALTER SESSION 200006 SET 'MY_VAR'= 'dummy';

ALTER SYSTEM ALTER SESSION UNSET

Syntax

ALTER SYSTEM ALTER SESSION <session_id> UNSET <key>

Syntax Elements

<session_id> ::= <unsigned_integer>

The session ID of the session where the variable should be unset.


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Description

With this command you can unset session variables of database sessions.

Note:There are several read-only session variables that you cannot change with this command:APPLICATION, APPLICATIONUSER, TRACEPROFILE.

Session variables can be retrieved using SESSION_CONTEXT function.

Example

Getting the session variables of the current session

SELECT * FROM M_SESSION_CONTEXT WHERE CONNECTION_ID = CURRENT_CONNECTION

Removing a session variable from the specified session

ALTER SYSTEM ALTER SESSION 200001 UNSET 'MY_VAR';

ALTER SYSTEM CANCEL [WORK IN] SESSION

Syntax

ALTER SYSTEM CANCEL [WORK IN] SESSION <session_id>

Syntax Elements

<session_id> ::= <string_literal>

The session ID of the required session.

Description

Cancels the currently executing statement by specifying session ID. The cancelled session will be rolled backafter cancelling, the executing statement will return the error code 139 (current operation cancelled byrequest and transaction rolled back).

Example

You use the following query to obtain the current connection IDs and the statements which they areexecuting.

SELECT C.CONNECTION_ID, PS.STATEMENT_STRING FROM M_CONNECTIONS C JOIN M_PREPARED_STATEMENTS PS ON C.CONNECTION_ID = PS.CONNECTION_ID AND C.CURRENT_STATEMENT_ID = PS.STATEMENT_ID WHERE C.CONNECTION_STATUS = 'RUNNING' AND C.CONNECTION_TYPE = 'Remote'

Using the connection ID information you obtained using the query above, you can now cancel a running queryas shown below.

ALTER SYSTEM CANCEL SESSION '200001'

ALTER SYSTEM CLEAR SQL PLAN CACHE

Syntax


Description


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The SQL PLAN CACHE stores plans generated by previous SQL statement executions. The plan cache is used bythe SAP HANA Database to speed up query exectution if the same SQL statement is executed again.The plancache also collects some statistics regarding plan preparation and execution.

You can find details about the contents of the SQL plan cache from the following monitoring views:M_SQL_PLAN_CACHE, M_SQL_PLAN_CACHE_OVERVIEW

The ALTER SYSTEM CLEAR SQL PLAN CACHE statement removes all the SQL plans that are not currentlyexecuting from the plan cache. The command also removes all plans having reference count of '0' from theplan cache and resets all the statistics of the remaining plans. Lastly the command also reset the contents ofM_SQL_PLAN_CACHE_OVERVIEW monitoring view.

Example


ALTER SYSTEM CLEAR TRACES

Syntax

ALTER SYSTEM CLEAR TRACES (<trace_type_list>)

Syntax Elements

<trace_type_list> ::= <trace_type> [,...]

You can clear multiple traces simultaneously by adding multiple trace_types in a comma delimited list.

<trace_type> ::= <string_literal>

You can selectively clear specific trace files by setting the trace_type to one of the following types:

<trace_type> Trace Files

ALERT *a lert_*.trc

CLIENT loca lcl ient_*.trc

CRASHDUMP *.crashdump.*

EMERGENCYDUMP *.emergencydump.*

* a l l *.trc fi les of services l i s ted below

INDEXSERVER,NAMESERVER,...,DAEMON open *.trc fi les of a s ingle service type

Description

You use the ALTER SYSTEM CLEAR TRACES to clear trace contents from trace files. When you use thiscommand all trace files that were opened by the SAP HANA Database will be removed or cleared. Ondistributed systems, this command will clear all trace files on all hosts.

Use this command to reduce disk space used by large tracefiles, e.g. when trace components are set to INFOor DEBUG.

You can monitor trace files and trace file contents using the M_TRACEFILES, M_TRACEFILE_CONTENTSsystem tables respectively.

Examples

To clear the alert trace file you use the following command:

ALTER SYSTEM CLEAR TRACES('ALERT');

To clear the alert and client trace files you use the following command:

ALTER SYSTEM CLEAR TRACES('ALERT', 'CLIENT');

ALTER SYSTEM DISCONNECT SESSION

Syntax


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ALTER SYSTEM DISCONNECT SESSION <session_id>

Syntax Elements

<session_id> ::= <string_literal>

The session ID of the session to be disconnected.

Description

You use ALTER SYSTEM DISCONNECT SESSION to disconnect a specified session from the database. Beforedisconnection any currently running operations associated with the session will be terminated.

Example

You use the command below to obtain the session IDs of idle sessions.

SELECT CONNECTION_ID, IDLE_TIME FROM M_CONNECTIONS WHERE CONNECTION_STATUS = 'IDLE' AND CONNECTION_TYPE = 'Remote' ORDER BY IDLE_TIME DESC

You use the command below to disconnect a session.

ALTER SYSTEM DISCONNECT SESSION '200001'

ALTER SYSTEM LOGGING

Syntax

ALTER SYSTEM LOGGING <on_off>

Syntax Elements


Description

Logging is enabled or disabled.

While logging is disabled, no log entries are persisted. Only the data area will be writtten, when a savepoint isdone. This can cause loss of committed transactions, when the indexserver terminated in the middle of aload. In case of termination, you have to truncate and insert all data again.

After enable logging you have to perform a savepoint to be sure that all data is persisted and you have toperfrom a data backup, else you can not recover this data.

Only use this command for initial load !

You can also do this for single column tables with ALTER TABLE ... ENABLE/DISABLE DELTA LOG

ALTER SYSTEM RECLAIM DATAVOLUME

Syntax

ALTER SYSTEM RECLAIM DATA VOLUME [SPACE] [<host_port>] <percentage_of_overload_size> <shrink_mode>

Syntax Elements

<host_port> ::= 'host_name:port_number'

Specifies the server on which the size of the persistency should be reduced.

<percentage_of_overload_size> ::= <int_const>

Specifies to which percentage of the overload size the data volume should be reduced.


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<shrink_mode> ::= DEFRAGMENT | SPARSIFY

Specifies the strategy to reduce the persistency size. DEFRAGEMENT is the default. Please note thatSPARSIFY is not supported yet and reserved for future use.

Description

The command should be used when unused space inside the persistencies should be freed. It reduces datavolume size to a N% of overload size; it works like defragmenting a hard disk, pages scattered around thedata volume will be moved to the front of the data volume and the free space at the end of the data volumewill be truncated.

If <host_port> is omitted the statement is distributed to all servers with persistence.

Example

In the example below the persistencies of all servers in the landscape are defragmented and reduced to120% of the overload size.

ALTER SYSTEM RECLAIM DATAVOLUME 120 DEFRAGMENT

ALTER SYSTEM RECLAIM LOG

Syntax


Description

You use this command when the database has accumulated a lot of log segments and you want to reclaimdisk space of currently unused log segments.

Log segment accumulation can be caused in several ways. For example, when the automatic log backup isnot operational for a long period or the log savepoint is blocked for an extended time. When such an issueoccurs you use the ALTER SYSTEM RECLAIM LOG command only after the root cause of the log accumulationhas been fixed.

Example

You reclaim disk space of currently unused log segments using the following command:


ALTER SYSTEM RECLAIM VERSION SPACE

Syntax

ALTER SYSTEM RECLAIM VERSION SPACE

Description

Performs MVCC version garbage collection for resource reuse.

Example

ALTER SYSTEM RECONFIGURE SERVICE

Syntax

ALTER SYSTEM RECONFIGURE SERVICE (<service_name>,<host>,<port>)

Syntax Element

<service_name> ::= <string_literal>

The name of the service you wish to reconfigure. See M_SERVICE_TYPES monitoring view for a list ofavailable service types.


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<host> ::= <string_literal> <port> ::= <integer>

The host and port number where you would like to reconfigure a service.

Description

You use ALTER SYSTEM RECONFIGURE SERVICE to reconfigures a specified service by applying the currentconfiguration parameters.

This command is used after changing multiple configuration parameters with ALTER CONFIGURATIONwithout RECONFIGURE option. See ALTER SYSTEM ALTER CONFIGURATION

To reconfigure a specific service specify <host> and <port> and leave <service_name> empty.

To reconfigure all services of a type, specify <service_name> and leave <host> and <port> empty.

To reconfigure all services, leave all parameters empty.

Example

You use the following command to reconfigure all services on the ld8520.sap.com host using port number30303:

ALTER SYSTEM RECONFIGURE SERVICE ('','ld8520.sap.com',30303)

You use the following command to reconfigure all services of type indexserver:

ALTER SYSTEM RECONFIGURE SERVICE ('indexserver','',0)

See Also

ALTER SYSTEM ALTER CONFIGURATION

ALTER SYSTEM REMOVE TRACES

Syntax

ALTER SYSTEM REMOVE TRACES (<host>, <trace_file_name_list>) <trace_file_name_list> ::= <trace_file>,...

Syntax Elements

<host> :== <string_literal>

The name of the host where the traces are to be removed.

<trace_file_name_list> ::= <trace_file> [,..]

You can remove multiple traces simultaneously by adding multiple trace_file entries in a comma delimitedlist.

<trace_file> :== see table below.

You set the trace_file parameter to one of the file specifications shown in the table below.

Trace Type <trace_file>

ALERT *a lert_*.trc

CLIENT loca lcl ient_*.trc

CRASHDUMP *.crashdump.*

EMERGENCYDUMP *.emergencydump.*

* a l l *.trc fi les of services l i s ted below

INDEXSERVER,NAMESERVER,...,DAEMON open *.trc fi les of a s ingle service type

Description


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You use this command to Delete the trace files on a specified host to reduce disk space used by large tracefiles. When a service has a trace file open it cannot be deleted. In this case you can clear the trace file usingthe ALTER SYSTEM CLEAR TRACES command.

Example

You use the command below to delete all of the ALERT traces from the lu873.sap.com host.

ALTER SYSTEM REMOVE TRACES ('lu873.sap.com', '*alert_*.trc');

See Also

ALTER SYSTEM CLEAR TRACES

ALTER SYSTEM RESET MONITORING VIEW

Syntax

ALTER SYSTEM RESET MONITORING VIEW <view_name>

Syntax Elements

<view_name> ::= <identifier>

The name of the resettable monitoring view to be reset.

Note:Not all monitoring views can be reset using this command. You can identify a view as being able tobe reset as its view name will have the suffix "_RESET".

Description

You use this command to reset statistics data for the specified monitoring view.

You use this command to define a starting point for your measurements. First, you reset the monitoring view,then execute an action. After the action is completed, query "_RESET" version of the monitor view to get thestatistical information gathered since the last reset.

Example

In the example below you reset the "SYS"."M_HEAP_MEMORY_RESET" monitoring view.

ALTER SYSTEM RESET MONITORING VIEW "SYS"."M_HEAP_MEMORY_RESET"

ALTER SYSTEM SAVE PERFTRACE

Syntax

ALTER SYSTEM SAVE PERFTRACE [INTO FILE <file_name>]

Syntax Elements

<file_name> ::= <string_literal>

The file where raw performance data will be saved.

Description

You use this command to collect raw performance trace data from .prf files and save the information into asingle .tpt file. The .tpt file will be saved in the trace directory of your SAP HANA Database instance. If you donot specify a file name then 'perftrace.tpt' will be used.

The performance trace data (.tpt) file can be downloaded from 'SAP HANA Computing Studio'->Diagnosis-Files and then the performance trace can be loaded and analyzed with HDBAdmin in any SAP HANADatabase instance.

Monitoring View


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The status of the performance trace can be monitored from M_PERFTRACE.

Example

You save raw performance trace data into the 'mytrace.tpt' file using the following command:

ALTER SYSTEM SAVE PERFTRACE INTO FILE 'mytrace.tpt'

ALTER SYSTEM SAVEPOINT

Syntax

ALTER SYSTEM SAVEPOINT

Description

Executes a savepoint on the persistence manager. A savepoint is a point in time when a complete consistentimage of the database is persisted on the disk. The consistent image can be used to restart the database.

Normally, the savepoint is executed periodically, as configured by parameter savepoint_interval_s insection [persistence]. For special (normally test) purposes, the savepoint may be disabled. In this case, youcan use this command to manually execute a savepoint.

ALTER SYSTEM START PERFTRACE

Syntax

ALTER SYSTEM START PERFTRACE [<user_name>] [<application_user_name>] [PLAN_EXECUTION] [FUNCTION_PROFILER] [DURATION <duration_seconds>]

Syntax Element

<user_name> ::= <identifier>

Restrict perftrace collection to the given SQL user name

<application_user_name> ::= <identifier>

Restrict perftrace collection to the given application user name. the applcation user can be defined withsession variable APPLICATIONUSER

PLAN_EXECUTION

Collect plan execution details

FUNCTION_PROFILER

Collect function level details.

<duration_seconds> ::= <numeric literal>

After duration seconds the perftrace is automatically stopped. If not specified, perftrace will only stop withALTER SYSTEM STOP PERFTRACE.

Description

Start Performance Trace.

With 'Explain Plan' or 'Visualize Plan' you can see statement execution on a logical level. With 'PerfomanceTrace' the statement execution will be recorded on thread + function level.

Only one perftrace can be active at one time.

The status of performance trace can be monitored from M_PERFTRACE.

Example

ALTER SYSTEM START PERFTRACE sql_user app_user PLAN_EXECUTION FUNCTION_PROFILER


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ALTER SYSTEM STOP PERFTRACE

Syntax


Description

Stop a previously started Performance Trace. After stop, the performance trace data has to be collected andsaved with ALTER SYSTEM SAVE PERFTRACE.

Example


ALTER SYSTEM STOP SERVICE

Syntax

ALTER SYSTEM STOP SERVICE <host_port> [IMMEDIATE [WITH COREFILE]]

Syntax Element

<host_port> ::= <host_name:port_number> | ('<host_name>',<port_number>)

Location of service to be stopped.

IMMEDIATE

Immmediately stop (kill) service without waiting for regular shutdown.

WITH COREFILE

Write a core file

Description

Stop or kill a single or multiple services. The service will typically be restarted by the daemon.

Required after changing a configuration parameter that can not be changed online.

Example

ALTER SYSTEM STOP SERVICE 'ld8520:30303'

UNSET SYSTEM LICENSE ALL

Syntax


Description

Deletes all currently installed license keys. After using this command the system will be locked downimmediately and will require a new valid license key before it can be used further. The system privilegeLICENSE ADMIN is required to execute this command.

Example


Session Management Statements

CONNECT


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Syntax

CONNECT <connect_option>

Syntax Elements

<connect_option> ::= <user_name> PASSWORD <password> | WITH SAML ASSERTION '<xml>' <password> ::= <letter_or_digit>...

Description

Connect to the database instance by specifying user_name and password or by specifying a SAML assertion.

Example

CONNECT my_user PASSWORD myUserPass1

SET HISTORY SESSION

Syntax

SET HISTORY SESSION TO <when>

Elements

<when>:

User should specify an exact moment when the session is to travel

<when> ::= NOW | COMMIT ID <commit_id> | UTCTIMESTAMP <utc_timestamp> <commit_id> ::= <unsigned_integer> <utc_timestamp> ::= <string_literal>

Description

SET HISTORY SESSSION makes current session to see a previous version of history tables. User may specify theversion in COMMIT ID or UTCTIMESTAMP format, or may get back to current version by specify NOW. AfterSET HISTORY SESSION command with a COMMIT ID or UTCTIMESTAMP is issued, current session sees an oldversion of history tables, and cannot write anything to the system. If NOW option is given, current sessiongets back to a normal session, and sees current version of history tables and be able to write to the system.This command only works for history tables, and visibility on normal tables is not affected.

Example

SELECT CURRENT_UTCTIMESTAMP FROM SYS.DUMMYSELECT LAST_COMMIT_ID FROM M_HISTORY_INDEX_LAST_COMMIT_ID WHERE SESSION_ID =CURRENT_CONNECTION COMMITSET HISTORY SESSION TO UTCTIMESTAMP '2012-03-09 07:01:41.428'SET HISTORY SESSION TO NOW

SET SCHEMA

Syntax

SET SCHEMA <schema_name>

Syntax Elements

Schema_name schema name string

Description

You can change the current schema of the session. The current schema is used when database object names


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such as table names are not prefixed with the schema name.

SET [SESSION]

Syntax

SET [SESSION] <key> = <value>

Syntax Elements



<value> ::= <string_literal>

The desired value of a session variable. The maximum length of value is 512 characters.

Description

With this command you can set session variables of your own database session by providing key and valuepairs.

Note:There are several available read-only session variables that you cannot change with this command:APPLICATION, APPLICATIONUSER, TRACEPROFILE.

Session variables can be retrieved using SESSION_CONTEXT function and unset using the UNSET [SESSION]command.

Example

SET 'MY_VAR' = 'dummy';

SELECT SESSION_CONTEXT('MY_VAR') FROM dummy;

UNSET 'MY_VAR';

UNSET [SESSION]

Syntax

UNSET [SESSION] <key>

Syntax Elements



Description

Using UNSET [SESSION] you can unset session variables of the current session.

Note:There are several read-only session variables and they are APPLICATION, APPLICATIONUSER,TRACEPROFILE.

Example

SET 'MY_VAR'= 'dummy';

SELECT SESSION_CONTEXT('MY_VAR') FROM dummy;

UNSET 'MY_VAR';

Transaction Management Statements


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COMMIT

Syntax

COMMIT

Description

The system supports transactional consistency which guarantees current job to be either completely appliedto the system or disposed. If a user wants to apply current job to the system persistently, the user shouldissue COMMIT command. If COMMIT command is issued and successfully processed, any change on thesystem which current transaction has done is applied to the system and the change will be visible to otherjobs which will start in the future. The job which has already committed via COMMIT command cannot bereverted. In a distributed system, standard 2-phase-commit protocol is complied. In the first phase,transaction coordinator consults every participant whether if it is ready to commit, and sends the result tothe participants in the second phase. COMMIT command only works with 'autocommit' disabled session.

Example

COMMIT

LOCK TABLE

Syntax

LOCK TABLE <table_name> IN EXCLUSIVE MODE [NOWAIT]

Description

LOCK TABLE command explicitly tries to acquire an exclusive lock for a table. If NOWAIT option is specified, itjust tries to acquire lock for the table. If it fails to acquire lock with NOWAIT option specified, an error code isreturned, but current transaction is not rolled-back.

Example

LOCK TABLE mytaable IN EXCLUSIVE MODE NOWAIT

ROLLBACK

Syntax

ROLLBACK

Description

The system supports transactional consistency which guarantees current job to be either completely appliedto the system or disposed. In the middle of a transaction, it can be explicitly reverted as it has not beenperformed via ROLLBACK command. After ROLLBACK command is issued, any change on the system whichcurrent transaction has done is completely reverted and current session is to be in an idle state. ROLLBACKcommand only works with 'autocommit' disabled session.

Example

ROLLBACK

SET TRANSACTION

Syntax

SET TRANSACTION <isolation_level> | <transaction_access_mode>

Syntax Elements

isolation_level ::= ISOLATION LEVEL <level>


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The isolation level sets the statement level read consistency of the data in the database. If isolation_level isommited the default is READ COMMITTED

level ::= READ COMMITTED | REPEATABLE READ | SERIALIZABLE

READ COMMITTED The READ COMMITTED isolation level provides statement level read consistency during a transaction. Eachstatement in a transaction sees commited state of the data in the database as the execution of thestatement begins. This means that each statement in the same transaction may see varying snapshots of thedata in the database as they are executed as data can be commited during the transaction.

REPEATABLE READ/SERIALIZABLE The REPEATABLE READ/SERIALIZABLE isolation level provides transaction level snapshot isolation. Allstatements of a transaction see the same snapshot of the database data. This snapshot contains all changesthat were committed at the time the transaction started along with the changes made by the transactionitself.

transaction_access_mode ::= READ ONLY | READ WRITE

The SQL-transaction access mode controls if a transaction can modify data during execution. Iftransaction_access_mode is ommited the default is READ ONLY.

READ ONLY When READ ONLY access mode is set, then only read operations with SELECT statements are allowed. Anexception will be thrown if update or insert operations are attempted whilst in this mode.

READ WRITE When READ WRITE access mode is set, statements within a transaction can freely read or make changes tothe database data as required.

Description

The SAP HANA Database uses multi-version concurrency control (MVCC) to ensure consistent readoperations. Concurrent read operations see a consistent view of the database data without blockingconcurrent write operations. Updates are implemented by inserting new versions of data and not byoverwriting existing records.

The isolation level specified determines the lock operation type that will be used. The system supports bothstatement level snapshot isolation and transaction level snapshot isolation.

For statement snapshot isolation use level READ COMMITTED.For transaction snapshot isolation use REPEATABLE READ or SERIALIZABLE.

During a transaction when rows are inserted, updated or deleted, the system sets exclusive locks on theaffected rows for the duration of the transaction. The system also sets shared locks on the affected tables forthe duration of the transaction. This guarantees that the table is not dropped or altered while rows of thetable are being updated. The database releases these locks at the end of the transaction.

Note:Reading a row does not set any locks on either tables or rows within the database regardless of theisolation level used.

Data Definition Language and Transaction Isolation

Data Definition Language (DDL) statements (CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, CREATE VIEW, etc) always takean instantaneous effect on following SQL statements regardless of the transaction isolation level being used.For an example of this behaviour please consider the following sequence:

1. A long running SERIALIZABLE isolation transaction begins operating on Table C.2. From outside the transaction some DDL is executed which adds a new column to Table C.3. From within the SERIALIZABLE isolation transaction the new column will be accessible as soon as the

DDL statement completes. This access occurs regardless of the isolation level of the transaction.

Example

SET TRANSACTION READ COMMITTED;

Access Control Statements

ALTER SAML PROVIDER


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ALTER SAML PROVIDER <saml_provider_name> WITH SUBJECT <subject_name> ISSUER <issuer_distinguished_name>

Syntax Elements

<saml_provider_name> ::= <simple_identifier>

<subject_name> ::= <string_literal> <issuer_distinguished_name> ::= <string_literal>

Description

The ALTER SAML PROVIDER statement changes the property of a SAML provider known to the SAP HANAdatabase. <saml_provider_name> has to be an existing SAML provider. Only database users having the system privilege USER ADMIN are allowed to change a SAML provider.

The <subject_name> and the <issuer_distinguished_name> are the corresponding names provided in thecertificate of the SAML identity provider.


SAML_PROVIDERS: shows all SAML providers with their subject name and issuer_name.

Syntax

ALTER USER

Syntax

ALTER USER <user_name> <alter_user_option>

Syntax Elements


<alter_user_option> ::= PASSWORD <password> [<user_parameter_option>] | <user_parameter_option> | IDENTIFIED EXTERNALLY AS <external_identity> [<user_parameter_option>] | RESET CONNECT ATTEMPTS | DROP CONNECT ATTEMPTS | DISABLE PASSWORD LIFETIME | FORCE PASSWORD CHANGE | DEACTIVATE [USER NOW] | ACTIVATE [USER NOW] | DISABLE <authentication_mechanism> | ENABLE <authentication_mechanism> | ADD IDENTITY <provider_identity>... | ADD IDENTITY <external_identity> FOR KERBEROS | DROP IDENTITY <provider_info>... | DROP IDENTITY FOR KERBEROS

<password> ::= <letter_or_digit>...

<user_parameter_option> ::= <set_user_parameters> [<clear_user_parameter_option>] | <clear_user_parameter_option>

<set_user_parameters> ::= SET PARAMETER CLIENT = <string_literal>

<clear_user_parameter_option> ::= CLEAR PARAMETER CLIENT | CLEAR ALL PARAMETERS

<external_identity> ::= <simple_identifier>


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| <string_literal>

<authentication_mechanism> ::= PASSWORD | KERBEROS | SAML

<provider_identity> ::= <mapped_user_name> FOR SAML PROVIDER <saml_provider_name> | <external_identity> FOR KERBEROS <mapped_user_name> ::= ANY | <string_literal> <saml_provider_name> ::= <simple_identifier>

<provider_info> ::= FOR SAML PROVIDER <saml_provider_name>

Description

The ALTER USER statement modifies the database user. <user_name> must specify an existing databaseuser. Each user can do the ALTER USER statement for his own. But not all of the <alter_user_option>s can bespecified by the user himself. The ALTER USER statement for other users with all <alter_user_option>s canonly be done by users having the system privilege USER ADMIN.

Users created with PASSWORD cannot be changed to EXTERNALLY and vice versa: the users created withEXTERNALLY cannot be changed to PASSWORD. But their <password> or their <external_identity> can bechanged.

You can change a user's password with this command. Password must follow the rules defined for the currentdatabase. The password rules include the minimal password length and the definition which of the charactertypes ( lower, upper, digit, special characters ) have to be part of the password. The password for a user hasto be changed regularly according to the password policy specified for the database instance or changed bythe user himself when first connecting to the database instance.

You can change the external authentication. External users are authenticated using an external system, e.g.a Kerberos system. Such users do not have a password, but , e.g. a Kerberos principal name. For detailedinformation about external identities, contact your domain administrator.

<user_parameter_option> can be used to set, change or clean the user parameter CLIENT.<set_user_parameters> can be used to set the user parameter CLIENT for a user in the database.When using reports this user parameter CLIENT can be used to restrict the access rights of user <user_name>to info concerning the specified client. The <user_parameter_option> can not be specified by the user himself.

If the number of MAXIMUM_INVALID_CONNECT_ATTEMPTS (see monitoring view M_PASSWORD_POLICY) isreached before a successful (correct user/password-combination) connect is done, then this user is locked forsome minutes before being allowed to connect (even with correct user/password-combination) again. Withthe command ALTER USER <user_name> RESET CONNECT ATTEMPTS a user with system privilege USER ADMIN can reset the number of invalid attempts to 0 and therefore allowthe user to connect immediately.

Information on invalid connect attempts having happened can be checked in system viewINVALID_CONNECT_ATTEMPTS. With the commandALTER USER <user_name> DROP CONNECT ATTEMPTS a user with system privilege USER ADMIN or the user himself can delete the information of invalid connectattempts having happened.

With the commandALTER USER <user_name> DISABLE PASSWORD LIFETIME a user with system privilege USER ADMIN can exclude user <user_name> from all password-life-time-checks.This should be used only for technical users, not for normal database users. Please check the description ofconfiguration parameters concerning the password policy.

With the commandALTER USER <user_name> FORCE PASSWORD CHANGE a user with system privilege USER ADMIN can force user <user_name> to change his password immediatelyafter the next connect before being allowed to work any further.

With the commandALTER USER <user_name> DEACTIVATE USER NOW


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a user with system privilege USER ADMIN can deactivate / lock the user account of user <user_name>. Afterthe user account is deactivated / locked, the user cannot connect to the SAP HANA database. To re-activate /unlock user <user_name> a user with system privilege USER ADMIN has either to use the command ALTERUSER <user_name> ACTIVATE USER NOW or, in case of a user with PASSWORD authentication mechanism,to reset the user's password with ALTER USER <user_name> PASSWORD <password>. With the commandALTER USER <user_name> ACTIVATE USER NOW a user with system privilege USER ADMIN can re-activate / unlock the user account of user <user_name>who had been deactivated before.


Conguration parameters concerning the password can be checked with the monitoring viewM_PASSWORD_POLICY. These parameter are stored in indexserver.ini, section 'password policy'. The description of the parameters concerned can be found in SAP HANA Security Guide, Appendix, PasswordPolicy Parameters.


USERS: shows all users, their creator, creation date and some info about their current states. USER_PARAMETERS: shows the defined user_parameters; currently only CLIENT is available. INVALID_CONNECT_ATTEMPTS: shows how many invalid connect attempts were made for each user. LAST_USED_PASSWORDS: shows info about dates of last password-changes per user. M_PASSWORD_POLICY: shows configuration parameters describing the allowed layout of the password andits lifetimes.

Example

A user with user_name NEW_USER had been created before with the possibility to connect using the givenpassword and with an assertion of the existing SAML provider OUR_PROVIDER. The <mapped_user_name>was set to ANY as the assertion will provide the database user name. This was done with the followingstatement:

CREATE USER new_user PASSWORD Password1 WITH IDENTITY ANY FOR SAML PROVIDER OUR_PROVIDER;

Now this user shall be forced to change his password. And to force him really hard, his possibility to connectusing SAML is disabled.

ALTER USER new_user FORCE PASSWORD CHANGE; ALTER USER new_user DISABLE SAML;

Assuming the user has tried to connect with a wrong password too often, the administrator now wants toreset the number of invalid connect attempts to zero.

ALTER USER new_user RESET CONNECT ATTEMPTS;

The user new_user shall be allowed to use KERBEROS - mechanism to authenticate. Therefore the externalidentity for this connect mechanism has to be defined. Additionally the user has to be allowed to connectusing KERBEROS as this is not done internally when the external identity is defined.

ALTER USER new_user ADD IDENTITY 'testkerberosName' FOR KERBEROS; ALTER USER new_user ENABLE KERBEROS;

On the other hand the user new_user will loose the possibility to use an assertion of SAML providerOUR_PROVIDER.

ALTER USER new_user DROP IDENTITY FOR SAML PROVIDER OUR_PROVIDER;

In the end the administrator wants to disallow any connection for this user new_user, for example because ofsuspicious work he did recently.

ALTER USER new_user DEACTIVATE;

CREATE ROLE

Syntax


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CREATE ROLE <role_name>

Syntax Elements

<role_name> ::= <identifier>

Description

The CREATE ROLE statement creates a new role. Only database users having the system privilege ROLE ADMIN are allowed to create a role. The specified role name must not be identical to the name of an existing user or role.

A role is a named collection of privileges and can be granted to either a user or a role. If you want to allowseveral database users to perform the same actions, you can create a role, grant the needed privileges tothis role, and grant the role to the different database users. Every user is allowed to grant privileges to an existing role, but only users having system privilege ROLEADMIN are allowed to grant roles to roles and users.

There are 4 roles, which are delivered with the SAP HANA database:

PUBLIC Every database user has been granted this role implicitly. This role contains read-only access to system views, monitoring views and execute privilege for someprocedures. These privileges can not be revoked. This role can be granted further privileges which can be revoked afterwards.

MODELING This role contains all privileges required for using the information modeler in the SAP HANA studio.

CONTENT_ADMIN This role contains the same privileges as the MODELING role, but with the extension that this role is allowedto grant these privileges to other users. In addition, it contains the repository privileges to work withimported objects.

MONITORING This role contains privileges for full read-only access to all meta data, the current system status in system andmonitoring views, and the data of the statistics server.


ROLES: shows all roles, their creator and creation date. GRANTED_ROLES: shows which roles are granted to which user or role. GRANTED_PRIVILEGES: shows which privileges are granted to which user or role.

Example

A role with the name role_for_work_on_my_schema is created.

CREATE ROLE role_for_work_on_my_schema;

CREATE SAML PROVIDER

Syntax

CREATE SAML PROVIDER <saml_provider_name> WITH SUBJECT <subject_distinguished_name> ISSUER <issuer_distinguished_name>

Syntax Elements


<subject_distinguished_name> ::= <string_literal> <issuer_distinguished_name> ::= <string_literal>


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Description

The CREATE SAML PROVIDER statement defines a SAML provider known to the SAP HANA database.<saml_provider_name> has to be different to any existing SAML provider. Only database users having the system privilege USER ADMIN are allowed to create a SAML provider. Eachuser having this privilege is allowed to drop any SAML provider.

An existing SAML provider is needed to be able to specify SAML connection possibility for users. The <subject_distinguished_name> and the <issuer_distinguished_name> are the X.500 distinguished namescorresponding to the subject and issuer of the X.509 certificate used by the SAML identity provider to signassertions. The syntax of these names can be found in ISO/IEC 9594-1. A detailed description of the concepts of SAML can be found in Oasis SAML 2.0.


SAML_PROVIDERS: shows all SAML providers with their subject name and issuer name.

Example

A SAML provider with the name gm_saml_provider is created in the database specifying the subject andissuer to belong to some company.

CREATE SAML PROVIDER gm_saml_provider WITH SUBJECT 'CN = wiki.detroit.generalmotors.corp,OU = GMNet,O = GeneralMotors,C = EN' ISSUER 'E = [email protected],CN = GMNetCA,OU = GMNet,O = GeneralMotors,C = EN';

CREATE USER

Syntax

CREATE USER <user_name> [PASSWORD <password>] [IDENTIFIED EXTERNALLY AS <external_identity>] [WITH IDENTITY <provider_identity>...] [<set_user_parameters>]

Syntax Elements


<password> ::= <letter_or_digit>...

<external_identity> ::= <simple_identifier> | <string_literal>

<provider_identity> ::= <mapped_user_name> FOR SAML PROVIDER <saml_provider_name> | <external_identity> FOR KERBEROS

<mapped_user_name> ::= ANY | <string_literal>


<set_user_parameters> ::= SET PARAMETER CLIENT = <string_literal>

Description

The CREATE USER statement creates a new database user. Only database users having the system privilege USER ADMIN are allowed to create another database user. The specified user name must not be identical to the name of an existing user, role, or schema. There are some users, which are delivered with the SAP HANA database: SYS, SYSTEM, _SYS_REPO,_SYS_STATISTICS.


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Users in the database can be authenticated by different mechanism, the internal authentication mechanismusing password and by external mechanism, like Kerberos or SAML. One user can be authenticated by morethan one mechanism at one time, but only one password and one external_identity can be valid at one time.In opposite to this, more than one <provider_identity> can exist for one user at one time. At least oneauthentication mechanism has to be specified to allow the user to connect and work with the databaseinstance.For compatibility reasons the syntax IDENTIFIED EXTERNALLY AS <external_identity> will stay alive and dothe same as the syntax <external_identity> FOR KERBEROS.

Password must follow the rules defined for the current database. The password rules include the minimalpassword length and the definition which of the character types ( lower, upper, digit, special characters )have to be part of the password. The password for a user has to be changed regularly according to thepassword policy specified for the database instance.The password provided during CREATE USER command will be taken as provided, whereas the <user_name>will be changed to upper_case as every <simple_identifier>.

External users are authenticated using an external system, e.g. a Kerberos system. Such users do not have apassword, but , e.g. a Kerberos principal name. For detailed information about external identities, contactyour domain administrator.

If ANY is given as mapped user name, the SAML assertion will contain the name of the database user, theassertion is valid for. <saml_provider_name> must specify an existing SAML provider.

<set_user_parameters> can be used to set the user parameter CLIENT when a user is created in thedatabase. When using reports this user parameter CLIENT can be used to restrict the access rights of user<user_name> to info concerning the specified client.

For each database user a schema with the user's name is created implicitly. This can not be droppedexplicitly. It will be dropped when the user is dropped. The database user owns that schema and uses it as hisdefault schema, when he does not specify a schema name explicitly.


Conguration parameters concerning the password can be checked with the monitoring viewM_PASSWORD_POLICY. These parameter are stored in indexserver.ini, section 'password policy'. The description of the parameters concerned can be found in SAP HANA Security Guide, Appendix, PasswordPolicy Parameters.


USERS: shows all users, their creator, creation date and some info about their current states. USER_PARAMETERS: shows the defined user_parameters; currently only CLIENT is available. INVALID_CONNECT_ATTEMPTS: shows how many invalid connect attempts were made for each user. LAST_USED_PASSWORDS: shows info about dates of last password-changes per user. M_PASSWORD_POLICY: shows configuration parameters describing the allowed layout of the password andits lifetimes. SAML_PROVIDERS: shows the existing SAML provider SAML_USER_MAPPING: shows the user's mappingnames for each SAML provider

Example

A user with user_name NEW_USER shall be created with the possibility to connect using the given passwordand with an assertion of the existing SAML provider OUR_PROVIDER. The <mapped_user_name> is set toANY as the assertion will provide the database user name.

CREATE USER new_user PASSWORD Password1 WITH IDENTITY ANY FOR SAML PROVIDER OUR_PROVIDER;

DROP ROLE

Syntax

DROP ROLE <role_name>

Syntax Elements

<role_name> ::= <identifier>


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Description

The DROP ROLE statement drops a role. <drop_name> must specify an existing role. Only database users having the system privilege ROLE ADMIN are allowed to drop a role. Each user havingthis privilege is allowed to drop any role. Only those roles which are delivered with the SAP HANA databasecan not be dropped: PUBLIC, CONTENT_ADMIN, MODELING and MONITORING.

If a role was granted to a user or role, it is revoked when the role is dropped. Revoking a role may lead tomaking some views inaccessible or making procedures not executable any more. This will occur if a view orprocedures depends on any privilege that the role had.


ROLES: shows all roles, their creator and creation date. GRANTED_ROLES: shows which roles are granted to which user or role. GRANTED_PRIVILEGES: shows which privileges are granted to which user or role.

Example

A role with the name role_for_work_on_my_schema is created and dropped directly afterwards;

CREATE ROLE role_for_work_on_my_schema;

DROP ROLE role_for_work_on_my_schema;

DROP SAML PROVIDER

DROP SAML PROVIDER <saml_provider_name>

Syntax Elements


Description

The DROP SAML PROVIDER statement drops the specified SAML provider. <saml_provider_name> has to bean existing SAML provider. If the SAML provider specified is used by a SAP HANA database user, the SAMLprovider cannot be dropped. Only database users having the system privilege USER ADMIN are allowed to drop a SAML provider.


SAML_PROVIDERS: shows all SAML providers with their subject name and issuer_name.

Syntax

DROP USER

Syntax

DROP USER <user_name> [<drop_option>]

Syntax Elements



Default = RESTRICT

Description

The DROP USER statement deletes a database user. <user_name> must specify an existing database user.


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Only database users having the system privilege USER ADMIN are allowed to drop a database user. Each userhaving this privilege is allowed to drop any user. Only those users which are delivered with the SAP HANAdatabase can not be dropped: SYS, SYSTEM, _SYS_REPO, _SYS_STATISTICS.

If the <drop_option> RESTRICT is specified implicitly or explicitly then the user will not be dropped in case heis the owner of any other object than the schema with his name and other schemas created by him or in casethere is an object stored in one of his schemas which was not created by him. If the <drop_option> CASCADE is specified, the schema with the user's name and the schemas belonging tothe user, together with all objects stored in them (even if they are created by other users), are deleted.Objects owned by the user, even if they are part of another schema, are deleted. Objects that are dependenton deleted objects are deleted. Even public synonyms owned by the deleted user are deleted.Privileges on deleted objects are revoked. Privileges granted by the deleted user are revoked. Revokeprivileges may cause further revokes if they had been granted further.

Users created by the deleted user and roles created by him are not deleted. Audit policies created by the deleted user are not deleted.

It is possible to delete a user even if an open session of this user exists.


The deleted user will be deleted in any of these views:USERS: shows all users, their creator, creation date and some info about their current states. USER_PARAMETERS: shows the defined user_parameters; currently only CLIENT is available. INVALID_CONNECT_ATTEMPTS: shows how many invalid connect attempts were made for each user. LAST_USED_PASSWORDS: shows info about dates of last password-changes per user.

* The deletion of objects may influence all of the system views describing objects, like TABLES, VIEWS,PROCEDURES, ... .The deletion of objects may influence the view describing privileges like GRANTED_PRIVILEGES and all of themonitoring views like M_RS_TABLES, M_TABLE_LOCATIONS, ...

Example

A user with user_name NEW_USER was created before with, for example, this statemant:

CREATE USER new_user PASSWORD Password1;

The existing user new_user will now be dropped, together with all of his objects;

DROP USER new_user CASCADE;

GRANT

Syntax

GRANT <system_privilege>,... TO <grantee> [WITH ADMIN OPTION] | GRANT <schema_privilege>,... ON SCHEMA <schema_name> TO <grantee> [WITH GRANT OPTION] | GRANT <object_privilege>,... ON <object_name> TO <grantee> [WITH GRANT OPTION] | GRANT <role_name>,... TO <grantee> [WITH ADMIN OPTION] | GRANT STRUCTURED PRIVILEGE <privilege_name> TO <grantee>

Syntax Elements

<system_privilege> ::= AUDIT ADMIN | BACKUP ADMIN | CATALOG READ | CREATE SCENARIO | CREATE SCHEMA | CREATE STRUCTURED PRIVILEGE | DATA ADMIN | EXPORT | IMPORT | INIFILE ADMIN | LICENSE ADMIN | LOG ADMIN | MONITOR ADMIN | OPTIMIZER ADMIN | RESOURCE ADMIN | ROLE ADMIN | SAVEPOINT ADMIN | SCENARIO ADMIN | SERVICE ADMIN | SESSION ADMIN | STRUCTUREDPRIVILEGE ADMIN | TRACE ADMIN | USER ADMIN | VERSION ADMIN | <identifier>.<identifier>

System privileges are used to restrict administrative tasks. The following system privileges are defined:


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AUDIT ADMIN This privilege controls the execution of the following auditing-related commands: CREATE AUDIT POLICY,DROP AUDIT POLICY and ALTER AUDIT POLICY.

BACKUP ADMIN This privilege authorizes the ALTER SYSTEM BACKUP command to define and initiate a backup process or toperform a recovery process.

CATALOG READ This privilege authorizes all users to have unfiltered read-only access to all system and monitoring views.Normally, the content of those views is filtered based on the privileges of the accessing user. The CATALOGREAD privilege enables users to have read-only access to the full content of all system and monitoring views.

CREATE SCENARIO This privilege controls the creation of calculation scenarios and cubes (calculation database).

CREATE SCHEMA This privilege authorizes the creation of database schemas using the CREATE SCHEMA command. Each userowns one schema. With this privilege he is allowed to create further ones.

CREATE STRUCTURED PRIVILEGE This privilege authorizes the creation of Structured Privileges (Analytical Privileges). Note that only the ownerof an Analytical Privilege can further grant it to other users or roles and revoke it again.

DATA ADMIN This powerful privilege authorizes to read all data in the system and monitoring views as well as execute allDDL (Data Definition Language) � and only DDL � commands in the SAP HANA database. This means, thata user having this privilege can not select or change data stored in other user's tables, but can modify thetable definition or even drop the table.

EXPORT This privilege authorizes the export activity in the database via the EXPORT TABLE commands. Note that,beside this privilege, the user still needs the SELECT privilege on the source tables to be exported.

IMPORT This privilege authorizes the import activity in the database using the IMPORT commands. Note that, besidethis privilege, the user still needs the INSERT privilege on the target tables to be imported.

INIFILE ADMIN This privilege authorizes different methods to change system settings.

LICENSE ADMIN This privilege authorizes the SET SYSTEM LICENSE command install a new license.

LOG ADMIN This privilege authorizes the ALTER SYSTEM LOGGING [ON|OFF] commands to enable or disable the log flushmechanism.

MONITOR ADMIN This privilege authorizes the ALTER SYSTEM commands concerning EVENTs.

OPTIMIZER ADMIN This privilege authorizes the ALTER SYSTEM commands concerning SQL PLAN CACHE and ALTER SYSTEMUPDATE STATISTICS commands, which influence the behavior of the query optimizer.

RESOURCE ADMIN This privilege authorizes different commands concerning resources, like ALTER SYSTEM RECLAIMDATAVOLUME and ALTER SYSTEM RESET MONITORING VIEW and it authorizes many of the commands inthe Management Console.

ROLE ADMIN This privilege authorizes the creation and deletion of roles using the CREATE ROLE and DROP ROLEcommands. It also authorizes the granting and revocation of roles using the GRANT and REVOKE commands.

SAVEPOINT ADMIN This privilege authorizes the execution of a savepoint process using the ALTER SYSTEM SAVEPOINTcommand.

SCENARIO ADMIN


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This privilege authorizes all calculation scenario-related activities (including creation).

SERVICE ADMIN This privilege authorizes the ALTER SYSTEM [START|CANCEL|RECONFIGURE] commands, intended foradministering system services of the database.

SESSION ADMIN This privilege authorizes the ALTER SYSTEM commands concerning sessions to stop or disconnect a usersession or to change session variables.

STRUCTUREDPRIVILEGE ADMIN This privilege authorizes the creation, reactivation, and dropping of structured privileges.

TRACE ADMIN This privilege authorizes the ALTER SYSTEM [CLEAR|REMOVE] TRACES commands for operations on databasetrace files.

USER ADMIN This privilege authorizes the creation and changing of users using the CREATE USER, ALTER USER, and DROPUSER commands.

VERSION ADMIN This privilege authorizes the ALTER SYSTEM RECLAIM VERSION SPACE command of the multi-versionconcurrency control (MVCC) mechanism.

<identifier>.<identifier> Components of the SAP HANA database may create privileges for their own needs. Those use the component-name as first identifier of the system privilege and the component-privilege-name as the second identifier.Currently, the repository uses this feature. For description of the privileges named REPO.<identifier>, pleasesee the manual of the repository.

<schema_privilege> ::= CREATE ANY | DEBUG | DELETE | DROP | EXECUTE | INDEX | INSERT | SELECT | TRIGGER | UPDATE

Schema privileges are used to restrict the access and modifications on a schema and the objects stored inthis schema. The following schema privileges are defined:

CREATE ANY This privilege allows the creation of all kinds of objects, in particular, tables, views, sequences, synonyms, SQLScript functions, or database procedures in a schema.

DELETE, DROP, EXECUTE, INDEX, INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE The specified privilege is granted on every object stored in the specified schema currently and in future. Fordetailed description of the privileges please see the part describing object privileges below and please checkbelow, which privileges are applicable for which kind of object.

<object_privilege> ::= ALL PRIVILEGES | ALTER | DEBUG | DELETE | DROP | EXECUTE | INDEX | INSERT | SELECT | TRIGGER | UPDATE | <identifier>.<identifier>


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Object privileges are used to restrict the access and modifications on database objects like tables, views,sequences, procedures and the like. Not all of these privileges are applicable to all kinds of database objects.For object types allowing which privilege, see table below. The following object privileges are defined:

ALL PRIVILEGES This privilege is a collection of all DDL (Data Definition Language) and DML (Data Manipulation Language)privileges that on the one hand, the grantor currently has and is allowed to grant further and on the otherhand, can be granted on this particular object. This collection is dynamically evaluated for the given grantorand object. ALL PRIVILEGES is applicable to a table or view.

ALTER This DDL privilege authorizes the ALTER command for that object.

DEBUG This DML privilege authorizes the debug-functionality for that procedure or calculation view or for theprocedures or calculation views in that schema.

DELETE This DML privilege authorizes the DELETE and TRUNCATE commands for that object.

DROP This DDL privilege authorizes the DROP commands for that object.

EXECUTE This DML privilege authorizes the execution of a SQL Script function or a database procedure using the CALLSor CALL command, respectively.

INDEX This DDL privilege authorizes the creation, changing, or dropping of indexes for that object.

INSERT This DML privilege authorizes the INSERT command for that object. The INSERT and the UPDATE privilegetogether are needed for one object to allow the REPLACE and UPSERT command for that object.

SELECT This DML privilege authorizes the SELECT command for that object or the usage of the sequence,respectively.

TRIGGER This DDL privilege authorizes the CREATE TRIGGER / DROP TRIGGER command for the specified table or thetables in the specified schema.

UPDATE This DML privilege authorizes the UPDATE command for that object. The INSERT and the UPDATE privilegetogether are needed for one object to allow the REPLACE and UPSERT command for that object.

<identifier>.<identifier> Components of the SAP HANA database may create privileges for their own needs. Those use the component-name as first identifier of the privilege name and the component-privilege-name as the second identifier.Currently, the repository uses this feature. For description of the privileges named REPO.<identifier>, pleasesee the manual of the repository.


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Privilege Schema Table View Sequence Function/Procedure

ALL PRIVILEGES --- YES YES --- ---

ALTER YES YES --- --- YES

CREATE ANY YES --- --- --- ---

DEBUG YES --- YES --- YES

DELETE YES YES YES --- ---

DROP YES YES YES YES YES

EXECUTE YES --- --- --- YES

INDEX YES YES --- --- ---

INSERT YES YES YES --- ---

SELECT YES YES YES YES ---

TRIGGER YES YES --- --- ---

UPDATE YES YES YES --- ---

DELETE, INSERT and UPDATE on views are valid for updatable views only, meaning such views complying tosome restrictions as there are: no join included, no UNION included, no aggregation and some furtherrestrictions.

DEBUG is only valid for calculation views, not for other kinds of views. For synonyms those restrictions are valid, which are valid for the object this synonym stands for.

<object_name> ::= <table_name> | <view_name> | <sequence_name> | <procedure_name> | <synonym_name>

Object privileges are used to restrict the access and modifications on database objects like tables, views,sequences, procedures and synonyms.

<grantee> :: = <user_name> | <role_name>

The grantee can be a user or a role. In case a privilege or role is granted to a role, then all user being grantedthat role, will have the specified privilege or role.

A role is a named collection of privileges and can be granted to either a user or a role. If you want to allow several database users to perform the same actions, you can create a role, grant theneeded privileges to this role, and grant the role to the different database users. When granting roles to roles, a tree of roles can be build. When granting one role (R) to a role or user (G), Gwill have all privileges directly granted to R and all privileges granted to roles which had been granted to R.

<user_name> ::= <identifier> <role_name> ::= <identifier> <schema_name> ::= <identifier> <table_name> ::= <identifier> <view_name> ::= <identifier> <sequence_name> ::= <identifier> <procedure_name> ::= <identifier> <synonym_name> ::= <identifier> <privilege_name> ::= <identifier>

Description

GRANT is used to grant privileges and structured privileges to users and roles. GRANT is also used to grantroles to users and other roles.

The specified users, roles, objects, and structured privileges have to exist before they can be used in theGRANT command. Only users having a privilege and being allowed to grant that privilege any further can grant a privilege. Eachuser having ROLE ADMIN system privilege is allowed to grant roles to other roles and users.


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A user can not grant a privilege to himself. User SYSTEM has at least all system privileges and the role PUBLIC. All other users have the role PUBLIC.These privileges and roles can not be revoked from them.

Although user SYSTEM has many privileges, he is not able to select or change data in other user's tables if heis not granted the privilege to do so explicitly. User SYSTEM and all other users do have the privilege to create objects in their own default schema, whichhas the same name as the user itself.For tables created by themselves, users have all privileges and may grant all of them to users and roles.For other objects which are dependent on objects like views being dependent on tables, it may happen, thateven the owner of the dependent object does not have all privileges if he does not have them on theunderlying objects. Or it may happen, that he has privileges, but is not allowed to grant them any further.Then he cannot grant those privileges.

WITH ADMIN OPTION and WITH GRANT OPTION specifies that the granted privileges can be granted furtherby the specified user or by those user having the specified role.

With GRANT STRUCTURED PRIVILEGE <structured_privilege_name> a previously defined analytical privilege(based on a generic structured privilege) is granted to a user or role. This analytical privileges is used torestrict the access for read operations to certain data in Analytic, Attribute, and Calculation Views by filteringthe attribute values.


USERS: shows all users, their creator, creation date and some info about their current states. ROLES: shows all roles, their creator and creation date. GRANTED_ROLES: shows which roles are granted to which user or role. GRANTED_PRIVILEGES: shows which privileges are granted to which user or role.

Example

Assuming a user, who has the privileges to create schemas, roles and users, is connected. He creates aschema for some work.

CREATE SCHEMA myschema;

Additionally he creates a a table, named work_done, in this new schema.

CREATE TABLE myschema.work_done (t TIMESTAMP, user NVARCHAR (256), work_done VARCHAR (256);

He creates one new user, named worker, with the possibility to connect using a password and a new role,named role_for_work_on_my_schema.

CREATE USER worker PASSWORD His_Password_1; CREATE ROLE role_for_work_on_my_schema;

He grants the privilege to SELECT on any object in his schema to the role role_for_work_on_my_schema.

GRANT SELECT ON SCHEMA myschema TO role_for_work_on_my_schema;

Additionally he grants the privilege to INSERT into his table work_done to the rolerole_for_work_on_my_schema.

GRANT INSERT ON myschema.work_done TO role_for_work_on_my_schema;

Then he grants this role to that new user.

GRANT role_for_work_on_my_schema TO worker WITH GRANT OPTION;

Additionally the user worker is granted the privilege to DELETE from this table directly. This privilege isgranted with the option to grant this privilege further.

GRANT DELETE ON myschema.work_done TO worker;

Now he grants the privilege to create any kind of object in his schema myschema to user worker directly.


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GRANT CREATE ANY ON SCHEMA myschema TO worker;

As a result, user worker has the privilege to SELECT all tables and views in schema myschema, to INSERT intoand DELETE from table myschema.work_done and to create objects in schema myschema. Additionally he isallowed to grant DELETE on myschema.work_done to other users and roles.

In the second example a user having the corresponding privileges inclusive the allowance to grant themfurther, grants the system privileges INIFILE ADMIN and TRACE ADMIN to the existing user worker. He doesthis with the allowance for worker to grant them further.

GRANT INIFILE ADMIN, TRACE ADMIN TO worker WITH ADMIN OPTION;

REVOKE

Syntax

REVOKE <system_privilege>,... FROM <grantee> | REVOKE <schema_privilege>,... ON SCHEMA <schema_name> FROM <grantee> | REVOKE <object_privilege>,... ON <object_name> FROM <grantee> | REVOKE <role_name>,... FROM <grantee> | REVOKE STRUCTURED PRIVILEGE <privilege_name> FROM <grantee>

Syntax Elements

For the definition of syntax elements, please refer to GRANT.

Description

The REVOKE statement revokes the specified roles or structured privileges or the privileges for the specifiedobjects from the specified users or roles. Only users having granted a privilege can revoke that privilege. This is true even for users having ROLEADMIN and the revoke of roles.User SYSTEM has at least all system privileges and the role PUBLIC. All other users have the role PUBLIC.These privileges and roles can not be revoked from them.

If a user was granted a role, it is not possible to revoke some of the privileges belonging to that role. In thiscase, the whole role has to be revoked and those privileges needed by that user granted to him. Revoking a privilege or role may lead to making some views inaccessible or making procedures notexecutable any more. This will occur if a view or procedures depends on the privilege revoked or on one ofthe privileges the role had. Revoking a privilege which had been granted with WITH GRANT OPTION or with WITH ADMIN OPTION willresult in revoking that privilege not only from the user specified in the command, but from all the users androles having been granted that privilege by this user directly and indirectly.

As privileges can be granted to one user or role by different users, revoking of this privilege by one user doesnot necessarily mean, that this user will loose that privilege. For the description of syntax elements andprivileges, please refer to GRANT.


USERS: shows all users, their creator, creation date and some info about their current states. ROLES: shows all roles, their creator and creation date. GRANTED_ROLES: shows which roles are granted to which user or role. GRANTED_PRIVILEGES: shows which privileges are granted to which user or role.

Example

Assuming that the following statements had been executed by the user currently connected.

CREATE USER worker PASSWORD His_Password_1; CREATE ROLE role_for_work_on_my_schema; CREATE TABLE myschema.work_done (t TIMESTAMP, user NVARCHAR (256), work_done VARCHAR (256); GRANT SELECT ON SCHEMA myschema TO role_for_work_on_my_schema; GRANT INSERT ON myschema.work_done TO role_for_work_on_my_schema; GRANT role_for_work_on_my_schema TO worker; GRANT TRACE ADMIN TO worker WITH ADMIN OPTION; GRANT DELETE ON myschema.work_done TO worker WITH GRANT OPTION;


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The user having granted privileges is allowed to revoke those privileges. He revokes the privilege from therole and therefore implicitly revokes it from all users being granted that role. Additionally the user workershould not have the privilege TRACE ADMIN any more. It is revoked causing the revocation to occur for allthe users, worker had granted this privilege to.

REVOKE SELECT ON SCHEMA myschema FROM role_for_work_on_my_schema; REVOKE TRACE ADMIN FROM worker;

Data Import Export Statements

EXPORT

Syntax

EXPORT <object_name_list> AS <export_format> INTO <path> [WITH <export_option_list>]

Syntax Elements

WITH <export_option_list>:

EXPORT options can be passed in using "WITH" clause.

<object_name_list> ::= <OBJECT_NAME>,... | ALL <export_import_format> ::= BINARY | CSV <path> ::= 'FULL_PATH' <export_option_list> ::= <export_option> | <export_option_list> <export_option> <export_option> ::= REPLACE | CATALOG ONLY | NO DEPENDENCIES | SCRAMBLE [BY <password>] | THREADS <number_of_threads>

Description

The EXPORT command exports tables, views, column views, synonyms, sequences, or procedures in thespecified format as BINARY or CSV. Data for temporary tables and "no logging" tables cannot be exportedusing EXPORT.

OBJECT_NAMESQL name of the object (table, view, etc) to export. To export all objects from all schemas you should use thekeyword ALL. If you want to export objects of a specific schema, you should use the schema name with theasterisk, e.g. "SYSTEM"."*"

BINARYTable data will be exported in internal binary format. Exporting in this format is orders of magnitude fasterthen exporting the same table in CSV format. Only column tables can be exported in binary format. The rowtables are always exported in CSV format, even if BINARY format is specified.

CSVTable data will be exported in CSV format. The exported data can be imported only in any other database.Additionaly, the exported data can be scramled. Both column and row tables can be exported in CSV format.

FULL_PATHThe server path to export to.

Note:When using a distributed system, the FULL_PATH must point to a shared disk! For security reasons,the path may not contain symbolic links and may not point inside the database instance folder,except its 'backup' and 'work' subfolders. Examples for valid export path (assuming the databaseinstance is located at /usr/sap/HDB/HDB00):

'/tmp'<br> '/usr/sap/HDB/HDB00/backup'<br> '/usr/sap/HDB/HDB00/work'<br>

REPLACEWith REPLACE option, previously exported data will be removed and newly exported data will be saved. IfREPLACE option is not specified, an error will be thrown if there exists a previously exported data already inthe specified directory.


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CATALOG ONLYWith CATALOG ONLY option, only database catalog will be exported without data.

NO DEPENDENCIESWith NO DEPENDENCIES option, it will not export underlying objects of an object to be exported.

SCRAMBLEExport in CSV format has an additional option to scramble sensitive customer data using SCRAMBLE [BY'<password>']. When the optional password is not specified, a default scramble password is used. Onlycharacter string data can be scrambled. When imported, scrambled data will be imported as scrambled sothat end users cannot read the data and it is not possible to unscramble the data.

THREADSIndicates the number of threads that can be used for concurrent export.

Number of threads to use

The given number of THREADS specifies how many objects will be exported in parallel (default is 1).Increasing number of threads may reduce export time, but also can negatively affect the systemperformance.

Following should be considered:

For a single table THREADS has no effect.For a view or procedure, 2 or more threads should be used (up to number of objects it depends on)For a whole schema consider using more that 10 threads (up to number of cores in the system)For a whole BW / ERP system (ALL keyword) with tens of thousands of tables, a large number ofthreads can be reasonable (up to 256)


You can monitor the progress of the export using M_EXPORT_BINARY_STATUS system views.

You can abort the export session using the session ID from the corresponding view in the following command:

ALTER SYSTEM CANCEL [WORK IN] SESSION 'sessionId'

The detailed result of the export is stored in session-local temporary tables. #EXPORT_RESULT.


EXPORT "SCHEMA"."*" AS CSV INTO '/tmp' WITH REPLACE SCRAMBLE THREADS 10

IMPORT

Syntax

IMPORT <object_name_list> [AS <import_format>] FROM <path> [WITH <import_option_list>]

Syntax Elements

WITH <import_option_list>:

IMPORT options can be passed in using "WITH" clause.

<object_name_list> ::= <object_name>,... | ALL <import_format> ::= BINARY | CSV <path> ::= 'FULL_PATH' <import_option_list> ::= <import_option> | <import_option_list> <import_option> <import_option> ::= REPLACE | CATALOG ONLY | NO DEPENDENCIES | THREADS <number_of_threads>

Description

The IMPORT statement imports tables, views, column views, synonyms, sequences, or procedures. Data fortemporary tables and "no logging" tables cannot be imported using IMPORT command.


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OBJECT_NAMESQL name of the object (table, view, etc) to import. To import all objects from the import path you should usethe keyword ALL. If you want to import objects of a specific schema, you should use the schema name withthe asterisk, e.g. "SYSTEM"."*"

BINARY | CSVFormat specification may be ommited during the import, since the format will be auto-detected duringimport. The data will be imported in the same format in which it was exported.

FULL_PATHThe server path to import from.

Note:When using a distributed system, the FULL_PATH must point to a shared disk! Examples for validimport path (assuming the database instance is located at /usr/sap/HDB/HDB00):

'/tmp'<br> '/usr/sap/HDB/HDB00/backup'<br> '/usr/sap/HDB/HDB00/work'<br>

REPLACEWith REPLACE option, the specified table will be dropped and created and data will be imported. If REPLACEoption is not specified, an error will be thrown if there exists a table with the same name in the sameschema.

CATALOG ONLYWith CATALOG ONLY option, only database catalog will be imported without data.

NO DEPENDENCIESWith NO DEPENDENCIES option, it will not import underlying objects of an object to be imported.

THREADSIndicates the number of threads that can be used for concurrent import.


The given number of THREADS specifies how many objects will be imported in parallel (default is 1).Increasing number of threads may reduce import time, but also can negatively affect the systemperformance.

Following should be considered:

For a single table THREADS has no effect.For a view or procedure, 2 or more threads should be used (up to number of objects it depends on)For a whole schema consider using more that 10 threads (up to number of cores in the system)For a whole BW / ERP system (ALL keyword) with tens of thousands of tables, a large number ofthreads can be reasonable (up to 256)


You can monitor the progress of the import using M_IMPORT_BINARY_STATUS system views.

Also, you can abort the import session using the connection ID from the corresponding view in the followingcommand:

ALTER SYSTEM CANCEL [WORK IN] SESSION 'sessionId'

The detailed result of the import is stored in session-local temporary tables. #IMPORT_RESULT.

Example

IMPORT "SCHEMA"."*" AS CSV FROM '/tmp' WITH REPLACE THREADS 10

IMPORT FROM

Syntax

IMPORT FROM [<file_type>] <file_path> [INTO <table_name>] [WITH <import_from_option_list>]

Syntax Elements


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WITH <import_from_option_list>:

IMPORT FROM options can be passed in using "WITH" clause.

<file_type> ::= CSV FILE | CONTROL FILE <file_path> ::= '<character>...' <table_name> ::= [<schema_name>.]<identifier> <import_from_option_list> ::= <import_from_option> | <import_from_option_list> <import_from_option> <import_from_option> :: = THREADS <number_of_threads> | BATCH <number_of_records_of_each_commit> | TABLE LOCK | NO TYPE CHECK | SKIP FIRST <number_of_rows_to_skip> ROW | COLUMN LIST IN FIRST ROW | COLUMN LIST ( <column_name_list> ) | RECORD DELIMITED BY '<string_for_record_delimiter>' | FIELD DELIMITED BY '<string_for_field_delimiter>' | OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '<character_for_optional_enclosure>' | DATE FORMAT '<string_for_date_format>' | TIME FORMAT '<string_for_time_format>' | TIMESTAMP FORMAT '<string_for_timestamp_format>' |

Description

The IMPORT FROM statements imports external data from a csv file into an existing table.

THREADS Indicates the number of threads that can be used for concurrent import. Default value is 1 andmaximum allowed value is 256.

BATCH Indicates the number of records to be inserted in each commit.

THREADS and BATCH can be used to achieve high loading performance by enabling parallel loading andcommitting many records at once. In general, for column tables, a good setting is to use 10 parallel loadingthreads, with a commit frequency of 10.000 records or greater.

TABLE LOCK Locks table for fast import into column store tables. If NO TYPE CHECK option is specified, thenthe record is inserted without checking the type of each field.

SKIP FIRST <int> ROW Skips to insert first n rows.

COLUMN LIST IN FIRST ROW Indicates the column list that is in the first row of CSV file.

COLUMN LIST ( <column_name_list> ) Indicates the column list to be inserted

RECORD DELIMITED BY '<string>' Indicates the record delimiter of the CSV file

FIELD DELIMITED BY '<string>' Indicates the field delimiter of the CSV file

OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '<character>' Indicates the optional enclosure of field data

DATE FORMAT '<string>' Indicates the string of date format. If there is date type in CSV file, it will use thespecified format for date type field.

TIME FORMAT '<string>' Indicates the string of time format. If there is time type in CSV file, it will use thespecified format for time type field.

TIMESTAMP FORMAT '<string>' Indicates the string of timestamp format. If there is timestamp type in CSVfile, it will use the specified format for timestamp type field.

Example

IMPORT FROM CSV FILE '/data/data.csv' INTO "MYSCHEMA"."MYTABLE" WITH RECORD DELIMITED BY '\n' FIELD DELIMITED BY ','


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Restrictions for SQL Statements

The table below shows the maximum allowable limit for each entry.


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Database

Database size limit Limited by storage size RS: 1TB

Number of locks Unlimited for record locks,16384 for table locks

Number of sessions 8192

Schemas

Number of tables in a schema 131072

Identifier length 127 characters

Length of an alias name 128 characters

Table name length Please see "Identifier length" above

Column name length Please see "Identifier length" above

Length of a constant string literal 32767 bytes

Number of hex characters in a binary literal 8192

Tables and Views

Number of columns in a table 1000

Number of columns in a view 1000

Number of partitions of a column table 1000

Number of rows in each table

Limited by storage size RS:1TB/sizeof(row),

CS: 2^31 * number of partitions

Length of a row Limited by RS storage size ( 1TB )

Size of a non-partitioned table Limited by RS storage size ( 1TB )

Indexes and Constraints

Number of indexes for each table 1023

Number of primary key columns in each table 16

Number of columns in an index 16

Number of columns in a UNIQUE constraint 16

Size of sum of primary key, index, UNIQUE

constraint16384

SQL


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Length of an SQL statement 2GB

Depth of SQL view nesting 128

Depth of SQL parse tree 255

Number of joined tables in an SQL statement or view 255

Number of columns in an ORDER BY, GROUP BY or SELECTclause

65535

Number of elements in predicates 65535

Number of elements in SELECT clause 65535

SQLScript

Size of all stored procedures Limited by RS s torage s i ze ( 1TB )

Note:You can obtain the current system limits from your SAP HANA Database instance by using

select * from m_system_limits

See Also

M_SYSTEM_LIMITS in the System Tables and Monitor Views Reference


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SQL Error Codes

The following table lists error codes displayed by SAP HANA database and their descriptions.


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ErrorCode

Description

1 Genera l warning

2 Genera l error

3 Fata l error

4 Cannot a l locate enough memory

5 Ini tia l i zation error

6 Inva l id data

7 Feature not supported

8 Inva l id argument

9 Index out of bounds

10 Inva l id username or password

11 Inva l id s tate

12 Cannot open fi le

13 Cannot create/wri te fi le

14 Cannot a l locate enough disk space

15 Cannot find fi le

16 Statement retry

17 Metadata schema vers ion incompatible between database and executable fi le

18 Service shutting down

19 Inva l id l i cense

128 Trans action error

129 Trans action rol led back by an interna l error

130 Trans action rol led back by integri ty constra int violation

131 Trans action rol led back by lock wai t timeout

132 Trans action rol led back due to unava i lable resource

133 Trans action rol led back by detected deadlock

134 Fa i lure in access ing checkpoint fi le

135 Fa i lure in access ing anchor fi le

136 Fa i lure in access ing log fi le

137 Fa i lure in access ing archive fi le

138 Trans action seria l i zation fa i lure

139 Current operation cancel led by request and transaction rol led back

140 Inva l id wri te-transaction identi fier

141 Fa i lure in access ing invis ible log fi le

142 Exceed max num of concurrent transactions

143 Trans action seria l i zation fa i lure unti l timeout expi res

144 Trans action rol lback, unique constra int violated

145 Trans action dis tribution work fa i lure

146 Res ource busy and acquire with NOWAIT speci fied

147 Incons is tency between data and log

148 Trans action s tart i s blocked unti l Master_Restart fini shes

149 Dis tributed transaction commit fa i lure

150 Statement cancel led due to old snapshot

256 SQL process ing error

257 SQL syntax error

258 Ins ufficient privi lege

259 Inva l id table name

260 Inva l id column name

261 Inva l id index name

262 Inva l id query name

263 Inva l id a l ias name

264 Inva l id datatype

265 Expres s ion miss ing

266 Incons is tent datatype

267 Speci fied length too long for i ts datatype

268 Column ambiguous ly defined


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269 Too many va lues

270 Not enough va lues

271 Dupl icate a l ias

272 Dupl icate column name

273 Not a s ingle character s tring

274 Ins erted va lue too large for column

275 Aggregate function not a l lowed

276 Mis s ing aggregation or grouping

277 Not a GROUP BY express ion

278 Nested group function without GROUP BY

279 Group function i s nested

280 ORDER BY i tem must be the number of a SELECT-l i s t

281 Outer join not a l lowed in operand of OR or IN

282 Two tables cannot be outer-joined to each other

283 A table may be outer joined to at most one other table

284 Join field does not match

285 Inva l id join condi tion

286 Identi fier i s too long

287 Cannot insert NULL or update to NULL

288 Cannot use dupl icate table name

289 Cannot use dupl icate index name

290 Cannot use dupl icate query name

291 Argument identi fier must be pos i tive

292 wrong number of arguments

293 Argument type mismatch

294 Cannot have more than one primary key

295 Too long multi key length

296 Repl icated table must have a primary key

297 Cannot update primary key field in repl icated table

298 Cannot s tore DDL

299 Cannot drop index used for enforcement of unique/primary key

300 Argument index i s out of range

301 Unique constra int violated

302 Inva l id CHAR or VARCHAR va lue

303 Inva l id DATE, TIME or TIMESTAMP va lue

304 Divis ion by zero undefined

305 Single-row query returns more than one row

306 Inva l id cursor

307 Numeric va lue out of range

308 Column name a l ready exis ts

309 Correlated subquery cannot have TOP or ORDER BY

310 SQL error in procedure

311 Cannot drop a l l columns in a table

312 Sequence i s exhausted

313 Inva l id sequence

314 Numeric overflow

315 Inva l id synonym

316 wrong number of arguments in function invocation

317 P_QUERYPLANS not exis ts nor va l id format

318 Decimal precis ion speci fier i s out of range

319 Decimal sca le speci fier i s out of range

320 Cannot create index on express ion with datatype LOB

321 Inva l id view name

322 Cannot use dupl icate view name

323 Dupl icate repl ication ID

324 Cannot use dupl icate sequence name

325 Inva l id escape sequence


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326 CURRVAL of given sequence i s not yet defined in this sess ion

327 Cannot expla in plan of given s tatement

328 Inva l id name of function or procedure

329 Cannot use dupl icate name of function or procedure

330 Cannot use dupl icate synonym name

331 User name a l ready exis ts

332 Inva l id user name

333 Column not a l lowed

334 Inva l id user privi lege

335 Field a l ias name a l ready exis ts

336 Inva l id defaul t va lue

337 INTO clause not a l lowed for this SELECT s tatement

338 Zero-length col lumns are not a l lowed

339 Inva l id number

340 Not a l l variables bound

341 Numeric underflow

342 Col la tion confl i ct

343 Inva l id col la te name

344 Parse error in data loader

345 Not a repl ication table

346 Inva l id repl ication ID

347 Inva l id option in monitor

348 Inva l id datetime format

349 Cannot CREATE UNIQUE INDEX

350 Cannot drop columns in the primary-key column l i s t

351 Column i s referenced in a multi -column constra int

352 Cannot create unique index on CDX table

353 Update log group name a l ready exis ts

354 Inva l id update log group name

355 The base table of the update log table must have a primary key

356 Exceed maximum number of update log group

357 The base table a l ready has a update log table

358 Update log table can not have a update log table

359 Concatenated s tring i s too long

360 View WITH CHECK OPTION where-clause violation

361 Data manipulation operation not lega l on this view

362 Inva l id schema name

363 Number of index columns exceeds i ts maximum

364 Inva l id partia l key s i ze

365 No matching unique or primary key for this column l i s t

366 Referenced table does not have a primary key

367 Number of referencing columns must match referenced columns

368 Unique constra int not a l lowed on temporary table

369 Exceed maximum view depth l imit

370 Cannot perform DIRECT INSERT operation on table with unique indexes

371 Inva l id XML document

372 Inva l id XPATH

373 Inva l id XML duration va lue

374 Inva l id XML function usage

375 Inva l id XML index operation

376 Python s tored procedure error

377 JIT operation error

378 Inva l id column view

379 Table s chema mismatch

380 Fa i l to change run level

381 Fa i l to res tart

382 Fa i l to col lect a l l vers ion garbage


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383 Inva l id identi fier

384 Constant s tring i s too long

385 Could not res tore sess ion

386 Cannot use dupl icate schema name

387 Table ambiguous ly defined

388 Role a l ready exis ts

389 Inva l id role name

390 Inva l id user type

391 Inva l idated view

392 Can't ass ign cycl i c role

393 Roles must not receive a privi lege with grant option

394 Error revoking role

395 Inva l id user-defined type name

396 Cannot use dupl icate user-defined type name

397 Inva l id object name

398 Cannot have more than one order by

399 Role tree too deep

400 Primary key not a l lowed on insert-only table

401 Unique constra int not a l lowed on insert-only table

402 The user was a l ready dropped before query execution

403 Interna l error

404 Inva l id (non-exis tent) s tructured privi lege name

405 Cannot use dupl icate s tructured privi lege name

406 INSERT, UPDATE and UPSERT are disa l lowed on the generated field

407 Inva l id date format

408 Pass word or parameter required for user

409 Multiple va lues for a parameter not supported

410 Inva l id privi lege namespace

411 Inva l id table type

412 Inva l id password layout

413 Last n passwords can not be reused

414 User i s forced to change password

415 User i s deactivated

416 User i s locked

417 Can't drop without CASCADE speci fi cation

418 Inva l id view query for creation

419 Can't drop with RESTRICT speci fi cation.

420 Pass word change currently not a l lowed

421 Cannot create ful l text index

422 Privi leges must be ei ther a l l SQL or a l l from one namespace

423 LiveCache error

424 Inva l id name of package

425 Dupl icate package name

426 Number of columns mismatch

427 Cannot reserve index ID any more

428 Inva l id query plan ID

429 Integri ty check fa i led

430 Inva l idated procedure

431 User's password wi l l expi re within few days

432 This s yntax has been deprecated and wi l l be removed in next release

433 Nul l va lue found

434 Inva l id object ID

435 Inva l id express ion

436 Could not set sys tem l i cense

437 Only commands for l i cense handl ing are a l lowed in current s tate

438 Inva l id user parameter va lue

439 Compos i te error


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440 Table type convers ion error

441 This feature has been deprecated and wi l l be removed in next release

442 Number of columns exceeds i ts maximum

443 Inva l id ca lculation scenario name

444 Package manager error

512 Repl ication error

513 Cannot execute DDL s tatement on repl ication table whi le repl icating

514 Fa i lure in access ing anchor fi le

515 Fa i lure in access ing log fi le

516 Repl ication table has not confl i ct report table

517 Confl i ct report table a l ready enabled

518 Confl i ct report table a l ready disabled

576 API error

577 Cursor type of forward i s not a l lowed

578 Inva l id s tatement

579 Exceed maximum batch s i ze

580 Server rejected the connection(protocol vers ion mismatch)

581 This function can be ca l led only in the case of s ingle s tatement

582 This query does not have resul t set

583 Connection does not exis t

584 No more lob data

585 Operation i s not permitted

586 Inva l id parameter i s received from server

587 Res ul t set i s currently inva l id

588 Next() i s not ca l led for this resul t set

589 Too many parameters are set

590 Some paramters are miss ing

591 Interna l error

592 Not supported type convers ion

593 Remote-only function

594 No more resul t row in resul t set

595 Speci fied parameter i s not output parameter

596 LOB s treaming i s not permitted in auto-commit mode

597 Sess ion context error

598 Fa i led to execute the externa l s tatement

599 Sess ion layer i s not ini tia l i zed yet

600 Fa i led routed execution

601 Too many sess ion variables are set

602 Cannot set readonly sess ion variable

603 Inva l id LOB

604 Remote temp table access fa i lure

605 Inva l id XA join request

606 Exceed maximum LOB s i ze

607 Fa i led to cleanup resources

608 Exceed maximum number of prepared s tatements

1024 Sess ion error

1025 Communication error

1026 Cannot bind a communication port

1027 Communication ini tia l i zation error

1028 I/O control error

1029 Connection fa i lure

1030 Send error

1031 Receive error

1032 Cannot create a thread

1033 Error whi le pars ing protocol

1034 Exceed maximum number of sess ions

1035 Not supported vers ion


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1036 Inva l id sess ion ID

1037 Unknown hostname

1280 SqlScript error

1281 Wrong number or types of parameters in ca l l

1282 Output parameter not avariable

1283 OUT and IN OUT parameters may not have defaul t expres s ions

1284 Dupl icate parameters are not permitted

1285 At mos t one declaration i s permitted in the declaration section

1286 Cursor must be declared by SELECT s tatement

1287 Identi fier must be declared

1288 Expres s ion cannot be used as an ass ignment target

1289 Expres s ion cannot be used as an INTO-target of SELECT/FETCH s tatement

1290 Expres s ion i s inappropriate as the left hand s ide of an ass ignment s tatement

1291 Expres s ion i s of wrong type

1292 Il lega l EXIT s tatement, i t must appear ins ide a loop

1293 Identi fier name must be an exception name

1294 An INTO clause i s expected in SELECT s tatement

1295 EXPLAIN PLAN and CALL s tatement are not a l lowed

1296 Identi fier i s not a cursor

1297 Wrong number of va lues in the INTO l i s t of a FETCH s tatement

1298 Unhandled user-defined exception

1299 No data found

1300 Fetch returns more than requested number of rows

1301 Numeric or va lue error

1302 Para l lel i zable function cannot have OUT or IN OUT parameter

1303 User-defined exception

1304 Cursor i s a l ready opened

1305 Return type i s inva l id

1306 Return type mismatch

1307 Unsupported datatype i s used

1308 Il lega l s ingle ass ignment

1309 Inva l id use of table variable

1310 Sca lar type i s not a l lowed

1311 Out parameter i s not speci fied

1312 At mos t one output parameter i s a l lowed

1313 Output parameter should be a table or a table variable

1314 Inappropriate variable name: do not a l low "" for the name of variable or parameter

1315 Return resul t set from select s tmt exis t when resul t view i s defined

1316 Some out table var i s not ass igned

1317 Function name exceedes max. l imit

1318 Bui l t-in function not defined

1319 Parameter must be a table name

1320 Parameter must be an attribute name without a table name upfront

1321 Parameter must be an attribute name without an a l ias

1322 CE_CALC not a l lowed

1323 Parameter must be a vector of columns or aggregations

1324 Join attribute must be ava i lable in projection l i s t

1325 Parameter must be a vector of SQL identi fiers

1326 Dupl icate attribute name

1327 Parameter has a non supported type

1328 Attribute not found in column table

1329 Dupl icate column name

1330 Syntax Error for ca lculated Attribute

1331 Syntax Error in fi l ter express ion

1332 Parameter must be a va l id column table name

1333 Join attributes not found in variable

1334 Input parameters do not have the same table type


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1335 Cycl ic dependency found in a runtime procedure

1336 Unexpected interna l exception caught in a runtime procedure

1337 Variable depends on an unass igned variable

1338 CE_CONVERSION: customizing table miss ing

1339 Too many parameters

1340 The depth of the nested ca l l i s too deep

1536 Swapx error

1537 This table has no swap space

1538 Swap a l ready activated

1539 Swap not yet activated

1540 Swap s pace i s not created

1541 Fa i lure in unpinning a swap page

1542 Fa i lure in swap fi le

1543 Fa i lure in access ing swap data fi le

1544 Fa i lure in access ing swap log fi le

1545 Swap buffer overflow

1546 Swap buffer reservation fa i lure

1792 Shared memory error

1793 Inva l id key or inva l id s i ze

1794 The segment a l ready exis ts

1795 Exceed the sys tem-wide l imit on shared memory

1796 No segment exis ts for the given key, and IPC_CREAT was not speci fied

1797 The user does not have permiss ion to access the shared memory s egment

1798 No memory could be a l located for segment overhead

1799 Inva l id shmid

1800 Al low read access for shmid

1801 Shmid points to a removed identi fier

1802 The effective user ID of the ca l l ing process i s not the creator

1803 The GID or UID va lue i s too large to be s tored in the s tructure

1804 The user does not have permiss ion to access the shared memory s egment

1805 Inva l id shmid

1806 No memory could be a l located for the descriptor or for the page tables

1807 Unknown shared memory error

2048 Column s tore error

2049 Primary key i s not speci fied for column table

2050 Not supported ddl type for column table

2051 Not supported data type for column table

2052 Not supported dml type for column table

2053 Inva l id returned va lue from attribute engine

2304 Python DBAPI error

2305 Interface fa i lure

2306 Programming mis take

2307 Inva l id query parameter

2308 Not supported encoding for s tring

2560 Dis tributed metadata error

2561 DDL redi rect error

2562 DDL noti fi cation error

2563 DDL inva l id conta iner ID

2564 DDL inva l id index ID

2565 Dis tributed envi ronment error

2566 Network error

2567 Metadata update not supported in s lave

2568 Metadata update of master indexserver i s fa i led

2816 SqlScript Error

2817 SqlScript Bui l tin Function

2818 -2889

SqlScript

3584 Dis tributed SQL error


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3585 Expres s ion shipping fa i lure

3586 Operator shipping fa i lure

3587 Inva l id protocol or indexserver (s tati s ti csserver) shutdown during dis tributed query execution

3588 Sequence shipping fa i lure

3589 Remote query exectuion fa i lure

3840 genera l audi ting error

3841 Inva l id privi lege

3842 Audit tra i l wri ter i s blocked

3843 Audit pol icy wi th current name a l ready exis ts

3844 Inva l id combination of audi t actions

3845 Inva l id action s tatus for audi ting

3846 Inva l id audi ting level

3847 Inva l id pol icy name

4096 Genera l error in the process of s tored plan

4097 Inva l id operation in generating plans

4098 Inva l id operation in execution the chosen plan

4099 Inva l id operation in s toring the pinned plan

4100 Inva l id operation in loading the s tored plan

4101 Inva l id operation in deleting the chosen plan

4103 Fa i led to prepare for runtime reorganization

4104 Trans action blocked s ince runtime reorganization i s in progres s

4105ERR_REORG_TRANS_EXISTS_GENERAL. Cannot s tart reorganization due to the transactions inexecution


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