GUIDELINES FOR ECUMENICAL WORSHIP: A ......B. EUCHARISTIC THEOLOGY AND ECUMENICAL WORSHIP 93 C....
Transcript of GUIDELINES FOR ECUMENICAL WORSHIP: A ......B. EUCHARISTIC THEOLOGY AND ECUMENICAL WORSHIP 93 C....
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GUIDELINES FOR ECUMENICAL WORSHIP:
A HANDBOOK FOR LOCAL CHURCH LEADERS
A P r o f e s s i o n a l P r o j e c t
P r e s e n te d t o
T he F a c u l t y o f The S c h o o l o f T h e o lo g y
a t C la re m o n t
I n P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t o f
t h e R e q u ire m e n ts f o r t h e D e g re e
D o c to r o f M i n i s t r y
b y
G e o f f r e y H u n te r M oran
J u n e 1977
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This professional project, completed by
G e o f f re y H u n te r M oran
has been presented to and accepted by the Faculty
of the School of Theology at Claremont in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
DOCTOR OF MINISTRY
Faculty Committee
I • '
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am in d e b te d t o s e v e r a l p e o p le who h a v e g iv e n g u id a n c e and
a s s i s t a n c e i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s p a p e r . P a u l A . C row , J r . an d
K e i th W a tk in s o f f e r e d h e l p f u l s u g g e s t io n s i n t h e f o r m a t iv e s t a g e o f
t h e p r o j e c t . P a u l S . S t a u f f e r o f I n d i a n a p o l i s an d W ill ia m J e r r y B oney
o f R ichm ond, V i r g i n i a g a v e e s p e c i a l l y h e l p f u l in f o r m a t io n o n i n t e r i m
e u c h a r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p s i n t h e i r c i t i e s .
I am m o s t g r a t e f u l t o R o n a ld E . O sb o rn an d E dw in G. W ap p le r
f o r t h e i r s u p e r v i s i o n an d a s s i s t a n c e .
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
P ag e
C h a p te r
1 . INTRODUCTION 1
2 . PREPARING CONGREGATIONS FOR ECUMENICAL WORSHIP 9
MOTIVATION FOR ECUMENICAL WORSHIP 9E ig h t S u g g e s t io n s 10M u tu a l R e c o g n i t io n o f Members 13C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f E c u m e n ic a l W o rsh ip 15
BUILDING AN ECUMENICAL BASE 18STEPS TOWARD ECUMENICAL WORSHIP 22
G e t t i n g S t a r t e d 23The P la n n in g C o m m ittee 26The P la n n in g A genda 27Im p le m e n ta t io n 35
SUMMARY 36
3 . THE THEOLOGY OF THE EUCHARIST IN ECUMENICAL PERSPECTIVE 39
TRENDS IN EUCHARISTIC THOUGHT 40ISSUES IN EUCHARISTIC DOCTRINE 48
The P re s e n c e o f C h r i s t i n th e E u c h a r i s t 5 1
The U n d e r s ta n d in g o f M i n i s t r y and t h e E u c h a r i s t 62E u c h a r i s t an d S a c r i f i c e 6 9
A FORMAT FOR STUDY AND DISCUSSION 7 2
SUMMARY 7 4
4 . A PROCESS TO EVALUATE ECUMENICAL WORSHIP 76
5 . SUMMARY 8 6
BIBLIOGRAPHY 8 8
A . WORKS CITED 89
B. EUCHARISTIC THEOLOGY AND ECUMENICAL WORSHIP 93
C . CHURCH HISTORY AND HISTORY OF LITURGY 94
D. EUCHARISTIC CONSENSUS STATEMENTS 95
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LIST OF FIGURES
F ig u r e P age
1 . B a s i c P r o c e s s f o r IEF 38
2 . B a s ic P r o c e s s f o r IEF 81
3 . IEF P r o c e s s w i th I n t e g r a t e d E v a l u a t i o n S y stem s 83
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V
ABSTRACT
In t h e r e c e n t h i s t o r y o f t h e e c u m e n ic a l m ovem ent o n e c a n s e e an
e m e rg in g e c u m e n ic a l c o n s e n s u s o n t h e e u c h a r i s t o r L o r d 's S u p p e r . T h i s
d o c t r i n a l an d l i t u r g i c a l c o n s e n s u s e m a n a te s fro m t h r e e s o u r c e s : t h e
l i t u r g i c a l m ovem ent, t h e e c u m e n ic a l m ovem en t, an d m o d ern b i b l i c a l
s c h o l a r s h i p .
H igh l e v e l e c u m e n ic a l c o u n c i l s an d b i l a t e r a l d i s c u s s i o n s b e
tw e e n d e n o m in a t io n s h a v e l i m i t e d im p o r ta n c e i f t h e i r i n f l u e n c e n e v e r
r e a c h e s t h e p e o p le o f t h e c h u r c h i n l o c a l c o n g r e g a t i o n s . The e m e rg in g
e c u m e n ic a l c o n s e n s u s m eans l i t t l e i f i t d o e s n o t r e s u l t i n e c u m e n ic a l
o b s e r v a n c e o f t h e e u c h a r i s t b y t h e p e o p le o f t h e c h u r c h .
I n 1971 t h e C o n s u l t a t i o n o n C h u rc h U n io n (COCU) u rg e d i t s mem
b e r c h u r c h e s an d o t h e r C h r i s t i a n com m unions t o b e g in e c u m e n ic a l e u c h a
r i s t i c s e r v i c e s o n a r e g u l a r b a s i s . T he COCU te rm " i n t e r i m e u c h a r i s t i c
f e l l o w s h i p " (IE F ) d e s c r i b e s t h i s s h a r in g o f t h e e u c h a r i s t among C h r i s
t i a n s o f d i f f e r e n t c h u r c h e s w i th t h e r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t IEF i s n o t c o r
p o r a t e u n io n b u t a s t e p o n t h e way t o u n io n an d u n i t y .
A lth o u g h COCU p u b l i s h e d a b r i e f p a m p h le t i n 1973 e n t i t l e d G u id e
l i n e s f o r I n t e r i m E u c h a r i s t i c F e l l o w s h i p , t h e i n c r e a s i n g p o t e n t i a l f o r
a l a r g e num ber o f IE F s a c r o s s t h e U .S .A . c a l l s f o r a m o re s u b s t a n t i a l
p r a c t i c a l g u id e f o r l o c a l c h u r c h l e a d e r s i n t e r e s t e d i n e c u m e n ic a l w or
s h i p .
T h i s i d e n t i f i e s t h e c e n t r a l q u e s t i o n o f t h i s p a p e r : How do
c o n g r e g a t io n s go a b o u t p r e p a r i n g f o r an d e n g a g in g i n e c u m e n ic a l w o r
s h ip ?
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T he a n sw e r t o t h i s q u e s t i o n i s s o u g h t b y i n t e g r a t i n g t h e p r a c
t i c a l n e e d s an d p ro b le m s o f l o c a l c o n g r e g a t io n s i n d e v e lo p in g a e u c h a
r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p w i th t h e u n d e r ly in g i s s u e s o f c o n te m p o ra ry e c u m e n ic a l
th e o lo g y . The p a p e r p u l l s t o g e t h e r t h e r e s o u r c e s fro m v a r i o u s ec u m e n i
c a l b o d i e s , t h e r e p o r t e d e x p e r ie n c e o f s e v e r a l IE F s a c r o s s t h e n a t i o n ,
and t h e a u t h o r ' s own e x p e r ie n c e i n e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip .
T he p ro b le m o f m o t iv a t i o n f o r e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip i s a d d r e s s e d
f i r s t w i th a num ber o f p r a c t i c a l s u g g e s t io n s b e in g o f f e r e d f o r l o c a l
c h u rc h u s e . T hen a b a s i c p r o c e s s f o r d e v e lo p in g a n IEF i n a com m unity
o f c h u r c h e s i s s e t f o r t h . T h is p r o c e s s i n c l u d e s how t o co n v e n e a r e p
r e s e n t a t i v e p la n n in g co m m itte e ,- , a s t e p - b y - s t e p a g e n d a f o r t h e IEF p l a n
n in g c o m m itte e , an d s p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s d u r in g im p le m e n ta t io n .
T h re e m o d e ls f o r IE F s a r e s u g g e s te d t o h e l p a com m unity d e v e lo p a v i a
b l e IE F d e s i g n f o r i t s p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n . T he a d v a n ta g e s an d d i s
a d v a n ta g e s o f e a c h m odel a r e d i s c u s s e d b a s e d o n a c t u a l IEF e x p e r i e n c e .
A s e p a r a t e c h a p te r i s d e v o te d t o e v a l u a t i o n o f e c u m e n ic a l w o r
s h i p . T he c r i t i c a l p o i n t s o f t h e IE F p r o c e s s e a c h h a v e p a r t i c u l a r
c o n c e r n s f o r e v a l u a t i o n . T h e se a s w e l l a s o v e r a l l e v a l u a t i o n c r i t e r i a
f o r e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip a r e d i s c u s s e d .
A m a jo r p a r t o f t h e p a p e r d e a l s w i th t h e th e o lo g y o f t h e e u c h a
r i s t i n e c u m e n ic a l p e r s p e c t i v e . T he m a jo r t h e o l o g i c a l i s s u e s w h ich
u n d e r l i e t h e p r a c t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n c h u r c h e s a r e ex am in ed in
s i m p l i f i e d fo rm s u i t a b l e f o r l a y s tu d y an d d i s c u s s i o n . I n a d d i t i o n to
g e n e r a l t r e n d s o f e u c h a r i s t i c th o u g h t , t h e i s s u e s d i s c u s s e d in c lu d e
t h e p r e s e n c e o f C h r i s t i n t h e e u c h a r i s t , t h e r e l a t i o n o f v a l i d m in i s
t r i e s t o t h e e u c h a r i s t , an d t h e c o n c e p t o f t h e e u c h a r i s t a s s a c r i f i c e .
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T h is p r a c t i c a l h an d b o o k f o r l o c a l c h u rc h l e a d e r s a t t e m p t s t o
m ee t a n u r g e n t n eed o f t h e c h u r c h e s i n th e U .S .A . I t b r i n g s t h e im
p o r t a n t e c u m e n ic a l b r e a k th r o u g h s o u t from s c h o l a r l y j o u r n a l s and m akes
them a v a i l a b l e an d u n d e r s t a n d a b le f o r l o c a l c h u rc h l e a d e r s . O n ly i n
t h i s way ca n t h e em e rg in g e c u m e n ic a l c o n s e n s u s o n t h e e u c h a r i s t b e
t r a n s l a t e d i n t o a c t u a l e u c h a r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p among p e o p le an d c h u r c h
e s .
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Chapter 1
1
INTRODUCTION
M ost C h r i s t i a n s to d a y a r e a c c u s to m e d t o t h e i d e a t h a t t h e
c h u rc h i s d i v i d e d . T h is a t t i t u d e i s u n d e r s ta n d a b ly common b e c a u s e d i
v i s i o n s i n t h e c h u rc h h a v e e x i s t e d f o r so lo n g t h a t g e n e r a t i o n a f t e r
g e n e r a t i o n h a s grow n up i n a d i v i d e d c h u r c h . C h r i s t i a n i t y i n t h e U .S.A .
a l s o show s t h e e f f e c t s o f i d e o l o g i c a l a n d s o c i o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s w h ich
make i t seem e n t i r e l y a p p r o p r i a t e t h a t C h r i s t i a n s s h o u ld h a v e a " s u p e r
m a r k e t 's c h o ic e " o f c h u r c h e s i n w h ich t o p a r t i c i p a t e v o l u n t a r i l y . T h is
" s u p e rm a rk e t m e n t a l i t y " a p p e a r s m o s t d i s t u r b i n g l y i n t h e o b s e r v a n c e o f
t h e L o rd ’ s S u p p e r o r E u c h a r i s t .
Few C h r i s t i a n s w o u ld a s s e r t t h a t J e s u s in te n d e d h i s m e m o ria l
m e a l t o t a k e p l a c e i n s e p a r a t e , e x c l u s i v i s t i c d i v i s i o n s among h i s f o l
lo w e r s . Y e t b e c a u s e o u r v i s i o n o f o n e u n i t e d c h u rc h i s so b l u r r e d an d
d i s t o r t e d , t o m o s t C h r i s t i a n s a d i v i d e d t a b l e i s n e i t h e r a la r m in g n o r
e v e n u n c o m f o r ta b le .
D e s p i t e t h e lo n g h i s t o r i e s o f d o c t r i n a l d i s p u t e s i n t h e c h u rc h
an d t h e c o n s e q u e n t s e p a r a t i o n o f C h r i s t i a n s fro m o n e a n o t h e r a t t h e
l o r d ' s S u p p e r , now some C h r i s t i a n s a r e e x p e r i e n c i n g t h e s i n g u l a r jo y o f
e u c h a r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p a c r o s s d e n o m in a t io n a l l i n e s . The im p o r ta n c e o f
t h e s e e x p r e s s i o n s o f u n i t y i n t h e L o r d 's S u p p e r c a n n o t b e o v e r s t a t e d .
When i n d i v i d u a l s an d c o n g r e g a t io n s w o r s h ip t o g e t h e r an d p a r t a k e o f One
B re a d an d One Cup th e y a r e g i v i n g t e s t im o n y t o an d p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n t h e
One Body o f C h r i s t a t i t s m o s t im p o r ta n t l e v e l .
H igh l e v e l e c u m e n ic a l c o u n c i l s c e r t a i n l y p r o v id e a n e c e s s a r y
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2
a n d i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t o f th e c h u r c h 's q u e s t f o r u n i t y , b u t a n y a g r e e
m en t o r c o n s e n s u s t h e r e h a s l i t t l e m ean in g i f t h e p e o p le o f t h e c h u rc h
i n i t s l o c a l e x p r e s s i o n s do n o t know o r c a r e a b o u t o r p a r t i c i p a t e i n
i t a s w e l l .
F u r th e r m o r e , t h e l o c a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n e u c h a r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p
i s b o t h a m ean s t o l i v e o u r way to w ard u n i t y a s w e l l a s a n e x p r e s s i o n
o f u n i t y i t s e l f . E ach s i n c e r e c e l e b r a t i o n o f t h e e u c h a r i s t p ro m is e s
t h e p r e s e n c e o f C h r i s t a n d o u r com m union w i th h im an d o n e a n o t h e r . As
a c e l e b r a t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e One Body o f C h r i s t , e u c h a r i s t i c f e l
lo w s h ip i s a jo y o u s e x p r e s s i o n o f u n i t y a t t h a t t im e a n d p l a c e , b u t
a l s o i t i s a n e x p r e s s i o n o f C h r i s t i a n l i v e s d i r e c t e d to w a rd f u l l u n i t y
o f t h e C h u rc h U n i v e r s a l .
How h a s t h i s e u c h a r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p come a b o u t? L o o k in g t o t h e
h i s t o r y o f t h e e c u m e n ic a l m ovem ent we c a n s e e a n e m e rg in g c o n s e n s u s o n
t h e d o c t r i n e o f t h e e u c h a r i s t . C o n se n su s s t a t e m e n t s i n v a r i o u s ecum en
i c a l b o d i e s an d b i l a t e r a l d i s c u s s i o n s h a v e g iv e n fo o d f o r t h o u g h t f o r
t h e c h u r c h e s f o r s e v e r a l d e c a d e s . B u t i n r e c e n t y e a r s no o t h e r ecum en
i c a l g ro u p h a s m ade s u c h s i g n i f i c a n t p r o g r e s s c o n c e rn in g t h e e u c h a r i s t
a s t h e C o n s u l t a t i o n o n C h u rc h U n io n (COCU) .■*■ I t s s i g n i f i c a n c e i s t h a t
i t s c o n s e n s u s o n t h e e u c h a r i s t i s m ore t h a n a " p a p e r u n i t y . " I t i s
a c t e d o u t i n e u c h a r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p s a c r o s s t h e U n i te d S t a t e s .
^COCU c o n s i s t s o f t e n d e n o m in a t io n s : A f r i c a n M e th o d is tE p i s c o p a l C h u rc h , A f r i c a n M e th o d is t E p is c o p a l Z io n C h u rc h , C h r i s t i a n C h u rch ( D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t ) , C h r i s t i a n M e th o d i s t E p i s c o p a l C h u rc h , E p i s c o p a l C h u rc h , N a t io n a l C o u n c i l o f C om m unity C h u rc h e s , P r e s b y t e r i a n C h u rch i n t h e U .S . , U n i te d C h u rch o f C h r i s t , U n i te d M e th o d is t C h u rc h , U n i te d P r e s b y t e r i a n C h u rc h in t h e U .S .A .
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3
I n 1971 COCU's t e n t h p l e n a r y b o l d l y recom m ended to i t s member
c h u r c h e s an d o t h e r C h r i s t i a n communions t h a t t h e y "move i n t h e n e a r
2f u t u r e t o a n i n t e r i m e u c h a r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p o n some r e g u l a r b a s i s . "
H av in g a g r e e d o n a m u tu a l ly a c c e p t a b l e O rd e r o f W o rsh ip ^ i n 1 9 6 8 ,
COCU’ s W o rsh ip C o m m issio n p r e p a r e d a b r i e f p a m p h le t i n 1973 e n t i t l e d
G u id e l in e s f o r I n t e r im E u c h a r i s t i c F e l l o w s h i p . T h i s p a m p h le t w as i n
te n d e d t o a i d c o n g r e g a t i o n s who a r e c o m m itte d t o w o rk in g o u t t h e m ean
in g o f c e l e b r a t i n g t h e e u c h a r i s t t o g e t h e r .
Now, o v e r h a l f a d e c a d e a f t e r t h e p l e n a r y 's re c o m m e n d a tio n ,
o v e r t h i r t y i n t e r i m e u c h a r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p s (IE F s ) a r e i n p r o g r e s s
a c r o s s t h e U .S .A . A s t h e num ber o f IE F s i n c r e a s e s t h e r e i s a g r e a t e r
n e e d f o r a m o re s u b s t a n t i a l , p r a c t i c a l g u id e f o r i n t e r e s t e d l o c a l
c h u r c h e s .
T h is i d e n t i f i e s t h e c e n t r a l q u e s t i o n o f t h i s p a p e r . How do
c o n g r e g a t io n s g o a b o u t p r e p a r i n g f o r an d e n g a g in g i n e c u m e n ic a l w o r
s h ip ? Two f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s a r e im p l ie d b y t h e f i r s t . W hat p r o c e s s
w i l l p r e p a r e a c o n g r e g a t i o n o f o n e com m union t o s h a r e t h e L o r d 's S u p p e r
w i th i n t e g r i t y an d s e n s i t i v i t y w i th o t h e r c o n g r e g a t io n s ? W hat th e o
l o g i c a l i s s u e s u n d e r l i e t h e p r a c t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s w h ic h f o r s o lo n g
h a v e d i v i d e d t h e L o r d 's T a b le ?
2COCU, D i g e s t , X (1 9 7 1 ) , 3 6 . T he o n l y o t h e r e c u m e n ic a l p ro g ra m
w h ic h com es n e a r t h e a d v a n c e s o f COCU i s fro m t h e L u th e r a n I n s t i t u t e f o r E c u m e n ic a l R e s e a rc h , S t r a s b o u r g , F r a n c e . S ee " E u c h a r i s t i c H o s p it a l i t y , " D i a l o g , X II (Summer 1 9 7 3 ) , 2 2 4 -2 3 0 . A ls o s e e C h a r l e s M. A u s t i n , " E u c h a r i s t i c H o s p i t a l i t y , " Lamp, LXXII ( J a n u a r y 1 9 7 4 ) , 2 0 -2 2 .
3COCU, An O rd e r o f W o rsh ip ( C i n c i n n a t i : F o rw a rd M ovem ent,
1 9 6 8 ) .
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T h re e l i m i t s t o t h e s c o p e o f t h i s p r o j e c t m u s t b e s e t f o r t h a t
t h e o u t s e t . F i r s t , o u r a t t e n t i o n w i l l b e d i r e c t e d t o e u c h a r i s t i c w or
s h i p . The a lm o s t u n i v e r s a l l y a c c e p te d norm o f C h r i s t i a n w o rs h ip i s
t h e h i s t o r i c p a i r i n g o f Word an d S a c ra m e n t. I f o u r g u i d e l i n e s f o r e c
u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip d o n o t f o c u s o n t h e n o rm a tiv e fo rm o f w o rs h ip we w i l l
n o t a c h ie v e o u r p u r p o s e . A ls o , e u c h a r i s t i c w o rs h ip i s o n e o f t h e f o c a l
p o i n t s i n t h e c o n f lu e n c e o f t h e e c u m e n ic a l m ovem ent, th e l i t u r g i c a l
m ovem ent, an d m odern b i b l i c a l s c h o l a r s h i p .
S eco n d , we w i l l l i m i t o u r d i s c u s s i o n t o t h e c h u rc h e s w h ic h h av e
e x p r e s s e d t h e i r o p e n n e s s t o e u c h a r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p , e s p e c i a l l y t h e t e n
COCU c h u r c h e s . W h ile o t h e r b i l a t e r a l a n d c o n c i l i a r n e g o t i a t i o n s h av e
m ade s i g n i f i c a n t p r o g r e s s i n r e c e n t y e a r s , COCU a l o n e h a s a r r i v e d a t
t h i s p r a c t i c a l p h a s e o f im p le m e n ta t io n a t t h e l o c a l c h u rc h l e v e l .
L ik e w is e , i t i s h a r d ly a p p r o p r i a t e t o s u g g e s t g u i d e l i n e s f o r ecum en
i c a l w o rs h ip p r o h i b i t e d o r d i s c o u r a g e d b y d e n o m in a t io n a l a u t h o r i
t i e s .
F i n a l l y , i t s h o u ld b e r e i t e r a t e d t h a t t h e t a r g e t a u d ie n c e f o r
t h i s p r o j e c t i s t h e c l e r g y an d l a i t y o f l o c a l c h u r c h e s . A d e t a i l e d
t h e s i s o n e u c h a r i s t i c th e o lo g y i s n o t in te n d e d h e r e . T he t h e o l o g i c a l
i s s u e s d i s c u s s e d w i l l b e p r e s e n te d i n summary fo rm w i th d e t a i l e d
o r i g i n a l s o u rc e d a t a i n d i c a t e d i n t h e f o o t n o t e s .
T he s i n g l e fu n d a m e n ta l a s s u m p tio n on w h ich t h i s p r o j e c t i s
g ro u n d e d i s t h a t C h r i s t i n t e n d s t h a t C h r i s t i a n s w o rs h ip and e a t h i s
s u p p e r i n u n i t y . W h ile s c h o l a r s may d i s a g r e e a s t o w h e th e r t h e L a s t
S u p p er w as a P a s s o v e r m ea l o r t h e common " f e l l o w s h i p m e a l" (ch ab G rah )
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o f J u d a is m , i t i s c l e a r t h a t i n e i t h e r c a s e i t w as a r i t u a l m e a l .4
S a c re d m e a ls i n v i r t u a l l y a l l r e l i g i o n s a r e n o t a b l e f o r t h e i r sy m b o l
i z i n g t h e u n i t y o f t h e com m unity a t t h e m ea l t a b l e w i th o n e a n o t h e r
and w i th t h e d i v i n e .
I n t h e b i b l i c a l t r a d i t i o n God i s r e v e a l e d i n c o n c r e t e e x i s
t e n t i a l m a n i f e s t a t i o n s i n h i s t o r y . I n t h e P a s s o v e r m ea l t h e s a v in g
p r e s e n c e o f God i s r e c a l l e d a n d r e l i v e d i n t h e communal e a t i n g o f b i t
t e r h e r b s , u n le a v e n e d b r e a d , an d t h e p a s c h a l lam b . T h is s a c r e d m ea l
w as r e i n t e r p r e t e d b y t h e e a r l y C h r i s t i a n s t o s i g n i f y t h e d e f i n i t i v e
a c t i v i t y o f God i n t h e w o rld i n J e s u s . W here t h e J e w is h r i t u a l m ea l
r e c a l l e d t h e d e l i v e r a n c e fro m t h e c a p t i v i t y o f t h e P e o p le o f God i n
E g y p t , t h e C h r i s t i a n m eal p o i n t s t o C h r i s t ' s d e l i v e r a n c e o f p e o p le from
t h e e n s la v e m e n t o f s i n . ^
A s we u n d e r s ta n d t h e J e w is h b a c k g ro u n d o f J e s u s an d t h e c o n t e x t
i n w h ic h h e a t e t h e l a s t s u p p e r w i t h h i s d i s c i p l e s , we r e a l i z e t h a t
u n i t y among th o s e who e a t t h e m ea l o f rem em b ran ce i s a n e s s e n t i a l u n
d e r s t a n d i n g . I t f o l l o w s th e n t h a t c e l e b r a t i o n o f t h e L o r d 's S u p p e r i n
s e p a r a t e an d c lo s e d c o m m u n itie s d e n ie s t h e f u l l m ean in g J e s u s in te n d e d
when h e a t e w i t h h i s d i s c i p l e s ]ong a g o . In d e e d a s we e x c lu d e o t h e r
C h r i s t i a n s fro m o u r t a b l e s , so w i l l we d e n y o u r s e l v e s t h e f u l l n e s s o f
f e l l o w s h i p t h a t i s o f f e r e d i n t h e L o r d 's S u p p e r . And a s we o p e n o u r
t a b l e s t o a l l who r e s p o n d t o C h r i s t ' s i n v i t a t i o n t o e a t w i th h im , so
^T ad W. G u z ie , J e s u s an d t h e E u c h a r i s t (New Y ork: P a u l i s tP r e s s , 1 9 7 4 ) , p . 4 4 .
S p i e r r e B e n o i t , R o lan d E . M urphy, an d B a s t i a a n Van I e r s e l (e d s .) , T he B re a k in g o f B re a d (New Y ork : P a u l i s t P r e s s , 1 9 6 9 ) , p . 2 .
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w i l l we b e o p e n e d t o r e c e i v e t h e f u l l jo y and p r e s e n c e o f C h r i s t i n
h i s s u p p e r .
C l a r i f i c a t i o n o f s e v e r a l te rm s i s n e c e s s a r y a t t h i s p o i n t .
V a r io u s t i t l e s h a v e b e e n a p p l i e d t o t h e C h r i s t i a n r i t u a l m ea l o f b r e a d
an d t h e c u p . I t i s c a l l e d " th e E u c h a r i s t , " " th e L o r d 's S u p p e r ," "H oly
C om m union," " th e D iv in e L i t u r g y , " an d " t h e M a s s ." None o f t h e s e e x
c lu d e s a n o t h e r b u t r a t h e r e a c h te rm b r i n g s a u n iq u e e m p h a s is an d u n d e r
s t a n d i n g .
" E u c h a r i s t " d e n o te s th a n k s g iv in g f o r w h a t God h a s d o n e an d d o e s f o r u s i n J e s u s C h r i s t . "The L o r d 's S u p p e r" m akes i t c l e a r t h a t o u r L o rd J e s u s C h r i s t i s t h e h o s t . "H o ly Communion" s t r e s s e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e g i f t s b e s to w e d i n C h r i s t an d f e l l o w s h i p w i th h im an d h i s p e o p le . " L i tu r g y " u n d e r l i n e s t h e l i n k b e tw e e n t h e w ork o f p r a y e r and s e r v i c e i n t h e w o r ld . "T he M ass" p o i n t s t o t h e p e r f e c t s a c r i f i c e o f C h r i s t o n o u r b e h a l f .®
T he te rm " i n t e r i m e u c h a r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p " (IE F ) m eans t h e
s h a r in g o f t h e e u c h a r i s t among C h r i s t i a n s o f d i f f e r e n t c h u r c h e s . The
a d j e c t i v e " in t e r i m " e x p r e s s e s t h e r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t IEF i s n o t c o r p o r a t e
u n io n , " b u t i s a v i t a l s t e p a lo n g t h e ro a d to w a rd f u l l e r u n i t y / u n i o n . "
T h e re a r e m any s t u d i e s o n e u c h a r i s t i c th e o lo g y , a l e s s e r num ber
o n e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip an d o n ly a few r e s o u r c e s f o c u s in g o n t h e l o c a l
Oc h u r c h 's p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n e c u m e n ic a l e u c h a r i s t i c w o r s h ip . T he g e n e r a l
w o rk s v a r y g r e a t l y i n p u r p o s e . T h e re a r e p u r e ly i n v e s t i g a t i v e s t u d i e s o f
t h e n a t u r e o f t h e e u c h a r i s t s e e n fro m l i m i t e d c o n f e s s i o n a l p e r s p e c t i v e s .
®COCU, A P la n o f U n io n f o r t h e C h u rc h o f C h r i s t U n i t i n g ( P r in c e to n : 1 9 7 0 ) , p . 3 5 .
7COCU, G u id e l in e s f o r I n t e r im E u c h a r i s t i c F e l lo w s h ip ( P r i n c e
to n : 1 9 7 3 ) , p . 4 .
Q
A l i s t o f recom m ended w o rk s i s fo u n d a t B ib l io g r a p h y B.
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T h e re a r e c o l l e c t i o n s o f i n v e s t i g a t i v e s t u d i e s m ade b y s e v e r a l s c h o l a r s
fro m d i f f e r e n t c h u r c h e s a s s e m b le d u n d e r o n e c o v e r t o e n c o u ra g e ecum en
i c a l p e r s p e c t i v e on t h e e u c h a r i s t . T h e re a r e p o s i t i o n p a p e r s p r e p a r e d
w i th t h e s p e c i f i c i n t e n t o f s t a t i n g a c o n f e s s i o n a l s t a n c e f o r e c u m e n i
c a l d i s c u s s i o n s ( e . g . p a p e r s p r e p a r e d i n a d v a n c e o f F a i t h an d O rd e r
c o n f e r e n c e s ) . And t h e r e a r e s t u d i e s p ro d u c e d e c u m e n ic a l ly , t h a t i s , a
g ro u p s t a t e m e n t made b y p e r s o n s o f d i f f e r e n t c h u r c h e s . S uch s t a t e m e n t s
may o r may n o t b e o f f i c i a l l y s u p p o r te d by t h e d e n o m in a t io n s r e p r e s e n t e d .
M ost o f t h e s e s t u d i e s a r e s c h o l a r l y w o rk s n o t i n t e n d e d f o r t h e
n o v ic e . A s i n g u l a r e x c e p t io n i s t h e L iv in g Room D ia lo g u e s e r i e s b e g u n
9m 1965 a s a j o i n t Roman C a t h o l i c , O r th o d o x , and P r o t e s t a n t v e n t u r e .
A s t h e t i t l e i m p l i e s , t h e s e b o o k s a r e s tu d y g u id e s f o r i n f o r m a l g a t h e r
i n g s o f l a y p e r s o n s t o d i s c u s s common b e l i e f s and d i f f e r e n c e s . As we
s h a l l n o t e l a t e r , t h i s p r o c e s s b e a r s s i g n i f i c a n t l y o n o u r p r o j e c t .
S e v e r a l d o c u m e n ts fro m COCU a l s o h a v e p a r t i c u l a r im p o r ta n c e f o r
t h e p r o j e c t . We h a v e a l r e a d y m e n tio n e d th e m u tu a l ly a c c e p t a b l e O rd e r
o f W o rsh ip an d G u i d e l i n e s f o r I n t e r i m E u c h a r i s t i c F e l l o w s h i p . A new s
l e t t e r , I n C om m unity, i s now p u b l i s h e d b y COCU f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f s h a r
in g t h e e x p e r ie n c e o f l o c a l IE F s a c r o s s t h e c o u n t r y .
The im p o r ta n c e o f o u r t o p i c s h o u ld b e c l e a r . T h o se who h av e
e a t e n t h e L o r d 's S u p p e r i n a f e l l o w s h i p w h ich t r a n s c e n d s d i v i s i o n know
t h e u n iq u e f u l f i l l m e n t t h a t c a n n e v e r q u i t e b e e x p e r ie n c e d i n e x c l u s i v e
l y d e n o m in a t io n a l w o r s h ip . I n t e r i m e u c h a r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p c a n g iv e a
gJam es J . Young ( e d .) T h i r d L iv in g Room D ia lo g u e s (New Y ork :
F r i e n d s h i p P r e s s , 1 9 7 0 ) , p . 7 .
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8
g l im p s e o f t h e f u l l v i s i o n o f u n i t y t h a t i s o u r g o a l . I t c a n p r o v id e
a c e l e b r a t i o n o f t h e L o r d 's S u p p e r a s t h e L o rd h i m s e l f in te n d e d i t : i n
u n i t y .
O ur i n t e n t i o n i n t h i s p a p e r i s t o i n t e g r a t e m e e t in g t h e p r a c t i
c a l n e e d s o f l o c a l c h u r c h l e a d e r s i n d e v e lo p in g a e u c h a r i s t i c f e l l o w
s h i p in a com m unity o f c h u r c h e s w i th t h e u n d e r ly i n g i s s u e s o f co n tem
p o r a r y e u c h a r i s t i c t h e o lo g y .
Now t h a t we h a v e in t r o d u c e d t h e p r o j e c t , l e t u s p r o c e e d . C hap
t e r Two d e a l s w i th t h e p r o c e s s b y w h ich i n d i v i d u a l c o n g r e g a t io n s can
p r e p a r e f o r an d e n g a g e i n e c u m e n ic a l e u c h a r i s t i c w o r s h ip . The th e o
l o g i c a l i s s u e s w h ich u n d e r l i e many o f t h e p r a c t i c a l an d p a s t o r a l p ro b
le m s a r e i d e n t i f i e d an d d i s c u s s e d i n C h a p te r T h r e e . T hen C h a p te r F o u r
g i v e s s u g g e s t i o n s f o r e v a l u a t i n g e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip .
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Chapter 2
9
PREPARING CONGREGATIONS FOR ECUMENICAL WORSHIP
To s u g g e s t o n e p r o c e s s f o r c o n g r e g a t io n s i n t e r e s t e d i n w o rk in g
to w a rd e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip w ould b e f o o l i s h . E ach c o n g r e g a t io n h a s a
p a r t i c u l a r s e t o f f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g t h e w ays i t g o e s a b o u t i t s l i f e .
The sam e c a n b e s a i d f o r a n y com m unity i n w h ich e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip
m ig h t t a k e p l a c e . O ur a p p ro a c h t h e r e f o r e i s t o s u g g e s t a v a r i e t y o f
w ays i n w h ich c o n g r e g a t io n s m ig h t p r o c e e d . T h ese s u g g e s t io n s a r e d raw n
fro m many s o u r c e s i n c lu d in g g u i d e l i n e s fro m COCU, t h e e x p e r ie n c e o f
e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip b y IE F s an d o t h e r e u c h a r i s t i c c o m m u n itie s , an d my
own e x p e r i e n c e .
To d i s c u s s how c o n g r e g a t io n s c a n p r e p a r e f o r e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip
t h e c h a p te r i s d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e s e c t i o n s . F i r s t , t h e p ro b le m o f mo
t i v a t i o n f o r e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d . T h en we w i l l d e a l
w i th c o n g r e g a t io n a l a c t i o n s w h ich l a y t h e f o u n d a t io n f o r e c u m e n ic a l
w o r s h ip . T hen we w i l l d i s c u s s t h e s p e c i f i c a c t i o n s w h ich c a n b e u n d e r
t a k e n t o p l a n an d o r g a n iz e e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip w i th o t h e r c o n g r e g a t io n s .
I n many s i t u a t i o n s t h e s e tw o p r o c e s s e s ( f o u n d a t io n b u i l d i n g an d a c t u a l
e c u m e n ic a l p rog ram m ing) w i l l o c c u r s im u l t a n e o u s ly . I n o t h e r s t h e g r a d
u a l l a y in g o f a f i r m e c u m e n ic a l b a s e m ig h t go o n f o r a y e a r o r m ore
b e f o r e v i s i b l e p ro g ra m s em erg e .
MOTIVATION FOR ECUMENICAL WORSHIP
P ro b a b ly t h e g r e a t e s t s i n g l e o b s t a c l e t h a t s t a n d s i n t h e way o f
e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip among c o n g r e g a t io n s i s m o t iv a t i o n . I f a l a r g e number
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10
o f p e o p le o f s e v e r a l c o n g r e g a t io n s r e a l l y w an ted t o s h a r e t h e e u c h a r i s t
t o g e t h e r i t w ould h a p p e n . An o ld a d a g e sum s up t h e s i t u a t i o n : W here
t h e r e ' s a w i l l , t h e r e ' s a w ay.
So t h e v e r y f i r s t p ro b le m t h a t m u s t b e a d d r e s s e d h e r e i s how
C h r i s t i a n s c a n becom e m o t iv a te d t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip .
O n ly a f t e r t h a t c a n we p ro c e e d t o d i s c u s s i n g p a r t i c u l a r s t e p s i n t h e
p r o c e s s . B e fo re we t r y t o f i n d t h e "way" we m u s t h a v e t h e " w i l l . "
A lo n g s id e t h e g e n e r a l l a c k o f m o t iv a t io n f o r e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip
i s a l a c k o f m o t iv a t io n a g a i n s t i t . M ost C h r i s t i a n s i n m a in l in e p r o -
t e s t a n t i s m to d a y d o n o t c a r e a b o u t e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip o n e way o r a n o th
e r . L a r g e ly r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e s e a t t i t u d e s i s t h e f a c t t h a t C h r i s t i a n s
h a v e becom e so a c c u s to m e d t o t h e d i v i d e d s t a t e o f t h e c h u rc h t h a t l i t
t l e c o n c e r n i s g iv e n t o i t s u n i t y .
A d e c a d e ag o t h e r e was a c e r t a i n e c u m e n ic a l s t i r i n t h e c h u r c h
e s p ro m p te d o n t h e w o r ld s c a l e b y V a t i c a n I I an d i n t h e U .S .A . b y t h e
C o n s u l t a t i o n o n C h u rch U n io n . I n d e e d some who saw t h e c o v e r o f A P la n
o f U n io n i n 1970 th o u g h t t h a t t h e u n i t e d c h u r c h w as j u s t a ro u n d t h e
c o r n e r . W h a te v e r e c u m e n ic a l e x c i t e m e n t r e a c h e d t h e g r a s s r o o t s o f t h e
c h u r c h t h e n h a s c e r t a i n l y w orn o f f b y now.
E ig h t S u g g e s t io n s
D e s p i t e t h i s a p p a r e n t l y a p a t h e t i c s i t u a t i o n t h e r e a r e im p o r
t a n t a t t i t u d e s i n c o n g r e g a t io n s t h a t c a n b e f o s t e r e d t o i n c r e a s e t h e
o p e n n e s s an d m o t iv a t io n to w a rd e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip . L i s t e d b e lo w a r e
e i g h t s u g g e s t i o n s f o r im p ro v in g e c u m e n ic a l m o t iv a t i o n .
F i r s t , we m u s t h e l p t h e l o c a l c h u rc h u n d e r s ta n d i t s e l f a s p a r t
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11
o f t h e One U n i v e r s a l C h u rc h . How we t a l k a b o u t o t h e r C h r i s t i a n b o d ie s
o f t e n i n d i c a t e s t h a t we r e a l l y t h i n k o f them a s o p p o n e n ts i n s t e a d o f
b r o t h e r s an d s i s t e r s i n o n e f a m i ly h o u s e h o ld .
S eco n d , a s we u n d e r s ta n d t h e u n i v e r s a l c l a im s o f C h r i s t i a n i t y
we s h o u ld a l s o t h i n k a b o u t t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s o f u n i v e r s a l i s m f o r u n i t y .
T h a t t h e r o o t s o f t h e e c u m e n ic a l m ovem ent g rew o u t o f t h e m is s io n a r y
e x p e r ie n c e t e s t i f i e s t o t h e n o t io n t h a t a s i n g l e C h r i s t i a n g o s p e l w as
n e e d e d t o b e a u t h e n t i c t o t h e w o r ld . I t h a s t a k e n much l o n g e r , how
e v e r , f o r t h e C h r i s t i a n s who s e n t m i s s i o n a r i e s i n e c u m e n ic a l c o o p e ra
t i o n t o s e e t h e n e e d f o r u n i t y o f t h e C h r i s t i a n w i t n e s s a t home a s w e l l
a s a b r o a d .
T he g ro w in g s e n s e t h a t " o u r way i s n o t t h e o n ly w ay" i s an axiom
o f o u r i n c r e a s i n g l y p l u r a l i s t i c c u l t u r e . T h is a t t i t u d e c a n h a v e b o th
p o s i t i v e an d n e g a t i v e e f f e c t s o n e c u m e n ic a l m o t i v a t i o n . I f i t i s s e e n
t h a t t h e many "w ays" o f C h r i s t i a n i t y c a n b e m u tu a l ly e n r i c h i n g o f e a c h
o t h e r i n t h e common l a r g e r "W ay," t h e n t h e e f f e c t i s p o s i t i v e . B u t i f
t h i s p l u r a l i s t i c a t t i t u d e i s i n t e r p r e t e d a s " L e t them d o i t t h e i r way
an d we w i l l d o i t o u r s , " t h e n we r e a l l y o n ly h a v e t o l e r a n t s e c t a r i a n i s m .
F o u r th , a c o n g r e g a t io n w h ich i s e x p o se d t o t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e
c h u rc h u n d e r s t a n d s t o a g r e a t e r e x t e n t t h e common r o o t s t h a t a r e s h a r e d
b y a lm o s t a l l c h u r c h e s . F u r th e rm o re , t h e r e c e n t h i s t o r y o f t h e c h u r c h
show s t h e r e m a rk a b le c o n v e rg in g t r e n d s o n i s s u e s w h ich o n c e c a u s e d b i t
t e r c o n t r o v e r s y .
M o t iv a t io n a n d o p e n n e s s c a n a l s o b e i n c r e a s e d b y t h e i n t e n t i o n
a l u s e o f a p p r o p r i a t e a c t s o f w o rs h ip o f o t h e r t r a d i t i o n s . The u s e o f
c l a s s i c p r a y e r s o r c r e e d s c a n h e lp f o s t e r a s e n s e o f common h e r i t a g e
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12
an d f a i t h w i t h a l l C h r i s t i a n s i n a l l t im e s an d p l a c e s . L ik e w is e t h e
hymns su n g i n o n e t r a d i t i o n may come fro m t h e p e n s o f p ro m in e n t f i g u r e s
o f o t h e r t r a d i t i o n s ( e . g . L u th e r , W e s le y , e t c . ) S in g in g t h e s e hym ns
c a n g i v e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r a s h o r t com m ent a b o u t t h e a u t h o r an d h i s o r
h e r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e common f a i t h .
T he l a s t t h r e e i n o u r l i s t o f e i g h t s u g g e s t i o n s h a v e t a n g i b l e
p r a c t i c a l v a lu e w h ere t h e f i r s t f i v e t r y t o i n f l u e n c e b a s i c a t t i t u d e s .
T h e re a r e many a c t i v i t i e s an d p ro g ra m s t h a t a r e d e s i r a b l e i n c h u r c h e s
w h ic h s im p ly c a n n o t b e s u p p o r te d b y s m a l l c o n g r e g a t i o n s . E cu m e n ic a l
c o o p e r a t i o n c a n s o lv e m any o f t h e s e d ile m m a s . E x am p les o f s u c h p r o
g ra m s m ig h t b e a c o l l e g e a g e y o u th g ro u p , a com m unity fo o d an d c l o t h e s
c l o s e t f o r t h e n e e d y , a n o r c h e s t r a o r h a n d b e l l c h o i r , a n a u d i o - v i s u a l
r e s o u r c e c e n t e r , e t c . Many s u c h i d e a s a r e n e v e r t r i e d e c u m e n ic a l ly
b e c a u s e o f t h e im m e d ia c ie s o f p a r i s h l i f e . A c o l l o q u i a l e x p r e s s i o n o f
t h i s sy ndrom e s a y s i t l i k e t h i s : When you a r e u p t o y o u r n e c k i n a l
l i g a t o r s , i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o t h i n k a b o u t d r a i n i n g t h e swamp. In d e e d
t h e "swamp d r a i n i n g " e f f e c t o f e c u m e n ic a l c o o p e r a t i o n among c h u r c h e s
c o u ld r e l i e v e t h e p r e s s u r e s o f s e v e r a l p a r i s h " a l l i g a t o r s . " We n o te
t h a t n o n e o f t h e s e i d e a s f o r c o o p e r a t i o n h a d a n y th in g t o do w i th e c u
m e n ic a l w o r s h ip p e r s e , b u t a l l o f th em i n c r e a s e t h e p o s i t i v e m o t iv a
t i o n f o r e c u m e n ic a l a c t i v i t y i n g e n e r a l .
A s e v e n th s u g g e s t i o n com es fro m s i t u a t i o n s e x p e r ie n c e d by many
f a m i l i e s . B e c a u se o f m a r r i a g e s a c r o s s d e n o m in a t io n a l l i n e s , f a m i l i e s
an d g e n e r a t i o n s w i t h i n f a m i l i e s a r e o f t e n e c c l e s i a s t i c a l l y s p l i t . One
m i n i s t e r t o l d me o f s e v e r a l f a m i l i e s i n h e r c o n g r e g a t io n who lo o k e d
fo r w a rd so m uch t o t h e a n n u a l e c u m e n ic a l com m union s e r v i c e o n Maundy
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13
T h u rs d a y so t h a t t h e y c o u ld a l l s h a r e t h e L o r d 's S u p p e r t o g e t h e r a s
w h o le f a m i l i e s . S im i l a r m o t iv a t i o n c a n come fro m w a n tin g t o s h a r e t h e
e u c h a r i s t w i t h a c q u a i n t a n c e s a t w o rk , s c h o o l , o r t h e n e ig h b o rh o o d .
F i n a l l y , t h e r e a r e p ro b a b ly a num ber o f C h r i s t i a n s to d a y who
c a n b e m o t iv a te d t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip b u t who a r e v e r y
u n c o m f o r ta b le w i th t h e t h o u g h t s o f s t r u c t u r a l u n i t y t h a t g rew o u t o f
m is c o n c e p t io n s o f A P la n o f U n io n i n 1 9 7 0 . We m u s t b e c a r e f u l h e r e
n o t t o a d v o c a te a " s p i r i t u a l u n i t y " w h ic h w i l l n e v e r t a k e o n o r g a n ic
v i s i b l e fo rm i n t h e w o r ld . B u t e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip d o e s p r o v i d e a n e x
c e l l e n t s t a r t i n g p l a c e f o r C h r i s t i a n s t o h a v e a t a s t e o f w h a t u n i t y i s
l i k e .
T h e s e e i g h t s u g g e s t i o n s f o r im p ro v in g m o t iv a t i o n f o r e c u m e n ic a l
a c t i v i t y a r e m ean t t o s p a r k t h e im a g in a t io n o f l o c a l c h u r c h l e a d e r s h i p .
I t i s b y no m eans a n e x h a u s t iv e l i s t .
M u tu a l R e c o g n i t io n o f Members
A s we h a v e m e n tio n e d e a r l i e r , u n f o r t u n a t e l y fe w a c t i o n s t h a t
come o u t o f h ig h l e v e l e c u m e n ic a l c o n v e r s a t i o n s e v e r a f f e c t t h e c o n g r e
g a t i o n a l l e v e l o f t h e c h u r c h e s . T h is m ay n o t b e t r u e , h o w e v e r , i n t h e
c a s e o f a m a jo r e c u m e n ic a l s t e p t a k e n b y COCU i n 1 9 7 4 . I n i t s t w e l f t h
p l e n a r y , COCU a g r e e d o n a n a f f i r m a t i o n e n t i t l e d "Tow ard t h e M u tu a l R e c -
o g n t io n o f M em bers" an d r e f e r r e d i t t o t h e r e s p e c t i v e d e n o m in a t io n a l
b o d ie s f o r s t u d y .^
^■COCU, 'T ow ard t h e M u tu a l R e c o g n i t io n o f M em bers: An A f f i r m a t i o n , " M id -S tre a m , XV ( A p r i l 1 9 7 4 ) , 3 3 5 .
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The a f f i r m a t i o n i n c l u d e s t h r e e k e y s t a t e m e n t s t h a t (1 ) a l l who
a r e b a p t i s e d i n t o C h r i s t a r e m em bers o f H is c h u rc h and s h a r e i n H is
m i n i s t r y th r o u g h th e P e o p le o f God, (2) m em b ersh ip i n a p a r t i c u l a r
c h u r c h i s m em b ersh ip i n t h e w h o le P e o p le o f God, an d (3) u n i t y i n
C h r i s t ' s U n iv e r s a l C h u rch th r o u g h b a p t i s m d o e s n o t a b o l i s h m em b ersh ip
( e n r o l lm e n t) i n a p a r t i c u l a r c h u r c h , n o r d o e s i t m ean p l u r a l s im u l t a n e -
2o u s m em b ersh ip m s e v e r a l c h u r c h e s .
Of e q u a l im p o r ta n c e t o t h e c o n t e n t s o f t h e a f f i r m a t i o n i s t h e
t e c h n iq u e t h a t w as a d o p te d a lo n g w i th i t . E ach c h u r c h w as c a l l e d t o
c o n d u c t a t h e o l o g i c a l an d p a s t o r a l i n q u i r y i n t o t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s w h ich
f lo w fro m t h e a f f i r m a t i o n . COCU p r o v id e d t h e c h u r c h e s w i th n in e q u e s
t i o n s e a c h o f w h ich s e e k s p o s i t i v e r e s p o n s e s t o i m p l i c a t i o n s r e g a r d i n g
a r e a s o f c h u r c h l i f e .
A s tu d y o f t h e s e i m p l i c a t i o n s w i l l i n c r e a s e t h e e c u m e n ic a l mo
t i v a t i o n i n t h e m anner we s e e k . The COCU i n q u i r y c o n n e c ts m u tu a l r e c
o g n i t i o n o f m em bers w i th a c c e p ta n c e o f d i f f e r e n t m odes o f b a p t i s m , w i th
a new a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r t h e im p o r ta n c e o f c h u rc h m em b ersh ip , an d w i th
o u r L o r d 's i n v i t a t i o n t o a l l t h e f a i t h f u l t o e a t a t H is T a b le . O th e r
q u e s t i o n s d e a l w i th i m p l i c a t i o n s o f m u tu a l r e c o g n i t i o n o f m em bers f o r
s u c h im p o r ta n t i s s u e s a s t h e r e c o g n i t i o n o f m i n i s t e r s , b o th m a le and
f e m a le , r a c i a l an d s o c i a l j u s t i c e , an d d e v e lo p in g t h e e t h n i c a n d c u l
t u r a l d i v e r s i t y i n o u r c o n g r e g a t i o n s . Two o f t h e n in e q u e s t i o n s s e e k
t h e c o n n e c t io n o f m u tu a l r e c o g n i t i o n o f m em bers w i th t h e r e p u d i a t i o n
2J o s e p h E ag en , "COCU an d B a p tis m : A New and C r e a t i v e E cum enic a l S t e p ," M id -S tre a m , XV ( J u l y 1 9 7 6 ) , 2 3 4 .
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15
o f p r o s e l y t i s m an d w i th d e v e lo p in g c h u rc h d i s c i p l i n e i n a c c o rd a n c e w i th
em e rg in g e c u m e n ic a l n o rm s .
M u tu a l r e c o g n i t i o n o f m em bers a t t e m p t s t o do w h a t no o t h e r e c
u m e n ic a l a f f i r m a t i o n h a s d o n e : t o in v o lv e t h e g r a s s r o o t s l e v e l o f t h e
c h u r c h . F o r o u r i n t e r e s t i n i n c r e a s i n g e c u m e n ic a l m o t iv a t i o n , m u tu a l
r e c o g n i t i o n o f m em bers p r o v id e s a n i d e a l s t a r t i n g p l a c e . B e c a u se a l l
t h e COCU c h u r c h e s h a v e a d o p te d t h e a f f i r m a t i o n - i n q u i r y m e th o d , s tu d y
and d i s c u s s i o n b y s e v e r a l c h u r c h e s o f a com m unity c o u ld o c c u r w i th o u t
d e n o m in a t io n a l o b j e c t i o n s .
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f E c u m e n ic a l W o rsh ip
Two com m ents a b o u t e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip m u s t b e made b e f o r e p r o
c e e d in g f u r t h e r . E c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip i s m ore t h a n n o n -d e n o m in a tio n a l
w o r s h ip . T he l a t t e r i m p l i e s e i t h e r t h a t i n t h e p a r t i c u l a r t im e o f w or
s h i p a l l p a r t i c i p a n t s p r e te n d t h a t t h e r e a r e no d e n o m in a t io n s , o r t h a t
t h e w o rs h ip s e r v i c e i t s e l f i s n o n - d e n o m in a t io n a l , i . e . n o t fro m an y
p a r t i c u l a r d e n o m in a t io n . B o th i m p l i c a t i o n s a r e i n a u t h e n t i c . F i r s t ,
t h e r e a r e d e n o m in a t io n s an d d e n o m in a t io n a l p r a c t i c e s w h ich r e s t r i c t
t h e a c t s o f w o rs h ip w h ic h c a n b e d o n e a c r o s s d e n o m in a t io n a l l i n e s .
S eco n d , a s o - c a l l e d n o n -d e n o m in a t io n a l o r d e r o f w o rs h ip may e a s i l y b e
come a b l a n d l i s t i n g o f a l l t h e common e le m e n ts o f t h e p a r t i c i p a t i n g
c h u r c h e s m in u s a l l t h e e le m e n ts w h ich may b e c o n t r o v e r s i a l o r s e n s i t i v e .
My p u rp o s e h e r e i s n o t t o b e l i t t l e t h e many f i n e n o n -d e n o m ira -
t i o n a l s e r v i c e s w h ich C h r i s t i a n s h a v e a t t e n d e d f o r many y e a r s . O f te n
t h e s e s e r v i c e s o n d a y s s u c h a s T h a n k s g iv in g o r Good F r id a y do show to
t h e com m unity t h e c o o p e r a t i o n and f e l l o w s h i p o f t h e c h u r c h p e o p le o f a
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c i t y o r to w n . B u t , I d o i n t e n d t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e b e tw e e n n o n -d e n o m in a -
t i o n a l w o rs h ip an d e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip . The l a t t e r a f f i r m s h o n e s t r e c
o g n i t i o n o f d i f f e r e n c e s t h a t re m a in i n t h e p a t h w h i le i t p r e s s e s to w a rd
t h e g o a l o f u n i t y . So e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip s im p ly d o e s n o t a v o id t h e
e le m e n ts o f w o rs h ip t h a t a r e s u b j e c t s o f d e b a te o r c o n t r o v e r s y . I t
s e e k s t o i n c l u d e a l l t h e n o rm a t iv e a c t s o f C h r i s t i a n w o r s h ip , t h e r e f o r e
i n c l u d i n g t h e e u c h a r i s t , d e s p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t d i s c u s s i o n an d s e n s i t i v e
i s s u e s re m a in .
A se c o n d im p o r t a n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip i s t h a t
i t g ro w s o u t o f a g e n u in e com m unity o f f a i t h . Some h a v e a rg u e d t h a t
t r u l y e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip h a s n o t y e t come a b o u t b e c a u s e i t h a s n o t
3grow n o u t o f a u t h e n t i c e c u m e n ic a l co m m unity . T h is p o s i t i o n seem s t o
me t o b e so a b s o l u t e t h a t i t e l i m i n a t e s fro m t h e c a te g o r y o f e c u m e n ic a l
w o rs h ip many a u t h e n t i c l i t u r g i c a l e x p r e s s i o n s o f C h r i s t i a n u n i t y . B u t
t h e p o s i t i o n d o e s r a i s e a n e x t r e m e ly v a l i d c o n c e r n . One o f t h e c l e a r
an d m a jo r g o a l s o f e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip i s f o r i t t o e x p r e s s t h e f a i t h o f
a g e n u in e co m m u n ity . A l l e c u m e n ic a l a s s e m b l i e s m u s t g u a rd a g a i n s t
t h e i r te n d e n c y t o becom e i s o l a t e d l i t u r g i c a l f a n f a r e s i n s t e a d o f o n
g o in g e v e n t s i n t h e p r o g r e s s i v e an d c o n t in u e d l i f e o f t h e c h u r c h e s
4to w a rd u n i t y .
T he f a c t t h a t COCU h a s a g r e e d u p o n a m u tu a l ly a c c e p t a b l e w o r
s h i p s e r v i c e c a n so m e tim e s u n d e rm in e t h e n a t u r e o f e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip
3Ann P a t r i c k W are, "A B r i e f f o r T r u ly E c u m e n ic a l W o r s h ip ,"
C h r i s t i a n C e n tu ry , X C III ( A p r i l 21 , 1 9 7 6 ) , 3 8 7 .
4COCU, G u id e l in e s f o r I n t e r i m E u c h a r i s t i c F e l lo w s h ip ( P r i n c e to n : 1 9 7 3 ) , p . 3 .
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i t s e l f . L i t u r g y i s b y d e f i n i t i o n a "w ork o f t h e p e o p l e . " No i n d i v i
d u a l o r c o m m itte e c a n e v e r "d raw u p " t h e w o rs h ip f o r a p a r t i c u l a r com
m u n i ty . T h i s i s n o t t o s a y t h a t t h e COCU O rd e r o f W o rsh ip s h o u ld n o t
b e u s e d . R a th e r e a c h p a r t i c u l a r com m unity m u s t s e e k t o e x p r e s s i t s own
r e a l i t y i n w o r s h ip . T h is c o u ld b e d o n e b y u s i n g t h e COCU l i t u r g y i n
t a s t e f u l c o m b in a t io n w i th a s p e c t s w h ich a r e u n iq u e t o t h e com m unity ,
e . g . m u s ic , p h y s i c a l s e t t i n g , s t y l e o f l e a d e r s h i p , e t c .
I t d o e s n o t seem p o s s i b l e t o d e c id e i n a n a p r i o r i f a s h io n
w h ich s h o u ld come f i r s t : e c u m e n ic a l com m unity o r e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip .
I f s e v e r a l c h u r c h e s a l r e a d y w ork t o g e t h e r i n a com m unity t h e y s h o u ld
f i n d e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e i r C h r i s t i a n l i f e t o g e t h e r i n r e g u l a r e u c h a r i s -
t i c f e l l o w s h i p . B u t a l s o , i f s e v e r a l c o n g r e g a t io n s d e s i r e t o b e g in a
c o o p e r a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p i n a co m m u n ity , i t i s c e r t a i n l y a p p r o p r i a t e
f o r th em t o b e g in b y w o rs h ip p in g t o g e t h e r . I n e i t h e r c a s e , t h e ecum en
i c a l com m unity w i l l d e v e lo p a s w i l l t h e d e p th o f m ean in g i n e c u m e n ic a l
w o r s h ip .
We b e g a n t h i s c h a p te r b y a s s e r t i n g t h a t l a c k o f m o t iv a t i o n i s
p r o b a b ly t h e g r e a t e s t s i n g l e o b s t a c l e t o e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip . We h a v e
s u g g e s te d w ays t o i n c r e a s e m o t iv a t i o n b u t i t n e v e r c a n b e assum ed t h a t
t h i s i s s u e i s s o lv e d . E c u m e n ic a l w ork o f t e n c a n b e d i s c o u r a g in g and
f r u s t r a t i n g . I t i s t e m p t in g t o r e t u r n t o c o m f o r ta b le c o n d i t i o n s o f
c o n f e s s i o n a l i s o l a t i o n . A lw ays b e f o r e u s m u s t b e t h e v i s i o n o f t h e
Body o f C h r i s t , o n e b o d y w i th m any f u n c t i o n s an d p a r t s b u t n o t d i v i d e d .
M o t iv a t io n i s a c o n t i n u i n g c o n c e rn a s we lo o k now a t t h e p r o c e s s to w a rd
e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip .
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BUIIDING AN ECUMENICAL BASE
One o f t h e r e a s o n s why t h e r e i s a n e m e rg in g t h e o l o g i c a l c o n
s e n s u s a t t h e b i l a t e r a l an d c o n c i l i a r e c u m e n ic a l l e v e l s i s t h a t t h e
p e o p le in v o lv e d t h e r e a r e h i s t o r i c a l l y in fo rm e d . T hey know c h u r c h h i s
t o r y , t h e i r own d e n o m in a t io n a l h i s t o r y , an d i n m any c a s e s , th e y know
t h e h i s t o r i e s o f m any o t h e r d e n o m in a t io n s a s w e l l . M ost o f t h e l a i t y
d o n o t h a v e t h i s k in d o f h i s t o r i c a l k n o w led g e a n d a p p r e c i a t i o n . T h e re
m ay b e some v a g u e c o n c e p t io n s a b o u t t h e f o u n d e r s o f t h e m ovem en ts o r
som e p o le m ic a l n o t i o n s a b o u t why o n e m ovem ent s p l i t fro m a n o t h e r , b u t
g e n e r a l l y we a r e n o t h i s t o r i c a l l y in fo rm e d . T h u s many o f t h e c o n v ic
t i o n s a b o u t who we a r e a n d why we do t h i n g s t h e way we d o i n o u r
c h u r c h e s a r e b a s e d o n f l i m s y f o u n d a t i o n s . "We a lw a y s h a v e d o n e i t t h a t
w ay" i s m o s t o f t e n t h e c o r n e r s t o n e .
T h is i s a n in a d e q u a te b a s e o n w h ic h t o w ork e c u m e n ic a l ly . I n
t e r c h a n g e , m u tu a l l e a r n i n g an d a p p r e c i a t i o n n ee d t o b e g ro u n d e d i n
k n o w led g e an d o p e n n e s s , n o t i g n o r a n c e a n d p r e j u d i c e . So f i r s t i n c o n
g r e g a t i o n a l p r e p a r a t i o n i s t h e s tu d y o f c h u r c h h i s t o r y an d w o r s h ip .
I n t h i s p a p e r we c a n o n ly s u g g e s t t h e m ain p o i n t s t o e m p h a s iz e
i n t h e s tu d y o f c h u r c h h i s t o r y an d s u g g e s t how a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r h i s t o r y
m ig h t b e i n c r e a s e d . R e ad in g l i s t s o f h i s t o r i e s o f l i t u r g y a n d s u r v e y s
o f c h u rc h h i s t o r y a r e fo u n d i n B ib l io g r a p h y C .
F o re m o s t i n t h e s tu d y i s t h e q u e s t i o n : W here d o e s o u r d en o m i
n a t i o n f i t i n t o t h e l a r g e r p i c t u r e o f C h u rc h ? The a n sw e r t o t h i s h e lp s
C h r i s t i a n s s e e t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p t o o t h e r d e n o m in a t io n s an d t o t h e
C h u rc h a s a w h o le i n i t s h i s t o r i c a l p r o c e s s . F u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s w h ich
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i l l u m i n a t e t h e m ain q u e s t i o n a r e : W hat b r o u g h t u s a b o u t a s a d en o m i
n a t i o n ? Why d id we s p l i t fro m som e o t h e r b o d y o f C h r i s t i a n s o r why d id
t h e y s p l i t fro m u s ? W hat c o n t r i b u t i o n d id t h i s make t o C h r i s t i a n i t y ?
W hat d id we l o s e i n t h i s s e p a r a t i o n ? A re t h e o r i g i n a l c a u s e s o f t h e
s p l i t s t i l l o p e r a t i v e ? Have th e y l e s s e n e d , d i s a p p e a r e d a l t o g e t h e r , o r
p e r h a p s e v e n r e v e r s e d s i d e s ? W hat a r e t h e s i m i l a r i t i e s w i th o t h e r r e
l i g i o u s m ovem ents o r d e n o m in a tio n s ?
I n t h e s tu d y we m u s t g u a rd a g a i n s t b eco m in g e n g ro s s e d i n c o n
f e s s i o n a l b a t t l e s and d e b a te s o f c e n t u r i e s a g o . R a th e r t h e s p i r i t o f
t h e s tu d y s h o u ld s t r e s s t h e h i s t o r i c c o n v e rg e n c e among v a r i o u s c h u r c h e s
w h ic h t r a n s c e n d s t h e d i v i s i v e d i s p u t e s o f p r e v io u s g e n e r a t i o n s .
How i s t h e h i s t o r i c a l c o n s c io u s n e s s t o b e r a i s e d ? I n e v e ry
c o n g r e g a t io n t h e r e p ro b a b ly i s a s m a l l num ber o f p e o p le who w ould b e
w i l l i n g t o d o a g ro u p s tu d y o v e r a p e r io d o f a few m o n th s . T h is p r o
v i d e s o n e t y p e o f e x p e r ie n c e i n t h e c o n g r e g a t io n w h ich , i f d o n e w e l l ,
c o u ld h a v e a w id e r e f f e c t b ey o n d t h e g ro u p i t s e l f . B u t i t c e r t a i n l y
w i l l n o t r e a c h t h e w h o le c o n g r e g a t io n . The a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r h i s t o r y
c a n b e i n c r e a s e d i n a num ber o f o t h e r w a y s, h o w e v e r . T h e se s u g g e s t io n s
o r t h e i r v a r i a t i o n s c o u ld w ork i n many c h u r c h e s . The c h u rc h l i b r a r y
c o u ld s p o n s o r a s e r i e s o f b o o k re v ie w s an d d i s p l a y s o f b o o k s o f h i s t o r
i c a l i n t e r e s t . M ore e m p h a s is o n c h u rc h h i s t o r y c a n b e a d d e d t o m em ber
s h i p i n s t r u c t i o n f o r c h i l d r e n a s w e l l a s a d u l t s . S erm o n s, i n d i v i d u a l l y
o r i n a s e r i e s , c a n c a r r y a g r e a t d e a l o f h i s t o r i c a l e n th u s ia s m i n t o a
c o n g r e g a t i o n . G u e s t s p e a k e r s o r p r e a c h e r s fro m c o l l e g e s o r s e m in a r ie s
w ou ld p r o v i d e a d d i t i o n a l r e s o u r c e s f o r t h e c h u r c h s e r v i c e o r s p e c i a l
g a t h e r i n g s . F e l lo w s h ip d i n n e r s o r S unday e v e n in g p ro g ra m s c a n f e a t u r e
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20
s p e a k e r s , p l a y s , f i l m s , o r a n y p ro g ra m w h ich c e l e b r a t e s o u r t r a d i t i o n s .
The s tu d y o f w o rs h ip s h o u ld i n c lu d e a n u n d e r s ta n d in g o f e a r l y
C h r i s t i a n w o rs h ip w i th i t s J e w is h a n t e c e d e n t s an d t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f
w o rs h ip th ro u g h t h e a g e s . I n t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f w o rs h ip t h e s tu d y
s h o u ld show how p a r t i c u l a r d e n o m in a t io n a l p r a c t i c e s d e v e lo p e d . W ere
t h e r e a s o n s t h e o l o g i c a l o r c u l t u r a l , o r a c o m b in a t io n o f b o th ?
As i n t h e s tu d y o f c h u rc h h i s t o r y , e m p h a s is s h o u ld b e p la c e d
on "W hat d id o u r d e n o m in a t io n c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e c h u rc h ? " an d t h e com
p le m e n ta r y q u e s t i o n "W hat a s p e c t s o f w o rs h ip a r e l a c k i n g i n o u r t r a d i
t i o n ? "
A t t e n t i o n s h o u ld b e g iv e n t o t h e ren ew ed i n t e r e s t i n w o rs h ip in
t h i s c e n tu r y , t h e L i t u r g i c a l M ovem ent. I t s im p o r ta n c e f o r e c u m e n ic a l
w o rs h ip c a n n o t b e o v e r s t a t e d .
I t s e e k s a r e c o v e r y o f t h o s e norm s o f l i t u r g i c a l w o rs h ip o f t h e B ib le and t h e e a r l y c h u rc h w h ich l i e b e h in d R e fo rm a tio n d i v i s i o n s an d m e d ie v a l d i s t o r t i o n s , an d w h ich a r e fu n d a m e n ta l t o C h r i s t i a n l i t u r g y i n e v e ry t im e an d p l a c e . I t a im s , h o w e v e r, n o t a t a n a t t e m p t t o r e s u s c i t a t e t h e l i t u r g y o f t h e e a r l y c h u rc h i n th e t w e n t i e t h c e n tu r y , b u t a t t h e r e s t a t e m e n t o f t h e fu n d a m e n ta ls i n fo rm s an d e x p r e s s i o n s w h ic h c a n e n a b le t h e l i t u r g y t o b e t h e l i v i n g p r a y e r an d w ork o f t h e c h u rc h to d a y . ^
A c o n g r e g a t io n m ig h t a c c o m p lis h t h e s tu d y o f w o rs h ip b y w o rs h ip p in g a c
c o r d in g t o t h e h i s t o r i c l i t u r g i e s o f t h e c h u r c h o n c e r t a i n o c c a s i o n s .
W h ile t h e s e e x p e r i e n c e s h a v e a n o b v io u s e d u c a t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r , th e y
a l s o c a n b e m e a n in g fu l w o rs h ip e x p e r i e n c e s f o r t h e c o n g r e g a t i o n . V i s i t s
t o o t h e r c h u r c h e s c o u ld b e h e l p f u l an d e d u c a t i o n a l t o s m a l l n u m b ers o f
a c o n g r e g a t io n , a s c o u ld a s u rv e y o f t h e h i s t o r y o f l i t u r g y b y a n a d u l t
^H. E l l s w o r th C h a n d le e , "The L i t u r g i c a l M ovem ent," i n J . G. D a v ie s ( e d . ) A D i c t i o n a r y o f L i t u r g y an d W o rsh ip (New Y ork : M a c m illa n ,1 9 7 2 ) , p p . 2 1 6 f f .
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21
s tu d y g ro u p o r w o rs h ip c o m m itte e .
T he n o rm al w o rs h ip s e r v i c e o f t h e c h u rc h c a n a l s o b e a p l a c e
w h e re e d u c a t i o n a b o u t w o rs h ip t a k e s p l a c e . O c c a s io n a l ly t h e w o rs h ip
l e a d e r o r m i n i s t e r c o u ld e x p l a i n why c e r t a i n p a r t s o f t h e s e r v i c e o c
c u r i n a g iv e n s e q u e n c e , o r w h a t t h e l i t u r g i c a l sy m b o ls and c o l o r s
m ean , e t c .
C e r t a i n l y we d o n o t i n t e n d t o a t t e m p t m a s s iv e e d u c a t i o n a l p r o
g ra m s i n c h u rc h h i s t o r y an d w o r s h ip , b u t a s we h a v e n o te d i n t h e s e c
t i o n o n m o t iv a t i o n f o r e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip , a d e f i n i t e p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r
e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip i s t h e s e n s e t h a t e x c lu s i v e and u n r e f l e c t i v e denom
i n a t i o n a l w o rs h ip i s n o t r e s p o n s i v e t o t h e u n i t y w h ic h C h r i s t i n t e n d s
f o r h i s C h u rc h . C h an g in g t h i s a t t i t u d e o f p a r o c h i a l i s m i s t h e m a in
g o a l o f a l l t h e p r e p a r a t i o n w i t h i n c o n g r e g a t i o n s . I n t h i s c o n t e x t ,
k n o w led g e a b o u t c h u rc h h i s t o r y an d w o rs h ip i s im p o r ta n t p r i m a r i l y a s a
m eans t o t h e en d o f C h r i s t i a n u n i t y .
T h e re a r e few c o m m u n itie s to d a y i n w h ich t h e c h u r c h e s do n o t
c o o p e r a t e i n a t l e a s t o n e m a t t e r o f common c o n c e r n . I n m o s t c a s e s ,
some p ro g ra m o r m i s s io n in v o lv e m e n t w i th o t h e r c o n g r e g a t io n s h a s a l r e a d y
b e g u n . I n a com m unity o f c h u r c h e s w h e re e c u m e n ic a l m o t iv a t i o n i s h i g h ,
o n e o f th e f i r s t q u e s t i o n s t h a t i s r a i s e d i n a n y d i s c u s s i o n o f p ro g ra m
o r m i s s io n i s "C an we d o i t t o g e t h e r ? " T he s p i r i t o f t h i s q u e s t i o n
b u i l d s a te am f o r c e i n a com m unity o u t o f s e v e r a l i n d i v i d u a l c o n g re g a
t i o n s .
One o f t h e a rg u m e n ts o f t e n d i r e c t e d a t a n y p ro g ra m o f c o o p e r
a t i o n o r c o n s o l i d a t i o n i s t h a t i t w i l l becom e to o b i g an d i n d i v i d u a l
i d e n t i t y w i l l b e l o s t i n t h e b i g n e s s . I f a l l e c u m e n ic a l c o o p e r a t i o n
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d id w as j u s t t o j o i n p ro g ra m s t o g e t h e r th e n t h i s c r i t i c i s m w ould b e
v a l i d . B u t e c u m e n ic a l c o o p e r a t i o n c a n m a i n t a i n s m a l ln e s s o r in t im a c y
b y d e c e n t r a l i z i n g a c o o p e r a t i v e p ro g ra m i n g e o g r a p h ic a r e a s . F o r e x
a m p le , i f s e v e r a l c h u r c h e s w e re t o h a v e p r a y e r o r s tu d y g ro u p s d u r in g
L e n t , th e y m ig h t d e c id e t o do t h i s e c u m e n ic a l ly an d a t t e n d t h e g ro u p
n e a r e s t t h e i r hom e.®
The c e n t r a l a im o f t h i s w h o le d i s c u s s i o n a b o u t b u i l d i n g a n e c u
m e n ic a l b a s e w i t h i n c o n g r e g a t io n s i s a g a in a t t i t u d i n a l . A " n o n
c o m p a r tm e n ta l iz e d " u n d e r s t a n d in g o f t h e C h r i s t i a n l i f e c h a r a c t e r i z e s
t h e a t t i t u d e we s e e k . O nce we b e g in t o u n d e r s ta n d t h e i n t e r p e n e t r a t i n g
r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f m u tu a l r e c o g n i t i o n o f m em bers, c o o p e r a t i v e e f f o r t s i n
p ro g ra m an d m i s s i o n , an d common g a t h e r i n g s o f w o r s h ip , we w i l l b e f u r
t h e r o n t h e way to w a rd u n i t y .
I h av e g iv e n c o n s i d e r a b l e a t t e n t i o n t o m o t iv a t i o n to w a rd e c u
m e n ic a l w o rs h ip e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e l a i t y . I b e l i e v e t h i s p h a s e i s a b
s o l u t e l y e s s e n t i a l t o a u t h e n t i c an d m e a n in g f u l e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip . Now
we t u r n t o t h e "how t o " p h a s e o f p l a n n in g , o r g a n iz i n g an d im p le m e n tin g
e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip i n a co m m u n ity .
STEPS TOWARD ECUMENICAL WORSHIP
T h is s e c t i o n c o n s i s t s o f f o u r p a r t s d e a l i n g w i th i n i t i a l a c
t i o n s , t h e p l a n n in g c o m m itte e , t h e p l a n n in g a g e n d a , an d im p le m e n ta t io n
®For m o re o n l o c a l c h u rc h i n t e r a c t i o n s e e : COCU, G u id e l in e sf o r L o c a l I n t e r c h u r c h A c t i o n , 1 9 6 9 , a n d " P a s t o r a l an d P r a c t i c a l R e f l e c t i o n s f o r L o c a l E c u m e n ic a l A c t i o n , " E c u m e n ic a l T r e n d s , IV (O c to b e r 1 9 7 5 ) , 1 3 2 f f .
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23
o f p l a n s . T h ese s t e p s s u g g e s t v a r i o u s w ays o f s t a r t i n g an d d e v e lo p in g
e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip . The s u g g e s t i o n s n a t u r a l l y m u s t b e m o d i f ie d t o t h e
p a r t i c u l a r n e e d s o f t h e co m m u n ity , b u t d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e a d v a n ta g e s
an d d i s a d v a n t a g e s o f s e v e r a l a p p r o a c h e s s h o u ld b e b e n e f i c i a l .
S in c e t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f G u id e l in e s f o r IE F c o n s i d e r a b l e a t
t e n t i o n h a s b e e n g iv e n t o t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f p i l o t IE F s . T hey h a v e p r o
v id e d t h e COCU C om m ission o n IE F w i t h some o f t h e e a r l y d a t a n e c e s s a r y
t o a n y new e n t e r p r i s e . T he IE F C om m ission h a s su m m arized t h e s e l e s
s o n s l e a r n e d , e s p e c i a l l y fro m t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e R ichm ond, V i r g i n i a
7 8IE F , i n a tw o p a g e l e a f l e t , S te p s t o I n t e r i m E u c h a r i s t i c F e l l o w s h i p .
I n t h e p r e s e n t p a p e r we w i l l n o t d u p l i c a t e t h e c o n t e n t s o f t h e
COCU d o c u m e n ts , b u t r a t h e r we w i l l d i s c u s s t h e i r h i g h l i g h t s a lo n g w i th
a l t e r n a t i v e m e th o d s o f d e v e lo p in g e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip .
G e t t i n g S t a r t e d
S t a r t i n g a n y jo u r n e y b e g i n s w i th a s i n g l e s t e p . I n t h i s c a s e
t h e f i r s t s t e p i s f o r t h e p e r s o n o r p e r s o n s i n t e r e s t e d i n e c u m e n ic a l
w o r s h ip t o g a t h e r t o g e t h e r a p r e l i m i n a r y g r o u p . T h i s g ro u p s h o u ld n o t
n e c e s s a r i l y becom e t h e p l a n n in g c o m m itte e b u t h a s t h e f u n c t i o n o f mak
in g t h e c o n t a c t s t o s t a r t t h e IEF p r o c e s s w i t h a n i n c l u s i v e an d d i v e r s e
g ro u p o f l e a d e r s . T h u s t h e " c o n t a c t g ro u p " c a n b e s m a l l an d c a r e f u l l y
co m p o sed .
^COCU, " I n t e r i m E u c h a r i s t i c F e l lo w s h ip i n R ichm ond, V i r g i n i a ,A Summary R e p o r t . " C i t e d a s COCU, "R ichm ond Summary R e p o r t . "
OCOCU, S te p s t o I n t e r i m E u c h a r i s t i c F e l l o w s h i p .
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T he g ro u p s h o u ld b e i n c l u s i v e i n two im p o r ta n t r e g a r d s . F i r s t ,
i t i s im p o r ta n t t h a t e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip in c lu d e a s many c o n g r e g a t io n s
o f a com m unity a s p o s s i b l e fro m t h e b e g in n i n g . I f t h e c o n t a c t g ro u p
h ad s e v e r a l m e e t in g s b e f o r e i t r e a l i z e d t h a t a c e r t a i n c h u rc h o r g ro u p
o f c h u r c h e s w e re n o t r e p r e s e n t e d , i t m ig h t b e d i f f i c u l t t o e v e r g a in
t h e i r f u l l s u p p o r t i f th e y f e l t t h e y w e re la t e c o m e r s o r w e re f o r g o t t e n .
A ls o , t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e e a r l y m e e t in g s w ould h a v e b e e n m is s e d .
I n a l a r g e c i t y t h e c o n t a c t g ro u p s h o u ld s e e k t o i n c lu d e m id d le
j u d i c a t o r y l e a d e r s an d o t h e r k e y l e a d e r s o f g ro u p s o f c h u r c h e s . F o r ex
a m p le , a w e l l known B a p t i s t m i n i s t e r m ig h t b e t h e c o n t a c t f o r t h e w h o le
g ro u p o f e v a n g e l i c a l c h u r c h e s o f a c i t y . I n a s m a l l e r c i t y o r to w n ,
t h e c o n t a c t g ro u p m ig h t s im p ly c o n s i s t o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s fro m e a c h
c h u r c h .
S eco n d , t h e c o n t a c t g ro u p s h o u ld s e e k t o in c lu d e e t h n i c m in o r i
t i e s , l a i t y an d c l e r g y , men an d women. I t i s v e r y im p o r ta n t t h a t t h e
c o n t a c t g ro u p c o n s i s t o f p e r s o n s who c a n p e r s u a s i v e l y e n l i s t t h e s e r
v i c e s o f a l a r g e r , m o re r e p r e s e n t a t i v e an d i n c l u s i v e g ro u p who w i l l b e
9t h e p l a n n in g g ro u p f o r t h e IE F .
T he c o n t a c t g ro u p s h o u ld f i r s t r e a d an d d i s c u s s t h e COCU l i t
e r a t u r e c i t e d a b o v e an d th e n d i s c u s s how IEF m ig h t t a k e sh a p e i n t h e i r
co m m u n ity . T h e i r c h i e f c o n c e rn , h o w e v e r, i s how t o c o n v e n e t h e k in d o f
9I n t h i s p r o j e c t I do n o t w a n t t o i d e n t i f y e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip
s o l e l y w i t h IE F . W h ile I b e l i e v e IEF t o b e t h e m o s t p ro m is in g c o n c e p t o f e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip i n t h e U .S .A . i t may n o t w ork i n some c o m m u n itie s b e c a u s e o f i t s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w ith COCU. I f t h e s p e c i f i c te rm in o lo g y an d i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w i th COCU a r e s tu m b lin g b lo c k s f o r some p e o p le , t h i s s h o u ld n o t p r e v e n t t h a n fro m e n g a g in g i n e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip .
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p la n n in g c o m m itte e w h ich c a n c a r r y o u t a p i l o t s e r i e s o f e c u m e n ic a l
e u c h a r i s t i c s e r v i c e s .
I n S te p s t o IEF i t i s a d v is e d t h a t c o n g r e g a t i o n a l r e p r e s e n t a
t i v e s b e i n v i t e d t o c o m p r is e t h e p la n n in g c o m m itte e i n c a s e s w h e re a
g ro u p o f c h u r c h e s a l r e a d y h a s a h i s t o r y o f c o o p e r a t i o n . T he m eth o d o f
e n l i s t i n g i n d i v i d u a l s w e l l known f o r e c u m e n ic a l i n t e r e s t s an d f o r hav in g
i n f l u e n c e w i th c o n g r e g a t io n s a n d / o r j u d i c a t o r y l e a d e r s i s recom m ended
a s a n e c e s s a r y p r e l i m i n a r y t o l a t e r c o n g r e g a t i o n a l in v o lv e m e n t .^ -0
I f IE F i s t o o c c u r u n d e r t h e a u s p i c e s o f a n e x i s t i n g e c u m e n ic a l
o r g a n i z a t i o n su c h a s a c o u n c i l o f c h u r c h e s , a t t e n t i o n m u s t b e g iv e n t o
t h e i n c l u s i v e n e s s o f t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n . E u c h a r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p c o u ld b e
t h e s i g n i f i c a n t a c t o f r e c o n c i l i a t i o n w h ic h c o u ld b ro a d e n t h e m em ber
s h i p o f t h e c o u n c i l . I t c o u ld p r o v id e t h e T a b le a ro u n d w h ich c o n s e r v a
t i v e s and l i b e r a l s , b l a c k s , b ro w n s , an d w h i t e s , r i c h an d p o o r , c o u ld
g a t h e r i n C h r i s t i a n l o v e .
T h e re a r e a d v a n ta g e s a n d d i s a d v a n t a g e s t o w o rk in g o n IEF
th r o u g h t h e c h a n n e ls o f t h e e x i s t i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n . T he f u l l i n c l u s i v e
n e s s o f t h e m em b ersh ip w ou ld b e a n im p o r ta n t f a c t o r i n d e c id i n g w h ich
way t o p r o c e e d .
I t s h o u ld b e c l e a r t h a t w h a t I h a v e c a l l e d t h e " c o n t a c t g ro u p "
i n t h i s p r o j e c t i s o n ly a p r e l i m i n a r y g ro u p w h ich f u n c t i o n s s o l e l y to
co n v e n e a l a r g e r , m ore r e p r e s e n t a t i v e IE F p la n n in g c o m m itte e . The COCU
l i t e r a t u r e s im p ly m e n t io n s s u c h a p r e l i m i n a r y g ro u p w i th o u t s t r e s s i n g
t h e d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s o f i t s im p o r t a n t f u n c t i o n o f g e t t i n g t h e r i g h t
10COCU, S t e p s , p . 1 .
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p e o p le t o g e t h e r . The c o n t a c t g ro u p i s t h e n e c e s s a r y l i n k b e tw e e n a few
e x c i t e d e c u m e n is ts an d a p r o p e r l y c o n s t i t u t e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e p la n n in g
g ro u p t h a t c a n c a r r y t h e lo a d o f I E F 's w o rk .
The P la n n in g C o m m ittee
The p la n n in g c o m m itte e i n i t i a l l y s h o u ld b e co n v e n ed b y o n e o f
t h e m em bers o f t h e p r e l i m i n a r y " c o n t a c t g ro u p " who w i l l c o n t in u e t o
w ork on t h e p l a n n in g c o m m itte e . The f i r s t t a s k o f t h e c o m m itte e i s t o
r e v ie w i t s m em b ersh ip t o i n s u r e t h a t i t i s a s b r o a d ly i n c l u s i v e an d
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a s p o s s i b l e . I t may b e t h a t some c o n g r e g a t io n s o r
g ro u p s o f c o n g r e g a t io n s w i l l n o t b e w i l l i n g t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e IEF
p l a n n i n g . COCU a d v i s e s a s f o l l o w s :
R e s p e c t d i f f e r e n c e s o f c o n s c ie n c e w h ich e x i s t . An a t t i t u d e o f o p e n n e s s a n d u n d e r s ta n d in g s h o u ld b e h e ld to w a rd t h o s e c o n g re g a t i o n s o r m em bers w h ich v ie w e u c h a r i s t i c s h a r in g i n t h i s m anner e i t h e r w i th s e r i o u s r e s e r v a t i o n s o r l e t h a r g y . D e a l in g w i th t h e i r r e s p o n s e s may p ro v e t o b e h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t f o r y o u r p r o c e s s , ev e n th o u g h i n some i n s t a n c e s i t w i l l d e l a y o r l i m i t t h e o b s e r v a n c e i n y o u r c o m m u n i ty .^
No g u i d e l i n e c a n b e p ro v id e d s t a t i n g how lo n g IEF s h o u ld b e d e
l a y e d b e c a u s e o f t h e r e l u c t a n c e o f a c o n g r e g a t io n o r g r o u p . O n ly o p e n
n e s s an d s e n s i t i v e u n d e r s ta n d in g o f e a c h p a r t i c u l a r s i t u a t i o n c a n l e a d
t h e p l a n n in g c o m m itte e t o a d e c i s i o n o f when t o p ro c e e d w i th a l i m i t e d
IE F and when t o w a i t f o r f u l l e r p a r t i c i p a t i o n .
A se c o n d c o n c e rn o f t h e p l a n n in g c o m m itte e com es fro m t h e e x
p e r i e n c e o f t h e R ichm ond IE F . The p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f a j u d i c a t o r y le a d e r
1 ;lCOCU, G u id e l in e s (1 9 7 3 ) , p . 5 .
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on t h e R ichm ond IEF C o m m ittee g r e a t l y en h a n c e d p a r t i c i p a t i o n an d su p
p o r t from o t h e r i n f l u e n t i a l c h u rc h l e a d e r s o f t h e c i t y . 12 T h e p la n n in g
c o m m itte e s h o u ld t r y t o r e c e i v e j u d i c a t o r y s u p p o r t , i f n o t d i r e c t l y ,
t h e n th r o u g h t h e c o m m itte e m em b ers ' c o n s u l t a t i o n w i th t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e
j u d i c a t o r y o f f i c i a l s .
T he e x p l o r a t o r y s e s s i o n ( s ) o f t h e p l a n n in g c o m m itte e m u s t d i s
c u s s t h e o v e r a l l c o n c e p t s o f IEF an d i t s p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r t h e communi
t y . A t some p o i n t t h e c o m m itte e m u s t d e c id e w h e th e r o r n o t t o u n d e r
t a k e a p i l o t s e r i e s o f IE F . I f t h e c o m m itte e v o t e s " y e s " i t s h o u ld
t h e n e l e c t a c h a i r p e r s o n an d o t h e r o f f i c e r s i t deem s n e c e s s a r y . 1 ^
T he P la n n in g A genda
Now c o n s t i t u t e d an d a g r e e d t h a t IEF s h o u ld b e u n d e r ta k e n , t h e
p la n n in g c o m m itte e c a n p ro c e e d w i th t h i s a g e n d a .
1 . T h e re a r e s e v e r a l m o d e ls o f how a n IEF c a n t a k e s h a p e w i t h
i n a co m m u n ity . The d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f w h ich m odel o r v a r i a t i o n i s b e s t
s u i t e d t o t h e com m unity i s t h e f i r s t an d m o s t im p o r ta n t t a s k o f t h e
p l a n n in g c o m m itte e . I h a v e c h o s e n an d named t h r e e m o d e ls f o r t h e p u r
p o s e o f d i s c u s s i o n .
T he p a r t i c i p a n t m o d e l . T he R ichm ond IEF C o m m itte e , com posed
o f u n o f f i c i a l d e n o m in a t io n a l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , d e c id e d t o l i m i t t h e
p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n i t s f i r s t few s e r i e s o f s e r v i c e s b y s e n d in g w r i t t e n
12COCU, "R ichm ond Summary R e p o r t , " p . 1 , 2 , 6 .
l 3 COCU, S te p s , p . 2 ,
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i n v i t a t i o n s . T h o se who a g r e e d t o t r y t o a t t e n d a l l f o u r s e r v i c e s i n
t h e s e r i e s a n d r e t u r n e d a s ig n e d s t a t e m e n t t o t h a t e f f e c t w e re c o n s i d
e r e d t o b e " p a r t i c i p a n t s . " T h e s e p e o p le w e re i n v i t e d b y t h e i n d i v i d u a l
m em bers o f t h e IE F c o m m itte e w i th e a c h d e n o m in a t io n h a v in g a q u o ta o f
15 l a y p e r s o n s a n d f i v e c l e r g y . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e h o s t c h u rc h f o r e a c h
s e r v i c e w as t o p r o v id e a c h o i r an d 30 p e o p le f a m i l i a r w i th t h e h o s t
c h u r c h 's l i t u r g y .
T he u s e o f t h i s s y s te m i n R ichm ond r e s u l t e d i n 94 p e o p le s i g n
in g u p a s " r e g u l a r p a r t i c i p a n t s . " O f t h e s e a b o u t 69 a t t e n d e d e a c h o f
th e f o u r s e r v i c e s b r i n g i n g t h e t o t a l a t t e n d a n c e a t t h e c e l e b r a t i o n s t o
a b o u t 10 0 , i n c l u d i n g g u e s t s a n d h o s t c h u r c h p e o p l e . I n a n e v a l u a t i o n
q u e s t i o n n a i r e c o m p le te d b y t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s t h e r e w as u n an im o u s r e
s p o n s e t h a t " p a r t i c i p a t i o n s h o u ld b e p r i m a r i l y ( n o t t o e x c lu d e o c c a
s i o n a l g u e s t s ) b y t h o s e who h a d m ade a com m itm ent t o a t t e n d a l l s e r
v i c e s ' i f a t a l l p o s s i b l e ' w i t h i n a g iv e n s e r i e s .
T he c o n g r e g a t i o n a l m o d e l . G u i d e l i n e s f o r IEF a l l u d e s t o t h i s
m o d e l w hen i t s u g g e s t s a " n e u t r a l l o c a t i o n " s u c h a s a s c h o o l a u d i to r iu m ,
p u b l i c h a l l , o r a n o u td o o r s e t t i n g f o r e u c h a r i s t i c s e r v i c e s . T he R ed
l a n d s ( C a l i f o r n i a ) A rea C om m unity o f C h u rc h e s (RACC) h a s h e l d a n o u t
d o o r com m union s e r v i c e u s i n g t h e COCU l i t u r g y o n W orld W ide Communion
S unday s i n c e 1 9 7 5 . A l l t h e c h u r c h e s o f t h e tow n a r e i n v i t e d w i th t h e i r
f u l l c o n g r e g a t i o n s . The s e r v i c e i s h e l d o n S unday m o rn in g s . RACC
s p o n s o r s t h e e v e n t th r o u g h i t s w o rs h ip t a s k f o r c e a n d a l t h o u g h i t i s
*^C0CU, "R ichm ond Summary R e p o r t , " p . 5 .
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a c q u a in t e d w i th t h e IEF c o n c e p t i t d o e s n o t c o n s id e r i t s e l f a n IEF a s
s u c h , n o r h a s i t p la n n e d a s e r i e s o f e u c h a r i s t i c o b s e r v a n c e s . T he s i z e
o f t h e com m unity a l lo w s many o f t h e c o n g r e g a t io n s t o w a lk fro m t h e i r
dow ntow n c h u r c h e s t o t h e c e n t r a l l y l o c a t e d a m p h i th e a t e r . Some c o n g re
g a t i o n s p r o c e s s e d w i th f lo w in g b a n n e r s , t h e communion e le m e n ts , an d a
b r a s s c h o i r t o b o l s t e r t h e s i n g i n g . A t te n d a n c e from t h e s e v e n m ain
p r o t e s t a n t c h u r c h e s i n t h e c i t y w as n e a r l y 500 o r a p p r o x im a te ly f o r t y
p e r c e n t o f t h e n o rm a l S u n d ay a t t e n d a n c e o f t h e c h u r c h e s .
T he c i t y / a r e a m o d e l . T he IEF i n I n d i a n a p o l i s h a s o p e r a t e d w i th
a c o m b in a t io n o f c i t y - w i d e an d a r e a e u c h a r i s t i c o b s e r v a n c e s . The
s t r a t e g y o f t h e p l a n n in g c o m m itte e w as t o in v o lv e c h u r c h e s i n IE F , n o t
j u s t i n t e r e s t e d i n d i v i d u a l s . T he IE F C om m ittee p la n n e d a c i t y - w i d e
s e r v i c e f o r a l l t h e c l e r g y a s t h e e v e n t t o s t a r t IEF i n t h e c i t y . I t
w as f o l lo w e d b y a s e r i e s o f e u c h a r i s t i c c e l e b r a t i o n s i n g ro u p s o r c l u s
t e r s o f c h u r c h e s d e te r m in e d b y g e o g r a p h ic a r e a . T h ese a r e a m e e t in g s
to o k p l a c e o n S u n d ay e v e n in g s i n c l u s t e r s o f 5 - 8 c o n g r e g a t i o n s .
T he se c o n d c i t y - w i d e s e r v i c e in c lu d e d l a i t y a n d w as f o l lo w e d
a g a in b y a s e r i e s o f a r e a m e e t in g s . To t h i s p o i n t t h e r e h a v e b e e n no
s tu d y g ro u p s c o n n e c te d w i t h t h e s e r v i c e s . T he n ee d w as f e l t i n t h e
se c o n d s e r i e s f o r a n o p p o r t u n i t y f o r s tu d y an d f e l l o w s h i p i n t h e a r e a
m e e t in g s . One a r e a p la n n e d a s e r i e s o f t h r e e Monday e v e n in g m e e t in g s
o f t h e o l o g i c a l s tu d y and d i s c u s s i o n i n t h e s e t t i n g o f in f o r m a l f e l l o w
s h i p d i n n e r s .
D is c u s s io n o f t h e t h r e e m o d e ls . The m o d e ls we now c o n s i d e r
come fro m t h r e e co m m u n itie s o f g r e a t l y v a r y in g p o p u l a t i o n s . I n d ia n a p o l i s
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( t h e c i t y / a r e a m o d el) i s a b o u t tw ic e t h e s i z e o f R ichm ond ( t h e p a r t i c i
p a n t m o d e l) an d o v e r s i x t e e n t im e s t h e s i z e o f R e d la n d s ( t h e c o n g re g a
t i o n a l m o d e l) . T h i s may t e l l u s so m e th in g a b o u t t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e
tw ee n a c o m m u n ity 's s i z e a n d t h e t y p e o f IEF m o d e l w h ic h w as c h o s e n ,
b u t c e r t a i n l y i t d o e s n o t t e l l u s e v e r y t h i n g .
E ach o f t h e t h r e e m o d e ls h a s p a r t i c u l a r s t r e n g t h s and w e a k n e ss
e s . The p a r t i c i p a n t m odel g i v e s a f u l l s e r i e s o f f o u r e u c h a r i s t i c
s e r v i c e s t o a r e a s o n a b ly c o n s i s t e n t g ro u p o f p e o p l e . T h e se p e o p le com
m i t th e m s e lv e s t o t r y t o e x p e r i e n c e IE F i n f o u r d i f f e r e n t s e t t i n g s
w i th t h e sam e com m unity o f f a i t h . The c o n s i s t e n c y o f t h e g ro u p a l l o w s
f o r g ro w in g i n t e r a c t i o n an d f e l l o w s h i p . Two d i s a d v a n t a g e s o f t h e p a r
t i c i p a n t a r e t h a t i t d o e s n o t en g a g e w h o le c h u r c h e s ( i . e . c o n g re g a
t i o n s ) a s s u c h , a n d t h e " s e l e c t e d p a r t i c i p a n t s " c o n c e p t c o u ld b e s e e n
b y some a s b e in g m ore e x c l u s i v e t h a n d e n o m in a t io n a l w o r s h ip . T h e se
d i s a d v a n ta g e s a r e m ore t o l e r a b l e when t h e p a r t i c i p a n t m odel i s u n d e r
s to o d o n ly a s a te m p o ra ry s t a r t i n g m e th o d t h a t w i l l l a t e r e n g a g e w h o le
c o n g r e g a t io n s an d m ore p e o p l e .
T he p a r t i c i p a n t m o d e l a c h ie v e s o n e o f t h e COCO g o a l s i n t h a t i t
r e g u l a r l y b r i n g s t o t h e L o r d 's T a b le p e o p le "who r a r e l y d i s c o v e r e a c h
o t h e r t h e r e o r e l s e w h e r e . T h i s a c h ie v e m e n t i s m i t i g a t e d , h o w e v e r,
by t h e s m a l l num ber o f p e o p le in v o lv e d (o n e h u n d re d p e r s o n s i n e a c h
c i t y - w i d e s e r v i c e ) a n d t h e p o s s i b l e c r i t i c i s m t h a t t h e r e r e a l l y may n o t
b e a n a u t h e n t i c "com m unity o f f a i t h . "
The e m p h a s is o n I E F 's b r i n g i n g p e o p le t o g e t h e r who do n o t m e e t
^C O C U , S te p s , p . 2 .
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e ls e w h e re m u s t b e c a r e f u l l y u n d e r s to o d . The i n t e n t b e h in d t h i s em pha
s i s from COCU i s t o g u a rd a g a i n s t I E F 's o c c u r r i n g o n ly among t h e c u l
t u r a l l y c o n g e n ia l c o n g r e g a t i o n s . I t w ou ld b e v e r y u n f o r t u n a t e , f o r e x
a m p le , f o r e u c h a r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p t o h ap p e n o n ly among t h e p r e d o m in e n t-
l y w h i te m i d d l e - c l a s s c o n g r e g a t io n s , o r o n ly among t h e h i s p a n i c c o n g r e
g a t i o n s , o r o n ly among t h e c o n g r e g a t io n s o n a p a r t i c u l a r s t r e e t . E cu
m e n ic a l w o rs h ip m u s t n e v e r b e i n t h e p o s i t i o n o f r e i n f o r c i n g t h e c u l
t u r a l p a t t e r n s o f p r e j u d i c e an d p o v e r ty .
T he c i t y / a r e a m odel c a n b e e s p e c i a l l y h e l p f u l i n t h i s r e g a r d .
The c i t y - w i d e c e l e b r a t i o n s c a n b r i n g t o g e t h e r a b r o a d ly r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
g ro u p t h a t c u t s a c r o s s l i n e s o f r a c e , s e x an d eco n o m ic s t a t u s . L ik e
w is e , b u t w i th g r e a t e r d i f f i c u l t y , t h e a r e a c e l e b r a t i o n s o f t h e IEF
c o u ld do t h i s . T he a r e a s o r s e c t o r s o f t h e c i t y w ould n e e d t o b e
t h o u g h t f u l l y d e te r m in e d b y t h e p la n n in g c o m m itte e . Many o f o u r c i t i e s
h a v e e a s i l y i d e n t i f i a b l e n e ig h b o rh o o d s o f p r e d o m in e n t ly p o o r , w h i te ,
w e a l th y , e t h n i c m i n o r i t y , o r o l d e r p e o p le . I n m o s t c a s e s i t i s p o s
s i b l e t o d e te r m in e t h e IE F a r e a s so t h a t th e y c u t a c r o s s t h e s e r a c i a l
an d eco n o m ic l i n e s b u t y e t s t i l l m a i n t a i n some d e g r e e o f g e o g r a p h ic a l
p r o x im i ty i n t h e IEF a r e a s .
Some w ere i n i t i a l l y c r i t i c a l o f t h e c i t y / a r e a m o d el i n I n d i a n
a p o l i s b e c a u s e i t b e g a n w i th a n a l l - c l e r g y s e r v i c e . W h ile a n y sym bo l
o f e x c lu s io n o f t h e l a i t y o p e n s i t s e l f t o v a l i d c r i t i c i s m , t h e i n i t i a l
c i t y - w i d e s e r v i c e d i d p e r fo rm t h e e s s e n t i a l f u n c t i o n o f g e t t i n g IEF
s t a r t e d w i th t h e e n th u s ia s m an d s u p p o r t o f t h e m i n i s t e r s o f t h e c i t y .
I t m ig h t b e com pared t o t h e k i c k - o f f r a l l y o f a p o l i t i c a l c a m p a ig n .
The f i r s t r a l l y d o e s n o t d i c t a t e t h e e n t i r e s t y l e o f t h e p a r t y o r t h e
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c a n d i d a t e , b u t h a s a s p e c i a l i z e d f u n c t i o n o f g e t t i n g t h i n g s s t a r t e d
w i th g u s t o .
The c o n g r e g a t i o n a l m odel h a s many a d v a n ta g e s . T he e u c h a r i s t i c
c e l e b r a t i o n o c c u r s a t t h e n o rm a l t im e o f w o r s h ip f o r t h e c h u r c h e s .
T h e re i s a n o b v io u s v i s i b l e s e n s e o f m any p e o p le s h a r in g One E u c h a r i s t .
E n t i r e c o n g r e g a t io n s p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e e v e n t . I t i s n o t a n e x t r a s e r
v i c e i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e n o rm a l w o r s h ip p a t t e r n o f t h e c o n g r e g a t i o n s .
T h is m o d el w o rk s v e r y w e l l i n a com m unity t h a t i s s m a l l i n p o p
u l a t i o n an d p h y s i c a l s i z e . I t w i l l n o t w o rk w e l l i n l a r g e c i t i e s a s
t h e n o rm a l IE F s e r v i c e . A m a s s iv e c e l e b r a t i o n i n a s ta d iu m i s o f
c o u r s e p o s s i b l e , b u t p ro b a b ly n o t f e a s i b l e o r d e s i r a b l e .
V a r i a t i o n s o r c o m b in a t io n s o f t h e m o d e ls g i v e f u r t h e r i d e a s f o r
p a r t i c u l a r com m unity p ro b le m s . T h e c o n g r e g a t i o n a l m odel m ig h t w ork
w e l l f o r t h e a r e a c e l e b r a t i o n s o f t h e c i t y / a r e a m o d e l, b e c a u s e t h e
" a r e a s " o f I n d i a n a p o l i s c o u ld b e g e a r e d t o g iv e t h e s m a l ln e s s o f t h e
R e d la n d s m o d e l.
A n o th e r v a r i a t i o n on a n y o f t h e t h r e e m o d e ls i s a b i l a t e r a l o r
t r i l a t e r a l p h a s e . By t h i s I m ean a s e r i e s o f e u c h a r i s t i c o b s e r v a n c e s
i n w h ic h c o n g r e g a t io n s a r e g ro u p e d i n p a i r s o r t r i o s . F o r e x a m p le , i n
a n IE F o f n in e c h u r c h e s , t h e r e w ould b e t h r e e s im u l ta n e o u s o b s e r v a n c e s
o f t h r e e c o n g r e g a t io n s e a c h i n o n e s e r i e s d u r in g t h e y e a r . T h is m ethod
g i v e s m ore d e p th t o t h e in v o lv e m e n t an d s h a r in g b e tw e e n c o n g r e g a t i o n s
w i th o u t l o s i n g t h e b r e a d t h an d d i v e r s i t y o f t h e t o t a l IE F .
T h is f i r s t i t e m o f t h e a g e n d a o f t h e p l a n n in g c o m m itte e m u s t
r e c e i v e t h e c o m m i t te e 's f i n e s t e f f o r t s b e c a u s e i t d e t e r m in e s t h e o v e r
a l l c o n c e p t o f IEF f o r t h e c i t y . C a r e f u l a t t e n t i o n t o a l l t h e f a c t o r s
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in v o lv e d i n t h e d e s i g n an d s e l e c t i o n o f t h e m odel w i l l s a v e m a jo r p r o
gram c h a n g e s a t a l a t e r t im e .
2 . O nce t h e m o d e l i s c h o s e n s p e c i f i c p l a n s c a n b e m ade co n
c e r n in g t h e s e i t e m s :
-W hat w i l l b e t h e " r e g u l a r b a s i s " o f t h e IE F? How m any c e l e
b r a t i o n s p e r y e a r and o n w h ic h d a y s ?
-W here w i l l t h e s e r v i c e s t a k e p l a c e ?
-How w i l l t h e s e r v i c e s come a b o u t? (T h is i n v o l v e s t h e m ore
d e t a i l e d m e c h a n ic s o f t h e m odel w h ich h a s b e e n c h o s e n .)
-W hat l i t u r g i e s w i l l b e u s e d ? (H o s t c h u r c h , COCU, e t c . )
3 . Now t h a t t h e m o d el i s u n d e r s to o d b y t h e p l a n n in g c o m m itte e
i n s p e c i f i c te rm s f o r t h e co m m u n ity , a p l a n f o r p r e p a r i n g t h e c o n g r e
g a t i o n s f o r t h e IE F m u s t b e f o r m u la t e d . I n many o f t h e e u c h a r i s t i c
f e l l o w s h i p s t h a t a r e a l r e a d y o p e r a t i n g , t h i s p r e p a r a t i o n h a s n o t b e e n
much m ore t h a n a n n o u n c in g an d e x p l a i n i n g t h e f i r s t s e r i e s .
The ty p e o f p r e p a r a t i o n w h ic h I h a v e d e a l t w i t h i n t h e s e c t i o n
o n m o t iv a t io n f o r e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip i s o f v i t a l im p o r ta n c e t o IE F .
I t i s t e m p t in g f o r t h e p l a n n i n g c o m m itte e t o s h o r t c u t t h i s s t e p and
p r e s s o n t o t h e f i r s t s e r i e s o f s e r v i c e s , b u t t h e l e v e l o f p a r t i c i p a
t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y i n l a i t y , w i l l s u f f e r d r a m a t i c a l l y .
4 . T he p a t t e r n o f e v e n t s a t e a c h e u c h a r i s t i c c e l e b r a t i o n i s
to b e d e c id e d n e x t . M ost o f t h e IE F s h a v e in c lu d e d a p e r io d o f f e l l o w
s h i p an d l i g h t r e f r e s h m e n ts f o l l o w in g t h e s e r v i c e s . Some h a v e had
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B ib le s tu d y an d d i s c u s s i o n g r o u p s . I f a s t u d y / d i s c u s s i o n p h a s e i s
u s e d I t h i n k i t i s m ore a p p r o p r i a t e t o s tu d y t h e t h e o l o g i c a l i s s u e s o f
e u c h a r i s t i c w o rs h ip t h a n i t i s t o h a v e a n e c u m e n ic a l B ib le s t u d y . C hap
t e r T h re e p r o v i d e s m a t e r i a l f o r su c h a t h e o l o g i c a l s tu d y o f t h e e u c h a -
r i s t i n e c u m e n ic a l p e r s p e c t i v e .
5 . From t im e t o t im e i n t h e p l a n n in g c o m m it te e 's m e e t in g s a t
t e n t i o n s h o u ld b e p a id t o i n c l u s i v e n e s s an d b ro a d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n in
t h e c o n m i t t e e 1s m a k e -u p . C h u rc h e s w h ich d i d n o t d e s i r e t o p a r t i c i p a t e
17i n IE F a t t h e b e g in n in g s h o u ld b e r e - i n v i t e d .
6 . T he r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e h o s t c h u rc h s h o u ld b e enum er
a t e d i n d e t a i l . E ven i n t h e c o n g r e g a t i o n a l m odel w h ic h m e e ts a t a
" n e u t r a l l o c a t i o n " some o n e m u s t t a k e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e t a s k s
u s u a l l y d o n e b y a h o s t c h u r c h f o r a n e c u m e n ic a l e v e n t , e . g . u s h e r s ,
g r e e t e r s , p u b l i c a d d r e s s s y s te m , e t c .
7 . T he IE F p l a n n i n g c o m m itte e may w a n t t o h a n d le i t s own b u d
g e t w i th m o n ie s r e c e i v e d fro m o f f e r i n g s a t t h e s e r v i c e s . I t m ig h t d e
c i d e t o w ork th r o u g h t h e b u d g e t o f t h e l o c a l c o u n c i l o f c h u r c h e s .
8 . I f t h e p a r t i c i p a n t m o d e l i s u s e d t h e r e q u i r e m e n ts f o r and
1 ftd e f i n i t i o n o f a " p a r t i c i p a n t " m u s t b e d e te r m in e d .
1 6COCU, "R ichm ond Summary R e p o r t , " p p . I f .
l 7 I b i d . , p p . 3 , 7 . A ls o , COCU, S t e p s , p . 2 .
1®C0CU, "R ichm ond Summary R e p o r t , " p . 2 .
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9 . G u id e l in e s f o r IE F i d e n t i f i e s s e v e n " p r a c t i c a l an d p a s t o r a l
i s s u e s " i n e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip . Many o f t h e s e i s s u e s a r e s e n s i t i v e an d
d e s e r v e t h e a d v a n c e a t t e n t i o n o f t h e IEF c o m m itte e . T h e s e i s s u e s a r e
good s u b j e c t s f o r s tu d y an d d i s c u s s i o n a f t e r t h e e u c h a r i s t i c s e r v i c e s ,
b u t th e p la n n in g c o m m itte e m u s t i n s u r e t h a t t h e r e a r e no u n f o r t u n a t e
" s u r p r i s e s " t o m ar t h e e u c h a r i s t i c s e r v i c e i t s e l f .
1 0 . M in u te s , r e c o r d s , and r e p o r t s o f t h e IEF s h o u ld b e m a in
t a i n e d fro m t h e o u t s e t an d s h a r e d w i th o t h e r s i n t e r e s t e d i n e c u m e n ic a l
w o r s h ip . T he COCU IEF C om m ission r e c e i v e s r e p o r t s fro m IE F s an d
s h a r e s s i g n i f i c a n t in f o r m a t io n th r o u g h a n e w s l e t t e r , I n C om m unity .
1 1 . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e g r e a t am oun t o f wo: v in v o lv e d i n g e t t i n g
an IEF s t a r t e d an d d e v e lo p e d , t h e p la n n in g c o m m itte e a l s o h a s t h e t a s k
o f lo o k in g t o t h e f u t u r e d e v e lo p m e n t o f IE F . A f t e r t h e c o m m itte e i s
f u n c t i o n i n g w e l l an d p e r h a p s h a s b e e n e n l a r g e d an d o r g a n iz e d i n t o t a s k
g ro u p s , o n e o f t h e s e g ro u p s s h o u ld h a v e t h e t a s k s o f e v a l u a t i n g t h e
p r e s e n t p ro g ra m an d m ak ing p r o p o s a l s f o r t h e f u t u r e .
Im p le m e n ta t io n
We w i l l n o t r e p e a t h e r e t h e many i t e m s d i s c u s s e d u n d e r t h e p la n
n in g c o m m it te e 's a g e n d a , b u t w i l l f o c u s o n a few p ro b le m s t h a t w i l l d e
s e r v e a t t e n t i o n a s IE F b e g i n s .
A l l o f t h e IEF s e r v i c e s s h o u ld b e r e h e a r s e d i n a d v a n c e b y t h e
l e a d e r s . T he c h u r c h e s h a v e come a lo n g an d d i f f i c u l t way t o s h a r e t h e
L o r d 's S u p p e r e c u m e n ic a l ly . E v e ry e f f o r t s h o u ld b e m ade to h a v e t h e
s e r v i c e s th e m s e lv e s c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e b e s t m an n er p o s s i b l e . T he n ee d
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19f o r r e h e a r s a l s i s e s p e c i a l l y c r i t i c a l i n c o n c e l e b r a t e d e u c h a r i s t s .
A minimum o f e x p la n a to r y a n n o u n c e m e n ts s h o u ld i n t e r f e r e w i th
t h e n a t u r a l f lo w an d b e a u ty o f t h e l i t u r g y b u t so m etim es th e y a r e
n e c e s s a r y .
T he b e g in n in g o f a n IE F i s a s i g n i f i c a n t com m unity e v e n t . Ap
p r o p r i a t e m ed ia c o v e ra g e s h o u ld b e a r r a n g e d an d w ould a m p l i f y t h e w i t
n e s s t o t h e co m m u n ity . IEF s h o u ld p r o j e c t a n im ag e t h a t show s i t t o b e
b o th im p o r ta n t an d n o rm a l . F o r C h r i s t i a n s t o e a t t h e L o r d 's S u p p er
t o g e t h e r i s n o t a b n o rm a l: i t i s t h e norm and o u r d e n o m in a t io n a l d i v i
s i o n s a r e d e v i a t i o n s fro m i t .
As we m e n tio n e d e a r l i e r , e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip d o e s n o t s e e k to
h id e i s s u e s o f d i s a g r e e m e n t o r o m it them fro m t h e n o rm a tiv e a c t s o f
C h r i s t i a n w o r s h ip . T h u s t h e m anner o f d e a l i n g w i th s e n s i t i v e i s s u e s
w i l l b e a s i g n i f i c a n t i n d i c a t o r o f t h e s p i r i t o f t h e IE F .
E v a lu a t io n an d f o l lo w - u p a c t i o n s o f t h e IEF w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d
i n C h a p te r F o u r .
SUMMARY
M o t iv a t io n f o r e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip i s t h e k e y t h a t c a n u n lo c k
t h e d o o r t o e u c h a r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p . M ethods o f i n c r e a s i n g m o t iv a t i o n
f o r e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip i n l o c a l c o n g r e g a t io n s h a v e b e e n s u g g e s t e d .
The p r o c e s s f o r s t a r t i n g an d d e v e lo p in g e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip i n a com
m u n ity b e g in s w i th b u i l d i n g a n e c u m e n ic a l b a s e g ro u n d e d i n k n o w led g e o f
19COCU, G u id e l in e s (1 9 7 3 ) , p . 9 .
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c h u rc h h i s t o r y an d w o rs h ip an d i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i th o t h e r c h u r c h e s i n
p ro g ra m an d m i s s i o n .
S te p s t o e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip b e g in w i th a p r e l i m i n a r y c o n t a c t
g ro u p w h ich w o rk s t o c o n v e n e a n i n c l u s i v e an d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e p la n n in g
c o m m itte e . T h is c o m m itte e c o n s i d e r s s e v e r a l m o d e ls o f IEF an d th e n
p r o c e e d s w i t h d e t a i l e d p la n n in g an d im p le m e n ta t io n . F ig u r e 1 show s a
b a s i c IEF p r o c e s s .
V i t a l t o t h e IEF i s t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f c o n g r e g a t io n s and t h e
e c u m e n ic a l s tu d y o f t h e th e o lo g y o f e u c h a r i s t i c w o r s h ip . T he n e x t c h a p
t e r a d d r e s s e s t h e l a t t e r c o n c e r n .
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Reproduced
with perm
ission of the
copyright ow
ner. Further
reproduction prohibited
without
permission.
C o n g r e g a t io n CC o n g r e g a t io n B
CONTACT
GROUP
S e r i e s o f e u c h a r i s t i c s e r v i c e s w i th s t u d y / d i s c u s s i o n g r o u p s .
F in a lE v a lu a t io n
P r e p a r a t i o n s f o r IE F , b u i l d i n g a n e c u m e n ic a l b a s e .
C o n g r e g a t io n A
IEF PLANNING
COMMITTEE
F i g u r e 1
B a s i c P r o c e s s f o r IE F
u>co
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Chapter 3
THE THEOLOGY OF THE EUCHARIST
IN ECUMENICAL PERSPECTIVE
I n t h i s c h a p te r we w i l l lo o k a t c o n te m p o ra ry t r e n d s i n e u c h a
r i s t i c t h o u g h t a n d th e n a t t h e m a jo r i s s u e s o f e u c h a r i s t i c th e o lo g y i n
e c u m e n ic a l p e r s p e c t i v e . The p u rp o s e o f t h i s o v e rv ie w i s t o h e l p c h u rc h
p e o p le u n d e r s ta n d t h e t h e o l o g i c a l i s s u e s w h ich u n d e r l i e t h e p r a c t i c a l
d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e w ays we c e l e b r a t e t h e e u c h a r i s t . T h is s tu d y c a n
p r o v id e g r e a t e r d e p th t o o n e 's own b e l i e f a b o u t t h e m ean in g o f t h e
L o r d 's S u p p e r an d e m p a th e t i c u n d e r s ta n d in g o f t h e r e a s o n s f o r d i f f e r e n t
v ie w s . I n t h e t h i r d s e c t i o n o f t h e c h a p te r a f o r m a t f o r in f o r m a l
s t u d y / d i s c u s s i o n g ro u p s w i l l b e p r e s e n t e d .
To t h i s p o i n t i n t h e p a p e r we h a v e n o t in c lu d e d t h e Roman C a th
o l i c C h u rch i n o u r d i s c u s s i o n . The o m is s io n h a s b e e n i n t e n t i o n a l b e
c a u s e o u r f o c u s h a s b e e n o n t h o s e c h u r c h e s , e s p e c i a l l y t h e o n e s p a r t i c i
p a t i n g i n COCU, w h ich h a v e a r r i v e d a t t h e p o i n t o f b e in g w i l l i n g to
s h a r e t h e L o r d 's S u p p e r t o g e t h e r . T he Roman C a t h o l i c C h u rch i s n o t
t h e r e y e t . T he sam e c a n b e s a i d f o r t h e O r th o d o x .
I n o u r p r e s e n t d i s c u s s i o n o f e u c h a r i s t i c d o c t r i n e , h o w e v e r, t o
o m i t t h e Roman C a t h o l i c v ie w p o in t w ou ld b e im p o s s ib l e . T h e re a r e t h r e e
r e a s o n s why t h i s i s s o . F i r s t , no t r e a t m e n t o f c o n te m p o ra ry e u c h a r i s
t i c t h e o lo g y c a n f a i l t o t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t t h e u n d e r s ta n d in g o f t h e
t r a d i t i o n w h ich h a s h ad t h e e u c h a r i s t a s i t s p r im a l s a c ra m e n t s i n c e
t h e a p o s t o l i c a g e . A l l o f o u r P r o t e s t a n t u n d e r s ta n d in g o f t h e e u c h a
r i s t i s h i s t o r i c a l l y u n d e r s to o d i n r e f e r e n c e t o C a t h o l i c b e l i e f and
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p r a c t i c e .
S eco n d , i n c o n te m p o ra ry e u c h a r i s t i c th e o lo g y t h e C a t h o l i c
C h u rch p r o v id e s t h e f e r m e n t . V i r t u a l l y e v e ry m a jo r C h r i s t i a n m ovem ent
h a s b e e n i n d i a lo g u e w i th t h e Roman C a t h o l i c C h u rch s i n c e t h e S econd
V a t i c a n C o u n c i l . T h ese b i l a t e r a l c o n v e r s a t i o n s h a v e g iv e n e n e rg y t o
t h e p u r s u i t o f t h e o l o g i c a l a g r e e m e n t i n many a r e a s i n c l u d i n g t h e e u c h a
r i s t .
A s we s h a l l s e e l a t e r , t h e t a n g i b l e f r u i t o f t h e s e b i l a t e r a l
d i s c u s s i o n s a r e s e v e r a l s u b s t a n t i a l c o n s e n s u s s t a t e m e n t s o n t h e e u c h a
r i s t .
T h i r d , e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip i s a c o n t i n u i n g a c t i v i t y o f t h e
c h u r c h 's l i f e to w a rd u n i t y . The o r i e n t a t i o n to w a rd t h e f u t u r e o f t h e
l o c a l e u c h a r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p s h o u ld a n t i c i p a t e t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f
C a t h o l i c s . W h ile th e y may n o t b e a b l e t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n e u c h a r i s t i c
f e l l o w s h i p r i g h t now, th e y c o u ld b e in v o lv e d i n t h e p l a n n in g c o m m itte e
an d e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e s t u d y / d i s c u s s i o n g r o u p s . S in c e t h i s c h a p te r p r o
v i d e s t h e m ain c o n t e n t f o r t h e p ro p o s e d s tu d y g r o u p s , C a t h o l i c e u c h a
r i s t i c t h i n k in g i s i n c l u d e d .
TRENDS IN EUCHARISTIC THOUGHT
C o n tem p o ra ry e u c h a r i s t i c t h o u g h t i s m ark ed b y c o n s i d e r a b l e
f l u i d i t y . V i r t u a l l y a l l c h u r c h e s a r e r e a p p r a i s i n g t h e i r d o c t r i n a l p o
s i t i o n s , com ing o u t fro m b e h in d t h e b a r r i c a d e s o f " i n t e r c o n f e s s i o n a l
p o le m ic ." '* ' T re n d s i n t h i s f l u i d s i t u a t i o n c a n b e s e e n o n t h r e e f r o n t s :
^■William B . G re en sp u n an d W il l ia m A . N o rg re n , L iv in g Room D ia lo g u e s (G len R ock, N J: P a u l i s t P r e s s , 1965) p . 2 3 4 .
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t h e l i t u r g i c a l m ovem ent, t h e e c u m e n ic a l m ovem ent, a n d m odern b i b l i c a l
s c h o l a r s h i p .
T he l i t u r g i c a l m ovem ent i s t h e name g iv e n t o t h e e x t r a o r d i n a r y
r e n e w a l o f i n t e r e s t i n w o rs h ip i n t h e C h r i s t i a n c h u r c h e s i n t h i s c e n
t u r y . From t h e b e g in n in g t h e m ovem ent w as n o t a n t i - t r a d i t i o n a l i s t b u t
s im p ly s o u g h t t o re n ew t h e fu n d a m e n ta l c o n c e p t o f w o rs h ip b e in g t h e
common a c t i o n o f t h e p e o p le o f t h e c h u r c h , "an a c t i o n w h ich in v o lv e d
2them i n t h e s a v in g w ork o f C h r i s t i n an d f o r t h e w o r ld . " A lth o u g h
t h e e a r l y d e v e lo p m e n ts w e re w i t h i n t h e C a t h o l i c r a n k s i n E u ro p e , t h e
e c u m e n ic a l m ovem ent an d t h e p u b l i s h i n g o f s e v e r a l j o u r n a l s d e v o te d t o
t h e s tu d y o f l i t u r g y b o th h e lp e d t o s p r e a d l i t u r g i c a l i n t e r e s t a c r o s s
c o n t i n e n t s and c h u r c h e s . P r o t e s t a n t i s m h a s fo l lo w e d t h e l e a d o f Roman
ism an d A n g l ic a n is m i n c u l t i v a t i n g a f r e s h o p e n n e s s t o l e a r n i n g fro m
o t h e r t r a d i t i o n s . An e m e rg in g c o n s e n s u s o n t h e l i t u r g y i s t h e r e s u l t
o f t h e s e y e a r s o f l i t u r g i c a l r e n e w a l .
T he c o n s e n s u s h a s a f f e c t e d t h e p r a c t i c e o f w o r s h ip i n t h e
c h u r c h e s i n i n t e r e s t i n g w a y s . W h ile C a t h o l i c s h a v e c h a n g ed t o l i t u r g y
i n t h e v e r n a c u l a r , many P r o t e s t a n t s h a v e b e g u n t o e x p e r im e n t w i th w r i t
t e n fo rm s o f w o r s h ip . A s Roman p r i e s t s h a v e p l a c e d m o re e m p h a s is o n
d e v e lo p in g h o m i l e t i c a l s k i l l s , P r o t e s t a n t m i n i s t e r s h a v e b e e n l e a r n i n g
how t o d o t h e e u c h a r i s t b e t t e r . M ost c h u r c h e s a f f i r m c o n g r e g a t i o n a l
p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n w o rs h ip an d r e s i s t l i t u r g i c a l d o m in a t io n b y p r i e s t o r
m i n i s t e r . C h u rc h e s w ith e l a b o r a t e an d com plex c e r e m o n ia l a r e m oving
2H. E l l s w o r th C h a n d le e , "T he L i t u r g i c a l M ovem ent," i n J . G. D a v ie s ( e d . ) A D i c t i o n a r y o f L i t u r g y an d W o rsh ip (New Yorks Macm i l l a n , 1972) p . 2 1 7 .
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to w a rd s i m p l i c i t y w h i le c h u r c h e s w h ic h had v i r t u a l l y no p r a c t i c e o f
r i t u a l i s t i c e x p r e s s i o n o r s y m b o lic m ovem ent o r d r e s s a r e now u s in g
some s t y l i z e d l i t u r g i c a l fo r m s . F i n a l l y , a fu n d a m e n ta l p o i n t o f t h e
e m e rg in g c o n s e n s u s i s t h a t t h e norm o f Sunday w o rs h ip s h o u ld b e t h e
e u c h a r i s t , a l t h o u g h t h e p r a c t i c e o f t h i s norm i s n o t y e t f u l l y r e a l i z e d .
G e n e r a l ly s p e a k in g t h e d e n o m in a t io n a l l i t u r g i e s o f to d a y te n d
t o h a v e t h e sam e c o n t e n t e v e n th o u g h o r d e r an d p a r t i c u l a r s t r e s s v a r y .
T h ey u s u a l l y c o n s i s t o f s e v e r a l s c r i p t u r e r e a d i n g s fo l lo w e d b y a serm on,
a n a f f i r m a t i o n o f f a i t h , a n i n t e r c e s s o r y p r a y e r , an d t h e e u c h a r i s t i n
f o u r f o l d a c t i o n ( t a k i n g , b l e s s i n g , b r e a k i n g , an d g i v i n g . )
C e r t a i n l y t h i s c o n s e n s u s d i d n o t a r r i v e o v e r n i g h t , b u t o n e
g i a n t la n d m a rk o f t h e m ovem ent i s t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n o n t h e S a c re d L i t u r
g y p ro m u lg a te d i n 1964 b y t h e S eco n d V a t i c a n C o u n c i l .
T he C o n s t i t u t i o n u n l e a s h e s t h e l i t u r g y . . . . t o becom e t h e l i v i n g s e r v i c e o f t h e C h r i s t i a n com m unity i n a way w h ic h h a s n o t b e e n p o s s i b l e s i n c e t h e b e g in n in g o f t h e M id d le A g e s .^
E c u m e n ic a l i n s c o p e , i t i s a c l e a r s t a t e m e n t o f t h e th e o lo g y
o f l i t u r g y w r i t t e n w i t h g r e a t p a s t o r a l c o n c e rn f o r t h e n e e d s o f t h e
p e o p le and s e n s i t i v i t y t o t h e m i s s io n o f t h e c h u rc h i n t h e w o r ld .
B u t t h e l i t u r g i c a l m ovem ent d i d n o t end w i th V a t i c a n I I . I t
c o n t i n u e s t o p r o v id e t h e o n g o in g s t im u lu s t o t h e c h u r c h so t h a t t h e l i
t u r g y w i l l a lw a y s b e r e l e v a n t an d r e s p o n s i v e t o t h e c h u r c h 's s i t u a t i o n .
3S ee i n t r o d u c t i o n t o Jo h n C . K irb y , Word an d A c t io n ; New Form s
o f t h e L i t u r g y (New Y o rk : S e a b u ry P r e s s , 1 9 6 9 ) , p . v i i f f . , an d H o raceT . A l l e n , J r . , " I s T h e re a n E m erg in g E cu m e n ic a l C o n s e n s u s C o n c e rn in g t h e L i tu r g y ? " R efo rm ed L i t u r g y an d M u s ic , X (S p r in g 1 9 7 6 ) , 7 - 1 2 .
AC h a n d le e , p . 2 2 0 .
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E x am p les o f t h e t r e n d t o s e a r c h f o r l i t u r g i c a l e x p r e s s i o n s
w h ich t r a n s c e n d and d raw t o g e t h e r d i f f e r e n t com m unions c a n b e fo u n d i n
t h e w ork o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n s u l t a t i o n o n E n g l i s h T e x ts (IC E T ), t h e
J o i n t L i t u r g i c a l G roup i n G r e a t B r i t a i n , an d t h e C o n s u l t a t i o n o n C h u rch
U n io n i n t h e U .S .A . ICET, f o r e x a m p le , w as fo rm ed i n 1969 a s a n e c u
m e n ic a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l p a n e l o f s c h o l a r s fro m t h e E n g l i s h s p e a k in g
w o r ld . T h e i r w ork h a s p r o v id e d t h i r t e e n t e x t s o f t h e c l a s s i c p r a y e r s
an d c r e e d s w h ich a r e common t o a l l C h r i s t i a n c o n f e s s i o n s . B e c a u se
s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n h a s b e e n g iv e n t o p r o v id e c o n te m p o ra ry t e x t s f o r l i t
u r g i c a l u s e , t h e ICET m a t e r i a l s a r e e s p e c i a l l y a p p r o p r i a t e f o r e c u m e n i
c a l w o rs h ip s e r v i c e s . ^
T h e re a r e so m any i n t e r p e n e t r a t i n g a s p e c t s o f t h e l i t u r g i c a l
m ovem ent an d t h e e c u m e n ic a l m ovem ent t h a t t h e fo rm e r may b e c o n s id e r e d
p a r t o f t h e l a t t e r . T re n d s i n e u c h a r i s t i c th o u g h t i n t h e e c u m e n ic a l
m ovem ent, h o w e v e r , h a v e n o t b e e n c o n c e rn e d w i th t h e e u c h a r i s t i c l i t
u r g y a s m uch a s w i th in te rc o m m u n io n an d t h e d o c t r i n e o f t h e e u c h a r i s t .
By i t s v e r y n a t u r e t h e e u c h a r i s t h a s a c e n t r a l p l a c e i n e c u m e n ic a l d i s
c u s s i o n .
T he E u c h a r i s t i s t h e s a c r a m e n t o f u n i t y : " b e c a u s e t h e r e i s o n eB re a d , we who a r e m any a r e o n e B ody" (1 C or 1 0 .1 7 ) . Y e t t h i s s a c ra m e n t w as o n e o f t h e c h i e f c a u s e s o f d i s u n i t y an d b i t t e r n e s s a t t h e t im e o f t h e R e fo r m a t io n : an d to d a y , th o u g h C a t h o l i c s so f r e q u e n t l y come t o g e t h e r t o p r a y w i th o t h e r C h r i s t i a n s , th e y c a n n o t s h a r e t h e E u c h a r i s t . T h e b r e a d o f u n i t y i s now t h e s i g n o f
5S ee I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n s u l t a t i o n on E n g l i s h T e x t s , P r a y e r s We
Have i n Common ( P h i l a d e l p h i a : F o r t r e s s P r e s s , 1 9 7 5 ) ; J o i n t L i t u r g i c a lG ro u p , T he R enew al o f W o rsh ip (L ondon: O x fo rd U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 6 5 ) ;an d COCU, An O rd e r o f W o rsh ip ( C i n c i n n a t i : F o rw ard M ovem ent, 1 9 6 8 ) .
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d iv i s io n .* *
7As t h e s a c r a m e n t o f u n i t y an d r e c o n c i l i a t i o n t h e e u c h a r i s t
p r e s e n t e d i t s e l f a s a p a i n f u l p ro b le m f o r d e l e g a t e s a t t h e s e r i e s o f
F a i t h an d O rd e r c o n f e r e n c e s b e g in n in g a t L a u sa n n e i n 1 9 2 7 . P ro b lem s
c o n c e r n in g in te rc o m m u n io n , i . e . f u l l r e c i p r o c i t y a t t h e communion t a
b l e s o f d i f f e r e n t c h u r c h e s , w e re i n i t i a l l y s e e n m ore i n r e l a t i o n to
d i f f e r e n c e s i n c o n c e p t io n s o f " v a l i d m i n i s t r i e s " th a n i n d o c t r i n a l d i f
f e r e n c e s . A t t h e s e c o n d F a i t h an d O rd e r C o n fe r e n c e i n E d in b u rg h , A rc h
b i s h o p W il l ia m T em ple c a l l e d t h e b a r r i e r s a g a i n s t f u l l u n io n a t t h e
L o r d 's T a b le " t h e g r e a t e s t o f a l l t h e s c a n d a l s i n t h e f a c e o f t h e
w o r ld . " 8
S t i l l i n 1 9 5 1 , t h e r e p o r t s o f t h e T h e o lo g ic a l C om m ission o n
In te rc o m m u n io n p r e p a r e d f o r t h e C o n fe r e n c e o n F a i t h an d O rd e r a t Lund
s i n g l e d o u t t h e b a s i c d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n th e c h u r c h e s w h ich c la im t h e
e p i s c o p a l s u c c e s s i o n an d t h e o t h e r c h u r c h e s a s " th e m o s t f o r m id a b le
9o b s t a c l e xn t h e way o f in te rc o m m u n io n . 11 T he p re -L u n d d o cu m en t a l s o
d e a l t w i t h t h e u r g e n t p ro b le m o f e c u m e n ic a l e u c h a r i s t i c p r a c t i c e o n
th e m i s s i o n f i e l d an d s u g g e s te d s e v e r a l w ays o f c e l e b r a t i n g t h e e u c h a ris t
a t e c u m e n ic a l g a th e r in g s .^ ®
£E . J . Y a rn o ld i n P r e f a c e t o Jam es Q u in n , The T h e o lo g y o f t h e
E u c h a r i s t (N o tr e Dame: F i d e s , 1 9 7 3 ) , p . 9 .
^ G re g o ry Baum, " L i tu r g y an d U n i t y , " E c u m e n is t , V I (N ovem ber- D ecem ber 1 9 6 7 ) , 9 7 -1 0 0 .
®Donald B a i l l i e and J o h n M arsh ( e d s . ) In te rc o m m u n io n (New Y ork: H a rp e r & B r o t h e r s , 1 9 5 2 ) , p . 5 .
9 I b i d . , p . 3 5 .
l O l b i d . , p p . 3 4 -4 1 .
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By t h e en d o f t h e New D e lh i A ssem b ly o f t h e W orld C o u n c i l o f
C h u rc h e s i n 1961 m o st m a t t e r s w ere s t i l l a t an im p a sse d e s p i t e a c r e
a t i v e s u g g e s t io n t h a t
. . . i f we r e v e r s e d t h e u s u a l o r d e r o f d i s c u s s i o n an d fo c u s e d on e u c h a r i s t i c a c t i o n - w h a t God d o e s a n d c a l l s u s t o do a t t h e L o r d 's T a b le - r a t h e r th a n ( f i r s t o f a l l ) o n e u c h a r i s t i c a d m in is t r a t i o n - i . e . t h e p ro b le m o f v a l i d m i n i s t r y - we m ig h t f i n d a c l e a r e r way t o t h e h e a r t o f a n a d e q u a te s a c r a m e n ta l d o c t r i n e .
O necan f u l l y a p p r e c i a t e t h e p a i n s t a k i n g p r o g r e s s o f e u c h a r i s
t i c a g re e m e n t i n t h e F a i t h an d O rd e r C o n fe r e n c e s o n ly b y r e a d i n g t h e
c o n f e r e n c e - b y - c o n f e r e n c e a c c o u n t s . O ur i n t e n t i o n h e r e , h o w e v e r, i s
s im p ly t o b e aw are o f t h e ty p e o f i n t e r f a c e i n t h e w o rld w id e e c u m e n ic a l
m ovem ent w h ich c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e e m e rg in g t h e o l o g i c a l c o n s e n s u s on t h e
12e u c h a r i s t . I n o t h e r e c u m e n ic a l d i s c u s s i o n s o f m ore l i m i t e d p r o p o r
t i o n s e u c h a r i s t i c a g r e e m e n ts h a v e a l s o b e e n w orked o u t i n t h e l a s t
s e v e r a l d e c a d e s . T h ese i n c l u d e i n t e r n a t i o n a l b i l a t e r a l s t a t e m e n t s an d
t h o s e fro m t h e C o n s u l t a t i o n o n C h u rch U n io n and t h e N a t io n a l C o u n c i l
o f C h u rc h e s o f C h r i s t i n t h e U n i te d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a . ^
A t r u l y r e m a rk a b le o c c u re n c e i n t h e e c u m e n ic a l m ovem ent h a s
b e e n t h e r a d i c a l c h a n g e i n t h e Roman C a t h o l i c C h u rc h . B e fo re V a t ic a n
I I C a t h o l i c s w e re f o r b id d e n t o e n g a g e i n p u b l i c r e l i g i o u s d i s c u s s i o n
H w . A . V i s s e r ' t H o o f t ( e d . ) T he New D e lh i R e p o r t , p . 12 8 . C i t e d i n R o b e r t McAfee B row n, The E c u m e n ic a l R e v o lu t io n (New Y ork : D o u b led a y , 1 9 6 9 ) , p . 3 5 9 .
^ A c u r r e n t sum m ary o f e c u m e n ic a l a g re e m e n t on t h e e u c h a r i s t a p p ro v e d a t t h e F a i t h and O rd e r C om m ission m e e t in g i n A c c ra , 1974 i s fo u n d i n W orld C o u n c il o f C h u rc h e s , One B a p tis m , One E u c h a r i s t , an d a M u tu a l ly R eco g n iz ed M in i s t r y , (G eneva: 1 9 7 5 ) . F o r a co m m en tary andsummary o f t h e F a i t h an d O rd e r C o n fe r e n c e s s e e B row n, p p . 3 4 8 -3 7 1 .
l^ S e e B ib l io g r a p h y D f o r a l i s t i n g o f e u c h a r i s t i c c o n s e n s u s s t a t e m e n t s .
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w i th n o n - C a t h o l i c s . L ik e w is e , b u t w i th ev e n g r e a t e r i n t e n s i t y , c a n o n
14la w t o t a l l y p r o h i b i t e d an y k in d o f common w o r s h ip . A t V a t i c a n I I a
c o m p le te tu r n a r o u n d o c c u r r e d . T he D e c re e o n Ecum enism u rg e d t h e f a i t h
f u l t o t a k e a n a c t i v e p a r t i n ecum enism , in d e e d t o t a k e t h e i n i t i a t i v e
w i th n o n - C a t h o l i c s . ^
C o n c e rn in g t h e e u c h a r i s t , t h e D e c re e a f f i r m e d t h e tw o m ain e u
c h a r i s t i c f u n c t i o n s w e re t o s e r v e a s a n e x p r e s s io n o f u n i t y and a s a
m eans o f g r a c e . T h u s t h e s e w e re f a r r e a c h in g i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r C a th o
l i c s p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n e c u m e n ic a l ly s h a r e d e u c h a r i s t " i n a d i s c r i m i n a t e
f a s h i o n . " B u t t h i s e c u m e n ic a l b r e a k th r o u g h w as r e v e r s e d b y t h e D i r e c
t o r y C o n c e rn in g E c u m e n ic a l M a t te r s w h ich a l lo w e d "no p r o v i s i o n w h a tso
e v e r f o r t h e e c u m e n ic a l ly s h a r e d E u c h a r i s t a s a m eans o f f o s t e r i n g
C h r i s t i a n U n i ty .
D e s p i t e some s e tb a c k s l i k e t h i s r e v e r s a l o f t h e s p i r i t o f t h e
D e c re e on E cum enism , we c a n s e e t h e s lo w , u n e v e n b u t s t i l l fo rw a rd mo
t i o n o f a g re e m e n t o n e u c h a r i s t i c d o c t r i n e an d in te rc o m m u n io n i n t h e
e c u m e n ic a l m ovem ent.
B i b l i c a l s c h o l a r s h i p o f t h e l a s t h a l f c e n tu r y i s t h e t h i r d a r e a
t h a t h a s s t r o n g l y i n f l u e n c e d t h e c o n v e rg in g t r e n d s o f e u c h a r i s t i c
t h o u g h t . I n 1943 C a t h o l i c s c h o l a r s w e re i n s t r u c t e d b y a p a p a l
■ ^ L e o n a r d S w id le r , "The E u c h a r i s t i n E c u m e n ic a l P e r s p e c t i v e , " J o u r n a l o f E c u m e n ic a l S t u d i e s , X I I I (S p r in g 1 9 7 6 ) , 3 3 2 f .
■ ^ "D ecree o n E cu m en ism ," S e c . 4 , 5 , 8 , i n W a lte r A b b o t t an d J o se p h G a l la g h e r ( e d s . ) D ocum ents o f V a t i c a n I I (New Y o rk : G u i ld P r e s s ,1 9 6 6 ) , p . 3 4 7 ,3 5 0 ,3 5 2 .
^ S w i d l e r , p . 3 3 4 .
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17e n c y c l i c a l t o u s e t h e m e th o d s o f m odern b i b l i c a l c r i t i c i s m . S in c e
t h e n P r o t e s t a n t an d C a t h o l i c b i b l i c a l s c h o l a r s h a v e b e e n c o n v e rg in g o n
su c h im p o r ta n t m a t t e r s t o e u c h a r i s t i c th e o lo g y a s e a r l y C h r i s t i a n w o r-
18s h i p an d t h e b ro a d e n in g sc o p e o f e u c h a r i s t i c th em es i n b o t h t h e O ld
an d New T e s ta m e n ts .
T he n o t i o n o f s a c r i f i c e , f o r ex a m p le , h a s b e e n r e s c u e d fro m i t s l i m i t e d p r e o c c u p a t io n w i t h d e a th i n t o a w id e r an d m ore p o s i t i v e a f f i r m a t i o n w h ich i n c l u d e s o f f e r i n g , com m union, c o v e n a n t , an d r e n e w a l. T h is p r o v i d e s a b r o a d e r a r e a i n w h ich t h e v e x e d q u e s t i o n o f e u c h a r i s t i c s a c r i f i c e c a n b e d i s c u s s e d . ^
T h e re i s g r e a t s i m i l a r i t y b e tw e e n t h e t r e n d s i n b i b l i c a l
s c h o l a r s h i p and t h o s e we n o t i c e d i n t h e l i t u r g i c a l m ovem ent i n t h a t
s o l u t i o n s w h ich t r a n s c e n d c o n f e s s i o n a l p r e s s u r e p o i n t s a r e b e in g s o u g h t
an d fo u n d . P r o f e s s o r J o h n C . K irb y c i t e s t h e " d is a p p e a r a n c e o f denom
i n a t i o n a l b i a s i n t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e b i b l e " a s h a v in g an im
p o r t a n t e f f e c t o n l i t u r g i c a l s t u d i e s . A ls o o n t h e s u b j e c t o f s a c r i f i c e
h e w r i t e s :
O ur g r e a t e r k n o w led g e o f t h e c u l t u r a l b a c k g ro u n d o f t h e b i b l e h a s show n a l l o f u s t h a t , b e c a u s e t h e e v id e n c e was n o t a v a i l a b l e i n t h e s i x t e e n t h c e n tu r y , b o t h R e fo rm e rs an d C o u n te r -R e f o rm e rs w e re e q u a l l y w rong i n t h e c o n c lu s io n s t h e y d re w from b i b l i c a l r e f e r e n c e s t o s a c r i f i c e . A g r e a t many o f t h e a rg u m e n ts o n b o th s i d e s a r e now s e e n t o h a v e b e e n b a s e d o n m is u n d e r s ta n d in g s o f t h e
P iu s X I I , "The P ro m o tio n o f B i b l i c a l S tu d i e s (D iv in o A f f la n te ) ," C a t h o l i c M ind , X L II (May 1944) 2 5 7 f f . A ls o s e e K e i th D. S te p h e n s o n , "Roman C a t h o l i c B i b l i c a l S c h o l a r s h i p , " E n c o u n te r , XXXIII (Autumn 1 9 7 2 ) , 3 0 3 .
18P o r a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e i n f l u e n c e o f m odern e x e g e s i s o n b i b l i c a l th e o lo g y o f t h e e u c h a r i s t s e e Wim L u u r t B o e le n s , " E u c h a r i s t i c D e v e lo p m en ts i n t h e E v a n g e l i c a l C h u rc h ," i n H ans Kung ( e d . ) T he S a c r a m e n ts :An E c u m e n ic a l Dilem m a (New Y o rk : P a u l i s t P r e s s , 1 9 6 6 ) , p p . 9 5 -1 1 2 .
1 9 S o c ie ty f o r P ro m o tin g C h r i s t i a n K now ledge, E u c h a r i s t i c T h eo lo g y T hen an d Now (L ondon: 1 9 6 8 ) , p . 1 0 6 .
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b i b l i c a l t e x t s . ^
I t s h o u ld b e c l e a r now t h a t t h e s e " c o - o p e r a t i v e " f o r c e s h a v e
b e e n a t w ork i n t h i s c e n tu r y a f f e c t i n g t h e c o n v e rg e n c e o f e u c h a r i s t i c
t h o u g h t . Now o u r a t t e n t i o n t u r n s t o t h e m a jo r i s s u e s o f c o n te m p o ra ry
e u c h a r i s t i c d i s c u s s i o n . T h e s e a r e t h e i s s u e s w h ich f o r t h e m o s t p a r t
u n d e r l i e t h e p r a c t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s we e x p e r i e n c e i n e c u m e n ic a l e u c h a
r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p .
ISSUES IN EUCHARISTIC DOCTRINE
I n e c u m e n ic a l d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e m ean in g o f t h e e u c h a r i s t , s e v
e r a l i s s u e s s t a n d o u t . B e fo re we d i s c u s s i n d e t a i l t h e t h r e e m a in
" p r e s s u r e p o i n t s " o f c o n te m p o ra ry d i s c u s s i o n , l e t u s a s s e s s t h e p r o g r e s s
w h ic h h a s b e e n m ad e .
F i r s t , t h e r e h a s b e e n new a p p r e c i a t i o n o n a l l s i d e s o f t h e r e
l a t i o n o f Word an d S a c ra m e n t . T he P r o t e s t a n t e m p h a s is o n t h e p r e s e n c e
o f God i n t h e Word h a s o f t e n b e e n s e t o v e r a g a i n s t t h e Roman C a t h o l i c
an d O rth o d o x e m p h a s is o n t h e p r e s e n c e o f C h r i s t an d h i s a c t i o n i n t h e
s a c r a m e n ts - e s p e c i a l l y t h e e u c h a r i s t . T h e s e tw o o n e - s id e d v ie w s h a v e
d raw n c l o s e r i n r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t b o th Word an d S a c ra m e n t b e lo n g i n t h e
n o rm a t iv e p a t t e r n s o f C h r i s t i a n w o r s h ip . Now m o s t P r o t e s t a n t s c a n a f
f i r m " t h a t t h e i n t e g r i t y o f w o rs h ip dem ands . . . s c r i p t u r e , serm o n an d
21s a c r a m e n t . " L ik e w is e , Roman C a t h o l i c s g iv e m ore e m p h a s is t o t h e
" l i t u r g y o f t h e W ord" a s o n e b a s i c way i n w h ich God co m m u n ica te s t o
20„ . .K ir b y , p . v m .
21 G re en sp u n an d N o rg re n , p . 2 3 6 .
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A F a i t h and O rd e r s tu d y o n t h e E u c h a r i s t c o n d u c te d i n 1965 by r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s fro m t h e A n g l ic a n , L u th e r a n , M e th o d i s t , O rth o d o x , R efo rm e d , an d U n i te d C h u rc h e s , w i th t h r e e Roman C a t h o l i c c o n s u l t a n t s , s t a t e d am ong i t s c o n c lu s i o n s : "The p r o c la m a t io n o f t h e Wordo f God . . . q u ic k e n s f a i t h i n t h o s e who a r e t o co m m u n ica te a t t h e L o r d 's T a b le . We t h e r e f o r e su b m it t h a t i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e f r e q u e n t an d h a r m f u l s e p a r a t i o n b e tw e e n Word an d S a c ra m e n t, t h e r e s h o u ld b e no c e l e b r a t i o n o f t h e E u c h a r i s t t h a t d o e s n o t in c lu d e t h e M i n i s t r y o f t h e W ord . " 2 2
A se c o n d p o i n t o f p r o g r e s s i s t h e a f f i r m a t i o n o f t h e L o r d 's
S u p p e r a s a s a c r e d f a m i ly m e a l . T he b i b l i c a l e v id e n c e f o r t h e e u c h a
r i s t t o b e u n d e r s to o d a s a m ea l i s a m p le . I n A c ts we f i n d t h e e u c h a
r i s t d e p i c t e d a s " th e b r e a k in g o f b r e a d . " T he d e v o t i o n o f t h e p r im i t i v e
C h r i s t i a n com m unity i n J e r u s a le m c e n te r e d a ro u n d " th e a p o s t l e s ' t e a c h
in g an d f e l l o w s h i p , t h e b r e a k in g o f b r e a d an d t h e p r a y e r s " (A c ts 2 : 4 2 ) .
W h ile t h e com m unity c o n t in u e d d a i l y te m p le a t t e n d a n c e a s t h e
n e c e s s a r y a c t o f p u b l i c w o r s h ip , t h e b r e a k in g o f b r e a d w as t h e f o c a l
p o i n t o f t h e i r d i s t i n c t i v e C h r i s t i a n l i v e s .
And d a y b y d a y , a t t e n d i n g t h e te m p le t o g e t h e r an d b r e a k in g b r e a d i n t h e i r hom es, t h e y p a r to o k o f fo o d w i th g l a d a n d g e n e ro u s h e a r t s p r a i s i n g God a n d h a v in g f a v o r w i th a l l p e o p le (A c ts 2 : 4 6 ,2 7 a ) .
T he j o y o f t h e b r e a k i n g o f b r e a d w as l i n k e d d i r e c t l y t o t h e v i v i d r e c o l
l e c t i o n o f th e m e a ls s h a r e d w i t h t h e r i s e n J e s u s (L uke 2 4 :3 0 -3 5 ; 4 1 -4 3 ;
24A c ts 1 :4 ; J o h n 2 1 : 9 - 1 3 ) .
The l i t u r g i c a l e f f e c t s o f b i b l i c a l s c h o l a r s h i p ' s a f f i r m a t i o n
2 2 "T he C o n s t i t u t i o n o n t h e S a c re d L i t u r g y , " S e c . 56 i n A b b o t t an d G a l l a g h e r , p . 1 5 6 f .
22S o c i e t y f o r P ro m o tin g C h r i s t i a n K now ledge, p . 1 1 4 .
( 2^D av id S t a n l e y , "New T e s ta m e n t E u c h a r i s t i c D o c t r i n e , " i nK ung, p . 4 4 f .
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50
o f t h e e u c h a r i s t a s m e a l h av e b e e n t h a t a l t a r s a r e b e g in n in g t o lo o k
m ore l i k e t a b l e s an d t h e c e l e b r a n t d o e s n o t come t o t h e t a b l e u n t i l t h e
s a c r e d m ea l i s a b o u t t o b e o f f e r e d . A ls o a s a n o rm a l m e a l , b o th fo o d
a n d d r i n k a r e now u s e d w h e re a s u n t i l r e c e n t l y o n ly t h e b r e a d w as
s h a r e d w i th t h e f a i t h f u l i n some c h u r c h e s . S i m i l a r l y , j u s t a s a p r i
v a t e m eal m is s e s t h e c e n t r a l a s p e c t o f f e l l o w s h i p , so i s t h e " p r i v a t e
m ass" no lo n g e r c o n s id e r e d a n o rm a t iv e l i t u r g i c a l a c t .
I n some " f r e e c h u rc h " c o n g r e g a t io n s e m p h a s is o n t h e e u c h a r i s t
a s a com m unity m ea l h a s c a u s e d a s h i f t fro m so lem n i n t r o s p e c t i o n w h ich
s t r e s s e d i n d i v i d u a l communion w i th God t o j o y f u l c e l e b r a t i o n s o f t h e
com m unity o f f a i t h a ro u n d a common t a b l e .
The t h i r d a r e a i n w h ich m a jo r p r o g r e s s h a s o c c u r r e d i s t h e u n
d e r s t a n d in g o f t h e e u c h a r i s t a s s a c r i f i c e . T h is i s s u e h a s r a i s e d many
a s to rm y c o n t r o v e r s y i n y e a r s p a s t . The b a s i c d i v i s i o n s e p a r a t e d Roman
C a t h o l i c an d E a s t e r n O rth o d o x c h u r c h e s , r i g i d l y a f f i r m i n g t h e M ass a s
s a c r i f i c e , from e q u a l l y r i g i d P r o t e s t a n t s , d e n y in g an y s a c r i f i c i a l a s
p e c t t o t h e L o r d 's S u p p e r a s b e in g " t o t a l l y in c o m p a t ib le w i th t h e o n c e -
25f o r - a l l s a c r i f i c e o f J e s u s on C a l v a r y . " We h a v e a l r e a d y m e n tio n e d
t h a t m odern b i b l i c a l s c h o l a r s h i p h a s h e lp e d move c h u r c h e s b ey o n d t h e i r
2bR e fo rm a tio n p o s i t i o n s o n t h e n o t i o n o f s a c r i f i c e t o a g ro u n d o n w h ich
e c u m e n ic a l d i s c u s s i o n c a n t a k e p l a c e .
E ven w i th t h e p a s t p r o g r e s s o n t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f e u c h a r i s t an d
25G re en sp u n an d N o rg re n , p . 2 4 8 .
26F o r a summary o f t h e P r o t e s t a n t - C a t h o l i c d i s p u t e o n s a c r i f i c e s e e G u s ta f A u le n , E u c h a r i s t an d S a c r i f i c e ( P h i l a d e l p h i a : M uhlenb e r g P r e s s , 1 9 5 2 ) , p p . 6 5 -1 0 2 .
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s a c r i f i c e , i t i s o n e o f t h e t h r e e t h e o l o g i c a l i s s u e s w h ich u n d e r l i e t h e
p r a c t i c a l c o n c e rn s o f e u c h a r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p .
As r e c e n t l y a s a d e c a d e ag o d e s p i t e t h e e m e rg in g e c u m e n ic a l
c o n s e n s u s o n t h e e u c h a r i s t w h ich we h av e d e s c r i b e d , t h r e e i s s u e s r e
m a in ed w i th o u t r e s o l u t i o n . As we s h a l l s e e , m a jo r b r e a k th r o u g h s h av e
o c c u r re d i n e u c h a r i s t i c a g re e m e n t s i n c e 1967 i n t h e s e t h r e e c r i t i c a l
a r e a s . B u t a s we n o te d i n t h e o p e n in g p a r a g r a p h s o f t h i s p a p e r ecum en
i c a l a g re e m e n t a t t h e b i l a t e r a l o r c o n c i l i a r l e v e l d o e s n o t m ean immed
i a t e a g re e m e n t o r u n d e r s ta n d in g b y th e l a i t y o f t h e c h u r c h e s . S in c e
o u r c o n c e rn f o r e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip l i e s t h e r e , a t t h e c o n g r e g a t i o n a l
l e v e l , we m u s t a p p ro a c h t h e i s s u e s o f e u c h a r i s t i c th e o lo g y fro m t h e
c o n g r e g a t i o n a l p e r s p e c t i v e .
The P r e s e n c e o f C h r i s t i n t h e E u c h a r i s t
T h e re h a s b e e n a lo n g h i s t o r y o f d e e p d i v i s i o n o v e r t h e u n d e r
s t a n d in g o f C h r i s t ' s p r e s e n c e i n t h e e u c h a r i s t . F o r many y e a r s t h e
v a r i e d u n d e r s t a n d in g s te n d e d t o f a l l i n t o t h r e e b a s i c c a t e g o r i e s . A l
th o u g h t h e s e t h r e e p o s i t i o n s a r e som ew hat ou tm o d ed i n l i g h t o f some r e
c e n t b i l a t e r a l a g r e e m e n ts , i t w i l l b e h e l p f u l f o r u s t o u n d e r s ta n d them
a s b o t h a b a c k g ro u n d o f t h e m ore r e c e n t p o s i t i o n s an d a s p o s i t i o n s
s t i l l e x p r e s s in g t h e b e l i e f s o f many p e o p le .
The f i r s t c a te g o r y i s t h e b e l i e f t h a t t h e r e i s no r e a l ( i . e .
b o d i l y , p h y s i c a l ) p r e s e n c e o f C h r i s t i n t h e e u c h a r i s t i c e l e m e n ts . The
b r e a d an d w in e a r e o n ly sy m b o ls o f t h e b ro k e n b o d y and s p i l l e d b lo o d o f
C h r i s t . The e le m e n ts a r e o n ly r e m in d e r s o r s i g n s f o r t h e m em o ria l o f
C h r i s t ' s s u f f e r i n g . H o ld in g c l o s e t o Z w i n g l i 's d o c t r i n e o f t h e
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e u c h a r i s t , t h e r e i s no c h a n g e o f t h e e le m e n ts d u r in g t h e w o rd s o f i n
s t i t u t i o n . I t i s t h e b e l i e v e r who r e c a l l s t h e s u f f e r i n g o f C h r i s t
th r o u g h f a i t h , n o t t h e a c t u a l p r e s e n c e o f C h r i s t .
A se c o n d g ro u p f o l lo w s C a l v i n 's d o c t r i n e t h a t C h r i s t i s p r e s e n t
i n a r e a l w ay, b u t i t i s a r e a l s p i r i t u a l p r e s e n c e . A s u b t l e b u t im
p o r t a n t d i s t i n c t i o n h a s b e e n m ade b e tw e e n t h e " s p i r i t u a l p r e s e n c e " i n
t h e E u c h a r i s t a s a d v o c a te d b y C a l v i n an d b y Z w in g l i . T hey b o t h a g r e e d
i n t h e s t r i c t d u a l is m o f s p i r i t an d m a t t e r , b u t th e y d i s a g r e e d w hen
Z w in g l i i n t e r p r e t e d t h e w o rd s o f J e s u s " T h is i s my b o d y and b lo o d " i n a
s y m b o lic o r r h e t o r i c a l m a n n e r . C a l v i n i n s i s t e d t h a t t h e p r e s e n c e o f
C h r i s t was s p i r i t u a l ( a s o p p o se d t o p h y s i c a l o r s u b s t a n t i a l ) b u t "by
27no m ean s r e p r e s e n t e d a p u r e l y s y m b o lic c o n c e p t . ” F o r C a l v i n , t h e
l o r d ' s S u p p er w as a c t u a l l y a m a t t e r o f p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n t h e b o d y an d
b lo o d o f C h r i s t . "T he S p i r i t o f C h r i s t i s a b l e t o u n i t e t h e f a i t h f u l
28w i th C h r i s t i n h e a v e n ." T he s p i r i t o f t h e r i s e n C h r i s t i s p r e s e n t i n
t h e e l e m e n ts , n o t a t t h e p o i n t o f c o n s e c r a t i o n , b u t i n t h e r e c i p i e n t
who r e c e i v e s them i n f a i t h .
M e th o d i s t s , f o r e x a m p le , d e n y t h e r e a l s u b s t a n t i a l p r e s e n c e o f t h e b o d y an d b lo o d o f C h r i s t , b u t t h i n k o f C h r i s t a s p r e s e n t " a f t e r a h e a v e n ly an d s p i r i t u a l m a n n e r” w h ic h c a n b e o n ly r e c e i v e d an d e a t e n b y f a i t h . T h u s , . . . t h e i d e a o f e u c h a r i s t i c p r e s e n c e i s m a in ly s u b j e c t i v e , i . e . no p r e s e n c e o f C h r i s t in d e p e n d e n t ly o f t h e f a i t h o f t h e c o m m u n ic a n t.2^
S t i l l w i t h i n t h i s se c o n d c a te g o r y a r e t h o s e who co m b in e t h e
27 "B e n g t H a g g lu n d , H i s t o r y o f T h e o lo q y ( S t . L o u is : C o n c o rd ia ,1 9 6 8 ) , p . 2 3 4 , 2 6 4 .
2 8 I b i d . , p . 2 6 4 .
O Q" G r e e n s p u n an d N o rg re n , p . 2 3 9 .
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C a l v i n i s t b e l i e f ( s p i r i t u a l p r e s e n c e ) w i th t h e e v a n g e l i c a l u n d e r
s t a n d in g t h a t o n e r e c e i v e s t h e " t r u e b o d y an d b lo o d o f J e s u s C h r i s t a s
30a n o u r is h m e n t i n o u r new l i f e . "
T he t h i r d g ro u p i n c l u d e s t h e O r th o d o x , Roman C a t h o l i c s , some
A n g l ic a n s , an d L u th e r a n s a l l o f whom a f f i r m th e " r e a l p r e s e n c e o f C h r i s t
31i n o r u n d e r t h e fo rm s o f b r e a d an d w in e ." T he te rm " r e a l p r e s e n c e "
i s p r o b l e m a t i c i n t h a t i t o n c e m e a n t t h e a c t u a l p h y s i c a l p r e s e n c e o f
C h r i s t i n t h e e le m e n ts , b u t i n r e c e n t e c u m e n ic a l d i s c u s s i o n s t h o s e i n
t h e o t h e r tw o c a t e g o r i e s s e e a n y m e a n in g f u l p r e s e n c e o f C h r i s t i n th e
e u c h a r i s t i c r i t e a s b e in g a " r e a l p r e s e n c e . " I t a p p e a r s t h e n t h a t t h e
c r u x o f t h e i s s u e o f p r e s e n c e i s n o t a q u e s t i o n o f " i f " b u t r a t h e r a
q u e s t i o n o f "how" o r " i n w h a t m a n n e r ."
T he t u r n o f t h e i s s u e o f r e a l p r e s e n c e fro m " i f " t o "how" i s
t y p i c a l o f m any s i m i l a r t u r n s i n t h e l a s t d e c a d e o f e c u m e n ic a l d i s c u s
s i o n . T he t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s o f t h i n k i n g we h a v e d e s c r i b e d a r e b e in g
t r a n s c e n d e d i n e c u m e n ic a l t h e o lo g y to d a y .
A t t h e p o p u la r l e v e l , t o o , d i f f e r e n c e s a r e b e in g t r a n s c e n d e d
a n d m ix ed th r o u g h th e coirmon u s e o f hym ns an d so m e tim e s p r a y e r s fro m
o t h e r t r a d i t i o n s . T he r e a d e r w i l l r e c a l l t h a t t h i s w as o n e o f t h e
s u g g e s t i o n s f o r i n c r e a s i n g e c u m e n ic a l m o t iv a t i o n we m e n tio n e d i n C hap
t e r Two. T he new Hymnbook f o r C h r i s t i a n W o rs h ip , a j o i n t D i s c i p l e and
B a p t i s t p u b l i c a t i o n , c o n t a i n s a num ber o f com m union hym ns w h ic h w ould
32n o t f i t t h e " s t r i c t l y m e m o ria l" c a t e g o r y .
30 31I b i d . , p . 2 4 0 . I b i d .
3 2C h a r l e s H. H e a to n ( e d . ) Hymnbook f o r C h r i s t i a n W o rsh ip ( S t . L o u is : B e th a n y P r e s s , 1 9 7 0 ) , p . 3 0 2 -3 2 4 .
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A n o th e r ex a m p le com es fro m t h e f o l k m ass e r a . O ver a d e c a d e
ag o Roman C a t h o l i c y o u th b e g a n s i n g i n g
S o n s o f G od, h e a r h i s h o ly W ord!G a th e r ’ro u n d t h e t a b l e o f t h e L o rd !E a t h i s B ody, d r i n k h i s B lo o d ,And w e ' l l s i n g a so n g o f l o v e . 3 3
S in c e t h e n t h i s hymn h a s b e e n su n g a ro u n d com m union t a b l e s i n v i r t u a l l y
e v e r y d e n o m in a t io n i n t h e U .S .A . H e re i s a c l e a r c a s e o f p o p u la r
t r a n s c e n d e n c e o f o f f i c i a l o r t r a d i t i o n a l t h e o l o g i c a l p o s i t i o n s .
F o r many c h u r c h m em bers t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n c h u r c h e s w e re
l e a r n e d a n d a r e s t i l l u n d e r s to o d i n s i m p l i s t i c s lo g a n s , c a u s t i c c r i t i
c i s m , an d com ic c a r i c a t u r e . L i t t l e e c u m e n ic a l d i s c u s s i o n i s p o s s i b l e
b a s e d o n t h e s e a t t i t u d e s .
T he s lo w an d s i l e n t m ovem ent o f p o p u la r a t t i t u d e s h e l p s o u r
c o n c e r n f o r a p o s i t i v e e c u m e n ic a l a t t i t u d e , b u t we s t i l l m u s t g iv e a t
t e n t i o n t o t u r n i n g e u c h a r i s t i c t h i n k i n g t o t h o s e i s s u e s w h ich t r a n s c e n d
t r a d i t i o n a l and o f t e n e x a g g e r a te d d i f f e r e n c e s . We c a n d o t h i s b y f o l
lo w in g t h e l e a d o f t h e b i l a t e r a l d i s c u s s i o n s .
Much o f t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e e u c h a r i s t b e tw e e n Roman C a t h o l i c s
a n d P r o t e s t a n t s h a s b e e n b o t t l e n e c k e d w i th t h e te rm " t r a n s u b s t a n t i a -
t i o n . ” L e a d in g C a t h o l i c t h e o l o g i a n s now m ake c l e a r t h a t
" s u b s ta n c e " i n m o d e rn , e v e ry d a y l i f e i s so m e th in g m a t e r i a l , e . g . a c h e m ic a l s u b s t a n c e , a s o l i d s u b s t a n c e . B u t " s u b s ta n c e " a s s c h o l a s t i c p h i lo s o p h y i s n o t m a t e r i a l a t a l l : i t i s n o t p h y s i c a lo r c h e m ic a l b u t " m e ta p h y s i c a l , " th o u g h r e a l and o b j e c t i v e i n t h e w o r ld o f n a t u r e . 3 4
33 Jam es T h iem , "S o n s o f G o d ," i n Hymnal f o r Young C h r i s t i a n s (C h ic a g o : F r i e n d s o f t h e E n g l i s h L i t u r g y P u b l . , 1 9 6 7 ) , p . 4 0 .
3 4 Q u in n , p . 7 2 .
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So w h i le t r a n s u b s t a n t i a t i o n i s s t i l l a p a r t o f C a t h o l i c dogm a.
C a t h o l i c s c a n g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t t h e m odern P r o t e s t a n t v ie w t h a t " t r a n
s u b s t a n t i a t i o n w as a Roman C a t h o l i c e f f o r t a t a p a r t i c u l a r t im e t o
a c h ie v e t h e m o st a d e q u a te e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e e u c h a r i s t i c f a i t h i n h e r i t e d
fro m t h e t r a d i t i o n .
The A g reed S ta te m e n t o n E u c h a r i s t i c D o c t r in e o f t h e A n g l ic a n -
Roman C a t h o l i c I n t e r n a t i o n a l C om m ission (The W in d so r S ta te m e n t) r e l e
g a t e s t h e fo r m e r ly tro u b le s o m e te rm " t r a n s u b s t a n t i a t i o n " t o a f o o t n o t e ,
m ak ing c l e a r t h a t i t d e n o te s a " m y s te r io u s and r a d i c a l c h a n g e" o f t h e
i n n e r r e a l i t y o f t h e e l e m e n ts . I t a f f i r m s t h e f a c t o f C h r i s t ' s p re s - t
36e n c e b u t i s n o t u n d e r s to o d t o e x p l a i n how t h e c h a n g e t a k e s p l a c e .
T hus t h e C om m ission fo u n d i t p o s s i b l e t o f i n d a n a c c e p t a b l e e x p r e s s io n
o f e u c h a r i s t i c d o c t r i n e w h ic h d id n o t p r e s u p p o s e a c c e p ta n c e o f "an y
37p a r t i c u l a r m e ta p h y s ic a l s y s te m , s u c h a s T h o m is t A r i s t o t e l i a n i s m . . . . "
S u r p r i s i n g l y s i m i l a r s t a t e m e n t s o f a g re e m e n t a r e fo u n d i n t h e
Roman C a th o l i c b i l a t e r a l c o n v e r s a t i o n s w i th t h e L u th e ra n an d P r e s b y -
38te r ia n /R e f o r m e d c h u r c h e s .
Q CR o ss M a c k e n z ie , "R eform ed - C a t h o l i c D ia lo g u e ," J o u r n a l o f
E cu m e n ic a l S t u d i e s , X I I I (S p r in g 1 9 7 6 ) , 259 .
36"An A g re ed S ta te m e n t o n E u c h a r i s t i c D o c t r i n e , " i n S o c i e ty f o r P ro m o tin g C h r i s t i a n K now ledge, M odern E u c h a r i s t i c A g reem en t (L ondon: 1 9 7 4 ) , p . 2 8 ,3 1 .
37E . L . M a s c a l l , " R e c e n t T h o u g h t o n t h e T h e o ry o f t h e E u ch ar i s t , " i n S o c ie ty f o r P ro m o tin g C h r i s t i a n K now ledge, A C r i t i q u e o f E u c h a r i s t i c A g reem en t (L ondon: 1 9 7 5 ) , p . 7 2 . A ls o s e e K enan B . O sb o r n e , "C o n tem p o ra ry U n d e r s ta n d in g s o f t h e E u c h a r i s t , " i n J o u r n a l o f E c u m e n ic a l S t u d i e s , X I I I (S p r in g 1 9 7 6 ) , 1 9 7 f f .
38An e x c e l l e n t s h o r t s u rv e y o f t h e m o s t r e c e n t p r o g r e s s i nRoman C a t h o l i c b i l a t e r a l d i s c u s s i o n i s S w id le r ( e d . ) "The E u c h a r i s ti n E c u m e n ic a l D ia lo g u e ," J o u r n a l o f E c u m e n ic a l S t u d i e s , X I I I ( S p e c ia l I s s u e , S p r in g 1 9 7 6 ) .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
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B e fo r e we go o n w i th t h e d i s c u s s i o n we s h o u ld p a u s e f o r r e
f l e c t i o n a b o u t a b a s i c m e th o d o lo g ic a l d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n Roman C a th o
l i c s and P r o t e s t a n t s . I t w ou ld b e h e l p f u l a t t h i s p o i n t f o r C a t h o l i c s
an d P r o t e s t a n t s t o d i s c u s s how t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e c h u r c h e s h a v e d e a l t
w i th m a t t e r s o f u n d e r s ta n d in g d o c t r i n e . P r o t e s t a n t s o f t e n c r i t i c i z e
C a t h o l i c s f o r th e r i g i d r e g u l a t i o n o f d o c t r i n e b y d e c r e e a l lo w in g no
d i s s e n t w i t h i n t h e c h u r c h . Roman C a t h o l i c s , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , h a v e
s e e n th e s e e m in g ly e n d l e s s f r a g m e n ta t io n o f P r o t e s t a n t i s m o v e r d o c t r i n
a l m a t t e r s g r e a t an d s m a l l .
The p r e s e n t d i s c u s s i o n o f how t h e te rm " t r a n s u b s t a n t i a t i o n "
h a s b e e n d e a l t w i th c a n b e i l l u m i n a t i n g f o r e c u m e n ic a l d i s c u s s i o n among
t h e l a i t y . T he c o n te m p o ra ry v ie w o f C a t h o l i c t h e o l o g i a n s h a s come b y
t h e i r d i l i g e n t e f f o r t s t o u n d e r s ta n d (an d m ake u n d e r s to o d ) dogma f o r
t h e m odern p e r s o n . T he C a t h o l i c t h e o l o g i a n m u s t " p r a c t i c e h i s a r t w i t h
i n t h e r e a lm o f f a i t h o f t h e c h u r c h , " s a y s J e s u i t t h e o l o g i a n K a r l R ah -
n e r . R ah n e r h a s p ro b e d an d p r e s s e d C a t h o l i c d o c t r i n e t o i t s l i m i t s
and i n d o in g so h a s e x p la in e d an d r e f o r m u la t e d d o c t r i n e i n w ays t h a t i n
m any c a s e s t r a n s c e n d t r a d i t i o n a l o b j e c t i o n s an d a l lo w e c u m e n ic a l d i s
c u s s i o n o n a new l e v e l .
P r o t e s t a n t s s h o u ld r e f l e c t o n t h i s m ethod o f u n d e r s ta n d in g
d o c t r i n e . C e r t a i n l y i t i s s lo w e r and r e q u i r e s p a t i e n c e , b u t t h e a u th o r
i t y an d u n i t y o f t h e c h u rc h i s p r e s e r v e d . C a t h o l i c s s h o u ld s i m i l a r l y
r e f l e c t o n t h e v a r y in g d e g r e e s o f d o c t r i n a l freed o m w i t h i n P r o te s ta n t i s m
■ ^ L o u is R o b e r t s , T he A c h ie v e m e n t o f K a r l R ah n er (New Y ork:H e rd e r an d H e rd e r , 1 9 6 7 ) , p . v i i i .
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an d w e ig h t h e i r m e r i t s .
T h is b r i e f d e t o u r o n m e th o d o lo g y r a i s e s a h o s t o f e c u m e n ic a l
i s s u e s w h ich we c a n n o t a d d r e s s h e r e , b u t i t g i v e s u s a n i d e a o f some
o f t h e m e a t f o r d i s c u s s i o n t h a t i s c o n ta in e d i n t h e s e i s s u e s .
R e tu r n in g t o t h e i s s u e o f t h e r e a l p r e s e n c e o f C h r i s t i n t h e
e u c h a r i s t , i t w ould b e i n c o r r e c t t o s u g g e s t c o m p le te a g re e m e n t among
t h e c h u r c h e s . F o r t h e m o s t p a r t , t h o s e c h u r c h e s w h ich f o l lo w t h e
Z w in g l ia n d o c t r i n e t h a t t h e e le m e n ts a r e e x t e r n a l s i g n s a r e b e g in n in g
t o c o n s i d e r o t h e r a s p e c t s o f t h e L o r d 's S u p p e r . E cu m e n ic a l d i s c u s s i o n
i s h e l p i n g M eth o d ism r e c o v e r much o f t h e W e sley an e m p h a s is o n t h e e u c h a -
40n s t w h ich h ad b e e n n e g l e c t e d . L ik e w is e B a p t i s t an d D i s c i p l e t h i n k
in g show s a c l e a r t r e n d b ey o n d m e m o ria lis m to w a rd a f u l l e r v ie w o f t h e
L o r d 's S u p p e r i n c l u d i n g th e c o n c e p t s o f s a c r i f i c e , p r e s e n c e , f e l l o w -
41s h i p m e a l , an d e s c h a t o l o g i c a l f e a s t .
T he R eform ed c h u r c h e s a r e n o t i n a s much a g re e m e n t w i th t h e
C a t h o l i c c h u rc h a s t h e i r b i l a t e r a l s t a t e m e n t m ig h t seem t o s u g g e s t .
T he p ro b le m we h a v e m e n tio n e d s e v e r a l t im e s o f t h e h i g h l e v e l o f f i c i a l
t h e o l o g i a n s b e l i e v i n g o n e t h i n g a n d m o s t l a y p e o p le b e l i e v i n g a n o th e r
i s o p e r a t i v e h e r e . W h ile m o s t P r e s b y t e r i a n s c la im C a lv in a s t h e i r
f o u n d e r th e y g e n e r a l l y u n d e r s ta n d e u c h a r i s t i c p r e s e n c e i n t h e Z w in g l ia n
" sy m b o lic " s e n s e . T h e re i s a g r e a t e r e c u m e n ic a l th e o lo g y i n t h e Re
fo rm ed r o o t s th a n i n p r e s e n t p r a c t i c e . ^
R o b e r t N e ls o n , " M e th o d is t - C a t h o l i c D i a l o g u e , " J o u r n a l o f E c u m e n ic a l S t u d i e s , X I I I (S p r in g 1 9 7 6 ) , 2 7 7 .
^ A r t h u r C r a b t r e e , " B a p t i s t - C a t h o l i c D ia lo g u e ," J o u r n a l o f E c u m e n ic a l S t u d i e s , X I I I (S p r in g 1 9 7 6 ) , 2 9 8 f f .
^ M a c k e n z ie , p . 2 6 5 .
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A good p r o c e s s f o r t h e s tu d y g ro u p s m ig h t b e t o e x a m in e th e
t e x t s o f com m union hym ns s e l e c t e d b y t h e g ro u p m em bers. I n d i v i d u a l s
c o u ld b r i n g to t h e e c u m e n ic a l s tu d y g ro u p hym ns w h ich e x p r e s s e d t h e i r
b e l i e f a b o u t t h e L o r d 's S u p p e r . Q u e s t io n s su c h a s t h e s e w o u ld h e l p t h e
d i s c u s s i o n : D oes y o u r c o n g r e g a t io n s in g t h i s ? D oes i t e x p r e s s w h a t
you b e l i e v e ? A re you u n a b le t o s in g i t ?
I n e u c h a r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p s e v e r a l p r a c t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s em erge
o u t o f t h e t h e o l o g i c a l u n d e r s t a n d in g s o f r e a l p r e s e n c e . T he f i r s t i s
t h e m an n er o f a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e e le m e n ts . T h o se c h u r c h e s w h ich
h a v e a s t r o n g e r a f f i r m a t i o n o f t h e r e a l p r e s e n c e te n d t o p r a c t i c e a d
m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e e le m e n ts fro m common c h a l i c e and l o a f o r w a f e r , b y
t h e p r i e s t / m i n i s t e r , i n d i v i d u a l l y t o t h e c o m m u n ic a n ts . I n some p r a c
t i c e s t h e b r e a d d ip p e d i n t o w in e ( t h i s m ethod i s c a l l e d i n t i n c t i o n )
i s p l a c e d b y t h e p r i e s t / m i n i s t e r i n t h e m ou th o f t h e co m m u n ican t. I n
o t h e r s , t h e w a fe r o r p i e c e o f b r e a d i s p l a c e d i n t h e c o m m u n ic a n t 's h a n d .
B e c a u se C h r i s t i s b e l i e v e d t o b e p r e s e n t i n t h e e l e m e n ts o f
b r e a d and w in e t h e s e m e th o d s o f a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a l l a r e in te n d e d t o t a k e
e v e r y p r e c a u t i o n t h a t t h e e le m e n ts w i l l n o t b e d ro p p e d o r s p i l l e d .
I n t h e c h u r c h e s w h e re t h e e u c h a r i s t h a s t a k e n a b a c k s e a t to
p r e a c h in g f o r many y e a r s an d i n t h o s e w hose d o c t r i n e i s o f a m em o ria l
s u p p e r o r o n ly a " s p i r i t u a l p r e s e n c e , " a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e e le m e n ts
i s o f t e n a c c o m p lis h e d b y p a s s i n g t r a y s o f i n d i v i d u a l c u p s an d p i e c e s o f
b r e a d o r w a fe r s among t h e p e o p le .
T he i n d i v i d u a l r e c e p t i o n o f t h e e le m e n ts fro m a common s o u r c e
v i a t h e p r i e s t / m i n i s t e r s t r e s s e s G o d 's a c t i o n i n C h r i s t b e in g r e c e i v e d
a lm o s t p a s s i v e l y b y t h e p e o p le . Com m unity i s sy m b o liz e d i n t h e e lem e n ts
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co m in g fro m o n e cu p and o n e l o a f . I n d i v i d u a l a c t i o n i s e v id e n c e d i n
com ing t o t h e t a b l e .
T h o se who a r e a c c u s to m e d t o r e c e i v i n g t h e e le m e n ts fro m t h e
p r i e s t / m i n i s t e r a t t h e a l t a r o f t e n t h i n k t h e p a s s i n g o f t h e e le m e n ts
i n t r a y s w eak en s t h e sy m b o lism o f t h e common c u p an d l o a f . B u t i n
c l a s s i c a l c o n g r e g a t i o n a l e c c l e s i o l o g y C h r i s t m akes h i m s e l f known th ro u g h
t h e c h u r c h a s c o n g r e g a t io n r a t h e r t h a n th r o u g h a p r i e s t . I n d i v i d u a l s
s i t i n t h e s a n c tu a r y a s a c o n g r e g a t i o n t o r e c e i v e t h e m ea l a s i t i s
b r o u g h t t o them b y d e a c o n s i n t h e r o l e o f w a i t e r s — t h e o r i g i n a l s e c u
l a r m e a n in g o f t h e w o rd . I n t h i s m e th o d e a c h p e r s o n a c t i v e l y " t a k e s
a n d e a t s . " S o m etim es p e o p le i n t h e pew s s e r v e e a c h o t h e r a s t h e t r a y s
a r e p a s s e d , an d t h i s a c t i o n r e i n f o r c e s t h e com m unity a s p e c t o f t h e m ea l.
T he e c u m e n ic a l s h a r i n g o f a e u c h a r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p s h o u ld i n
c l u d e o p e n d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e v a r i o u s m e th o d s o f a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e
com m union e le m e n ts . O p t im a l ly p a r t i c i p a n t s i n t h e f e l l o w s h i p s h o u ld
a l s o e x p e r i e n c e t h e v a r i o u s m e th o d s an d s h a r e t h e i r r e a c t i o n s i n e c u
m e n ic a l d i s c u s s i o n . The d i s c u s s i o n o f m e th o d s i s a im ed a t g i v i n g p e o p le
a c h a n c e t o s a y w h a t t h e L o r d 's S u p p e r i n t h e i r t r a d i t i o n m eans t o them ,
n o t j u s t t o h e a r a g a in t h e o l d r i g i d d i f f e r e n c e s .
T he am oun t an d ty p e o f b r e a d an d w in e u s e d i s a sec o n d p o i n t o f
p r a c t i c a l c o n c e r n . U n le a v e n e d b r e a d w as p r o b a b ly i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e
e u c h a r i s t i c r i t e i n t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h e n i n t h c e n tu r y an d so o n to o k
43t h e fo rm o f a p u r e w h i te w a f e r . W hat w as g a in e d i n t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l
43 B ard Thom pson, L i t u r g i e s o f t h e W e s te rn C h u rc h (New Y ork : F o n ta n a , 1 9 7 2 ) , p . 4 3 .
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i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w i th t h e u n le a v e n e d b r e a d o f t h e P a s s o v e r and t h e sym
b o l i c c o l o r o f t h e w a fe r w as l o s t i n t h e d i s a s s o c i a t i o n o f t h e e u c h a
r i s t from th e m ea l o f e v e ry d a y l i f e . G row ing p o p u la r i n t e r e s t i n th e
u s e o f l e a v e n e d b r e a d may c o r r e c t t h i s im b a la n c e .
W h ile m o s t C h r i s t i a n s c la im t h a t we a r e " n o u r is h e d " i n t h e
L o r d 's S u p p e r b y t h e g i f t s o f b r e a d and w in e , i t i s am az in g how l i t t l e
n o u r is h m e n t we a c t u a l l y r e c e i v e ! C e r t a i n l y we do n o t i n t e n d t o t u r n
t h e e u c h a r i s t i n t o g l u t t o n y b u t t h e t i n y t a s t e l e s s t a b l e t s o f b r e a d o r
t h e w a f e r s w h ich seem t o m e l t i n o n e 's n >uth b o th l e a v e o n e w a n tin g f o r
r e a l b r e a d .
The u s e o f w in e o r g r a p e j u i c e i s o n e o f t h e p r a c t i c a l d i f f e r
e n c e s w h ich d o e s n o t a r i s e o u t o f d e e p t h e o l o g i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s . T h is
i s n o t t o s a y , h o w e v e r, t h a t i t i s n o t a n e m o t io n a l ly p a c k e d i s s u e f o r
some C h r i s t i a n s . W h ile t h e a rg u m e n t f o r t h e u s e o f w in e f i n d s am p le
s u p p o r t i n t h e B i b l e and c h u rc h t r a d i t i o n , t h e u s e o f g r a p e j u i c e
d e v e lo p e d i n a s o c i a l m i l i e u , c o n d i t io n e d b y t h e p r o h i b i t i o n m ovem ent w h ic h o p p o sed t h e d r i n k i n g o f a l l a l c o h o l i c b e v e r a g e s an d w as p a r t o f t h e c h u r c h 's w i t n e s s t o a n u r g e n t s o c i a l p ro b le m .
I n c o m m u n itie s w h ere f e e l i n g s o n t h i s i s s u e a r e i n t e n s e , c a r e
f u l l y l e d d i s c u s s i o n s an d t h e w i l l i n g n e s s t o a l l o w t im e f o r l i s t e n i n g
an d t h i n k in g w i l l b e n e c e s s a r y . P ro b a b ly v e r y few p e o p le w ould a s s e r t
t h a t e u c h a r i s t i c c e l e b r a t i o n s u s in g w in e , f o r e x a m p le , w e re i n v a l i d .
S t a r t i n g w i th t h a t p o i n t i n a d i s c u s s i o n m ig h t h e lp p e o p le u n d e r s ta n d
t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s o n t h i s p o i n t a r e m ore o f p e r s o n a l and s o c i a l
44 COCU, G u id e l in e s f o r I n t e r im E u c h a r i s t i c F e l lo w s h ip ( P r i n c e to n : 1 9 7 3 ) , p . 7 .
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p r e f e r e n c e t h a n t h e y a r e o f d o c t r i n e . The g i v e an d t a k e o f e c u m e n ic a l
d i s c u s s i o n m u s t a lw a y s s e e k t o a g r e e i n e s s e n t i a l s . I t s h o u ld b e
p o in t e d o u t t h a t i t i s p o s s i b l e t o u s e b o t h g r a p e j u i c e and w in e i n o n e
s e r v i c e b y u s in g tw o c h a l i c e s o r a n a r r a n g e m e n t o f i n d i v i d u a l c u p s i n
t r a y s w h ich v i s u a l l y s e p a r a t e s t h e d i f f e r e n t b e v e r a g e s .
T he t h i r d p r a c t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e a r i s i n g fro m d i f f e r i n g t h e o l o g i
c a l u n d e r s t a n d in g s o f t h e e u c h a r i s t c o n c e r n s r e v e r e n t d i s p o s i t i o n o f
t h e e l e m e n ts . B e c a u se o f t h e r e a l p r e s e n c e o f C h r i s t i n t h e e u c h a
r i s t i c e le m e n ts a f t e r c o n s e c r a t i o n , Roman C a t h o l i c s , E p i s c o p a l i a n s , and
some o t h e r s b e l i e v e t h a t a n y b r e a d and w in e re m a in in g a f t e r t h e s e r v i c e
s h o u ld b e r e v e r e n t l y d i s p o s e d o f . T he r e m a in in g e le m e n ts a r e u s u a l l y
consum ed b y t h e m i n i s t e r ( s ) a n d /o r b y m em bers o f t h e c o n g r e g a t io n , o r
a p o r t i o n may b e r e t a i n e d t o a d m i n i s t e r t o t h e s i c k o r a b s e n t m em bers.
R e s p e c t f o r t h i s c r i t i c a l c o n c e rn o f some C h r i s t i a n s s h o u ld b e
g iv e n b y t h o s e o f o t h e r b e l i e f s i n e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip . Even f o r t h o s e
who d i s a g r e e w i th t h e t h e o l o g i c a l r e a s o n f o r r e v e r e n t d i s p o s i t i o n o f
t h e e l e m e n ts , t h e c u r r e n t a w a re n e s s o f t h e g l o b a l fo o d c r i s i s and t h e
w id e s p re a d w a s te o f fo o d i n t h e U .S .A . s h o u ld s e n s i t i z e C h r i s t i a n s t o
r e c o v e r t h e b a s i c s a n c t i t y o f fo o d i n human c u l t u r e and t o b e s y m b o li
c a l l y c o n s i s t e n t w i th t h a t a w a re n e s s i n t h e L o rd ’ s S u p p e r .
I f t h e m ea l s t r u c t u r e o f t h e e u c h a r i s t i s g r a s p e d , some o f t h e
p r a c t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s c a n b e r e s o l v e d . I t i s l o g i c a l t o c l e a n u p a f t e r
a m e a l , s o s h o u ld we n o t a l s o " c l e a n u p " a f t e r t h e L o r d 's S u p p er? Some
c h u r c h e s b r i n g t h e t r a y s o f e le m e n ts b a c k t o t h e t a b l e a f t e r e v e ry o n e
i s s e r v e d . W h ile t h i s may b e a w e ll-m e a n in g a c t i o n o f r e v e r e n c e an d
o r d e r , i t i s l i k e b r i n g i n g d i r t y d i s h e s b a c k t o t h e d in n e r t a b l e a f t e r
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t h e s u p p e r i s c o m p le te d .
We c l o s e t h i s s e c t i o n o n t h e p r e s e n c e o f C h r i s t i n t h e e u c h a r i s t
w i th a r e m in d e r o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n e u c h a r i s t i c a g re e m e n t o n t h e
b i l a t e r a l o r c o n c i l i a r l e v e l an d t h e u n d e r s ta n d in g an d p r a c t i c e o f t h a t
a g re e m e n t b y t h e l a i t y .
A f t e r t h e 4 1 s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l E u c h a r i s t i c C o n g re s s h e ld i n P h i l
a d e lp h i a i n 1 9 7 6 , J . R o b e r t N e ls o n m ade t h i s r e p o r t :
" C a th o l i c s b e l i e v e t h a t C h r i s t i s r e a l l y p r e s e n t i n t h e E u ch ar i s t , " s a i d t h e P h i l a d e l p h i a TV n e w s c a s te r , " b u t P r o t e s t a n t s s a y h e i s o n l y s y m b o l ic a l l y p r e s e n t . " T he h a l f - m i n u t e n o t i c e o n t h e A u g u s t 5 e v e n in g new s t h u s d i s t o r t e d an d d i s m is s e d t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f a u n iq u e t h e o l o g i c a l sym posium a t t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l E u c h a r i s t i c C o n g r e s s .^5
W h ile we m ig h t h o p e t h a t o u r p e o p le i n t h e pew a r e b e t t e r i n
fo rm ed o n t h e s u b j e c t o f e u c h a r i s t i c a g re e m e n t t h a n w as t h i s new s
c a s t e r , we w ould b e m ore r e a l i s t i c t o e x p e c t s i m i l a r s i m p l i f i c a t i o n
an d d i s t o r t i o n fro m o u r p e o p le a s w e l l .
I r e i t e r a t e t h a t t h e d i s c u s s i o n an d s tu d y in v o lv e d i n s t a r t i n g
a e u c h a r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p m u s t t a k e s e r i o u s l y t h e e x i s t i n g b e l i e f s o f th e
p e o p l e . T he "good new s" o f t h e e m e rg in g e c u m e n ic a l c o n s e n s u s n e e d s t o
s h a r e d and u n d e r s to o d i f a v i t a l e u c h a r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p i s t o com e i n t o
b e i n g .
T he U n d e r s ta n d in g o f M i n i s t r y and t h e E u c h a r i s t
A m a jo r i s s u e i n e c u m e n ic a l d i s c u s s i o n i s t h e m u tu a l r e c o g n i
t i o n o f m i n i s t r i e s . I t d i r e c t l y a f f e c t s t h e d i s c u s s i o n o n e u c h a r i s t
^ J . R o b e r t N e ls o n , "The B read o f L i f e f o r t h e L i f e o f t h e W o r ld ," C h r i s t i a n C e n tu ry . X C III (D ecem ber 1 , 1 9 7 6 ) , 1 0 7 6 .
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s i n c e some b e l i e v e t h a t t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e e u c h a r i s t d e p e n d s o n t h e
v a l i d i t y o f t h e p r i e s t / m i n i s t e r . B e fo re we d i s c u s s t h e p ro b le m o f m in
i s t r y an d e u c h a r i s t i n l o c a l IE F s , we w i l l l o o k a t t h e p r o g r e s s o f
e c u m e n ic a l i n t e r f a c e i n t h e F a i t h an d O rd e r c o n f e r e n c e s , COCU, an d t h e
b i l a t e r a l c o n v e r s a t i o n s .
T h e f i r s t tw o w o r ld c o n f e r e n c e s o n F a i t h an d O rd e r i n 1927 and
1937 b o th r e c o g n iz e d t h e n e e d f o r "a m i n i s t r y ac k n o w led g ed i n e v e ry p a r t
46o f t h e C h u rch a s p o s s e s s i n g t h e s a n c t i o n o f t h e w h o le C h u rc h .'* D i f
f e r e n c e s i n t h e u n d e r s t a n d in g s o f " a u t h o r i t y " an d t h e " f u n c t i o n " o f
m i n i s t r y w e re s o g r e a t t h a t f o r two d e c a d e s no a t t e m p t w as m ade t o d e a l
w i th t h e t o p i c e x c e p t i n c o n n e c t io n w i th o t h e r e c u m e n ic a l th e m e s .
D u rin g t h i s p e r i o d , t h e c o n v e rg in g e f f e c t s o f t h e e c u m e n ic a l
m ovem ent an d h i s t o r i c a l an d b i b l i c a l r e s e a r c h co m b in ed w i t h a n i n
c r e a s e d e m p h a s is o n t h e m i n i s t r y o f t h e l a i t y t o e n a b le new a p p r o a c h e s
t o e c u m e n ic a l d i s c u s s i o n o f m i n i s t r y . A num ber o f F a i t h an d O rd e r d i s
c u s s i o n s an d p a p e r s s i n c e 1963 h a v e b e e n b r o u g h t t o g e t h e r i n t h e m i n i s
t r y s e c t i o n o f One B a p t is m , One E u c h a r i s t , an d a_ M u tu a l ly R e c o g n iz e d
M i n i s t r y . I t i s
a n a t t e m p t t o s u rv e y t h e p r e s e n t e c u m e n ic a l d e b a t e . . . t o i n d i c a t e t h e e m e rg in g common p e r s p e c t i v e s w h ic h may l e a d t o a g r e e m e n t r e q u i r e d f o r t h e f u l l m u tu a l r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e m i n i s t r i e s . 4 7
COCU a l s o h a s h a d d i f f i c u l t y w i t h f u l l m u tu a l r e c o g n i t i o n o f
m i n i s t r i e s . A t t h e 1 3 th p l e n a r y a t B ergam o, Novem ber 1 9 7 6 , t h e c h a p t e r
o n m i n i s t r y o f t h e s t a t e m e n t o f t h e o l o g i c a l c o n s e n s u s ( I r i Q u e s t o f a^
4 *Hforld C o u n c i l o f C h u rc h e s , p . 6 0 .
4 7 I b i d .
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C h u rc h o f C h r i s t U n i t in g ) w as p r e d i c t a b l y p r o b l e m a t i c .
COCU p ro p o s e s a t h r e e - f o l d o r d a in e d m i n i s t r y o f b i s h o p s , p r e s
b y t e r s ( e l d e r s , p r i e s t s ) , an d d e a c o n s . P r e s b y t e r s h a v e a p r im a r y d u ty
t o b a p t i z e an d t o p r e s i d e a t t h e c e l e b r a t i o n o f t h e E u c h a r i s t a s r e c o g n iz e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e C h u r c h 's m i n i s t r y i n C h r i s t , an d t h u s t o o f f e r , w i th a l l t h e p e o p le , s p i r i t u a l s a c r i f i c e s a c c e p t a b l e t o God ( I P e t . 2 : 5 ) . 4 8
I n t h e b i l a t e r a l c o n v e r s a t i o n s t h r e e s i g n i f i c a n t a g r e e m e n ts
h a v e b e e n r e a c h e d a lo n g w i th m any m o re f r u i t f u l d i s c u s s i o n s w h ic h h a v e
n o t y e t r e s u l t e d i n c o m p le te a g r e e m e n t . T h e A n g l ic a n - Roman C a t h o l i c
C o n s u l t a t i o n i n t h e U .S .A . w as " c o n v in c e d o f t h e a u t h e n t i c i t y o f e a c h
49o t h e r ' s o r d a in e d m i n i s t r y an d p r o p r i e t y o f m u tu a l r e c o g n i t i o n . . . . "
W h ile a v o id in g t h e k e y te r m s " v a l i d i t y " an d "m u tu a l r e c o g n i
t i o n " t h e C a t h o l i c - P r e s b y te r ia n /R e f o r m e d c o n v e r s a t i o n a f f i r m e d t h a t
" C h r i s t i s o p e r a t i v e , h o w ev er d i f f e r e n t l y , i n t h e m i n i s t r i e s o f b o th
50c h u r c h e s . . . . "
The L u th e r a n - C a t h o l i c c o n s u l t a t i o n b r o u g h t t h e f o l lo w in g
C a t h o l i c s t a t e m e n t w h ic h c o u ld b e a b r e a k th r o u g h o n t h e s t i c k y i s s u e
o f e p i s c o p a l m i n i s t r i e s .
T he C a t h o l i c s n o te d t h a t " i n t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e c h u rc h t h e r e a r e i n s t a n c e s o f p r i e s t s ( i . e . , p r e s b y t e r s ) o r d a i n i n g o t h e r p r i e s t s , an d t h e r e i s e v id e n c e t h a t t h e c h u rc h a c c e p te d an d r e c o g n iz e d t h e m i n i s t r y o f p r i e s t s so o r d a i n e d . " T hey a l s o w r o te t h a t b e c a u s e ," i n t h e f i r s t tw o c e n t u r i e s o f C h r i s t i a n i t y a p o s t o l i c s u c c e s s io n i n d o c t r i n e ( f i d e l i t y t o t h e g o s p e l ) w as c o n s i d e r e d m ore im p o r ta n t th a n s im p le s u c c e s s i o n i n o f f i c e o r o r d e r s . . . d e s p i t e t h e l a c k o f
4 ftCOCU, " I n Q u e s t o f a C h u rch o f C h r i s t U n i t i n g , " M id -S tre a m , XVI ( J a n u a r y 1 9 7 7 ) , 8 7 .
4 8 S w id le r , p . 3 3 7 .
5 0 I b i d .
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e p i s c o p a l s u c c e s s io n , t h e L u th e ra n c h u rc h b y i t s d e v o t io n t o g o s p e l , c r e e d , and s a c ra m e n t h a s p r e s e r v e d a fo rm o f d o c t r i n a l a p o s t o l - i c i t y . " ^
The c o n c e p t o f d o c t r i n a l a p o s t o l i c i t y a s g i v i n g v a l i d i t y t o
m i n i s t r y w i th o u t e p i s c o p a l s u c c e s s io n c o u ld b e t h e g a te w a y th r o u g h
w h ich c h u r c h e s o f e p i s c o p a l an d n o n - e p is c o p a l m i n i s t r i e s m ig h t f i n d
m u tu a l r e c o g n i t i o n p o s s i b l e . I f t h e L u th e r a n - Roman C a t h o l i c d ia lo g u e
r e s u l t s i n o f f i c i a l p ro n o u n c e m e n t b y t h e C a th o l i c C h u rch t h a t L u th e ra n
m i n i s t r y i s v a l i d on t h e b a s i s o f f i d e l i t y t o t h e g o s p e l , t h e c a s e f o r
t h i s m ethod o f r e c o g n i t i o n o f n o n - e p is c o p a l m i n i s t r i e s w i l l b e ev en
s t r o n g e r .
On t h e p r a c t i c a l l e v e l i n IE F , t h e p ro b le m o f m u tu a l r e c o g n i
t i o n o f m i n i s t r i e s com es u p m o s t p o i n t e d l y i n r e f e r e n c e t o t h e E p is c o
p a l C h u rch an d th e C h r i s t i a n C h u rch ( D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t ) , b o t h mem
b e r s o f COCU. Of t h e t e n COCU c h u r c h e s o n ly t h e E p is c o p a l C h u rch i n
s i s t s a v a l i d e u c h a r i s t m u s t h av e a s i t s p r e s i d e n t ( o r among c o -
p r e s i d e r s ) a p r i e s t o r d a in e d b y a b i s h o p i n a p o s t o l i c s u c c e s s i o n . A t
t h e o t h e r e x tre m e a r e t h e D i s c i p l e s who do n o t r e q u i r e a n o r d a in e d
m i n i s t e r t o p r e s i d e a t t h e L o r d 's S u p p e r . I n many D i s c i p l e c o n g r e
g a t i o n s l o c a l e l d e r s p r e s i d e , b u t a n i n c r e a s i n g num ber o f D i s c i p l e s now
co m b in e a communion m e d i t a t i o n an d t h e w o rd s o f i n s t i t u t i o n b e in g s a i d
b y a n o r d a in e d m i n i s t e r w i th t h e p r a y e r s o f th a n k s g iv in g f o r t h e b r e a d
and cu p b e in g e x te m p o ra n e o u s ly o f f e r e d b y tw o e l d e r s .
One may a s k i f t h e s e tw o d e n o m in a t io n s a r e n o t " s t r a n g e
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b e d f e l lo w s " f o r COCU. I n t h e s e n s e o f l a y v e r s u s e p i s c o p a l l y o r d a in e d
p r e s i d e n t s o f t h e L o r d 's S u p p e r , t h e y c e r t a i n l y a r e , b u t i n t h e s e n s e
t h a t th e y a r e t h e tw o COCU c h u r c h e s w h ich o f f e r t h e e u c h a r i s t e v e ry
Sunday an d a f f i r m i t s c e n t r a l i t y t o t h e C h r i s t i a n l i f e , th e y a r e n o t .
T he r e q u ir e m e n ts o f t h e E p is c o p a l C h u rch f o r a n E p is c o p a l
p r i e s t t o b e in v o lv e d i n e c u m e n ic a l e u c h a r i s t i c w o rs h ip h a v e , f o r t h e
m o s t p a r t , b e e n m e t i n COCU b y u s in g c o n c e l e b r a t i o n .
C o n c e l e b r a t i o n o r i g i n a l l y m e a n t " a s p e c i f i c r i t e i n w h ich s e v
e r a l p r i e s t s s a y t h e m ass t o g e t h e r , c o n s e c r a t i n g t h e same b r e a d and
52w in e ." I t h a s b e e n r e v iv e d i n t h e Roman C a t h o l i c C h u rch s i n c e V a t i
c a n I I an d i s f i n d i n g in c r e a s e d u s e i n e c u m e n ic a l c i r c l e s i n a n a t t e m p t
t o o v erco m e t h e p ro b le m o f in te rc o m m u n io n . T h e re i s a n o b v io u s v i s u a l
s ig n o f u n i t y an d d i v e r s i t y i n e c u m e n ic a l s e r v i c e s when t h e m i n i s t e r s
o f t h e IEF c h u r c h e s g a t h e r a ro u n d o n e t a b l e t o l i f t t h e i r v o i c e s t o
g e th e r i n p r a i s e an d p r a y e r .
The A r c h b i s h o p 's C om m ission o n In te rc o m m u n io n c a l l e d t h i s
p r a c t i c e " j o i n t c e l e b r a t i o n " an d m ade i t c l e a r t h a t j o i n t c e l e b r a t i o n
s h o u ld b e s e e n a s a way o f e x p r e s s in g r e c i p r o c a l in te rc o m m u n io n , n o t a s a way o f m ak in g i t a c c e p t a b l e b y c lo a k in g s c r u p l e s a b o u t t h e s t a t u s o f m i n i s t r i e s in v o lv e d . I t may commend i t s e l f a s an a p p r o p r i a t e an d h o n e s t way o f c e l e b r a t i n g t o g e t h e r i n a s i t u a t i o n w h ere t h e o n e l o a f an d t h e common c u p c o r r e s p o n d t o a g e n u in e s p i r i t u a l r e a l i t y , b u t w h e re t h e r e i s no s i n g l e a u t h o r i z e d m i n i s t r y b u t m u tu a l r e c o g n i t i o n o f d i f f e r i n g m i n i s t r i e s an d m u tu a l a c c e p ta n c e o f c o m m u n ican ts .
C o n c e l e b r a t i o n d o e s s e r v e t o o v erco m e m o st o f t h e p r a c t i c a l
C OA. A. K in g r " C o n c e l e b r a t i o n ," i n D a v ie s , p . 1 4 4 .
C * 5
A r c h b i s h o p 's C om m ission o n In te rc o m m u n io n , In te rco m m u n io n T oday (L ondon: C h u rch I n f o r m a t io n O f f i c e , 1 9 6 8 ) , p . 1 1 4 .
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i s s u e s stem m ing fro m o u r l a c k o f f u l l m u tu a l r e c o g n i t i o n o f m i n i s t r i e s ,
b u t i t s h o u ld n o t b e m e re ly c o m f o r ta b ly a c c e p te d a s a n a c h ie v e d g o a l .
Two p o i n t s a r e s t i l l l a c k i n g . Some c h u r c h p e o p le may b e s e n s i t i v e t o
t h e r e q u ir e m e n ts o f t h e E p i s c o p a l C h u rch o n t h e i s s u e o f m i n i s t r y an d
e u c h a r i s t an d may r e s e n t a lw a y s h a v in g t o "do i t o n t h e i r t e r m s , " i . e . ,
w i th a n E p is c o p a l p r i e s t in v o lv e d a s a p r e s i d e n t . O ur s t u d y / d i s c u s s i o n
g ro u p s s h o u ld l i s t e n f o r t h i s f e e l i n g an d t r y t o g i v e i t o p e n e x p r e s
s i o n . Maximum g ro w th c a n o c c u r a ro u n d t h e m a n y -s id e d t a b l e o f ecum en
i c a l d i s c u s s i o n o n ly i f i s s u e s an d f e e l i n g s a r e o u t i n t h e o p e n .
The se c o n d p o i n t c o n c e r n s t h e D i s c i p l e c o n c e p t o f t h e l a y
e l d e r . U n iq u e i n a l l C h r is te n d o m ,
D i s c i p l e s an d ( t h e i r ) v a r i o u s s e p a r a t e d c o u s in s m a i n t a i n a n o f f i c e now r e g a r d e d a s l a i t y r a t h e r t h a n c l e r g y w h ich n e v e r t h e l e s s c o n t i n u e s t o p e r fo rm t h e c e n t r a l f u n c t i o n o f p r e s i d i n g o v e r t h e e u c h a r i s t , a f u n c t i o n w h ic h e v e ry o t h e r c h u r c h r e s e r v e s t o t h e o r d a in e d m i n i s t r y . ^
The D i s c i p l e r e s p o n s e t o A P la n o f U n io n n o te d t h a t v i r t u a l l y
a l l r e s p o n d e n t s a f f i r m e d t h a t a n y w o r th y l a y p e r s o n s o d e s i g n a t e d b y
t h e c o n g r e g a t io n "may p r e s i d e o v e r a g iv e n c e l e b r a t i o n o f t h e E u c h a r i s t ,
w i th o u t o r d i n a t i o n . W h i l e t h i s i s a s t r o n g c o n c e rn i n w h ich D i s
c i p l e s p r i d e th e m s e lv e s , i t i s a n o f t e n m is ta k e n p a r t o f D i s c i p l e s
h i s t o r y . T he e l d e r o f t h e e a r l y D i s c i p l e m ovem ent w as o r d a in e d b u t w as
56n o t a p r o f e s s i o n a l .
5^R o n a ld E . O sb o rn , " O rd a in e d M i n i s t r y f o r a V i t a l C h u rc h ," M id -S tre a m , X I I I (S p rin g -S u m m er 1 9 7 4 ) , 7 6 .
^ C h r i s t i a n C h u rch ( D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t ) , " R e sp o n se t o A P la n o f U n io n f o r t h e C h u rch o f C h r i s t U n i t i n g , " C h r i s t i a n , CX (A u g u s t 1 3 , 1 9 7 2 ) , 9 .
56 S ee R o n a ld E . O sb o rn , "The E l d e r s h i p Among t h e D i s c i p l e s o f C h r i s t , " M id -S tre a m , VI (W in te r 1 9 6 7 ) , 7 4 -1 1 2 .
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I n COCU, D i s c i p l e s h a v e t r i e d t o c l a r i f y t h e p r o p e r d i s t i n c
t i o n b e tw e e n p r o f e s s i o n a l an d n o n - p r o f e s s i o n a l p r e s b y t e r ; i . e . b e tw e e n
t h e s o c i a l l y d e f in e d r o l e o f m em bers o f t h e c l e r g y (w hose incom e i s
fro m r e l i g i o u s a c t i v i t y o r i d e n t i t y ) an d t h e e c c l e s i o l o g i c a l l y d e f in e d
r o l e s o f v a r i o u s o r d e r s o f m i n i s t r y ( r e g a r d l e s s o f in co m e p ro d u c in g
o c c u p a t i o n ) .
W hat I h a v e c a l l e d " t h e g i v e and t a k e " o f e c u m e n ic a l d i s c u s s i o n
d o e s n o t m ean " g iv in g u p " o r " t a k in g a w a y ." R a th e r i t i m p l i e s a f l e x
i b l e a n d o p e n a t t i t u d e i n t h o s e m a t t e r s w h ich p r e v e n t f r e e d i s c u s s i o n .
T he C a t h o l i c p o s i t i o n o n t r a n s u b s t a n t i a t i o n , f o r ex a m p le , was r i g i d l y
f r o z e n f o r m any y e a r s , p e r h a p s a s a d e f e n s e a g a i n s t P r o t e s t a n t a t t a c k s .
O n ly w hen t h e C a t h o l i c s l e t t h e i s s u e th a w en o u g h t o lo o k a t i t w i th
2 0 t h c e n t u r y e y e s w ere th e y a b l e t o i n t e r p r e t i t i n w ays m ore a c c e p t
a b l e t o them a n d t o P r o t e s t a n t s .
T he u n iq u e n e s s D i s c i p l e s b r i n g t o t h e q u e s t i o n o f m i n i s t r y an d
t h e e u c h a r i s t s h o u ld n o t b e a l lo w e d t o b e sw a llo w ed up i n e c u m e n ic a l
d i s c u s s i o n . T h i s im p o r t a n t i s s u e c o u ld b e a p r i c e l e s s g i f t t o COCU and
t h e w id e r e c u m e n ica l* f e l l o w s h i p . I t c o u ld b e a m eans " o f d i s t i n g u i s h
in g b e tw e e n o r d e r an d em p lo y m en t, o f r e c o v e r in g t h e v a l u e o f a m i n i s t r y
s h a r e d b y p e r s o n s in v o lv e d i n s e c u l a r w o rk , o f p r o v id in g a k in d o f
' t e n t - m a k in g m i n i s t r y ' i n o u r t i m e . " ^ 7 R e tu r n in g t o t h e p r a c t i c a l
p ro b le m o f c o n c e l e b r a t i o n , w h i l e some D i s c i p l e l a y e l d e r s h a v e p a r t i c i
p a t e d a t t h e L o r d 's T a b le i n e c u m e n ic a l s e r v i c e s , D i s c i p l e c l e r g y a r e
57O s b o rn , " O rd a in e d M i n i s t r y , " p . 7 6 . A ls o s e e W orld C o u n c i l o f C h u rc h e s , p . 44 f o r v a l i d i t y o f n o n - s a l a r i e d o r d a in e d m i n i s t r i e s .
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m o re o f t e n fo u n d t h e r e . I n COCU's G u id e l in e s f o r IE F , c o n c e l e b r a t i o n
i s d e f in e d a s " th e m u tu a l l e a d e r s h i p ( c o l l e g i a l i t y ) i n t h e e u c h a r i s t
o f a num ber o f o r d a in e d m i n i s t e r s fro m o n e t r a d i t i o n o r fro m d i f f e r e n t
c h u r c h e s . " ( u n d e r l i n e s ad d ed )
We c l o s e t h i s s e c t i o n o n m i n i s t r y a n d t h e e u c h a r i s t w i th a
c h a l l e n g e p r e s e n t e d b y Germ an t h e o l o g i a n Edmund S c h l in k t o d e l e g a t e s o f
t h e t h i r d W o rld C o n fe r e n c e o n F a i t h an d O rd e r a t L u n d , Sw eden i n 1 9 5 2 .
E v e ry o n e s h o u ld q u e s t i o n h i m s e l f how f a r h e o r h i s d e n o m in a t io n h a s m ade h i m s e l f L o rd o f t h e L o rd 1s s u p p e r . . . . T he r e f u s a l o f in te rc o m m u n io n b e c a u s e o f d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e o r d e r o f t h e C h u r c h 's m i n i s t r y c a n b e a n e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e f a c t t h a t m i n i s t e r i a l o f f i c e i s no l o n g e r t h o u g h t o f a s a n i n s t r u m e n t o f G o d 's d e a l i n g s w i th men b u t h a s a c q u i r e d a s i g n i f i c a n c e o n i t s own a c c o u n t , w h ich h i n d e r s t h e a c t i o n o f t h e o n e L o rd . I t may h a p p e n h e r e t h a t , i n t h e p l a c e o f t h e m i n i s t r y w h ic h w as i n s t i t u t e d b y G o d 's f r e e a c t , a c a s t e o f p e o p le an d a m an-m ade l e g a l o r d e r h a v e em erg ed w h ich im pede t h e s a v in g an d g a t h e r i n g a c t o f G o d 's m e rc y . ^
E u c h a r i s t a n d S a c r i f i c e
The t h i r d m a in i s s u e i n e u c h a r i s t i c e c u m e n ic a l d i s c u s s i o n c o n c e r n s t h e
v ie w o f t h e L o r d 's S u p p e r a s s a c r i f i c e . We h av e a l r e a d y m e n tio n e d
t h i s i n t h e s e c t i o n c o n c e r n in g a r e a s w h e re s i g n i f i c a n t p r o g r e s s h a s
b e e n m ade , b u t i t s t i l l i s o n e o f t h e " p r e s s u r e p o i n t s " i n d i s c u s s i o n
to d a y . F o r a lo n g t im e p o le m ic a l r h e t o r i c h a s s im p ly r e p e a t e d t h e
P r o t e s t a n t i n s i s t a n c e t h a t C h r i s t m ade t h e o n c e - a n d - f o r - a l l s a c r i f i c e
o n C a lv a r y an d t h e C a t h o l i c a n d O rth o d o x v ie w t h a t t h e m ass i s in d e e d
a s a c r i f i c e o f C h r i s t .
58COCU, G u i d e l i n e s , p . 9 .
CQ
Edmund S c h l i n k , " C h u r c h 's S u p p e r o r L o r d 's S u p p e r? " i n B a i l l i e an d M arsh , p . 3 0 0 f .
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Max T h u r i a n 's The E u c h a r i s t i c M em o ria l h a s b e e n o n e o f t h e
n ew er e x p l a n a t io n s w h ic h h a s h e lp e d move d e b a te b ey o n d o ld b a t t l e l i n e s .
In t h e e u c h a r i s t i c p r a y e r t h e C h u rch d o e s n o t o f f e r a m ere human r e a l i t y ; i t i s e n a b le d t o p r e s e n t to t h e F a t h e r , a lo n g w i th i t s own p o v e r t y - s t r i c k e n o f f e r i n g , t h e u n iq u e an d p e r f e c t s a c r i f i c e o f C h r i s t .® 0
T he m o s t r e c e n t s t a t e m e n t o n t h e L o r d 's S u p p e r from COCU com es c lo s e
t o T h u ria n * s p o s i t i o n when i t s a y s
H is h ig h p r i e s t l y a c t o f s a c r i f i c e g a t h e r s u p o u r s e l f - o f f e r i n g s o f p r a i s e , th a n k s g iv in g , an d s e r v i c e , an d u n i t e s them w i th h i s o w n .61
Some m odern t h e o r i e s a s s e r t t h a t t h e s a c r i f i c e i n t h e m ass c a n
n o t ad d a n y th in g t o t h e o n e - t im e s a c r i f i c e o f J e s u s o n t h e c r o s s , b u t
t h a t i n r e - a c t u a l i z i n g t h e s a c r i f i c e i n t h e e u c h a r i s t we w i l l i n g l y p a r
t i c i p a t e i n t h e w ork o f C h r i s t an d r e c e i v e G o d 's g r a c e a s a r e s u l t .
A n o th e r v ie w m a i n t a i n s t h a t t h e p u rp o s e o f a s a c ra m e n t i s t o c a u s e
w h a t i t s i g n i f i e s , t h a t i s ,
s i n c e t h e e u c h a r i s t s u r e l y s i g n i f i e s t h e s a c r i f i c e o f C h r i s t . . . i t m akes t h i s r e a l i t y o f C a lv a ry somehow p r e s e n t , so t h a t we to d a y c a n b e s w e p t u p i n t o i t a s r e a l l y a s t h o s e who f i r s t w i tn e s s e d i t i n a s p i r i t o f f a i t h . 6 ^
A lm o st a l l o f t h e b i - l a t e r a l c o n v e r s a t i o n s h a v e come t o a c o n
v e r g e n c e o f t h i n k i n g o n t h e e u c h a r i s t a s s a c r i f i c e o n th e s e p o i n t s :
1 . t h e s a c r i f i c e o f C h r i s t i s a d e q u a te and u n r e p e a t a b l e ;2 . t h i s s a c r i f i c e o f C h r i s t ' s e x te n d s n o t o n ly t o h i s d e a th , b u t t o t h e w h o le o f h i s l i f e ;3 . th o u g h t h a t s a c r i f i c e i s u n r e p e a t a b l e , t h e E u c h a r i s t i s t h e
60Max T h u r ia n , The E u c h a r i s t i c M em oria l (R ichm ond: J o h n KnoxP r e s s , 1 9 6 1 ) , p . 7 8 .
61coCU, " In Q u e s t o f a C h u rc h ," p . 8 0 .
6 ^G reen sp u n and N o rg re n , p . 2 4 9 .
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C h u r c h 's c e l e b r a t i o n o f C h r i s t ' s s a c r i f i c e , m ak ing i t p r e s e n t a n d s h a r a b l e now;4 . t h a t r e - p r e s e n t i n g i s e x p la in e d l a r g e l y b y t h e n o t i o n s o f s ig n an d "m e m o ria l" (a n a m n e s is ) .
D i s c i p l e s an d B a p t i s t s , t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e y h o ld r i g i d l y
t o p a r t i c u l a r t r a d i t i o n , a r e f u r t h e s t from a f f i r m i n g s a c r i f i c i a l a s
p e c t s o f t h e L o r d 's S u p p e r , w i th M e th o d is t s , P r e s b y te r ia n /R e f o r m e d an d
UCC b e in g i n c l o s e r a g r e e m e n t w i th t h e O r th o d o x , Roman C a t h o l i c and
A n g l ic a n p o s i t i o n . ^
The m ain p r a c t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s t h a t a r e e x p e r ie n c e d i n t h i s co n
n e c t i o n a r e t h e sym bol o f a l t a r o r t a b l e an d t h e c o n c e p t o f o f f e r i n g .
The c o n c e p t o f t h e e u c h a r i s t a s m ea l h a s f o r t h e m o s t p a r t p r o p e r l y
b r o u g h t t h e e u c h a r i s t i c t a b l e o u t fro m t h e w a l l so t h a t p e o p le c a n b e
" a ro u n d t h e t a b l e , " i . e . , t h e m i n i s t e r f a c e s t h e c o n g r e g a t io n fro m b e
h in d t h e t a b l e .
T he c o n c e p t o f o f f e r i n g in t h e n o n - l i t u r g i c a l c h u r c h e s i s u s
u a l l y th o u g h t o f a s a c o l l e c t i o n o f money f o r t h e w ork o f t h e c h u r c h .
I t i s o n e 's s e l f - o f f e r i n g (Romans 1 2 :1 ) i n t h e fo rm o f m oney w h ich sym
b o l i z e s l a b o r , p o s s e s s i o n s , an d a b i l i t i e s . T h e re i s l e s s e m p h a s is on
u n d e r s ta n d in g t h e o f f e r i n g a s t h e c h u r c h 's o f f e r i n g t h e e le m e n ts f o r
t h e s a c r i f i c i a l m e a l . T hus i n m any o f t h e n o n - l i t u r g i c a l c h u r c h e s t h e
o f f e r i n g i s n o t c o n n e c te d w i th t h e e u c h a r i s t a t a l l . E d u c a t io n and
g ro w th to w a rd a b r o a d e r c o n c e p t o f o f f e r i n g i n a l l t h e c h u r c h e s c o u ld
63S w id le r , p . 3 3 8 .
64J a c k L i n d q u i s t , " S a c ra m e n ts - How V a r io u s D e n o m in a tio n s V iew T hem ," i n G raym oore E c u m e n ic a l I n s t i t u t e , E c u m e n ic a l S tu d y G u id e o n t h e E u c h a r i s t ( G a r r i s o n , NY), p . 8 f .
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b e th e r e s u l t o f e c u m e n ic a l s h a r i n g . The s o u r c e s c i t e d i n B ib l io g ra p h y
C g iv e f u r t h e r d e t a i l e d d a t a o n t h e o f f e r i n g an d i t s r e l a t i o n i n t h e
l i t u r g y t o e u c h a r i s t .
T he b r e v i t y o f t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f e u c h a r i s t an d s a c r i f i c e com
p a r e d t o t h e s e c t i o n s o n " p r e s e n c e " an d m i n i s t r y i s i n d i c a t i v e o f i t s
c o n s i d e r a b l y s m a l l e r r o l e i n e c u m e n ic a l d i s c u s s i o n s t o d a y . M ost
s c h o l a r s fro m a l l t r a d i t i o n s a f f i r m a s p e c t s o f t h e e u c h a r i s t a s s a c r i
f i c e . O n ly t im e w i l l i n c r e a s e t h e p o p u la r u n d e r s ta n d in g an d a c c e p ta n c e
o f t h e e c u m e n ic a l c o n s e n s u s on t h i s s u b j e c t .
T h is c o n c lu d e s o u r d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e h i g h l i g h t s o f t h e m a jo r
t h e o l o g i c a l i s s u e s o f e c u m e n ic a l e u c h a r i s t i c w o rs h ip w h ich u n d e r l i e
p r a c t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s . T he m a in p o i n t s o f t h e c u r r e n t e c u m e n ic a l s i t
u a t i o n h a v e b e e n p r e s e n t e d i n summary fo rm w i th t h e i n t e n t t h a t t h e y
w i l l b e t h e f o c u s o f d i s c u s s i o n an d s tu d y b y l a i t y an d c l e r g y i n e u c h a
r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p .
A FORMAT FOR STUDY AND DISCUSSION
T he L iv in g Room D ia lo g u e s p u b l i c a t i o n s b e g in n in g i n 1965 w ere
a g u id e f o r l a y d i s c u s s i o n among C a t h o l i c , O rth o d o x an d P r o t e s t a n t s .
T he p ro g ra m c a l l e d f o r g ro u p s o f 12 t o 15 p e o p le t o m ee t t o g e t h e r i n
e a c h o t h e r s hom es f o r m o n th ly i n f o r m a l d i s c u s s i o n , s t u d y , and p r a y e r .
T he p u rp o s e w as t h r e e f o l d : (1) t o in v o lv e i n d i v i d u a l l a y p e r s o n s i n t h e
c o n c e r n s o f C h r i s t i a n u n i t y , (2) t o rem ove c o n f u s io n an d m is u n d e r s ta n d
in g a b o u t d i f f e r e n t C h r i s t i a n t r a d i t i o n s , an d (3) t o n o u r i s h m u tu a l a p -
65p r e c i a t i o n o f t h e f a i t h an d w o rs h ip o f e a c h o t h e r ' s c h u r c h .
£ C^G reen sp u n an d N o rg re n , p . 7 .
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The L iv in g Room D ia lo g u e s m odel p r o v id e s a n e x c e l l e n t fo rm a t
f o r t h e e c u m e n ic a l s tu d y and d i s c u s s i o n t h a t i s e s s e n t i a l t o e c u m e n ic a l
w o r s h ip . W h ile t h e L iv in g Room D ia lo g u e s s e r i e s c o v e re d a b ro a d r a n g e
o f t o p i c s r a n g in g fro m l i t u r g y t o s o c i a l a c t i o n , t h e in f o r m a l g a t h e r
in g s a r r a n g e d a s p a r t o f a n IEF w ould d e a l e s p e c i a l l y w i th t h e th e o lo g y
o f t h e e u c h a r i s t i n e c u m e n ic a l p e r s p e c t i v e .
T he t y p i c a l " d ia lo g u e " m e e t in g w ou ld i n c l u d e a l i t a n y o r u n i
so n p r a y e r , a B i b l e r e a d i n g an d com m ent o n i t , an d t h e n s e v e r a l d i s
c u s s i o n q u e s t i o n s an d a c l o s i n g p r a y e r .
R e s o u rc e r e a d i n g s c a n b e t a k e n fro m t h i s c h a p te r a s w e l l a s
t h e o r i g i n a l s o u r c e d o c u m e n ts c i t e d i n f o o t n o t e s an d b i b l i o g r a p h i e s .
E ach d i a l o g u e g ro u p s h o u ld h a v e a d i s c u s s i o n l e a d e r o r p e r h a p s
c o - l e a d e r . T he f o l lo w in g g u i d e l i n e s f o r d i s c u s s i o n l e a d e r s a r e q u o te d
i n t h e i r e n t i r e t y fro m L iv in g Room D ia lo g u e s ;
1 . You w i l l w a n t t o c h o o s e a m o d e ra to r o r d i s c u s s i o n l e a d e r , o r y ou may r o t a t e t h i s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y e a c h t im e . You may w a n t c o l e a d e r s , a Roman C a t h o l i c an d a P r o t e s t a n t , a man an d a woman.2 . How a b o u t a n o b s e r v e r , a d i f f e r e n t o n e e a c h t im e , n o t t o t a k e p a r t i n t h e d i s c u s s i o n , b u t t o o b s e r v e t h e p r o c e s s and t o g iv e p o s i t i v e s u g g e s t i o n s f o r im p ro v in g i t n e x t t im e ?3 . In t h e f i r s t s e s s i o n , t a k e t im e f o r e a c h p e r s o n t o i d e n t i f y h i m s e l f o r h e r s e l f - who e a c h i s - s o m e th in g o f h i s i n t e r e s t s an d c o n c e rn s — h i s c h u r c h , e t c .4 . H e lp t o s e t t h e s t a g e f o r l e a r n i n g , g ro w in g an d s h a r in g , c a r i n g , b y l i s t e n i n g t o w h a t i s r e a l l y b e in g s a i d , b y a c c e p t i n g e a c h p e r s o n 's c o n t r i b u t i o n an d b y n o t ju d g in g th e m . Be o p e n to a l l i d e a s a n d s u g g e s t i o n s w h e th e r you a g r e e w i th them o r n o t .By y o u r own a t t i t u d e o f w i l l i n g n e s s t o l e a r n an d c h a n g e , you w i l l e n c o u ra g e o t h e r s t o do t h e sam e.5 . T ak e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r h e l p i n g w i th t h e d i s c u s s i o n n o t h a v in g t o t a l k a l l t h e t im e , n o t h a v in g t o b e r i g h t o r t o p ro v ea p o i n t . H e lp t o k e e p some fro m m o n o p o liz in g b y e n c o u ra g in g e a c h p e r s o n t o p a r t i c i p a t e . I f t h i s i s d i f f i c u l t , y o u m ig h t t a k e t u r n s a t f i r s t t o g i v e e v e ry o n e a c h a n c e t o p a r t i c i p a t e .6 . H e lp t o d i s t i n g u i s h f a c t s fro m o p i n i o n , b u t e n c o u ra g e b o t h .7 . I f t h e g ro u p seem s t o w a n d e r , h e lp t o r e c a l l them t o t h e s u b j e c t u n d e r d i s c u s s i o n . D o n 't t r y t o c o v e r m ore t h a n o n e s u b j e c t
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i n a n e v e n in g .8 . S e t a f i r m c l o s i n g h o u r an d s t i c k t o i t . B e t t e r t o go home e a g e r f o r m ore th a n e x h a u s te d ! Two h o u r s s h o u ld b e t h e maximum t im e .9 . By y o u r own p r a y e r and w o rs h ip l i f e , h e lp t h e m em bers o f th e g ro u p t o c e n t e r t h e i r i n t e r a c t i o n , t h e i r q u e s t i o n i n g an d s e e k in g i n s h a r e d an d v a r y in g k in d s o f p r a y e r w i t h i n t h e g r o u p .1 0 . Become b e t t e r a c q u a in t e d y o u r s e l f w i th t h e w e a l th o f r e s o u r c e s o f th e C h u rc h e s i n v o lv e d , an d o f t h e C h r i s t i a n F a i t h , and s h a r e t h e s e w i th o t h e r s .1 1 . A sk God t h e H o ly S p i r i t t o l e a d an d t o c h a n g e t h e m em bers o f t h e g ro u p , so t h a t i n d i v i d u a l l y an d c o r p o r a t e l y t h e y m ay f i n d new w ays o f b e h a v in g a s C h r i s t i a n s , i n t h e C h u rch and i n t h e w o r ld . I d e a s w i l l c h a n g e b u t so w i l l l i v e s .
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e in f o r m a l l a y s tu d y g r o u p s , t h e c l e r g y o f a
com m unity m ig h t d e s i r e t o c a r r y o n a d e e p e r s tu d y o f t h e t h e o l o g i c a l
an d p a s t o r a l i s s u e s t h a t a r i s e i n e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip . T h i s s tu d y and
s h a r in g c o u ld ad d c o n s i d e r a b l e d e p th an d i n s i g h t t o t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f
c o n g r e g a t i o n s i n t h e IE F . T he f o r m a t io n o f a c l e r g y s tu d y g ro u p m ig h t
b e t h e f i r s t s t e p to w a rd a n IEF i n a com m unity ( i . e . , m ig h t becom e t h e
" c o n t a c t g r o u p " ) , o r i t c o u ld com e l a t e r a s t h e s e r i e s o f e u c h a r i s t i c
c e l e b r a t i o n s b e g i n s .
SUMMARY
I n t h i s c h a p te r we h a v e p r e s e n t e d , o n b o t h t h e t h e o l o g i c a l an d
p r a c t i c a l l e v e l s , t h e c o r e o f w h a t e c u m e n ic a l e u c h a r i s t i c w o rs h ip i s
a l l a b o u t . R e g a r d le s s o f how i n d i v i d u a l s , c o n g r e g a t i o n s , a n d c o m m itte e s
o r g a n iz e e u c h a r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p e v e r y t h i n g c u lm in a te s i n t h e a c t u a l
e u c h a r i s t when i n d i v i d u a l s and c h u r c h e s o f d i f f e r e n t b a c k g ro u n d s g a th e r
a ro u n d t h e L o r d 's T a b le .
66I b i d . , p . 8 -1 0 ,
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We h a v e s e e n an em erg in g e c u m e n ic a l c o n s e n s u s i n e u c h a r i s t i c
t h i n k in g com ing from t h e l i t u r g i c a l m ovem ent, t h e e c u m e n ic a l m ovem ent,
an d m odern b i b l i c a l s c h o l a r s h i p . G re a t p r o g r e s s h a s b e e n m ade r e g a r d
in g t h e n e c e s s i t y o f b o th Word an d S a c ra m e n t i n w o r s h ip , o n u n d e r s ta n d
in g t h e e u c h a r i s t a s a s a c r e d f a m i ly m e a l , an d on t h e p r e v io u s l y d i v i
s i v e i s s u e o f t h e s a c r i f i c i a l a s p e c t o f t h e e u c h a r i s t .
We h a v e g iv e n p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n t o t h e t h r e e m a in i s s u e s
w h e re t h e m o s t s t r i k i n g b r e a k th r o u g h s h a v e b e e n m ade and w h ich s t i l l
u n d e r l i e p r a c t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s a t t h e c o n g r e g a t i o n a l l e v e l . T h ese
t h r e e in c lu d e t h e p r e s e n c e o f C h r i s t i n t h e e u c h a r i s t , t h e u n d e r s ta n d
in g o f m i n i s t r y and t h e e u c h a r i s t , an d t h e u n d e r s ta n d in g o f t h e e u c h a
r i s t a s s a c r i f i c e .
F i n a l l y a fo rm a t f o r t h e s t u d y / d i s c u s s i o n g ro u p s w as s u g g e s te d
b a s e d o n t h e L iv in g Room D ia lo g u e s m o d e l.
C h a p te r F o u r w i l l s u g g e s t a p r o c e s s t o e v a l u a t e e c u m e n ic a l
w o rs h ip .
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Chapter 4
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A PROCESS TO EVALUATE ECUMENICAL WORSHIP
I n r e c e n t t im e s v i r t u a l l y e v e r y i n s t i t u t i o n h a s p a id m ore an d
m ore a t t e n t i o n t o t h e s c i e n c e o f m anagem en t. The g ro w th o f a w ho le
a c a d e m ic f i e l d o f m anagem ent an d t h e r e s u l t a n t o u t p u t o f a new b re e d
o f m an a g e rs i s n o t a n u n e x p e c te d o c c u r r e n c e i n a w o r ld t h a t becom es
b i g g e r and m ore com plex w i th e a c h p a s s in g d a y .
The c h u r c h , i n i t s v a r y in g d e g r e e s o f i n s t i t u t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r ,
h a s b eg u n t o b e i n t e r e s t e d i n a p p ly in g m a n a g e r ia l c o n c e p ts t o i t s e l f .
Term s l i k e g o a l s , o b j e c t i v e s , e v a l u a t i o n , f e e d b a c k , e t c . , a r e common
v e r b ia g e f o r a c h u rc h b o a r d m e e t in g to d a y .
I n t h i s c h a p te r we w i l l lo o k a t o n e p a r t o f t h e m anagem ent
p r o c e s s ,^ - e v a l u a t i o n , an d a p p ly i t t o e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip . We w i l l
lo o k b r i e f l y a t t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f w o rs h ip i n g e n e r a l an d t h e n a t t h e
som ew hat b r i g h t e r p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r e v a lu a t io n o f e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip .
F i n a l l y we w i l l lo o k a t t h e c r i t i c a l p o i n t s i n o u r p r o c e s s f o r d e v e lo p
in g a n IE F i n a com m unity and s u g g e s t s e v e r a l f a c t o r s e s p e c i a l l y im
p o r t a n t t o t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip .
D e s p i t e t h e i n c r e a s i n g u s e o f m anagem ent p r i n c i p l e s b y c h u rc h e s ,
o n e a r e a w h ich u s u a l l y r e m a in s u n to u c h e d b y m anagem ent i s w o r s h ip . I n
o n e s e n s e e v a l u a t i o n o f w o rs h ip a lw a y s h a s b e e n d o n e and a lw a y s w i l l
1The "m anagem ent p r o c e s s " c o n s i s t s o f v a r y in g e le m e n ts d e p e n d in g o n w h ich th e o r y o f m anagem ent i s em p lo y ed . M anagem ent By O b je c t i v e s s t r e s s e s t h r e e p o i n t s : P la n n in g , im p le m e n tin g , e v a l u a t i n g . H a ro ld K o o n tz and C y r i l O 'D o n n e l l , P r i n c i p l e s o f M anagem ent (New Y ork: M cG raw -H ill, 1972) s u g g e s t a f i v e - £ o l d s y s te m : p la n n in g , o r g a n iz i n g ,s t a f f i n g , d i r e c t i n g , an d c o n t r o l l i n g .
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t
77
b e . T h is e v a l u a t i o n i s v o ic e d i n t h e c a r o n t h e way home fro m t h e S un
d a y m o rn in g s e r v i c e s o r i s s c r i b b l e d on b u l l e t i n b a c k s and p a s s e d t o
a n e ig h b o r d u r in g t h e s e r v i c e . T y p ic a l e v a l u a t i v e com m ents a r e f a m i l
i a r t o a l l o f u s : "The o rg a n w as to o l o u d ." " I w is h he w o u ld p r e a c h
o n so m e th in g b e s i d e t h e p a r a b l e s . " "T he c h o i r a lw a y s so u n d s so b e a u t i
f u l . " " I c a n n e v e r h e a r t h e w o rs h ip l e a d e r . " As h e l p f u l a s t h e s e com
m e n ts m ig h t b e i f p r o p e r l y c h a n n e le d and i n t e r p r e t e d , th e y a r e g e n e r
a l l y a w a s te d r e s o u r c e ex p en d ed b y t h e c o n g r e g a t i o n .
W o rsh ip i s s e e n b y m o s t p e o p le a s a n o f f - l i m i t s a r e a f o r e v a l
u a t i o n f o r s e v e r a l r e a s o n s . P e rh a p s o n e r e a s o n why a l l o t h e r a r e a s o f
c h u rc h l i f e c a n b e s u b j e c t e d t o t h e m anagem en t p r o c e s s and w o rs h ip c a n
n o t i s t h a t w o rs h ip i s p o p u l a r l y u n d e r s to o d a s u l t i m a t e l y d i f f e r e n t
fro m t h e r e s t o f c o n g r e g a t i o n a l l i f e . I t i s " r e l i g i o u s . " A c h u rc h
s c h o o l p ro g ra m , a f i n a n c i a l c a m p a ig n , o r a n o u t r e a c h e m p h a s is a l l a r e
s e e n a s a p p r o p r i a t e a c t i v i t i e s t o b e e v a lu a t e d , b u t n o t w o r s h ip .
I f w o rs h ip i s p r o p e r l y u n d e r s to o d a s " th e w ork o f t h e p e o p l e , "
a human a c t i v i t y o f e x p r e s s in g a r e l a t i o n s h i p t o God, th e n we may b e
m ore w i l l i n g t o a p p ly t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f goo d m anagem ent t o w o r s h ip .
When we e v a l u a t e w o rs h ip , t h e c o r p o r a t e e x p r e s s i o n o f o u r f a i t h , we a r e
n o t a p p ly in g a s e c u l a r t o o l t o t h e D iv in e , b u t a r e u s in g a h e l p f u l h u
man s c i e n c e t o a s s i s t o u r human a c t i v i t y f o r God.
A se c o n d r e a s o n f o r t h e r e l u c t a n c e t o e v a l u a t e w o rs h ip i s
b a s e d o n human p e r s o n a l i t i e s . One p a s t o r who h a s made sw ee p in g c h a n g e s
in t h e w o rs h ip an d c h u r c h s c h o o l p ro g ram o f h i s c h u r c h t e l l s o f a c o n
v e r s a t i o n w i th a woman fro m a n o th e r c o n g r e g a t io n who w as i n t e r e s t e d i n
" ja u z in g u p " t h e i r c h u r c h s c h o o l . As h e b e g a n to q u e s t i o n h e r a b o u t
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78
t h e w o rs h ip s e r v i c e to o s h e r e s p o n d e d , "Oh, w e 'r e n o t c o n c e rn e d w i th
pw o r s h ip . We l i k e o u r m i n i s t e r . " R eg a rd f o r t h e m i n i s t e r an d c o n c e rn
f o r w o rs h ip a r e n o t m u tu a l ly e x c lu s i v e ! T h is r e p r e s e n t s a se c o n d r e a
s o n why many c o n g r e g a t i o n s sh y aw ay fro m e v a l u a t i o n o f w o rs h ip : i t i s
b e l i e v e d t o b e t h e " m i n i s t e r ' s d o m a in ."
I f e v a l u a t i o n o f w o rs h ip i s t o t a k e p l a c e i n c h u r c h e s , t h e s e
tw o m is c o n c e p t io n s a b o u t i t s b e in g a n a f f r o n t t o God o r a n i n v a s i o n o f
c l e r i c a l d o m ain m u s t b e c o r r e c t e d .
I n s h a p in g i t s w o r s h ip , t h e c h u rc h to d a y f i n d s i t s e l f i n a d i f f i c u l t b u t p r o m is in g t im e . P e o p le i n t h e c h u r c h e s a r e b e in g i n f lu e n c e d b y new s t y l e s i n m u s ic an d a r t , b y new w ays o f t a l k i n g a b o u t God an d th e m s e lv e s , b y new p a t t e r n s o r r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e tw e e n p e o p le . I n s u c h a t im e , p e o p le i n e v e r y c o n g r e g a t io n need t o e n t e r a c t i v e l y i n t o t h e c r e a t i v e p r o c e s s o f f i n d i n g t h e m o s t a d e q u a te way o f e x p r e s s in g t h e i r w o r s h ip t o G od .^
E v a l u a t i o n o f w o r s h ip t a k e s on d i f f e r e n t c o n n o t a t i o n s i n t h e
v a r i o u s c h u r c h e s . E p i s c o p a l w o r s h ip , an d t o some e x t e n t P r e s b y t e r i a n
an d M e th o d i s t , i s o r d e r e d b y t h e c h u rc h a t l a r g e th r o u g h t h e P r a y e r
B ook,B ook o f W o rsh ip , e t c . M i n i s t e r s i n t h e s e t r a d i t i o n s h a v e l a t i
t u d e f o r c h o i c e w i t h i n a n e s t a b l i s h e d r i t e . E v a l u a t i o n o f w o rs h ip f o r
t h e s e c h u r c h e s h a s m ore t o d o w i th how t h e l i t u r g y i s d o n e th a n w i th
w h a t i s d o n e .
T he s o - c a l l e d " f r e e c h u r c h e s " d o n o t h a v e p r e s c r i b e d l i t u r g i c a l
fo r m s . C o n g r e g a t io n s an d t h e i r m i n i s t e r s h av e c o n s i d e r a b l e le e w a y i n
d e te r m in in g b o th t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e w o rs h ip s e r v i c e an d t h e m an n er i n
^ W ill ia m B eav en A b e rn a th y , A New Look f o r S u n d ay M o rn in g (N ash v i l l e : A b in g d o n P r e s s , 1 9 7 5 ) , p . 10 .
O^W o rsh ip S tu d y C o m m issio n o f t h e C h r i s t i a n C h u rc h ( D i s c i p l e s o f
C h r i s t ) , I n S p i r i t an d W ith H o n e sty ( S t . L o u is : C h r i s t i a n B o ard o fP u b l i c a t i o n , 1 9 7 5 ) , p . 8 .
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w h ich i t i s c a r r i e d o u t .
I t w ou ld b e im p o r t a n t f o r IEF l i t u r g i e s t o f o l l o w t h e COCU
O rd e r o f W o rsh ip o r t h e r i t e o f t h e h o s t c h u r c h o f a g iv e n e u c h a r i s t i c
o b s e r v a n c e . I n t h e c a s e o f t h e " f r e e c h u r c h e s " t h e o r d e r o f w o rs h ip
s h o u ld t y p i f y t h e d e n o m i n a t i o n 's t r a d i t i o n r a t h e r th a n t h e i d i o s y n
c r a t i c way a p a r t i c u l a r m i n i s t e r may d o i t .
When we c o n s id e r e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip , we f i n d t h a t t h e n ee d f o r
e v a l u a t i o n i s e v e n g r e a t e r a n d t h a t t h a t n ee d c a n b e m e t m o re e a s i l y
t h a n i n c o n g r e g a t i o n a l w o r s h ip . T he n e e d i s g r e a t e r b e c a u s e t h e e c u
m e n ic a l c o n g r e g a t io n i s a new e x p e r im e n ta l c r e a t i o n w h ic h d o e s n o t
h a v e t h e lu x u r y o f a b u i l t - i n t r a d i t i o n o f i t s own. C o n v e r s e ly i t d o e s
h a v e a c o l l e c t i o n o f t r a d i t i o n s o f v a r y in g d e g r e e s o f s i m i l a r i t y . The
t o o l s o f m anagem ent c o u ld b e w elcom ed b y a l l p a r t i c i p a t i n g c o n g r e g a
t i o n s a s i m p a r t i a l w ays o f f i n d i n g t h e m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e way f o r t h e
new e c u m e n ic a l com m unity t o e x p r e s s i t s e l f i n w o r s h ip .
T he r e s i s t a n c e t o e v a l u a t i o n o f e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip may b e l e s s
t h a n t h a t fo u n d i n c o n g r e g a t i o n s b e c a u s e e c u m e n ic a l a c t i v i t y (e v e n w o r
s h ip ) i s p r o b a b ly p e r c e iv e d a s b e in g m o re p ro g ra m m a tic t h a n " u n to u c h -
a b l y r e l i g i o u s " in t h e s e n s e we d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r . A ls o i n e c u m e n ic a l
w o r s h ip t h e r e i s no o n e " p a s t o r ' s d o m a in ," so w o r s h ip b eco m es e v e r y
o n e ’ s d o m a in .
B u t p r o b a b ly t h e m o s t im p o r ta n t r e a s o n why e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip
c a n le n d i t s e l f t o e v a l u a t i o n i s b e c a u s e e v a l u a t i o n c a n b e b u i l t i n t o
e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip fro m t h e s t a r t . L e t u s t u r n o u r a t t e n t i o n now t o
t h e p r o c e s s f o r e v a lu a t in g e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip .
W h a te v e r s y s te m o f e v a l u a t i o n i s u s e d i t m u s t b e i n t e g r a t e d
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80
i n t o t h e w ho le p l a n f o r e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip i n a com m unity . The b a s i c
p r o c e s s we h av e s u g g e s te d f o r d e v e lo p in g e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip i n a com
m u n ity i s d e p ic t e d i n F ig u r e 2 b e lo w .
I n t h i s p r o c e s s t h e r e a r e f o u r c r i t i c a l p h a s e s i n w h ich e v a l
u a t i o n m u st t a k e p l a c e : (1 ) w i t h i n t h e c o n g r e g a t io n s , (2) i n t h e p l a n
n in g c o m m itte e , (3) a t e a c h e u c h a r i s t i c o b s e r v a n c e and a t e a c h s t u d y /
d i s c u s s i o n g ro u p , an d (4 ) a t t h e end o f e a c h s e r i e s o f s e r v i c e s .
I n t h e c o n g r e g a t i o n a l b u i l d i n g o f a n e c u m e n ic a l b a s e , e v a lu a
t i o n o f t h e p l a c e w h e re t h e c o n g r e g a t io n a l r e a d y i s e c u m e n ic a l ly i s
t h e f i r s t s t e p . T hen a t m id p o in t an d a t t h e end o f t h e c o n g r e g a t i o n 's
p ro g ra m (s ) e v a l u a t i o n s h o u ld a l s o b e m ade.
T he p la n n in g c o m m itte e s h o u ld h a v e a n o n g o in g sy s te m o f e v a lu
a t i o n i n t e g r a t e d i n t o i t s a g e n d a . O f te n t h i s i s a c h ie v e d b y e n l i s t i n g
t h e e x p e r t i s e o f a c a r e f u l l y s e l e c t e d p e r s o n who f u n c t i o n s s o l e l y a s
a n e v a lu a t o r o f th e p l a n n in g c o m m it te e 's i n n e r w o rk in g s .
The t h i r d e v a l u a t i o n p h a s e i n t h e p r o c e s s o f d e v e lo p in g e c u
m e n ic a l w o rs h ip i n c l u d e s t h e e v a l u a t i o n s a t t h e e u c h a r i s t i c c e l e b r a
t i o n s an d a t t h e s t u d y / d i s c u s s i o n g r o u p s . T h ese e v a l u a t i o n s m u s t b e
lo w -k e y ed so th e y w i l l n o t i n t e r f e r e w i th t h e p r im a r y a c t i v i t y . T h is
m ig h t b e s t b e a c c o m p lis h e d th r o u g h t h e u s e o f a num ber o f o b s e r v e r s
an d l i s t e n e r s . T h e se c a r e f u l l y c h o s e n i n d i v i d u a l s w ould r e p o r t b a c k
t o t h e p la n n in g c o m m itte e an d so m etim es d i r e c t l y b a c k t o c o n g r e g a t io n s .
T he f i n a l e v a l u a t i o n a t t h e c l o s e o f a s e r i e s o f e u c h a r i s t i c
o b s e r v a n c e s w ould b e t h e m o s t d e t a i l e d e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e f o u r and
w ould s e e k th e b r o a d e s t r e s p o n s e p o s s i b l e . The q u e s t i o n n a i r e m ethod
h a s b e e n e f f e c t i v e l y u s e d i n t h e R ichm ond IE F .
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C o n g r e g a t io n C
C o n g r e g a t io n B
C o n g r e g a t io n A
P r e p a r a t i o n s f o r IE F , b u i l d i n g a n e c u m e n ic a l b a s e .
#1
CONTACTGROUP
S e r i e s o f e u c h a r i s t i c s e r v i c e s w i t h s t u d y / d i s c u s s i o n g r o u p s .
F i n a lE v a l u a t i o n
IEF PLANNING COMMITTEE
#2
#3 #4
F i g u r e 2
B a s i c P r o c e s s f o r IEF
00
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The e v a l u a t i o n s i n t h e s e f o u r p h a s e s o f t h e p r o c e s s s h o u ld a l l
h av e t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :
(1) The ty p e o f e v a l u a t i o n m u s t r e f l e c t t h e p a r t i c u l a r n e e d s and n a t u r e o f t h e a c t i v i t y i t e v a l u a t e s .(2 ) I t m u s t g i v e p ro m p t r e p o r t s so t h a t c o r r e c t i v e a c t i o n i s p o s s i b l e .(3 ) I t m u s t o p e r a t e w i t h i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l p a t t e r n o f t h e w h o le p r o c e s s .(4 ) I t s h o u ld l e a d t o c o r r e c t i v e a c t i o n . ^
So f a r t h e d i s c u s s i o n h a s b e e n o f g e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e s o f e v a l
u a t i o n a p p l i e d t o o u r p r o c e s s o f d e v e lo p in g e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip . We
c a n n o t s u g g e s t i n t h i s p r o j e c t d e t a i l e d e v a l u a t i v e i n s t r u m e n t s . T h ese
m u s t b e d e v e lo p e d f o r e a c h p a r t i c u l a r IE F . T he f o u r g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r
i s t i c s a b o v e an d t h e c r i t i c a l l o c a t i o n s i n t h e p r o c e s s w h e re e v a l u a t i o n
m u s t t a k e p l a c e w i l l b e a p p l i c a b l e i n a lm o s t e v e ry s i t u a t i o n .
H e re i s how t h e d ia g ra m o f o u r p r o c e s s w o u ld lo o k w i t h e v a lu
a t i o n s y s te m s i n t e g r a t e d . S ee f i g u r e 3 .
S e v e r a l ex a m p le s may i l l u s t r a t e t h i s m ore f u l l y . A t ( 1 ) , e v a l
u a t i o n o f t h e c o n g r e g a t i o n 's p r e p a r a t i o n may d i s c o v e r a m a jo r w e ak n ess
i n t h e c h u rc h s c h o o l c u r r i c u lu m w h ic h i s f e d b a c k i n t o t h e c o n g r e g a t io n
f o r c o r r e c t i v e a c t i o n . I n t h e p la n n in g c o m m itte e ( 2 ) , t h e e v a l u a t i o n
c o n s u l t a n t may o b s e r v e t h a t tw o r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s m is s e d t h e l a s t two
m e e t in g s a f t e r t h e i r i d e a s w e re r e j e c t e d b y t h e c o m m itte e . O nce t h e
c o m m itte e i s a w a re o f t h i s a n e f f o r t m ig h t b e made t o r e g a i n t h e i r su p
p o r t . A t t h e se c o n d e c u m e n ic a l c e l e b r a t i o n o f t h e e u c h a r i s t ( 3 ) , a
y o u th g ro u p fro m a c o n g r e g a t io n com es t o a " p a r t i c i p a n t m o d e l" s e r v i c e
4K o o n tz an d O 'D o n n e l, p . 582 .
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ission of the
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without
permission.
C o n g r e g a t io n C I
C o n g r e g a t io n B
F e e d b a c k t o c o n g r e g a t i o n s an d p l a n n i n g c o m m itte e
IE F PLANNING COMMITTEE
CONTACT
GROUP
S e r i e s o f e u c h a r i s t i c s e r v i c e s w i t h s t u d y / d i s c u s s i o n g ro u p s
F i n a lE v a l u a t i o n
p r o c e s s
p r o c e s s
C o n g r e g a t io n A P r e p a r a t i o n s f o r IE F
sva
# 3 # 4
F ig u r e 3
IE F P r o c e s s w i th I n t e g r a t e d E v a l u a t i o n S y s te m soou>
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w ith m is in f o r m a t io n a b o u t t h e IE F . S in c e t h e y a r e n o t f a m i l i a r w i th
t h e s e r v i c e o r t h e IE F p ro g ra m l i k e t h e o t h e r " p a r t i c i p a n t s , " t h e i r r e
a c t i o n s t o t h e e c u m e n ic a l s e r v i c e a r e e x t r e m e ly n e g a t i v e . I n t h i s
c a s e t h e o b s e r v e r / l i s t e n e r on t h e s c e n e c o u ld f e e d b a c k i n t o t h e sy s te m
a t s e v e r a l p o i n t s : t o t h e y o u th g r o u p 's c o n g r e g a t io n t o e x p l a i n t h e
m is u n d e r s ta n d in g an d t o t h e p l a n n in g c o m m itte e t o w ork o u t w ays i n
w h ich t h i s ty p e o f i n c i d e n t m ig h t b e a v o id e d i n f u t u r e s e r v i c e s . The
f i n a l e v a l u a t i o n s e s s i o n ( 4 ) , p r o b a b ly a q u e s t i o n n a i r e a n d / o r t a l k - b a c k
p l e n a r y , s e n d s m o s t o f i t s d a t a t o t h e p l a n n in g co m m itte e b u t some o f
t h i s d a t a a l s o m ig h t a p p r o p r i a t e l y go b a c k t o c o n g r e g a t io n s f o r a c t i o n .
I t s h o u ld b e c l e a r t h a t a n e v a l u a t i o n s y s te m i n t e g r a t e d i n t o
t h e o v e r a l l p r o c e s s i s a n e c e s s i t y f o r e c u m e n ic a l w o r s h ip . A s a b a s i s
f o r t h e e v a l u a t i o n c r i t e r i a w h ich a r e d e v e lo p e d b y e a c h IEF f o r e a c h o f
t h e f o u r p h a s e s o f t h e p r o c e s s , t h r e e im p o r t a n t f a c t o r s a r e s e t f o r t h .
I n c l u s i v e n e s s : A c o r e a t t r i b u t e o f t h e e u c h a r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p i s i t s
e f f o r t t o i n c l u d e t h e f u l l d i v e r s i t y o f t h e C h r i s t i a n com m unity o f an
a r e a . T h a t m eans " p e o p le o f a l l r a c i a l an d e t h n i c o r i g i n s , o f a l l i n
co m es, d e n o m in a t io n s , a g e s , b o th l a y an d c l e r g y , b o t h m a le an d fe m a le ;
an d w i t h t h e s e a n e v i d e n t r e s o l v e t h a t a n I n t e r i m E u c h a r i s t i c F e l lo w -
5s h ip n o t b e a h a v e n f o r n e ig h b o r s i n n e e d ."
G e n u in e n e s s : E c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip e x p r e s s e s t h e u n iq u e f a i t h o f a g e n u
i n e e c u m e n ic a l co m m u n ity . S uch w o rs h ip g ro w s o u t o f m u tu a l p e r s o n a l
s h a r in g and i n t e r a c t i o n . T h is t a k e s t im e t o d e v e lo p b u t i t i s d i s
t i n c t i v e l y m ore th a n a s s e m b l in g w o r s h ip in g d e n o m in a t io n s u n d e r o n e r o o f .
^COCU, I n t e r im E u c h a r i s t i c F e l lo w s h ip ( B r o c h u r e ) .
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85
H o n e s ty ; I n t e r im E u c h a r i s t i c F e l lo w s h ip r e c o g n iz e s b y d e f i n i t i o n i t s
i n t e r i m n a t u r e , t h a t i t h a s n o t y e t a r r i v e d a t t h e f u l l u n i t y C h r i s t
i n t e n d s a t h i s t a b l e . D i f f e r e n c e s do re m a in an d th e y m u s t n o t b e
g lo s s e d o v e r w i th a n i n a u t h e n t i c s p i r i t t h a t m ocks t r u e u n i t y . T he i n
t e g r i t y o f IE F i s g ro u n d e d i n h o n e s t s h a r in g o f b e l i e f s a s p e o p le o f
f a i t h d e s i r e t o come to t h e L o r d ' s T a b le t o g e t h e r .
However e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip i s e v a lu a t e d i n a p a r t i c u l a r com
m u n ity , t h e s e t h r e e f a c t o r s a r e p r im a r y . The sy s te m o f e v a l u a t i o n we
h a v e s u g g e s te d c a n n o t g u a r a n t e e a t r o u b l e - f r e e IEF b u t i t w i l l g iv e
e a r l y d e t e c t i o n o f p ro b le m s w h ich c a n b e s o lv e d b e f o r e t h e y becom e b i g
g e r .
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Chapter 5
86
SUMMARY
T h is p a p e r com es to th e c h u rc h i n a n u n p re c e n d e n te d c l i m a t e o f
e c u m e n ic a l c o n s e n s u s . I t a r r i v e s o n t h e A m eric an c h u rc h s c e n e a t a
t im e when l a r g e i n s t i t u t i o n s a r e s u s p e c t and when " s m a ll i s b e a u t i f u l . " !
I t s p e a k s t o a m a n d a te o f t h e C o n s u l t a t i o n o n C h u rc h U n ion to e s t a b l i s h
a n e tw o rk o f I n t e r im E u c h a r i s t i c F e l lo w s h ip s a c r o s s t h e U .S .A . b y t h e
2end o f t h e d e c a d e . F i n a l l y , i t i s d i r e c t e d t o t h e l a i t y an d c l e r g y
o f l o c a l c o n g r e g a t io n s , w h e re l i v i n g t o g e t h e r to w a rd u n i t y h a s i t s m o s t
im p o r t a n t i d e n t i t y .
W hat h a s b e e n a t te m p te d h e r e i s t o a d d r e s s a n u r g e n t n eed o f
t h e c h u rc h i n t h e U .S .A . b y i n t e g r a t i n g c o n te m p o ra ry e c u m e n ic a l t h e o l o
gy o f t h e e u c h a r i s t w i th t h e p r a c t i c a l p ro b le m s o f im p le m e n tin g a n e c u
m e n ic a l e u c h a r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p among t h e c h u r c h e s o f a com m unity .
T h i s i n t e g r a t i o n c o u ld o n ly b e a c c o m p lis h e d w i th t h e b a c k g ro u n d o f a
num ber o f o t h e r d i s c i p l i n e s a s w e l l , i n c l u d i n g c h u r c h h i s t o r y , t h e h i s
t o r y o f l i t u r g y , c h u r c h m anagem ent and p o l i t y , an d w i th t h e e x p e r ie n c e
o f c h u rc h w ork i n an d p r i o r t o s e m in a ry t r a i n i n g .
T he r e s u l t o f t h i s i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e t h e o r e t i c a l d i s c i p l i n e s
o f t h e s e m in a ry an d t h e p r e s e n t p r a c t i c a l n e e d s o f t h e c h u rc h i s a h an d
b o o k f o r l o c a l c h u rc h l e a d e r s w h ich g i v e s them th e b a s i c g u i d e l i n e s ,
! e . F . S ch u m ach e r, S m a ll I s B e a u t i f u l ; E co n o m ics a s i f P e o p le M a t te r e d (New Y ork; H a rp e r & Row, 1 9 7 5 ) .
2G e ra ld M oede, "A cco m p lish m en ts o f COCU T h u s F a r an d Some Re
f l e c t i o n s o n P o s s ib l e Ways i n t o t h e F u tu re " (m im e o g ra p h e d ), p . 7 .
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s u g g e s t i o n s , an d r e s o u r c e s n e c e s s a r y t o d e v e lo p a n e c u m e n ic a l e u c h a r i s
t i c f e l l o w s h i p i n t h e i r co m m unity . T he d e p th o f e u c h a r i s t i c th e o lo g y
i s t a k e n s e r i o u s l y b u t p r e s e n t e d s im p ly .
The h an d b o o k i s s m a l l en o u g h t h a t o n e c a n r e a s o n a b l y e x p e c t i t
t o b e r e a d an d u s e d b y i n t e r e s t e d l a i t y an d c l e r g y . Y e t i t p r o v id e s
a b a s i c fram ew o rk f o r s t a r t i n g , d e v e lo p in g , im p le m e n tin g , an d e v a l u a t
i n g e c u m e n ic a l w o rs h ip among s e v e r a l c< ig r e g a t io n s w i th o u t o v e r lo a d in g
t h e r e a d e r w i th d e t a i l s w h ich do n o t a p p ly i n a l l c i r c u m s ta n c e s .
W hat t h i s p a p e r c a n n o t p r o v id e i s t h e m o t iv a t i o n f o r t h e r e a d e r
t o g e t in v o lv e d w i th o t h e r C h r i s t i a n s an d t o do t h e w ork o f d e v e lo p in g
a e u c h a r i s t i c f e l l o w s h i p . A lth o u g h s u g g e s t io n s f o r im p ro v in g ec u m e n i
c a l m o t iv a t io n h a v e b e e n m ade, no human w ord a lo n e c a n c a l l a n y o f u s
t o s e r v i c e .
O n ly when we s e e a v i s i o n o f t h e One H oly C a t h o l i c C h u rc h w i l l
we r e a l i z e t h e s c a n d a l o f o u r d i v i s i o n . O n ly when we h e a r t h e p r a y e r
o f o u r L o rd t h a t we may a l l b e o n e^ w i l l we w ork to w a rd t h e a n s w e r in g
t h a t p r a y e r . And o n ly when we c a n f r e e l y r e s p o n d w i t h a l l o u r b r o t h e r s
an d s i s t e r s to t h e i n v i t a t i o n o f J e s u s t o H is S u p p e r w i l l o u r e a t i n g
an d d r i n k i n g o f Him b e f u l f i l l e d .
^ J o h n 1 7 :2 2 .
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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