HABUMUGISHAProposal nyayo corrigee

7/31/2019 HABUMUGISHAProposal nyayo corrigee

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This document is dedicated to: Almighty god, my beloved father and mother, my sisters and brothers,

my friends and colleagues, all people who have helped me this report is dedicated

Acknowledgements

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First and foremost, I owe my thanks to the almighty God for his abundant blessing guidance and

protection during my research proposal. I deeply acknowledge UMUTARA POLYTECNIC for

providing all necessary facilities during research proposal period. I would thank all staff members of

faculty of veterinary medicine for the good organization of this research proposal with documentary

support and other various necessities.

I shall remember my classmates with whom we shared happiness and hard ship at UP.My special

acknowledge is extremely go to Ms. Margaret TUMUSIIME, my supervisor for her constant,

guidance, constructive advices and all possible help rendered for the successful completion of my

research proposal.

Finally, I acknowledge all members of my family for their advice and financial support. I am so glad

to express my acknowledge my friends for their moral support for successful completion of my

research proposal.

Table of contents

Declaration ...................................................................................................................... I

Dedication ....................................................................................................................... I

...................................................................................................................................... II

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Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... II

Table of contents ........................................................................................................... III

List of tables ................................................................................................................... V

Abbreviation and acronomy ........................................................................................... VI

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1

Background ................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Problem statement ................................................................................................ 3

1.3 Objectives ............................................................................................................. 3

The specific objectives are: .....................................................................3

1.4 Research question ................................................................................................. 4

1.5 Justification ............................................................................................................ 4

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................. 5

2.1 General aspect on haemonchus ............................................................................. 5

2.1.1 Etiology .........................................................................................5

2.1.2 Life cycle .......................................................................................5

2.1.3 Epidemiology .................................................................................6

2.1.4 Pathogenesis ............................................................................... 7

2. 1. 5 Clinical signs ...............................................................................7

2.1.6 Diagnosis ......................................................................................8

2.1.7 Treatment ...................................................................................8

............................................................................................................ 8

2.1.8 Control.......................................................................................... 9

2.1.9 Economic Importance .................................................................... 9

2.1.10 Prevalence of haemonchus from other researchers ........................ 9

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIAL AND METHODS ................................................................. 10

3.1. Study area .......................................................................................................... 10

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3.2 Research design .................................................................................................. 11

3.3. Target population ............................................................................................... 11

3.3.1 Sampling techniques ................................................................... 11

3.3.2 Sample size .................................................................................12

3.4 Data collection ..................................................................................................... 12

The following materials will be used in the study ................................... 12

3.5 Samples analysis ................................................................................................ 13

Qualitative technique using simple test tube flotation method ............... 13

3.6 Data analysis ....................................................................................................... 13

3.7 Limitation of the study ......................................................................................... 14

3.8 References .......................................................................................................... 14

3.9 Appendices .......................................................................................................... 17

3.9.1 Proposal budget .......................................................................... 17

3.9.2 Time frame of the study ............................................................... 17

List of tables

Table 1: Proposal budget

Table2: Time frame of the study

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Abbreviation and acronomy

Ms: Miss

UP: Umutara Polytechnic

MINAGRI: Ministry of Agriculture

BVM: Bachelor in veterinary Medicine

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Dr.: Doctor

Prof: Professor

Sp: species

L1, L2, L3, L4: Larva stage1, 2, 3, 4

E.P.G: Eggs per Gram

Ml: Milliliter

%: Per center

OC: Degree Centigrade

MM/an: Millilitre par an

G: Gram

WWW: World Wide Web

Org: Organisation

Doc: Document

FRW: Franc Rwandais

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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

Background

In East Africa, small ruminants play an important role in the livelihoods of rural poor farmers through

the provision of food and household income (Verbeek et al., 2007). This largely stems from easy

accessibility, high fertility and fecundity rates, prolific, early maturity and adaptability to different

environments (Winrock International, 1983).

In Rwanda, goats and sheep have an essential and overaching role in buttressing the lives of farmers.

In 2007, the country had 1,270,903 goats and 371,766 sheep (MINAGRI, 2007). Optimal

productivity of small ruminants is seldom reached in most developing countries mainly as a result of

gastro-intestinal parasitosis. Gastrointestinal infections are responsible for significant losses globally

particularly in the developing world where climatic conditions are conducive for their replication and

multiplication (Waller, 1997).

Haemonchosis (caused by Haemonchus) is primarily a disease of tropical and sub tropical regions,

this parasite has adapted to conditions ranging from tropical areas to cold, mountainous regions.(Dorny, et al., 1996;Eckert and Hertzberg, 1994;Newton, 1995). However high humidity, atleast in

microclimate of the faeces and the herbage isalso essential for larval development and their survival.

It is a serious health problem, which causes lowerproduction due to high morbidity, mortality and

cost oftreatment and control measures. The frequency andseverity of the disease largely depends on

the rainfall in any particular area. Surveys in countries around theworld have shown that amongst

domestic animals, sheep and Goats suffer more frequently from haemonchosis (Maqsood et al.,

1996); Nwosu et al., (2007); Tariq et al., (2008). The disease caused by this parasite (Haemonchus) is

prevalent wherever, sheep and goats are raised, but it exerts the greatest economic losses in temperate

and tropical regions (Blood et al., 1979). An overall loss of 23.8% in meat and 40% in wool

production has been reported in young sheep (Hussain and Akram, 1967). Apart fromHaemonchus

contortus there are other helminthes that can be found in small ruminants the most important of these

are Ostertagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus axei, and intestinal species of Trichostrongylus,

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Nematodirus sp, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, and Oesophagostomum columbianum. Cooperia

curticei, Strongyloides papillosus, Trichuris ovis, and Chabertia ovina also may be pathogenic in

sheep.

Small ruminant animals are adapted to different climates and the most varied conditions.

Unfortunately, worm diseases are a major problem interfering with their production. A precise

knowledge of the impact of infestation by haemonchus helminthes are the prerequisite to a better

management of the infestation. This research proposal is about study of the prevalence of

haemonchus helminthes in Nyagatare District at Nyagatare.

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1.1 Problem statement

In Rwanda, the livestock and animal husbandry in general is considered as a very important

component of national economy. Generally animal husbandry development particularly small

ruminants meet many constraints such as those due to infestation by gastrointestinal helminthes.

Haemonchus contortus is known to adapt well to even harsh conditions, which makes it more

difficult to eliminate. (Jacquiet, et al. 1998; White and Newton, 2001). Anemia and edema, or

swelling, are key damages caused by this parasite. TheHaemonchus contortusparasite can consume

up to a tenth of an animals total blood volume in a day. Anemia is most easily identified in small

ruminants by the color of the mucous membranes, particularly those in the lower eyelid. A normal

animal will have healthy, red mucous membranes, while one heavily burdened with Haemonchuswill

exhibit light pink or white membranes. Edema may also occur in animals heavily burdened with

Haemonchus. This accumulation of fluid will be most obvious as a swelling in the lower jaw, a

condition known as bottle jaw.

Because of the above effect there is need to conduct a study on prevalence of haemonchus in Goats

and sheep at Nyagatare District.

1.3 Objectives

The general objective:

To determine the prevalence of haemonchus in goats and sheep raised in Nyagatare District, at

Nyagatare Sector.

The specific objectives are:

To compare the level of infestation between sheep and goats, To compare the level of infestation of haemonchus in different sexes, and age group

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1.4 Research question

Is there difference of infestation of haemonchus according to sexes or ages groups.

Is there the difference of infestation of haemonchus between Goats and Sheep.

1.5 Justification

Raising sheep and goats in Africa and other continents generally and Rwanda particularly play a

significant role in the food chain and overall livelihoods of rural households, where they are largely

the property of women and their children. These animals can be reared for various reasons such as

income generation, religious purpose, household consumption and hobby and as security against crop

failure. The infection of haemonchus contortus parasites in those animals can cause significant

economic loss leading to the poor health, reduced growth, and mortality of kids.

There is little research done in Rwanda particularly about sheep and goats, so a need to determine

prevalence and to establish the presence ofhaemonchus contortus in Nyagatare District at Nyagatare

Sector.

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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 General aspect on haemonchus

2.1.1 Etiology

Haemonchosis caused by Haemonchus contortus is a predominant, highly pathogenic and

economically important disease of sheep and goats (Mortensen et al., 2003). These parasites are

commonblood feeders that cause anemia and reducedproductivity and can lead to death in heavily

infectedanimals (Githigia et al., 2001). It has been estimatedthat each worm sucks about 0.05 ml of

blood per dayby ingestion (Urquhart et al. 2000).

Microscopically, the male has asymmetrical dorsal lobe and barbed spicules; the female usually has a

flap vulvae. In both sexes there are cervical papillae and a tiny lancet inside the oral capsule (Taylor

et al., 2007).

2.1.2 Life cycle

Sheep and goats are generally affected by the same parasites, although certain parasites may affect

one species more severely than the other, and treatment methods may vary between sheep and goats.

Haemonchus contortus has a lifecycle that takes approximately 21 days to complete. The cycle

begins when the larvae in the infective Larva stage3 (L3) of development are ingested from the grass

and travel to the abomasum, or true stomach, of the host. Once in the abomasum the larvae will

follow one of two paths. They may proceed with further larval stages and the eventual developmentinto adults, or they will go into hypobiosis. This is an arrested development state that occurs when

conditions are not conducive for the entire life cycle to be complete.

When the L3 stage larvae enter the abomasum, provided that environmental conditions are favorable,

they will molt into the L4 stage of larval development and will then molt once more into adults.

Factors that induce the molting of the L4 larvae into adults include: greening of grass, a rise in5


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environmental temperature, rain following a drought period, increased estrogen levels in the host, and

possible even a photoperiod stimuli. Once the molt into an adult form is complete adults then begin to

lay eggs in the abomasum. During hypobiosis the L4 larvae hibernate in glands in the abomasum

without developing further or causing problems for the host. They remain metabolically inactive until

they receive signals that indicate it is time for them to resume development and then begin to lay

eggs. The signals that spur the L4 larvae to come out of hypobiosis are the same signals mentioned

above that indicate to them to develop in the first place. Once larvae leave hypobiosis, they resume

the normal lifecycle and begin to lay eggs. Haemonchus adults require about 14 days to begin laying

eggs in the stomach after reaching adulthood. TheHaemonchus adult female can lay up to 5,000 eggs

per day, and it is so difficult to control and so dangerous to sheep and goats. Females that have gone

through hypobiosis over the winter generally resume development two to four weeks prior to lambing

or kidding and begin to produce eggs. This phenomenon is called the periparturient rise in fecal egg

counts. The eggs laid in the abomasum are expelled from the body via the feces. Eggs in the feces

generally remain inactive for a few days in the environment, until the environment and temperature

become favorable for the development of these eggs into larvae. The larvae hatch from the egg and

then emerge from the pellets and move through larval stages L1, L2 and L3 of development. Once the

larvae reach the L3 stage, the infective stage, they emerge from the fecal pellet and climb up onto

blades of grass where they wait to be ingested by a grazing animal, thus completing the life cycle.

2.1.3 Epidemiology

Because larval development of Haemonchus contortus occurs optimally at relatively high

temperatures, haemonchosis is primarily a disease of small ruminants in warm climates. However,

since high humidity, at least in the microclimate of the faeces and the herbage, is also essential for

larval development and survival, the frequency and severity of outbreaks of disease is largelydependent on the rainfall in a particular area (Dunn, 1992).

The sudden occurrence of acute clinical haemonchosis appears to depend on two further factors.

First, the high feacal worm egg output of between 2,000 and 20,000 eggs per gram (e.p.g), even in

moderate infections, means that massive pasture populations of L3 may appear very quickly. Second,

in contrast to many other helminth infections, there is little evidence that goats and sheep in endemic

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areas develop an effective acquired immunity toHaemonchus contrortus, so that there is continuous

contamination of the pasture (Taylor et al., 2007).

In tropical areas such as East Africa, no significant degree of hypobiosis has been observed and this

may be due to more frequent rainfall in this areas making such an evolutionary development

unnecessary (Urguhart, 1989). The survival ofHaemonchus contortus infection on tropical pastures

is variable depending on the climate and degree of shade, but the infective larvae are relatively

resistant to desiccation and some may survive for 1-3 months on pasture or in faeces (Marquardt,

2000).

2.1.4 Pathogenesis

Essentially the pathogenesis of haemonchosis is that of an acute hemorrhagic anaemia due to the

blood-sucking habits of the worms. Each worm removes about 0.05 ml of blood per day by ingestion

and seepage from the lesions so that a sheep or a goat with 5000 Haemonchus contortus may loose

about 250 ml daily.

In acute haemonchosis, anemia becomes apparent for about 2 weeks after infection and is

characterized by a progressive and dramatic fall in the packed red cell volume. When the females are

affected, the consequent agalactia may result in the death of the suckling animals (Dunn, 1992). At

necropsy, between 2,000 and 20,000 worms may be present on the abomasal mucosa which shows

numerous small hemorrhagic lesions. The abomasal contents are fluid and dark brown due to the

presence of altered blood. The carcass is pale and oedematous and the red marrow has expanded from

the epiphyses into the modularly cavity. Less commonly, in heavier infections of up to 30,000

worms, apparently health sheep or goats may die suddenly from severe hemorrhagic gastritis (hyper

acute haemonchosis). Perhaps as important as acute haemonchosis in tropical areas is lesser known

syndrome of chronic haemonchosis. The continual loss of blood from small persisting burdens of

several hundred worms is sufficient to produce clinical signs associated primarily with loss of weight,

weakness and in appetence rather than marked anaemia (Urguhart, 1989).

2. 1. 5 Clinical signs

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In hyperacute cases, the animals die suddenly from hemorrhagic gastritis .Acute haemonchosis is

characterized by anaemia, variable degree of oedema, of which the submandibular form and ascites

are most easily recognized, lethargy, dark coloured feaces and falling wool. Diarrhea is not generally

a feature. Chronic haemonchosis is associated with progressive weight loss and weakness, neither

severe anaemia nor gross oedema being present (Tayloret al., 2007).

2.1.6 Diagnosis

The history and clinical signs are often sufficient for the diagnosis of the acute syndrome especially if

supported by fecal worm eggs counts. At Necropsy, attention is centred on both the abomasum and

the marrow changes in the long bones are also useful.

In hyperacute haemonchosis, only the abomasums may show changes since death may have occurred

so rapidly that marrow changes are minimal (Hall, 1996).

Diagnosis of chronic haemonchosis is more difficult because of the concurrent presence of poor

nutrition and confirmation may have to depend on the gradual disappearance of the syndrome after

anthelmintic treatment (Marquardt, 2000).

2.1.7 Treatment

When acute outbreak has occurred the small ruminants should be treated with one of the derivative of

Benzimidazoles, Levamizole or Ivermectin and immediately moved to pasture not recently grazed by

goats. When the original pasture is grazed again, prophylactic measures should be undertaken, as

enough larvae may have survived to institute a fresh cycle of infection. Chronic haemonchisis is dealt

with in similar fashion. If possible the new pasture should have a good nutrition value; alternatively

some supplementary may be given (Urguhart, 1989).

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2.1.8 Control

In the tropics and subtropics, this varies depending on the duration and number of periods in the year

when rainfall and temperature permit on pasture a high level ofHaemonchus contortus larvae to

develop. At such times, it may be necessary to use an anthelmitic at intervals of 2-4 weeks depending

on the degree of challenge.

Goats are treated at least once at the start of the dry season and preferably also before the start of

prolonged rain to remove persisting hypobiotic larvae whose development could pose a future

threat .For this purpose, one of the modern Benzimidazoles or Ivermictin is recommended (Tayloret

al., 2007).

2.1.9 Economic Importance

The major problem lies within the agricultural industry. These parasites cause great economic losses

in domestic animals, specifically sheep, and goat. BecauseHaemonchus contortusis a blood sucker,

it can induce anemia and edema. Also, the hemolytic proteins that the parasite releases can lead to

other intestinal disturbances. The host will often die with major infections. And then the Haemonchus

contortus exerts greatest economic losses in temperate and tropical regions (Blood et al., 1979). An

overall loss of 23.8% in meat and 40% in wool production has been reported in young sheep (Hussain

and Akram, 1967).

2.1.10 Prevalence of haemonchus from other researchers

On epidemiology study of haemonchosis in sheep and goats under different managemental

conditions, studies were performed at various Abbattoirs, livestock farms and veterinary

hospitals in the districts of Lahore, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura and Kasur in Punjab province.Post-mortem examinations of slaughtered animals were carried out and abomasa were checked

for the presence of the parasites. The date of collection, the number of total and infected

animals was recorded, the age sex, area of such animals was also maintained. During the

studies the seasonal prevalence was recorded. For this purpose the year was divided into 4

seasons as follows: winter (November-February), spring (March- April), summer (May-

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August), and autumn (September- October). The prevalence of haemonchosis in relation to

temperature, humidity, age and sex was also maintained. Faecal samples were examined by

direct smear, flotation and sedimentation techniques for the presence of Haemonchus eggs

(Muhammad F Q et al, 2009)

The study carried out to investigate the prevalence and seasonal trend of the Haemonchus

contortus in sheep and goats in the Potohar areas of northern Punjab, Pakistan different breeds

were examined by the modified McMaster technique. Results revealed that the infection was

significantly (P


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the country. It also receives lower precipitations. Nyagatare district is divided into 14 sectors

(imirenge): Gatunda, Kiyombe, Karama, Karangazi, Katabagemu, Matimba, Mimuli, Mukama,

Musheli, Nyagatare, Rukomo, Rwempasha, Rwimiyaga and Tabagwe. The District of Nyagatare is

characterized, in general, by lowly inclined hills separated by dry allies for a long period of the year

(June-October). The District is located in the granite low valley whose altitude is 1513, 5m.

District is characterized by two main seasons: one long dry season that varies between 3 and 5

months with an annual average temperature varying between 25,3C to 27,7C. The monthly

distribution of the rains varies from one year to another. Annual rain falls are both very weak

(827 mm/an) and very unpredictable to satisfy the needs in agriculture and livestock. The river is the

main water reserve for the people and the cattle in the large dry land. There is no other consistent

river that can be exploited by the population in Nyagatare. The District of Nyagatare contains half ofAkagera National Park where a vast number of Wild life is found including buffalo, Antelopes and

more other ruminants. The District also accommodates a huge variety of birds such as birds of prey,

guinea-fowl, partridges, heroes and so forth. The hares, Wild boars, monkeys and more other small

beasts of the rodent family are rarely found in the wooden savanna and in the natural vegetation.

There, in the River Umuvumba, you will find Hippopotamus.

3.2 Research design

Laboratory based diagnosis

3.3. Target population

3.3.1 Sampling techniques

During collection of the fecal sample for studying, and basing on population of animals (sheep and

Goats) found in Nyagatare Sector, and then to calculate sample size the formula of Yamane (1967)

will be used with the confidence level of 90% as follows:

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Description:

n=Sample size

N=Population size

e=the level of precision corresponding in 10%

3.3.2 Sample size

According to formula and basing also to the population size found in Nyagatare sector of 1658 sheep and

goats, a sample size will be considered by taking of 94 both sheep and goats conveniently.

According to age for Goats and Sheep fewer than 10 months will be considered as young.

3.4 Data collection

The following materials will be used in the study

Beakers (250ml), a tea stainer measuring, cylinder or other container graded by volume, fork, a stand,

test tube, microscope, slides and cover slips, balance and teaspoon, flotation fluid (40g of salt in

100ml of distilled water), formalin solution, laboratory coat, Pasteur pipettes.

Fecal samples will be collected directly from the rectum of the animal using gloves; about 15g of

faeces will be collected and put in a container then each sample will be labeled according to species,

age, and sexes and then the samples will be transported to laboratory for analysis and kept in a

refrigerate.

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3.5 Samples analysis

When the samples will be transported to laboratory for analysis, the technique for separating

known as qualitative technique will be used. In qualitative, simple test tube flotation method will be

used.

Qualitative technique using simple test tube flotation method

This method is a qualitative test for the detection of nematode eggs in the feces. After that the

samples will be arrived in the laboratory, approximately 5g of faeces well weighted for every sample

will be putted into container1, 20ml flotation fluid will poured into container1, and the faeces will be

mixed with flotation fluid thoroughly with a fork, then the resulting faecal suspension will poured

through a tea strainer into container2. And the faecal suspension will be poured into a test tube from

container2; the test tube will be placed in a stand, and gently top up the test tube with the suspension,

leaving a convex meniscus at the top of the tube and carefully a cover slip will placed on top of the

test tube; the test tube will be standed for 20 minutes, then carefully the coverslip will be left off

from the tube, together with the drop of fluid adhering to it, and immediately the coverslip will be

placed on a microscope slide. Then after the eggs will be observed forhaemonchus contortus on a

microscope and the result will be recorded according to animals species, age and sexes with

numbering of Haemonchus eggs for every focusing.The later will be helping in determination of the

level of infestation by haemonchus after categorize each animal according to heavy, moderate and

light stages.

3.6 Data analysis

The results will be analysed by using GenStat discovery 12 th edition program and Microsoft

Excel. The average number of eggs per animal will be calculated and comparison analyzed using

analysis of variance (ANOVA).

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3.7 Limitation of the study

This research proposal will be carried out to determine the prevalence ofHaemonchus contortus in

sheep and goats. It will be limited by lacking of some equipment and information facilities,

some farmers will be refusing to assess to their animals and some of the parts of the

study will be left untouched due to time and transporting facilities.

3.8 References

1. Dr W.J.A.Payne.(1985). Diseases and Parasites of Livestock in the Tropics 2 and Edition.233-

234 pages

2. Allonby E W. 1974. Ovine haemonchosis: Epidemiology, clinical signs and diagnosis. In: G

M Urquhart and J Armour (eds.), Helminth diseases of cattle, sheep and horses in Europe.

Robert Maclehose and Company, London, UK

3. Dr. Nshimiyimana Juvenal, Dr. Nyilimana Carine, Dr.Septiple Jeanne dArc and Dr.

Mutandwa Edward (2010). An analysis of the dynamics of Gastro-intestinal nematode

infection in small ruminants in the northern province of Rwanda.

4. Verbeek, E., E. Kanis, R.C. Bett and I.S. Kosgey, 2007.Socio-economic factors influencing

small ruminant breeding in Kenya. Livest. Res. Rural Dev., 19(6)

5. Waller, P.J., 1997. Nematode parasite control in the tropics/subtropics: The need for novel

approaches. Int. J. Parasitol., 27: 1193-1201/

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6. Winrock International, 1983. Sheep and goats in developing countries: Their present and

potential role. World Bank,Washington DC, USA.

7. MINAGRI, 2007. Strategic Plan for Agricultural Transformation in Rwanda, Document

Prepared by GECAD, Kigali, Rwanda.

8. Taylor, M.A., R. Coop and R. Wall, 2007. Veterinary Parasitology. 3rd Edn., Blackwell

Publishing, UK.

9. Zafar Iqbal, Masood Akhtar, M. Nisar Khan & M. Riaz*:prevalence and economic

significance of haemonchosis in sheep and goats slaughtered at faisalabad

abattoir/http://pakjas.com.pk/upload/64888.pdf

10.Dunn, A.M., 1992. Veterinary Helminthology. 2nd Edn., William Heinemann Medical Books,

London, ISBN-10:0433079517/PubMed .

11.B.,Mukasa-Mugerwa E and Scholtens R.C.(1987) Seasonal Changes in Nematodes Faecal

Egg Counts Sheep in EthiopianHighland, ILCE Bulletin, 29:9-11. International Tekelye

Livestock Center for Africa, Addis ababa, Ethiopia /http://www.ispub.com/journal/the-

internet-journal-of-veterinary-medicine/volume-7-number-1

12.Jacquiet, P., J. Cabaret, E. Thiam, D. Cheikh. 1998. Host range and the maintenance of

Haemonchus spp. in an adverse, arid climate.International Journal for Parasitology, 28: 253-

261.

13.White, G., S. Newton. 2001. A single chain variable reason immunoglobin library from the

abomasal lymph node of sheep infected with the gastrointestinal nematode parasite

Haemonchus contortus . Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 78: 117-129.

14.Blood, D.C., J.A. Henderson and a.M.Radostits. 1979. Veterinary Medicine.5th E d., Bailliere

Tindall, London, UK/

15. Hussain, M.Z. and M. Akram. 1967. Hostparasite relationship. 1. Studies on the productivity

of sheep as affected by haemonchosis. Pak. J. Sci. 5: 247-251/http

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1413459http://www.ispub.com/journal/the-internet-journal-of-veterinary-medicine/volume-7-number-1http://www.ispub.com/journal/the-internet-journal-of-veterinary-medicine/volume-7-number-1http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1413459http://www.ispub.com/journal/the-internet-journal-of-veterinary-medicine/volume-7-number-1http://www.ispub.com/journal/the-internet-journal-of-veterinary-medicine/volume-7-number-1


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3.9 Appendices

3.9.1 Proposal budget

ITEMS QUANTITY UNITY TOTALCOST/FRW

Transport 6 times 10,000 60,000

Internet 50hrs 400 20,000

Ream of printing 2reams 3,000 6,000

Typing and printing charges 5of 40pages 400 80,000

Binding of books 6books 1000 6,000

Communication 30 cards 1000 30,000

Insurance 6months 2,500 15,000

Total 217000

3.9.2 Time frame of the study

Month

June July October September

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Activities

Research proposal, data

ollection and analysis

Report writing,

ubmission

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HABUMUGISHAProposal nyayo corrigee

Documents

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