GWSS/PSYCH 357EXAM 2 REVIEW

Sex Drive/ Behavior

Releasing Hormones

Monthly Cycle Puberty

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PMS

Topic 1 – 10 Points

QUESTION:

•What are releasing hormones and what do they do?

ANSWER:

•Releasing hormones are hormones produced in the hypothalamus which travel through the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system to the anterior pituitary and stimulate and inhibit the production and release of the tropic hormones.

Topic 1 – 20 Points

QUESTION:

•What are the seven releasing hormones (RH)?

ANSWER:•a) Corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH)•b) Thyrotropic hormone releasing hormone (TRH)•c) Somatostatin•d) Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)•e) Gonadotropin hormone releasing hormone (GnRH)•f) Dopamine•g) Prolactin stimulating hormone (PSH)

Topic 1 – 30 Points

QUESTION:•What does CRH, TRH, Somatostatin, GHRH, GnRH, Inhibin, Dopamine and PSH do?

ANSWER:•CRH - stimulates the production and release of ACTH •TRH - stimulates the production and release of TSH•Somatostatin - inhibits the production and release of GH•GHRH - stimulates the production and release of GH•GnRH - stimulates the production and release of both FSH and LH•Inhibin - acts at the anterior pituitary to inhibit the production and release of FSH•Dopamine - inhibits the production and release of prolactin•PSH - stimulates the production and release of prolactin

Topic 1 – 40 Points

QUESTION:

•In the adult female, how does very low estrogen, moderate estrogen and very high estrogen affect GnRH?

ANSWER:

•Very low estrogen - stimulates the production of GnRH•Moderate estrogen - Inhibits GnRH•Very high estrogen - stimulates GnRH

Topic 1 – 50 Points

QUESTION:•When is the one time of the month when estrogen overrides the “negative feedback” system and makes it go to a “positive feedback” loop and why?

ANSWER:•Estrogen overrides the system 24 hours before ovulation when the Graafian follicle that is pushing against the ovary sends a signal that the ovum is ready for ovulation by dumping all of its remaining estrogen into the bloodstream. This very high level of estrogen stimulates GnRH release, which then stimulates production of both FSH and LH which is needed in order to trigger ovulation. The GnRH level in this case is so high that it overwhelms the effect of inhibin. So, massive release of E = massive release of GnR = massive release of LH and FSH = ovulation

Topic 2 – 10 Points

QUESTION:

•What are the three actions of androgen?

ANSWER:

•Controls sex drive•Controls acne•Stimulates the growth of pubic and underarm hair

Topic 2 – 20 Points

QUESTION:

•How does androstenedione have a testosterone effect in women without having the overall masculinizing effect of testosterone?

ANSWER:

•Once androstenedione enters into its target tissue it is converted to testosterone. This way, the testosterone acts only on the specific tissue it is meant for and does not masculinize the rest of the body on its way to the specific target tissue.

Topic 2 – 30 Points

QUESTION:

•What are the three classes of hormones that the adrenal cortex releases and what are their functions?

ANSWER:•Glucocorticoids - controls glucose metabolism and food intake•Mineralocorticoids - regulate levels of minerals and electrolytes such as sodium or potassium•Sex steroids (androgen, estrogen and progesterone)- various actions on the body

Topic 2 – 40 PointsQUESTION:

•List the Estrogen and Progesterone levels across the monthly cycle:

ANSWER:Estrogen

a) Levels increase on Day 1 and gradually increase throughout the preovulatory phase (because the follicles are growing)b) Surge 24 hours prior to ovulation.c) Levels decrease after surge (through ovulation).d)Levels rise during the postovulatory phase as the corpus luteum develops.Drop off just before menses when the corpus luteum dies.

Progesteronea) Levels low on Day 1b)Stay very low throughout the preovulatory phasec) Increase during the postovulatory phase with the development of the corpus luteumd) Drop off just before menses with the death of the corpus luteum

Topic 2 – 50 Points

QUESTION:•List the FSH and LH levels across the monthly cycle:

ANSWER:

FSHa) Begin to rise at the end of the postovulatory phase.b) Decrease in late preovulatory phase.c) Surge at the exact time of ovulation because of massive surge of estrogen by GnRH.d) Decrease after ovulation and stays low throughout most of the postovulatory phase

LHa) Begin to increase on Day 1 to stimulate estrogenb) Rise to moderate level and stay relatively steady for the rest of the preovulatory phasec) Surge at ovulation.d) Declines right after ovulation to make CLe) Increases toward the end of the luteal phase and then declines again

Topic 3 – 10 Points

QUESTION:

•What is the difference between puberty and adolescence?

ANSWER:

•Puberty refers to the biological maturation of an individual from being unable to reproduce to being able to reproduce while adolescence refers to the social transition in which an individual moves from a dependent, child like role to an independent, adult role.

Topic 3 – 20 Points

QUESTION:

•What are Tanner’s five stages of pubertal development?

ANSWER:

•a) Start of the adolescent growth spurt•b) Thelarche•c) Simultaneous adrenarche and peak of the growth spurt•d) Underarm hair formation•e) Menarche

Topic 3 – 30 Points

QUESTION:

•What hormone(s) are involved in the adolescent growth spurt, thelarche, adrenarche, and underarm hair formation?

ANSWER:•Adolescent growth spurt: Estrogen, androgen and growth hormone•Thelarche: Estrogen and prolactin•Adrenarche: First sign is pubic hair formation - an androgen effect•Underarm hair formation: Androgen only

Topic 3 – 40 PointsQUESTION:

•What are factors have been found to correlate with early menarche?

ANSWER:•a) increased menstrual distress•b) more worry about menstruation•c) poorer preparation for menses•d) increased risk of depression•e) more negative body image and disordered eating•f) increased risk of substance abuse•g) higher risk for poor school performance•h) increased social popularity•i) earlier onset of dating and sexual behavior

Topic 3 – 50 PointsQUESTION:A. What is exercise-induced amenorrhea and what happens hormonally in this stage?B. Is exercise-induced amenorrhea reversible? How?C. What are three causes of exercise-induce amenorrhea?

ANSWER:D. Failure to menstruate as a result of intense athletic or dance training. GnRH, LH

and FSH and estrogen levels are suppressed so ovulation does not occurE. Yes, ending strict athletic/ dance training can cause a return of cyclicity and

menstruation

1. Low body fat2. Change in the muscle: fat ratio (muscle > fat) as a result of an increase in muscle

or decrease in fat3. Nutritional deficit state: energy output > energy input (can be caused as a result of

increasing exercise without eating extra to compensate for the energy loss)

Topic 4 – 10 Points

QUESTION:

● Between recall and concurrent studies, which is a more accurate measure of mood and behaviors during the menstrual cycle? Why?

ANSWER:

● Concurrent studies because by having women keep daily diaries of their moods, behaviors and cycle phases the responses are less tainted by stereotypes of moods/ behaviors

Topic 4 – 20 Points

QUESTION:1. In recall studies, what symptoms do women report to be associated with

the menstrual cycle?2. In concurrent studies, what relationships between mood and behavior and

the monthly cycle do women report?

ANSWER:3. a) An increase in negative moods and behaviors premenstrually

b) And sometimes an increase in positive moods during the follicular phase or midcycle

4. a) More positive moods and behaviors during the follicular phase or at mid-cycle.b) They report no correlation between negative moods and behaviors and the premenstrual phase of the cycle

Topic 4 – 30 Points

QUESTION:

● Name three non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions for PMDD

ANSWER:Non-pharmacological: 1. Awareness 2. Improved social support

3. Cognitive behavioral therapy4. Increased aerobic exercise5. Changed diet: high carbs/ low

protein, decreased caffeine and sodium, increased calcium intake

Pharmacological:1. Selective Serotonin Reuptake

Inhibitors2. Anxiolytics3. Hormonal contraceptives and

GnRH agonists that stop the cycle

Topic 4 – 40 Points

QUESTION:1. PMDD can only be diagnosed as such if the person has at least one of four

behavioral symptoms. What are they? List all.2. What are the other requirements for diagnosis with PMDD?

ANSWER:

1. At least one of the following:

● Marked affective lability● Marked irritability or

anger● Depressed mood or

hopelessness● Marked anxiety, tension

2. Other requirements:● Symptoms must occur during most cycles

for at least one year● Symptoms must interfere with work, social

activities and/or relationships● Symptoms must be restricted to the

perimenstrual time period (7 days before to 3 days after the onset of menses)

● Symptoms must be confirmed by daily diary for at least two cycles

● Symptoms not due to drug use or general medical condition

Topic 4 – 50 Points

QUESTION:1. What is menstrual synchrony and what is the cause?2. Do all cohabitating women become synchronous?3. Stern and McClintock (1998) found that women exposed to underarm secretions

from women in their late follicular phase (post menses to the day before LH surge) resulted in what? from women who had just ovulated resulted in what?

ANSWER:

1. Menstrual synchrony is the tendency for cycles of women who live together to become more synchronous (existing or occurring at the same time). It is apparently a response to pheromonal secretions (like those found in underarm perspiration).

2. No, factors leading to menstrual synchrony are not fully clear, but a greater number of shared activities may result in greater likelihood of synchrony

3.Late follicular phase:-Early LH surge (ovulation) and shortening of the cycleJust ovulated:-Delayed LH surge and lengthened cycle

Topic 5 – 10 Points

QUESTION:

•At what time in the cycle did Harvey find an increase in female autosexual behaviors?

ANSWER:

•A clear peak at ovulation

Topic 5 – 20 Points

QUESTION:

•What effect of the cycle did Harvey find on male partners of women?

ANSWER:

•Partner initiated behavior follows the pattern of female autosexual behavior. They are more likely to initiate sex at ovulation, perhaps in response to chemical or behavioral signals from the woman.

Topic 5 – 30 Points

QUESTION:

•What effect of the cycle did Matteo & Risman find on female partners of women?

ANSWER:

•The pattern of partner initiated behavior did not follow that of female autosexual behavior.

Topic 5 – 40 Points

QUESTION:

ANSWER:

Topic 5 – 50 Points

QUESTION:

ANSWER: