Gruondnut Production Technical POP DEC 2013
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Transcript of Gruondnut Production Technical POP DEC 2013
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GroundnutPackage of Practices
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Synonym: peanut, China Badam, Badam , wonder legume (for its
flowering, pegging & pod formation pattern)
Distribution: 80 countries, between 400N to 400S latitude in tropical
warm climate, upto 1000 M above sea level
Rainfall of 500 to 1250 mm
India is first in area and second in production after China,
It is a herb, erect/trailing, photo insensitive. Used as oilseed, vine
for fodder/manure
Soil type: well drained, light colored, loose, friable, sandy loam soilswell supplied with Ca & moderate amount of Organic matter
Heavy & stiff clays are unsuitable for rainfed Groundnut as they
cause difficulties in pod growth & harvesting
Importance
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Peanuts as Plants After the flowers are pollinated,
the flower stalks elongate and
turn downward. They bury into
the ground a few inches, and the
fruit develops underground.
The fruits (the peanut shell)
contain 2/4 seeds.
At harvesting, the whole plant is
removed from the ground, and
the peanuts are removed by
manually or by mechanicalpickers.
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Nutritional qualities of groundnut
Oil content 44-55%; Oil contain 30% of Linoleic acid
Protein content 22-32%, Soluble sugars 8-14%, Ca, Fe, Vit.
B & E
Cake contain 45-50% protein- rich in all amino acids except Leucine &Methionine
An adult requires protein-55g/day.
It has antinutritional factors- Trypsin inhibitor & Phytic acid (inactivated by
boiling & roasting)
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It was first found in the Anion located in the Peruvian coast near Lima in
pre-historic cemetery.
Peanuts were domesticated in Peru, and spread throughout the world byEuropean traders after the Spanish conquest.
Cultivated as early as 1200-1500BC
Its cultivation was widely distributed in S America
Krapovickas: Peruvian type carried from American West coast, Mexico,
Philippines , China & India(16thC)
Origin:A. hypogaea center of origin near Bolivia, Uruguay, and Paraguay.
They quickly became very popular in Africa, and they were brought into the
US by Africans being enslaved in the 1700s.
Thought to be fit only for pigs and poor people until about 1850s.
Became a popular snack during the Civil War (1861-1865), and then at
baseball games and circuses after the war.
Origin
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Area, Yield and Production
Country Area (Million ha)
Yield (MT per
hectare)
Production
(MMT)
Change in
Production from
last Yr
2012/13 2013/14 2012/13 2013/14 2012/13 2013/14 MMT Percent
United States 0.65 0.42 4.73 4.24 3.07 1.77 -1.3 -42.34
China 4.7 4.75 3.55 3.49 16.7 16.6 -0.1 -0.6
India 5 5.4 1 1.02 5 5.5 0.5 10
Sub-Saharan
Africa 10.26 10.44 0.96 0.97 9.87 10.15 0 2.81
Nigeria 2.5 2.5 1.2 1.2 3 3 0 0
Senegal 0.83 1 0.91 1 0.75 1 0.25 33.33
Sudan 1 1 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0 0
World 23.28 23.68 1.72 1.66 39.94 39.34 -0.6 -1.49
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Based on growth habit
a) Spreading: branches are spreading, main shoot may erect or
bent
b) Semi-spreading: main shoot always erect
c) Bunch: branches makes acute angle with the erect main
shoot
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CLASSIFICATION
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Type
Variety
Subspecies
Genera & species A. hypogaea
hypogaea
hypogaea hirsuta
fastigiata
fastigiata vulgaris
Virginia Peruvian
runner
Valensia Spanish
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Classification of Groundnut
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Two subspecies Hypogaea
Do not flower on main stem
Mature later
Have higher water requirement
Alternate branching pattern
Larger seed
Fastigiata
Produce flowers on main stem
Have sequential branching
Mature earlier Lower water requirement
Smaller seed
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Characters Spanish-valensia & Virginia groupsCharacters Spanish-Valencia Virginia
Seed size Medium to small Medium to big/very big
Seeds/pod 2-4, rarely 5 2, rarely 3
Seed dormancy Very little / absent Medium to long
Flowers on main shoot Present Absent
Branching pattern Continuous Alternate
No. of branches Few to medium Medium to heavy
Length of primary branch Smaller than main shoot Bigger than main shoot
Growth habit Bunch Spreading / semi-
spreading, bunch
Duration(days) 100-125 135-175Leaf color Light green Dark green
Peak flowering stage 6-10 weeks 8-12 weeks
Leaf tip shape Round Acute
Growth of plant after podformation Absent Present10
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Rain dependent cropping system. Never irrigated
Land preparation by hand, bullock and tractors Use of gypsum is necessary for compact filling of groundnut
(250 kg/ha to 500 kg/ha), source of Calcium & Sulphur.
Selection of variety according to soil type and sowing time.
Seed should be shelled 7-30 days before sowing.
Seed treatment with 3 gm Thiram or Mencozeb 2 gm/ kg seed for the
control of collar rot.
Application of Phorate (10%) or Quinalphos (5%) @ 25 kg /ha before
groundnut sowing to control the attack of white grub up to 35-40 days.
In the standing crop use of 4 lit Quinalphos 25 EC or Imidacloropid 200
S.L. @ 300 ml/ ha with irrigation control the white grub attack on later
stage.
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Important package of practices
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Primary tillage implements: Disc ploughs and discs harrow
Secondary tillage implements: cultivator. fine tilth before sowing, free from weeds, clods free,
Crop need protection from water logging and shallow furrows
should be provided at regular interval.
Drain to be laid out along slope
NPK:: 20:10:45 kg/ha
Ensure that the site selected is cleared of any debris or stubble
from previous crops before the onset of rains.
Gather and burn all the debristo avoid carry-over of pests anddiseases.
Land preparation involves ploughing, harrowing and ridging.
Land Preparation
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Ploughing turns the soil over to cover the weeds that
are already growing in the plot to be used.
It increases soil fertility through decomposition of
weeds.
It increases porosity of the soil making the crop todevelop a big root network.
It can be done using the hoe, animal drawn ploughs
and tractor drawn ploughs.
Ploughing with oxen or tractor drawn ploughs is
recommended.
Ploughing
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Harrowing further turns and breaks the soil after ploughing.It creates a soft bed.
It increases the capacity of the soil to absorb water thereby
increasing yield.
It can also be done with the hoe, animal-drawn harrows and
tractor-drawn harrows.
Harrowing
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Involves heaping the top soil to form a raised ridge on which
seeds are planted.
Helps the crop to have a good bed for root establishment
and to prevent lodging.
Improves drainage in water logged areas.
It concentrates nutrients from top soil near the crop for easy
access.
Ridging can be done with the hoe, animal or tractor-drawn
implements.
Make straight ridges 30-45 cm apart
Ridging
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For land under fallow, plough once, harrow once or twice
and ridge for best results.
For land under cultivation, plough at least once every three
years. This breaks hard pans. Harrow every year and ridge
every year.
Where available, apply farm-yard manure at 4-6 tons/ha on
the field before land preparation.
Farm yard manure improves soil fertility, soil consistency,
soil drainage, water retention and structure. It also improves
the uptake of inorganic fertilizers.
Tips on Land Preparation
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Most suitable temperature for germination 21-28 C
For growth and flower production 25-30 C
Best adapted in areas having rainfall 500-1000 mm
Can be grown in areas with low rainfall 300-400 mm
Ripening required warm and dry period for 1 month
- Pre plant irrigation that wets the soilsignifying the importance
of adequate moisture
Rainfall during pod development is harmful to crop
Temperature and rainfall
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Well drained
Loose and friable with high organic matter
Sandy to loamy soils are more suitable than clayey soils
pH: 5.5-7.5
Water logging and alkalinity are deterrent to pod-filling.
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Soils
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Select good quality seeds and
adopt the seed rate depending
on variety/hybrid, fertility of soil
& moisture
Seed Treatment: Use pelletedseeds with 5 gm
Bavistin/Carbandazim, Metalaxyl
(e.g. Apron Star)
Sowing to be done after first
rains so that sufficient moisturein soil for emergence.
Seed rate 100-120 kg/ha
Spacing 30 x 10cm,
30 x15cm
Plant population 2.5 to 3.33 lakhs
plants/ha
Seed Rate, Spacing and Sowing
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h
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Planting date - rule of thumb
availability of moisture at planting & during the
vegetative/reproduction stage & its absence
after maturity and at harvest
Planting depth
Depends on seed size & soil type
2.5 to 5cm
Seeding methods
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d
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Made up of two cotyledons & embryo
Embryo
plumule
hypocotyl
primary root
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Seed
l S d i G d i
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Planting Depth2.5
1.5 of Moisture
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Place Seed into Good Moisture
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At germination and emergence, the hypocotyl
and primary root are known collectively asthe radicle.
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S i
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Sowing
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Peanut plants are in a vegetative growth stage for
the first 35 - 40 days after planting.
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The peanut plant is very deep rooted.
Roots can be found several feet deep.
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Irrigation Management
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Establishment 10-20 DAS
Vegetative 25-35 DAS
Flowering and pegging 35-
50 DAS
Pod formation 50-75 DAS
Pod Development
80-100
Critical water stage is 40 110 DAS
DO NOT allow stress in last 30 days
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Irrigation ManagementCritical growth stages for irrigation
W d C t l
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Traditional control
The critical period of weedcompetition was between 20-
25 and 35-40 days after
emergence (DAE).
Chemical control
Alachlor/Fluchloralin at therate of 1.5 liter per ha as a
pre-emergence application.
Apply stomp
(pendimethalin 3 L/ha) at 0-
3 day after sowing
Weeds Control
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Carry out second weeding 5-6 weeks after planting at the time of pegging
and earthing up to be completed simultaneously.
P ti di f P ti id
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Use appropriate herbicides at recommended doses.
Ensure you wear hand gloves and nose mask and
dress properly when applying pesticides.
Take proper measures to dispose cans or containersafter using the content, for safety.
Precaution regarding use of Pesticides
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W d C t l
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Pre-sowing: Fluchloralin at 2.0 l/ha soil applied and incorporatede followed
by light irrigation.
Pre-emergence: Fluchloralin 2.0 l/ha or Pendimethalin @ 3.3l/ha applied on
third day aftersowing through flat fan nozzle with 500 l of water/ha followed
by irrigation. After 35 - 40 days one hand weeding may be given.
Spray Imazethapyr @ 750 ml/ha at 20-30 days after sowing based on weed
density as post emergence spray. If no herbicide is applied two hand hoeing
and weeding are given on 20th and 40th day after sowing.
Apply, PE Oxyfluorfen @ 200 g/ha on 3rd DAS and followed by one hand
weeding on 40-45 DASApply, PE Oxadiazon @ 0.8 kg/ ha followed by one
earthing up using hoes (or) PE Metalachlor @ 1.0 kg/ha followed by one
hand weeding on 40 DAS.30
Weed ControlWeeds Control
EARTHING UP
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Accomplish earthing up during second hand weeding/late hand weeding (inherbicide application).
It is an important operation in groundnut. Earthing up is to be done within
40-45 days after sowing as it helps for the penetration of pegs in the soil
and also facilitates for increased pod development.
NOTE:
Earthing up provides medium for the peg development
Use the improved hoe with long handle which can be worked more
efficiently in a standing position. Do not disturb the soil after 45th day of sowing as it will affect pod
formation adversely.
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EARTHING UP
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A peanut leaf is made up of four leaflets.
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Peanut plants will begin to lap about mid
season providing complete canopy coverage
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About 35 days after planting, the peanut plant
begins its reproductive stage with the onset of
blooms.
The peanut flower is a perfect flower, with both
male and female parts present in the same
flower.
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Reproductive Growth
Stages of Peanut
Growth stages of peanut
K. J. Boote, Peanut Science 9:35-40
Beginning podBeginning peg
R2R3
R1
Beginning bloom
R4
R7
R5 R6
Beginning seed
Beginning maturity
Full pod Full seed
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Flowering
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A flowering branch never occurs at the same node as a vegetative
branch. Indeterminate growth, better at good sunshine
Anthesis - 5.30 to 7.30am
Stigma becomes receptive about 24 h before anthesis and itsreceptivity persists for about 12 hours after anthesis
Pollination is affected 7-8 hrs before blooming If anther dehiscence gets affected due to cloudy weather, the style
continues growth & stigma become protrude & pollinated by alienpollen through insect
Pollen grains are smooth, oval, and sticky, Fertilization occurs about6h after pollination.
All flowers don not end up in forming pods 2/5 flowers- shed off at beginning
2/5 flowers- do not form pod even after pod formation
On an avg. 1/7 forms pod
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Flowering
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At the base of the
peanut flower are theovaries.
Pollen grains shed in
the petals and attach to
the stigma. The first
pollen grains that
mature and travel down
the pollen tube,
fertilize the ovaries.
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Pegging
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Within 7 days after fertilization the intercalary meristem below the ovary starts
become activate & female whorl located on the third internode also starts getting
enlarged
This in later stages takes the shape of thick root & carry the fertilized ovary in its
tipcalled peg
Movement geotropic penetrate soil up to 7cm depth & become diageotropic
The pod formation will start after growth of peg stops
Time taken by peg to reach the soil surface is 2-8 days in bunch type & 5-10days in
spreading type, Only 44% pegs form pod
Soil should be soft to facilitates peg insertion
Pods are slightly or deeply constricted (depends on variety, soil-type, season)
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Pegging
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a The fertilized ovary is
referred to as a peg.
The peg grows toward the
soil surface and pushes 1
to 3 into the soil.
The tip of the peg takes in
water and nutrients, andswells to become the
peanut pod.
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Heat or pests can damage pegs
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Pegs entering the soil
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Peanut blooms
Peanut pegs and pods below grou42
Important insect pest
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Leaf miner (Aproerema modicella)
White grub (Holotrichia sp.)
Hairy catterpillar (Armsacta albistraga)
Termite (Microtermus sp. & Nasutitermus sp.)
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Important insect pest
White Grub
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(Holotrichia consanguinea, Holotrichia serrata)
Identification & Monitoring
It is a polyphagus pest.
Adults are 18-20 mm long and 7-9 mm wide.
The eggs are white, almost round.
The young grubs are translucent, white and 5 mm long.
Beetles emerge out of the soil within 3-4 days after the onset of rain.
Install light traps with the onset of rains and count the number of beetles
per day.
Dig 100 X 100 X 20 cm pit @ 10 pits per ha, collect and count the number
of beetles per pt.
Damage
Both adults and larvae are damaging stage
The larvae feeds roots and damage pods.
Grubs feed on fine rootlets, resulting in pale, wilted plants dying in
patches.
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White Grub
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Cultural Control
Deep ploughing in summer.
Always use well decomposed organic manure it attracts the adult beetles.
Partial or complete lopping of host plants and retaining of a few most preferred
host trees in the area for congregation of white grub adults.
Crop rotation with sorghum/pearl millet or maize.
Early sowing to avoid damage due to insect pest.
Standing crops of fodder, sugarcane etc. are also protected.
Collection and destruction of white grub adults from host trees around the field.
Chemical Control
Apply safe chemical insecticides at recommended doses only if the insect
population crosses the ETL.
Spray should be undertaken as a community approach and should be repeated
after every rainfall till the middle of July.
Spraying the trees close to the field with Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2 ml/lit of watersoon after first monsoon showers for 3-4 days in the late evening hours kills the
adult beetles and reduces root grub infestation.
Seed treatment with chlorpyriphos 20 EC ( 6.5 to 12.5 ml/kg seed) is found
effective. In case of severe infestation apply 10% phorate @ 10 kg/ha.
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Groundnut leaf miner
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(Stomopteryx subscecivella)
Identification & Monitoring
The adult is a brownish gray moth, 6 mm long with 10 mm wing
span.
The eggs are shiny white and are laid singly underside of the
leaflets.
The larvae mine in to the leaves and are about 1 mm long at first
and enlarge as the larvae grow.
Pupation takes place in the webbing.
Install pheromone trap @ 1/ha for monitoring
It is severe during August-October.
ETL is 2-3 larvae/plant or 10% leaflets damaged in central whorl
DamageYoung larvae initially mine into the leaflets, feed on the
mesophyll and form small brown
blotches on the leaf.
Later stages larvae web the leaflets together and feed on them,
remaining within the folds.
Severely attacked field looks "burnt" from a distance. 46
Groundnut leaf miner
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Chemical Control
Apply safe chemical insecticides at recommended doses
only if the insect population crosses the ETL.
Effective control could be achieved if insecticide is applied
at 45 and 70 days after planting.
Carbaryl 50WP 0.2 per cent spray was found to be most
economical for controlling this pest; or
Spray Quinalphos 25 EC 2ml or Methyldemeton 25 EC
1.6ml or Dimethoate 30 EC 2ml /lit of water.
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Bihar hairy caterpillar
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(Spilosoma (Diacrisia) obliqua)Identification & Monitoring
The adult is a brown moth with a 40-50 mm wing span and a
red abdomen.
Eggs are laid in clusters of 50-100, on the lower side of leaves.
The larvae are covered with long yellowish to black hairs and
are up to 5 cm long.
Pupation takes place in the soil under dry foliage and debris.
The pupa forms a thin silken cocoon by interwoven shed hairs
of the larvae.
Damage
Young larvae feed gregariously mostly on the under surface of
the leaves. Feed on leaves and cause loss by way of defoliation.
In severe cases only stems are left behind.
In defoliated crop it also feed on capsules.
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Bihar hairy caterpillar
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Chemical Control
Apply safe chemical insecticides at recommended doses only if the insectpopulation crosses the ETL.
Dust Lindan 1.3% or Fanvalerate 0.4% 15.20 kg/ha, the early stage is easyto control.
Form a deep furrow trench around the field and dust with two per cent
methyl parathion to prevent the mass migration of hairy caterpillars. Spraying of quinalphos 25 EC (2 ml/lit), or chlorpyriphos 20 EC (2.5 ml/lit)
or endosulfan 35 EC (2.0 ml/lit) recommended when the caterpillars areyounger.
Mechanical Control
Setting up bonfires on field bunds during night. Mass collection and destruction of eggs and just emerged caterpillars.
Place the twigs and leaves of calotropis, jatropha and papaya around thefield to trap grown up caterpillars and destruction.
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Tobacco caterpillar
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(Spodoptera litura) Identification & Monitoring
The adults are light brown moths with a wing span of about 30 mm and mottled
forewings.
The egg masses about 4 X 7 mm appear golden brown on the upper surface of
leaves, Young larvae are light green in color, feed mostly during night time.
Full grown larvae are stout, cylindrical and pale greenish brown with dark
markings.
The pupae are reddish brown and is in the soil close to the plant. Monitor the flight intensity of the larvae using traps like pheromone trap.
It is one of the serious pests of groundnut.
Damage
Freshly hatched larvae feed gregariously, scraping the chlorophyll, soon disperse.
Later stages feed voraciously on the foliage at night, hiding usually in the soilaround the base of the plants during the day.
Sometimes the feeding is so heavy that only petioles and branches are left behind.
In light soil, caterpillar bores into the pods.
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Tobacco caterpillar
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ControlCultural
Deep summer ploughing.
Early sowing to escape insect pest damage.
Irrigate once to avoid prolonged mid season drought
Planting castor or sunflower plants as trap crop for egg laying and
destroying eggs or 1st stage larvae help in reducing the incidence. The sunflower act as bird perches as well.
Chemical Control
Apply insecticides only if the insect population crosses the ETL.
Apply Methyl parathion 2% dust @ 20 kg/ha or spraying of
monochrotophos 36 SL or Quinolphos 25 EC @ 1500 ml or Trizophos 40EC@ 800 ml in 700-800 lit of water.
Poison bait with monocrotophos 36 SL or carbaryl, rice bran, jaggery and
water can be used to control the grown up larvae.
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Termites
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(Odontotermes spp)
Identification & Monitoring
The termites favour red and sandy soils.
These are social insects, live in termitaria, in distinct castes,
workers, kings and queen.
Eggs are laid on plants and in the soil.
'Workers' are small (4 mm) and have a soft, white body and a
brown head
Damage
Termites penetrate and hollow out the tap root and stem thus
kill the plant. Bore holes into pods and damage the seed.
It removes the soft corky tissue from between the veins of pods
causing scarification, weaken the shells, make them liable to
entry and growth ofAspergillus flavursthatproduces aflotoxins.
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Termites
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ControlCultural Control
Digging the termitaria and destruction of the queen is most important in termitemanagement.
Use well rotten organic manure.
Harvest the groundnuts as soon as they are matured, early removal of the produce
from the field will reduce the chances of termite damage to pods.
Clean cultivation
Irrigate the crop frequently
Thorough ploughing and frequent interculture
Mechanical Control
Avoid physical loss of the crop during harvesting.
Destruction of debris, termite nests and queen
Chemical Control
Apply safe chemical insecticides at recommended doses only if the insectpopulation crosses the ETL.
Apply chlorpyriphos 20 EC or Lindane 1.3% to control termites.
Or apply dust of chlorpyriphos @ 30-40 kg/ha in soil before sowing.
Seed dressing with insecticides such as 6.5ml of chloropyriphos /kg of seed may
reduce termite damage.53
Important diseases
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Early leaf spot (Circospora arachidicola)
Late leaf spot (phaeoisariopsis personata)
Rust (Puccinia arachids)
Peanut necrosis
Root knot nematode
Bacterial leaf spot
54
Important diseases
Early Leaf spot
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Cercospora arachidicola
DamageInfection starts about 1 month after sowing.
Small chlorotic spots appear on leaflets, with time they enlarge and
turn brown to black and assume sub circular shape on upper leaf
surface.
On lower surface of leaves light brown colouration is seen.
Lesions also appear on petioles, stems, stipules.In severe cases several lesions coalesce and result in premature
senescene.
Survival & Favourable Conditions
Monoculture of groundnut, lower temp (25oC), long periods of high
relative humidity and rainfall
favour the disease.
Control
Spray carbendazim 0.1% or mancozeb 0.2% or chlorothalonil 0.2%.
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Early Leaf spot
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Above: Severity of groundnut leaf spot diseases (sprayed
plants on the right of each photograph)
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Late leaf Spot
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DamageInfection starts around 55-57 days after sowing
Nearly circular spots appear on the lower surface of
the leaflets.
Lesions are rough in appearance. In extreme cases
many lesions coalesce resulting in premature
senescence and shedding of the leaflets.
Survival & Favourable Conditions
Temperature of 18-30o
C, leaf wetness and a totalwetness and a late wet spell, magnesium deficiency
and heavy application of nitrogen and phosphorus
fertilizers favour the development of disease.
57
p
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Control
Mechanical Control
Deep burying of crop residues in the soil, removal of
volunteer groundnut plants are important measures in
reducing the primary source of infection.
Biological Control
Foliar application of aqueous neem leaf extract (2-5%) or 5%
neem seed kernel extract at 2 weeks' interval 3 times starting
from 4 weeks after planting.
Chemical Control
Spray carbendazim 0.1% or mancozeb 0.2% or chlorothalonil
0.2%.
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RUST
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Puccinia arachidis
Damage
Rust can be readily recognized as orange coloured pustules that appear on
the lower leaflet surface and rupture to expose masses of reddish brown.
Pustules appear first on the lower surface and in highly susceptible
cultivars the original pustules may be surrounded by colonies of secondary
pustules.
Pustules may also appear on the upper surface of the leaflet.
The pustules are usually circular and range from 0.5 to 1.4 mm in
diameter.
They may be formed on all aerial plant parts apart from flower and pegs. Severely infected leaves turn necrotic and desiccate but are attached to
the plant.
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Survival & Favourable Conditions
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Survival & Favourable Conditions
Wet weather coupled with a temp of 22-25oC favours the disease.
Cultural Control
Crop rotation and field sanitation. Strict plant quarantine regulations should be enforced to avoid the spread
of rust on pods or seeds to disease free areas.
Early sowing in the first fortnight of June to avoid disease incidence.
Intercropping pearl millet or sorghum with groundnut (1 :3) is useful in
reducing the intensity of rust. Use resistant/tolerant varieties.
Destroy volunteer (self sown) groundnut plants and crop debris to reduce
/ limit primary source of inoculum.
Chemical Control
Spray chlorothaalonil 0.2%; or mancozeb 0.25% or
Hexaconazole/propaconazole to reduce disease incidence.
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Bud necrosis
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Peanut Bud Necrosis Virus (PBNV)Damage
Chlorotic spots appear on young leaflets and necrotic rings &
streaks are developed.
Terminal bud necrosis occurs when temperature is relatively high.
As the plant matures it becomes stunted with short internodes and proliferation of
auxiliary shoots.
The virus is mainly transmitted by thrips.
Survival & Favourable Conditions
The virus survives in the hosts of thrips and acts as a source of inoculums for the
vector.
The thrips are carried by wind.
The population of vectors increases rapidly from January-March and August-
September Kharif and hence the crop suffers a heavy loss in both the seasons.
Chemical Control
Spray monocrotophos 1.6 ml/l or dimethoate 2 ml/l . 61
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Nitrogen fixing nodules on peanut rootThis is NOT nematode damage!63
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The seed is attached to the inner hull layer by the funiculus.
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The funiculus functions as an umbilical cord, transporting
water and nutrients to the kernel.
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Factors Affecting Peanut Maturity
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Weather
Too hot
hastens Too cool slows
Pest pressure Diseases defoliation by leaf
spot, weakened vines, weak
peg stems Insects defoliation by
foliage feeders, chew pegstems
Fertility N deficiency
Mn deficiency
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g y
Hull Scrape Maturity Profile
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Based on color change of mesocarp, Exocarp canbe removed by knife or pod blaster
Color change goes from lighter (immature) to
darker (mature):white, light yellow, dark yellow,
orange, brown, black
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p y
Harvesting
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Time of harvesting depends on the variety.
Symptoms of Maturity are yellowing of leaves, shedding of
older leaves, development of proper color of testa and darktint inside the shell,
Usually matures in 120-150 DAS.
Harvested crops is left in small heaps for 2-3 days for curing
Average yields ranges from 1.0 to 3.0 MT/ Ha depending on
varieties/type/Package of practices
Average shelling is 70%
Oil to nut in shell is 28 %
Oil to Kernels crushed is 40%;
Cake to Kernels crushed is 60 %
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Plucking of peanut
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Storage of peanut hay
STORAGE OF PEANUT HAY
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Storage of peanut hay
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Storage methods of peanut
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CRIB STORAGE
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HAND SHELLING OF PEANUT
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STORAGE OF
PEANUT INSACKS
NO
PESTICIDESARE
APPLIED
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Steps in Postharvest management system
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Harvesting: Ensure the crop has reached the
required maturity Threshing: Remove the cobs and separate the
seeds
Cleaning: Ensure the crop is free from dust and
other dirty Sorting
Grading
Drying: Dry the crop up to 5% moisture content Storagein a cool, well ventilated, moisture free
structure/Bin, Silo, Sacks, etc at 12-200C.
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79
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