Guava Cultivation Practices-sereddy

7/28/2019 Guava Cultivation Practices-sereddy

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S ESWARA REDDY


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GUAVABotanical Name: Psidium guajava, linn

Family: MyrtaceaeOrigin: Tropical America (from Mexico toPeru) Guava is a subtropical crop. It is

one of the most common and major fruitsof India and is considered the fourth most

important fruit in area and production

after mango, banana, and citrus. It is a

hardy and prolific bearer and highly

remunerative fruit.


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Guava is native to tropicalAmerica and seems to have been

growing from Mexico to Peru. It isbelieved to be introduced in toIndia during early 17th century.

In A.P it is commercially grown inTelengana, North coastal districts

and Ananthapur in Rayalaseema.


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. Guava is the rich source of VitaminC, and a fair source of Vitamin A andB2 and minerals like calcium,

phosphorus and iron. The vitaminC content of Guava is 2-5 timeshigher than oranges

The fruits can be canned in sugarsyrup. The leaves yield dye andtannin and also have medicinal valueof curing Diarrhea.


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. Under heavy rains an high relativehumidity brings down the quality of fruits.

Optimum temperature requirement is 23-

28OC.The areas having distinct winter season, is

considered best for increasing yield and

improving quality.The humid conditions lead to luxuriant

growth of the trees and yield fruits of poorquality.\

It can be grown as rain fed as well asirrigated crop depending upon agro climaticconditions.


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At the time of flowering and fruiting, itrequires dry climate. High temperature andhigh velocity winds at fruit development

period lead to heavy fruitdrop

SOILGuava adapts well to a wide range of soils.

Well-drained, light sandy loam toclay soils is good.Since it is a hardy fruit crop, it can be grown on

alkaline soils wastelands etc.It is sensitive to waterlogged conditions.

It tolerates a wide range of pH from 4.5 to 8.5.If the soils are having a pH of 7.5 and above there

are morechances of getting guava wilt.Some varieties like Lucknow- 49 can be grown in

saline soils also.


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Varieties:

o Basically basing on seed content in guava

there are two types Seedless and seededvarieties.

o Seedless guavas are triploids with irregular

shape and low productivity and plants are very

vigorous in growth.

o Hence, unfit for commercial cultivation.

o

Seeded guavas are more commercial, highyielders with excellent quality.

o The seeded guavas are diploids. Seeds

range from 250-500 / fruit.


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Important seeded, seedless andhybrid varieties commercially

grown are:Seeded varieties- 1. Allahabadsafeda,

2. Lucknow-49, 3. Arka Mridula 4.

Red fleshed and 5.Allahabad Surkha

etc.


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Seedless varieties: Two types of fruits,completely seedless and partly seeded,are

borne on a plant of seedless variety.The completely seedless fruits develop

on the shoots arising from the stem and

these are bigger in size and irregular in

shape.

The partly seeded fruits are borne on

normal shoots at the periphery and are

small in size and round in shape.The important seedless varieties are-

Nagapur seedless,Saharanpur seedless

H b id


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Hybrids:Saefd jam: This is a hybrid variety released from Fruitresearch station, Sangareddy

(A.P.). It is a cross between Allahabad Safeda and Kohir.

Fruit size is bigger with

less seed and vitamin C is more in comparison to their

parents.Kohir Safeda: It is cross between Kohir and Allahabadsafeda. Fruit is large in size,

slightly acidic. Yield 300 fruits per tree.

Other varieties like Nasik, Dharwar, and Apple colour,

Banarasi, Hafsi, Anakapalli,

Harijha and chiitdar etc. are also considered as good

cultivars.


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P ti G b t d b th b d


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Propagation: Guava can be propagated both by seedand vegetaively.

Seed Propagation: It is still common to raise commercialorchards by propagation from seeds. This practice is not

advisable because this would lead to lot of variation

among trees in fruit size, yield and quality. Hence, it is

very important to plant an orchard only with vegetaivelypropagated plants of known variety.


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Vegetative methods ofpropagation Air layering or groundlayering can be practiced for multiplication

of guava plants and the best time for doingthis is rainy season. It is more commonly

practiced in S.India. It is very convenient,

cheap and easy method.


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Planting: The field should be deeplyploughed and properly leveled before

planting.Pits of 75-100 cm3 size are dug well in

advance to the onset of monsoon.

The pits arefilled with a mixture of tank silt,FYM Or Compost and soil in equal proportions.

To avoid termite problems dusts like lindane

are also mixed in the soil mixture.


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Guava may be planted from June toDecember in South India and June to August

in N.India.

Spacing generally adopted is 5-6 meters insquare system of planting. In highly

fertilesoils it may be increased to 6-8meters.


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Flowering and fruiting: The guava bearsflowers solitary or in cymes of two or

threeflowers, on the current seasons growth inthe axils of leaves. The bearing twigs grow afew centimeters long, putting forth 4-5 pairsof leaves. The blooming period varies from 25-

45 days depending on the cultivar, season andregion. The initial fruit set is quite high andapproximately 80% of flowers set fruits.Afterwards due to severe fruit drop only 34 -56 per cent of fruits reach maturity. Incultivars like seedless, the final retention is aslow as 6 percent.


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Under natural conditions guava tree


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Under natural conditions, guava tree

produces flowers and fruits twice in a year in

North India, but in South and Western India it

is thrice i.e. almost throughout the year,which results in no rest period and ultimately

guava tree bears small crops at

differenttimes of the year. The pattern offlowering and fruiting periods in guava are:


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Ambe-bahar: When guava tree flowersduring February-March or spring season,

this flowering period is known as Ambe-

bahar.The fruits ripe from July-Septemberin rainy season. The fruits obtained during

this season are insipid, watery and poor in

qualityi.e. taste and keeping quality.

Mrig bahar: When guava produces


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Mrig-bahar: When guava producesflowers in June-July or monsoon, this-

flowering period is known as Mrig-bahar.The fruits ripe from November-

January in the winter.The fruits obtained

during winter are excellent in qualityand therefore, the guava trees are made

to produce the Mrig-baharflowering

only.


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Hasth-bahar: Some times, guavatree produces flowers in October isknown asHasth-bahar. The fruits

ripe from February-April. Thequality is good, but yield is very low.However, it fetches good price. Thisbahar in guava is not very common.

It is mostly a chance crop. Hast-bahar is observed in western andsouthern India.


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Crop regulation (Bahar Treatment):Throughout India, Mrig-baharis preferred

over ambe and Hast-bahars.Therefore, it

become necessary to regulate flowering, so

that Mrig-baharcan produce heavy flowering

and fruits are available in winter. The

practices followed for taking Mrig-baharare:Restricting irrigation water: The treesshould not be given irrigation from February

to middle of May. Doing so, the tree sheds its

leaves during hot season (April-May) and goes

to rest.


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During this rest period, tree can conserve

food material in its branches. In the

month of June tree is well cultivated and

manured followed by irrigation.Afterabout 20 -25 days the tree blaze in to

profuse blossoms. The fruits mature

during winter. After about 3-4 weeks the

exposed roots are again covered with thesoil. Manuring and watering may be

followed.


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Exposing roots: Carefully upper soilaround the trunk about 45 - 60 cm radius is

removed, so that the roots are exposed to

the sun which results in reduction in supply

of soil moisture from the soil to the top

and therefore, the leaves begin to shed

and the tree goes to rest.


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Irrigation: Guava is a hardy plant and


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Irrigation: Guava is a hardy plant andgenerally it doesnt require much

irrigation. But the yield and quality

improve markedly by irrigation in

summer. The young guava

plants need irrigation at weekly intervalduring summer months and 2-3 irrigations

during winter months. Just after

transplanting, watering is necessary inthe absence of rains. For bearing trees

irrigations are needed for flowering and

better fruit setting.


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Fruit size is reduced, if sufficient soil


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Fruit size is reduced, if sufficient soilmoisture is not maintained. Irrigation isalso required to check excessive fruit

drop during summer months.Manures and fertilizers: Therequirement for manures and fertilizersto give guava crop varies with the

varieties, age of the crop, fertility statusof the soil climatic conditions andmanagement practices. The fruit of guavaare borne on current seasons growth,therefore, manures and fertilizersencourages vegetative growth andfruiting.

Manures One year after


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yplanting (Kg)Add every year (Kg)Bearing trees (Kg)Compost 20 20 100

Ammonium sulphate 1.0 0.5 3.0

Super phosphate 1.0 0.25 2.0

Muriate of Potash 1.0 0.25 2.0

Guava is a surface rooted tree and therefore the manureshould be evenly spread all

over the surface of the tree basin and lightly dug in. In

case of zinc deficiency, spraying trees with 450g of zinc

sulphate and 300g of slaked lime in 73 litres of watertwice in a year, once in June-July and second in

September-October corrects the

deficiency.


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Zinc deficiency is serious in waterlogged


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y ggareas.Interculture : The orchard should be kept

clean by ploughing twice or three once in thebeginning of monsoon to improve theinfiltration of rain water into the soil and thesecond ploughing in the middle of the rainy

season to control the weeds. The third one atthe end of the monsoon to conserve themoisture. The basins should be kept weed freeby digging occasionally and the basins aroundthe trees should be kept enlarged as the treesget older. They should be kept a little biggerthan the spread of the largest branch.

Inter cropping: In the early stages of


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Inter cropping: In the early stages ofestablishment of guava orchard till the

commercial bearing, the interspaces can be

utilized by growing suitable intercrops.

Vegetable crops like bhendi, brinjal, beet

root and fruit crop like papaya can be grown

as intercrops. However, intercropping is notdesirable in orchards with full grown plants.Training and pruning: The main objective

of training a guava plant is to provide astrong framework and scaffold branches

suitable for bearing a heavy crop with out

damaging the branches.

Training guava trees to open centre system is


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Training guava trees to open centre system is

good. Care must be taken to prevent criss-

crossing of the primary branches in the initial

years of planting. Incase of varieties havingspreading habit, primary branches are

allowed at least 75cm above ground level. It

is better to shape the tree canopy to alimited height into a rectangular shape,

allowing more spread in East-West direction.

Dead, diseased, intercrossing branches andsuckers coming up from the base and sides of

framework should be pruned back annually.

In guava, the flowers and fruits are borne


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g ,on current seasons growth in the axils ofleaves arising from the old ones, hence, alight annual pruning is considered necessaryto encourage new shoots after the harvest.Seedling trees grow vertically high upproducing fruit bearing new growths at their

top ends. They dont produce much fruitslower down.On the other hand grafts orlayers remain dwarf and their branchesgrow horizontally and drooping producing

enormous number of fruit bearing shoots.This suggests that seedling trees can also bemade more productive by bending theupright branches horizontally.

Pruning in guava results in large fruits of


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Pruning in guava results in large fruits of

higher value, early flowering, protection of

fruits from birds, rats etc. due to cover by

vigorous foliage. Severe pruning reduces yieldlargely, light pruning is always desirable.Pollarding or Dehorning: When the trees are

aged and dont give good yields, theirbranches may be pollarded or dehorned. In

this method the branches are cut leaving 30

cm in length at their origin. The cut branchesproduce enormous shoots and flowers and

ultimately give high yields.

Bending: It is a common feature


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Bending: It is a common featurethat in the guava trees branches

growing upright and tall dont bear atall. In such cases, straight-growing

branches may be bent and tied on the

pegs driven on the ground. In bentbranches dormant buds are activated

and

induced to bear flowers and fruits

heavily. This method is successful

especially in varieties, which grow Harvesting: Seedling guava trees require


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Harvesting: Seedling guava trees require4-5 years to bear, while vegetatively

propagated plants start bearing from

third year after planting. The fruits turn

greenish yellow with the approach of

maturity are considered ready forharvesting. Guava fruits

mature for harvesting after 4-5 months of

anthesis. However it depends upon theclimatic conditions and variety. Fruits on

ripening give excellent taste and flavour

characteristic of a particular variety.


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The fruits should be harvested


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The fruits should be harvested

immediately when it is mature,

because it cannot be retained on thetree in ripe stage. Mature or half ripe

fruits are preferred for consumption.


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Hand picking at regular intervals is

suggested to avoid possible damage

to fruits instead of shaking the tree.

The fruits should not be allowed toover ripen on the trees as they

deteriorate in quality and are more

liable to be damaged by birds.

Individual fruits are picked when they


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Individual fruits are picked when they

are still hard and firm at regular

intervals.Yield: The yield of guava varies due todifferent varieties, age of the plants,

fruiting season and orchard managementpractices etc. Seedling tree of guava of

10 years old yields about 400-500 fruits.

Grafted tree yields 1000-2000 fruitswhere as good orchard yields about 25-

30 tonnes per hectare.


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