Growth Opportunities for Islamic Banking in Pakistan

8/13/2019 Growth Opportunities for Islamic Banking in Pakistan

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I[JY]E JXXJ[]W@L]LGT NJ[ LTBOALD KO@CL@I L@XOCLT]O@

O mlssgrtotlj` sukalttgm l` portlob nubnlbbag`tjn teg rgqulrgag`ts njr teg Mgirgg jn

Aostgr jn Kusl`gss Omal`lstrotlj`

ky

Tobao Ceo`m

Mgportag`t jn Ao`oigag`t Tdlg`dgsNodubty jn Djaputgr & Ao`oigag`t Tdlg`dgs

Lsro W`lvgrslty, EymgrokomJdtjkgr ;8?8


2/82

I[JY]E JXXJ[]W@L]LGT NJ[ LTBOALD KO@CL@I L@XOCLT]O@

ky

Tobao Ceo`m

Gxoalòtlj` Djaalttgg

Mr. Oso`mos Ao`wo`l (Tupgrvlsjr)Xrjngssjr jn Aoòigag`t Tdlg`dgs

Ar. @ofggk Eosso` Krjel (Agakgr)Osslsto`t Xrjngssjr jn Aoòigag`t Tdlg`dgs

Ar. _oaorumml` Aoeor (Agakgr)Osslsto`t Xrjngssjr jn Aoòigag`t Tdlg`dgs


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L` teg bost kut `jt teg bgost, L teo`c Ar. ]orlq Toaj njr els gxpgrtlsg l`

njraottl`i teg wrltg up jn tels mlssgrtotlj` oddjrml`i tj teg rgqulrgag`ts jn Lsro

W`lvgrslty.


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OKT][OD]

Xrgsg`t stumy wos dj`mudtgm tj nl`m jut teg nuturg irjwte jppjrtu`ltlgs njr Lsboald

Ko`clì Tystga l` Xoclsto`. Njr tels purpjsg sgdj`mory moto djbbgdtgm terjuie vorljus

sjurdgs wos oòbyzgm. ]eg lapjrto`t nl`mlìs jn tels stumy org os njbbjws6

]eg Lsboald Ko`clì l`mustry eos irjw` ao`lnjbm sl`dg ;889 o`m prgsg`tby lt

dj`trlkutgs ajrg teo` > % jn teg ko`clì systga l` Xoclsto`. ]eg elie irjwte rotg

aol`tol`gm ky Lsboald Ko`cs l` Xoclsto` l`mldotgs irjwlì oddgptoklblty jn Lsboald

Ko`clì Tystga os o djaagrdlob jptlj` njr teg mlnngrg`t stocg ejbmgrs.

]jtob kro`de `gtwjrc jn teg l`mustry eos obsj l`drgosgm nrja >7? l` Mgd ;88< tj

>>9 kro`degs l` Fu`g ;8?8 wlte prgsg`dg l` jvgr 5= dltlgs & tjw`s djvgrlì obb teg njur

prjvl`dgs, Ozom Cosealr, @jrtegr` orgos o`m Ngmgrob dopltob.

]eg elie irjwte trg`ms l` vorljus djapj`g`ts jn Lsboald ko`cs kobo`dg seggt eos

gòkbgm teg Lsboald Ko`cs tj aocg nurtegr l`rjoms l` teg jvgrobb ko`clì l`mustry l`

Xoclsto`.

]eg tjtob ossgts jn Lsboald ko`clì l`stltutlj`s (LKLs) l` Fu`g ;8?8 djaporgm tj Fu`g

;88


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rgdjrmgm bjss ontgr tox. Kjte teg ko`cs obsj sejwgm l`drgosg l` tjtob ossgts l`dbumlì

Nlò`dlì-@gt & l`vgstag`ts o`m tjtob bloklbltlgs l`dbumlì mgpjslts o`m jtegr oddju`ts.

]eg Teorg ejbmgrs Gqulty l`dbumlì rgsgrvgs o`m seorg dopltob wos eliegr njr Aggzo`

Ko`c djaporgm tj teg Ko`c Lsboal. J` teg kosls jn teg moto ovolbokbg, dgrtol`

orgos/sgdtjrs blcg borig u`ko`cgm pjpubotlj` l` rurob o`m sgal-rurob orgos, borig

u`sgrvgm oirldubturg sgdtjr o`m teg TAG sgdtjr eovg kgg` lmg`tlnlgm welde `ggm tj kg

gxpbjrgm gxtg`slvgby njr odelgvlì kgttgr irjwte prjspgdtus njr Lsboald Ko`clì l`

Xoclsto`6


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OKK[G^LO]LJ@T

Okkrgvlotlj` ]gra

OOJLN------------------------Oddju`tlì o`m Oumltlì Jrio`lzotlj` njr Lsboald Nlò`dlobL`stltutlj`s

O]As-----------------------------------------------------------Outjaotgm ]gbbgr Aodel`g

KAO-------------------------------------------------------------Koerol` Aj`gtory Oig`dy

K@A-----------------------------------------------------------------Ko`c @gioro Aoboyslo

DLL--------------------------------------------------------------Dju`dlb jn Lsboald Lmgjbjiy

MA------------------------------------------------------------------Mlal`lselì Auseoroco

IJX---------------------------------------------------------------Ijvgràg`t jn Xoclsto`

EKND---------------------------------------------Ejusg Kulbmlì Nlò`dg Djjpgrotlj`

LKKs-------------------------------------------------------------Lsboald ko`clì kro`degs

LKLs-------------------------------------------------------------Lsboald ko`clì l`stltutlj`sLKs-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lsboald ko`cs

LDX-------------------------------------------------L`vgstag`t Djjpgrotlj` jn Xoclsto`

LLNA----------------------------------------------L`tgròtljòb Lsboald Nlò`dlob Aorcgt

CLKJ[------------------------------------------------------Corodel L`tgrko`c Jnngr [otg

BAD--------------------------------------------------------Blqulmlty Aoòigag`t Dg`trg

BAG---------------------------------------------------------------Bj`mj` Agtob Gxdeoìg

ADK-------------------------------------------------------------Ausbla Djaagrdlob Ko`c

AjW -----------------------------------------------------agajro`mua jn u`mgrsto`mlì

@DK------------------------------------------------------------@otljòb Djaagrdlob Ko`c

@L]---------------------------------------------------------------@otljòb L`vgstag`t ]rust

@XOs----------------------------------------------------------------@j`pgrnjralì Ossgts

@XNs-----------------------------------------------------------@j`pgrnjralì Nlò`dlìs

XOD[O ---------------------------------------Xoclsto` Drgmlt [otlì Oig`dy Blaltgm

XL[L------Xrumg`tlob L`njraotlj` o`m [giubotjry Nroagwjrc njr Lsboald Ko`cs

XBT-----------------------------------------------------------------Xrjnlt o`m Bjss Teorlì

X]Ds------------------------------------------------------Xortldlpotlj` ]gra Dgrtlnldotgs

_j_----------------------------------------------------------------------_uortgr ]j _uortgr

TKX-----------------------------------------------------------------Ttotg Ko`c jn Xoclsto`

TGDX---------------------------Tgdurltlgs o`m Gxdeoìg Djaalsslj` jn Xoclsto`TAG-------------------------------------------------------Taobb o`m agmlua g`tgrprlsgs

\j\ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------\gor ]j \gor


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]OKBG JN DJ@]G@]T

Xoig

ODC@JYBGMIGAG@]T ---------------------------------------------------

OKT][OD]----------------------------------------------------------------------OKK[G^LO]LJ@T--------------------------------------------------------------]OKBG JN DJ@]G@]T ------------------------------------------------------BLT] JN ]OKBGT --------------------------------------------------------------

BLT] JN NLIW[GT ------------------------------------------------------------

lllvvllvlllxlxll

DEOX]G[ LL@][JMWD]LJ@ ------------------------------------------- ??. Mgnl`ltlj` jn Lsboald ko`clì --------------------------------------------

;. Xelbjsjpey jn Lsboald Ko`clì------------------------------------------4. Nodtjrs jn Xrjmudtlj` l` Dj`vg`tljòb Gdj`jalds-----------------=. Mlnngrg`dg kgtwgg` Lsboald o`m Dj`vg`tljòb Ko`clì----------7. Xrjkbga Mgnl`ltlj`---------------------------------------------------------->. Jkfgdtlvgs jn teg Ttumy --------------------------------------------------9. [gsgorde Agtejmjbjiy---------------------------------------------------5. Tdjpg jn teg [gsgorde Ttumy-------------------------------------------. Kg`gnlts jn Lsboald Ko`clì ---------------------------------------------9. Irjwte o`m Xrjspgdts jn Lsboald Ko`clì --------------------------5. Nuturg jn Lsboald Ko`clì------------------------------------------------


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DEOX]G[ LLLMG^GBJXAG@] JN LTBOALD KO@CL@I T\T]GA

L@ XOCLT]O@------------------------------------------------------------------------ ;4?. Lsboald Ko`clì ot Ibjkob Bgvgb---------------------------------------;. Mgvgbjpag`t jn Lsboald Ko`clì Tystga l` Xoclsto`------------4. Aofjr Ajmgs jn Lsboald Ko`clì o`m Nlò`dg---------------------

4.? Aurokoeo---------------------------------------------------------------4.; Lforoe---------------------------------------------------------------------4.4 Lforoe-Yob-Lqtlò------------------------------------------------------4.= Ausowoaoe-----------------------------------------------------------4.7 Lstlsò--------------------------------------------------------------------4.> Kol Auoffob--------------------------------------------------------------4.9 Aumorokoe-------------------------------------------------------------

4.5 Auseorocoe------------------------------------------------------------4.< Kol Toboa---------------------------------------------------------------=. [jbg jn Lsboald Ko`clì l` Gdj`jald Mgvgbjpag`t--------------

;4;944444=4=4=47474>

4>4>49

DEOX]G[ L^ I[JY]E JN LTBOALD KO@CL@I L@ XOCLT]O@?. JKFGD]L^G ?6 Irjwte Xottgr` jn Lsboald Ko`clì Tystga l`

Xoclsto`-----------------------------------------------------------------------?.? Durrg`t stotus jn Lsboald ko`clì l` Xoclsto`------------------?.; L`mustry prjirgss o`m aorcgt seorg------------------------------?.4 Xgrnjrao`dg l`mldotjrs jn Lsboald ko`cs------------------------?.= @j`-pgrnjralì nlò`dlì o`m ossgts----------------------------?.7 Nlò`dlì alx-----------------------------------------------------------?.> L`vgstag`ts-------------------------------------------------------------?.9 Mgpjslts-----------------------------------------------------------------

;. JKFGD]L^G ;6 Irjwte Xottgr` jn ]wj Nubb-Nbgmigm LsboaldKo`cs l` Xoclsto`----------------------------------------------------------;.? Irjwte Xottgr` jn Aggzo` Ko`c----------------------------------

;.?.? Oòbysls jn nlò`dlob stotgag`ts jn Aggzo` Ko`cBlaltgm-------------------------------------------------------------------

;.; Irjwte Xottgr` jn Ko`c Lsboal------------------------------------;.;.? Oòbysls jn nlò`dlob stotgag`ts jn Ko`c LsboalBlaltgm-------------------------------------------------------------------

4. JKFGD]L^G 46 Orgos o`m Xrjmudts Yelde @ggm tj kgGxpbjltgm----------------------------------------------------------------------4.? Borig u`-ko`cgm pjpubotlj`---------------------------------------4.; Borig u`-sgrvgm oirldubturg sgdtjr------------------------------4.4 ]eg TAG sgdtjr-------------------------------------------------------

DEOX]G[ ^ - [GTWB]T O@M MLTDWTTLJ@---------------------------

=?=;=;=>=5==>7>7>>

>9


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?. [gsubt o`m dj`dbuslj` jn jkfgdtlvg?-----------------------------------;. [gsubt o`m dj`dbuslj` jn jkfgdtlvg;-----------------------------------4. [gsubt o`m dj`dbuslj` jn jkfgdtlvg4-----------------------------------=. Nuturg Deobbgìgs njr Lsboald Ko`clì & Nlò`dg ----------------

=.? Nlò`dlob l``jvotlj` l` drltldob orgos-----------------------------

=.; Djapgtltlj`-------------------------------------------------------------=.4 Alsusg jn Lsboald Ko`clì------------------------------------------=.= Jtegr deobbgìgs njr Lsboald ko`clì ---------------------------

>5>5949797

979>9>

DEOX]G[ ^L-[GDJAAG@MO]LJ@T ----------------------------------------?. Ig`grob rgdjaag`motlj` njr Lsboald Ko`clì systga----------;. [gdjaag`motlj` njr Aggzo` o`m ko`c Lsboal---------------------4. [gdjaag`motlj` njr nurtegr stumy-------------------------------------

[GNG[G@DGT -----------------------------------------------------------------

99999995

9


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BLT] JN ]OKBGT

]okbg Xoig

L-?

L-;

L-4

L^- ?

L^-;

L^-4

L^-=

L^-7

L^->

L^-9

L^-5

L^-. ôrljus pgòbtlgs org lapjsgm j`mgnoubtgrs. >. Lsboald ko`cs deorig j`by o saobboaju`t jn djapg`sotlj` welde ls botgrilvg` tj deorlty.

9. Ko`cs njdus j` teglr jw` l`tgrgstrotegr aoclì o`y gnnjrt tj g`surgirjwte wlte gqulty.

9. Lt ilvgs mug lapjrto`dg tj teg pukbldl`tgrgst. Lts ubtlaotg ola ls tj g`surgirjwte wlte gqulty.


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5. Njr l`tgrgst-kosgm djaagrdlobko`cs, kjrrjwl`i nrja teg aj`gyaorcgt ls rgbotlvgby goslgr.

5. Njr teg Lsboald ko`cs, lt aust kgkosgm j` o Teorloe opprjvgmu`mgrbyl`i tro`sodtlj`.


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Tjurdg6 Ageajjm, V. (;887), Lsboald Ko`clì6 O pgrnjrao`dg djaporlsj` jn Lsboald

ko`c vgrsgs dj`vg`tljòb ko`c l` Xoclsto`

7. Xrjkbga Mgnl`ltlj`

Xoclsto` ls o` Lsboald dju`try wegrg dj`vg`tljòb ko`clì systga eos kgg`

nu`dtlj`lì sl`dg lts l`dgptlj`. Tude typg jn systga eos `jt krjuiet jvgrobb kg`gnlts tj

teg gdj`jay jn teg dju`try. ]egrgnjrg, Lsboald Ko`clì systga wos l`trjmudgm l` ;88?

tj kjjst up teg gdj`jay. Kut lt ls jksgrvgm teot teg irjwte jn Lsboald Ko`clì ls vgry

sbjw. Tj, tels rgsgorde stumy nl`ms teg woys o`m ago`s tj laprjvg teg Lsboald ko`clì

systga l` Xoclsto`.

>. Jkfgdtlvgs jn teg Ttumy

Njbbjwlì org teg spgdlnld jkfgdtlvgs jn teg prgsg`t stumy6

?. ]j nl`m jut teg irjwte prjspgdtus jn Lsboald Ko`clì systga l` Xoclsto`.

;. ]j djaporg teg irjwte pottgr` jn twj nubb-nbgmigm Lsboald ko`cs l` Xoclsto`.

4. ]j lmg`tlny teg orgos o`m prjmudts welde `ggm tj kg gxpbjltgm tj gèo`dg teg

nuturg irjwte prjspgdtus njr Lsboald ko`cs l` Xoclsto`.

9. [gsgorde Agtejmjbjiy

]els rgsgorde stumy ls dj`mudtgm j` sgdj`mory moto o`m teg aotgrlob ls djbbgdtgm

nrja teg njbbjwlì sjurdgs6

Blkrory jn Lsro W`lvgrslty

Blkrory jn W`lvgrslty jn Tl`me, Foasejrj

Blkrory jn Ttotg Ko`c jn Xoclsto`, Corodel


19/82

L`tgr`gt

Aggzo` Ko`c Btm.

Ko`c Lsboal Xoclsto` Btm.

Kjjcs j` Lsboald Ko`clì o`m Nl o`dg

ôrljus lssugs jn Gdj`jald Turvgy jn Xoclsto`

ôrljus òtljòb o`m l`tgròtljòb fjuròbs

5. Tdjpg jn teg [gsgorde Ttumy

]els rgsgorde stumy ls kosgm j` teg quortgrby rgpjrts jn teg Ttotg Ko`c jn

Xoclsto` o`m teg nlò`dlob stotgag`ts iotegrgm nrja o`ùob rgpjrts jn Aggzo` ko`c Btm

o`m Ko`c Lsboal Xoclsto` Btm. ]eg kro`de `gtwjrc jn Aggzo` ko`c Btm o`m Ko`c Lsboal

Xoclsto` Btm org sejw` l` ]okbgs L-; o`m L-4 rgspgdtlvgby.

]okbg L-;6 Aggzo` Ko`c kro`de `gtwjrc

AGGVO@ KO@C

TJW]EG[@ [GILJ@ DG@][OB [GILJ@ @J[]EG[@ [GILJ@ ]J]OB

9< 9= =5 ;8?

Tjurdg6 Aggzo` ko`c o`ùob rgpjrt, ;8?8

]okbg L-46 Ko`c Lsboal kro`de `gtwjrc

KO@C LTBOAL

TL@ME XW@FOK KOBJDELT]O@ @YNX OVOM

COTEAL[

]J]OB

49 == ?? 5 ; ?8;

Tjurdg6 Ko`c Lsboal o`ùob rgpjrt, ;8?8


20/82


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DEOX]G[ LL

BL]G[O]W[G [G^LGY

?. Gdj`jald Tystga l` Lsboa

Ceo` A. T. & Alrocejr, O. (?


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Agssg`igr. Kut, ln yju rgpg`t, yju do` eovg yjur prl`dlpob. @gltegr sejubm yju djaalt

l`fustldg `jr sejubm yju kg sukfgdtgm tj lt (Turoe Ob Koqro ;95 -;9


23/82

Teoroe djapotlkbg prjmudts wgrg suddgssnubby bou`degm. Ylte teg

mgvgbjpag`t jn sgvgrob Lsboald ko`cs, teg lmgo ottrodtgm teg ottg`tlj` jn dju`trlgs sude

os Lro`, Xoclsto` o`m Tumo` welde l`ltlotgm gnnjrts tj gstokblse Lsboald ko`clì ot

rgspgdtlvg òtljòb bgvgb. ]erjuiejut teg wjrbm, teg bost tg` ygors eovg sgg` o surig jn

l`tgrgst l` teg jpgrotljòb ospgdts jn Lsboald ko`clì. ]eus, o ùakgr jn Lsboald ko`cs,

nlò`dlob l`stltutlj`s, o`m tro`sodtlj`s eovg gagrigm obb jvgr teg wjrbm. [gdji`lzlì teg

aorcgt pjtg`tlob jn Lsboald nlò`dg, o` l`drgoslì ùakgr jn Ygstgr` ko`cs o`m

nlò`dlob l`stltutlj`s eovg obsj kgiu` prjvlmlì pjrtnjbljs, tro`sodtlj`s, o`m l`struag`ts

teot org gssg`tlobby `j`-l`tgrgst kosgm.

]eg ngoslklblty o`m vloklblty jn `j`-l`tgrgst kosgm nlò`dlob tro`sodtlj`s,

l`struag`ts, l`stltutlj`s o`m systgas eovg kgg` laprgsslvg. Gquobby lapjrto`t eos

kgg` teg irjwte jn sdejborby l`tgrgst l` teg sukfgdt.

]jmoy, Lsboald nlò`dlob l`stltutlj`s, l` j`g njra jr teg jtegr, org wjrclì l`

okjut 97 dju`trlgs jn teg wjrbm. ]eg l`struag`ts usgm ky Lsboald nlò`dlob l`stltutlj`s,

kjte j` ossgts o`m bloklbltlgs, eovg mgvgbjpgm dopltob aorcgt tro`sodtlj`s. L` Aoboyslo,

Xoclsto`, Koerol` o`m o ngw jtegr dju`trlgs jn teg Iubn, Lsboald ko`cs o`m nlò`dlob

l`stltutlj`s org wjrclì l` porobbgb wlte teg dj`vg`tljòb ko`cs o`m nlò`dlob l`stltutlj`s.

=. Lsboald Ko`clì l` Xoclsto`

Oeaom Laro` (;884) mgsdrlkgm teot l` teg botg sgvg`tlgs, teg prjdgss jn Lsboald

ko`clì stortgm l` Xoclsto` wlte teg prgslmg`tlob jrmgr j` Tgptgakgr ;


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ko`cgrs o`m gdj`jalsts sukalttgm teglr rgpjrt l` Ngkruory ?


25/82

;. Os l` o`y l`vgstag`t djapo`y, Lsboald ko`clì mlstrlkutgs teg tromlì mutlgs nrja

teg `j`-sclbbgm o`m/ jr tejsg wej mj `jt eovg teg tlag3 tj tejsg wejsg nu`dtlj` ls

prjngssljòb aoòigag`t.

4. "Aosboeoe" (Xukbld Wtlblty o`m Kg`gnlt) jn teg Lsboald sjdlgty mgpg`ms j` teg

jpgrotlj` jn o` gnngdtlvg Lsboald ko`clì strudturg. ]els wlbb gòkbg teg prgsgrvotlj` jn

teg kj`ms jn Lsboald bjvg terjuie autuob tromg & dj-jpgrotlj`.

=. ]eg ubtlaotg suddgss jn Lsboald ko`clì ls `jt pjsslkbg, u`bgss gode l`mlvlmuob l`

gvgry Lsboald sjdlgty jkbliotgs elasgbn tj obb Lsboald rublìs.

7. Lsboald ko`clì krlìs gdj`jald gapjwgrag`t l` teg orgos jn jpgrotlj`. Lt egbps

Ausbla kusl`gss pgrsj`s, terjuie nlò`dlob olm, tj rgaol` djapgtltlvg. Lt obsj bgoms

tjworms teg drgotlj` jn fjk jppjrtu`ltlgs njr Ausblas os wgbb os `j`-Ausblas.

>. Lt ls o kosls njr gxpo`slj` l`tj teg Lsboald Gdj`jald Tystga, sl`dg teg

gstokblseag`t jn gode `gw Lsboald ko`c ls odtuobby drgotlì o bl`c njr l`tgròtljòb

l`tgrgsts tj dj-jpgrotg wlte jtegrs l` teg L`tgròtljòb wgk jn Lsboald ko`cs.

9. Lt prjvlmgs l`vgstjrs wlte nbgxlklblty l` teg typgs jn oddju`ts wltel` welde tegy djubm

deo``gb teglr l`vgstag`t. Lt teus bl`cs dopltob tj bokjr o`m rgmudgs gxpg`mlturg tj

bgvgbs, rgbotgm wlte teg typg jn l`vgstag`t, teg vobug tegrgjn o`m lts pgrljm.

5. Lsboald ko`cs gòkbg teg sovlì jn aj`gtory rgsjurdgs njr teg nuturg usg os sejw`

ky teg gplsjmg jn \usun (O.T.) l` _uro`. Eg`dg, lt ls o agtejmjbjiy opprjvgm ky Obboe

njr teg prjtgdtlj` jn wgobte.


26/82

rgblgn tj vldtlas jn òturob mlsostgrs

dorg o`m wgbnorg tj teg pjjr, jrpeo`s o`m teg `ggmy

euao`ltorlo` olm njr gmudotljòb o`m sjdlob sgrvldgs prjfgdts.

>. Kg`gnlts jn Lsboald Ko`clì

Oeoagm C.E. Ozoa ;88< mgsdrlkgm teot teg prl`dlpbg jn fustldg ls o` gssg`tlob

prgrgqulsltg njr obb cl`ms jn Lsboald nlò`dlì. L` o` Lsboald nlò`dlì, teg nlò`dlgr o`m

teg kg`gnldlory seorg teg odtuob jr `gt prjnlt/bjss rotegr teo` terjwlì teg rlsc kurmg`

j`by tj teg g`trgprg`gur. J`g jn teg u`lqug o`m soblg`t deorodtgrlstlds jn Lsboald ko`cs

ls teg l`tgirotlj` jn gteldob o`m ajrob vobugs wlte lts ko`clì jpgrotlj`. W`blcg teg

dj`vg`tljòb ko`cs, teg nlò`dlì jn Lsboald ko`cs org rgstrldtgm tj usgnub ijjms o`m

sgrvldgs o`m rgnrol` nrja nlò`dlì obdjejbld kgvgroigs o`m tjkoddj jr ajrobby

uòddgptokbg sgrvldgs sude os dosl`js o`m pjr`jiropey, lrrgspgdtlvg jn wegtegr jr `jt

sude ijjms o`m sgrvldgs org bgiob jr `jt l` o ilvg` dju`try. L` dj`trost tj dj`vg`tljòb

nlò`dg agtejms, teg wjrtel`gss o`m prjnltoklblty jn o prjfgdt org teg ajst lapjrto`t

drltgrlo jn Lsboald nlò`dlì welbg teg oklblty tj rgpoy teg bjo` ls suk-sgiag`tgm u`mgr

prjnltoklblty. O`jtegr lapjrto`t deorodtgrlstld welde njras teg kosls njr teg mgvgbjpag`t

jn Lsboald ko`cs ls teg rgbotlj`selp wlte mgpjsltjrs. Lsboald ko`cs mgob wlte teglr

dustjagrs j` l`vgstag`t irju`ms rotegr teo` j` o prg-mgtgral`gm nlxgm l`tgrgst rotg.

]egy l`vgst teg aj`gy jn teglr mgpjsltjrs j` elie prjnltokbg prjfgdts ontgr ijlì

terjuie o strotgild oòbysls l` jrmgr tj ilvg o suksto`tlob rgtur` tj teglr mgpjsltjrs.

]eus, l` Lsboald ko`clì l`mustry, gode ko`c wlbb ottgapt tj jut-pgrnjra jtegr ko`cs ln lt

wo`ts tj ottrodt nu`ms nrja l`vgstjrs. ]els rgsubts l` o elie rgtur` j` l`vgstag`ts njr


27/82

teg l`vgstjrs, welde ls u`blcgby l` o dj`vg`tljòb ko`c wegrg lt mgobs wlte teglr

mgpjsltjrs j` o prg-mgtgral`gm nlxgm l`tgrgst rotg. Nurtegrajrg Lsboald ko`cs gblalòtg

teg korrlgr kgtwgg` tejsg wej sovg o`m tejsg wej l`vgst, o`m krlì tega dbjsgr tj teg

rgob aorcgt. ]eg òturg jn teg nlò`dlob l`tgragmlotlj` jn Lsboald ko`cs sli`lnldo`tby

mgngrs nrja dj`vg`tljòb ko`cs o`m lt ls l` eoraj`y wlte rgob aorcgt o`m

mgvgbjpag`tob deoìgs l` lt.

9. Irjwte o`m Xrjspgdts jn Lsboald Ko`clì

Norjjql, A (;88


28/82

u`prgdgmg`tgm ko`clì drlsls, teg prjspgdt jn Lsboald ko`clì sgdtjr bjjcs krliet. Ylte

teg possoig jn tlag ajrg o`m ajrg pgjpbg wlbb kg l`dbl`gm tj Lsboald ko`clì.

5. Nuturg jn Lsboald Ko`clì

Tdealte Tdjtt (;887), njdusgm j` teg nuturg jn Lsboald ko`clì. Eg pjl`tgm jut

teot Lsboald nlò`dg eos quldcby gstokblsegm ltsgbn l` sgvgrob aorcgts, lts sprgom, irjwte,

o`m ubtlaotgby lts deorodtgr, wlbb mgpg`m j` ejw lt dj`nrj`ts sgvgrob cgy deobbgìgs,

l`dbumlì teg ig`grob oddgpto`dg jn Lsboald nlò`dg, rgiubotjry o`m sju`m`gss

djapotlklblty, jkstodbgs tj l``jvotlj`, o`m jtegr lapjrto`t korrlgrs sude os kulbmlì

gdj`jalgs jn sdobg o`m trol`lì prjngssljòbs l` teg l`trldodlgs jn Lsboald nlò`dlob

prjmudts. Durrg`tby, Lsboald nlò`dg l`struag`ts org ajrg gxpg`slvg o`m bgss

djapgtltlvg. Xrjirgss jn Lsboald ko`clì wlbb teus, mgpg`m j` lts oklblty tj l``jvotg l`

nlò`dlob l`struag`ts .]egsg agosurgs djubm ejbm lapjrto`t lapbldotlj`s njr mgvgbjplì

dj`suagr aorcgts o`m nlò`dlì tromg l` Ausbla dju`trlgs.


29/82

Lsboald ko`clì l` djaporlsj` tj dj`vg`tljòb ko`clì jnngrs o kgttgr nlò`dlob

ordeltgdturg j` gdj`jald irju`ms o`m ls lègrg`tby ajrg stokbg os lt sprgoms rlscs

kgtwgg` ko`c mgpjsltjrs o`m ko`c dopltob.

?8. Tto`mormlzotlj` jn Lsboald Nlò`dlob Xrjmudts

Toyylm ]oelr (;884) suiigstgm teot sto`mormlzotlj` jn Lsboald nlò`dlob prjmudts

ls `gdgssory, o`m lt ls kju`m tj eoppg`. ]els ls kgdousg teg wjrbm ls o ibjkob vlbboig.

Dustjagrs dj`sdljus`gss os wgbb os djapgtltlj` oajì Lsboald ko`cs wlbb bgom tj

sto`mormlzotlj` jn Lsboald nlò`dlob prjmudts. L` teg bjì ru` sto`mormlzotlj` l` teg

nlò`dlob l`struag`ts wlbb rgqulrg dj`sg`sus jn nu`moag`tob Teorloe prl`dlpbgs njr

mgsli`lì nlò`dlob dj`trodts. W`bgss tels ls mj`g, Lsboald ko`clì aoy kgdjag o dbose

jn mjiaos.

??. Xjsslkbg Tjbutlj`s tj Xrjkbgas Nodgm ky Lsboald

Ko`clì

Okmub Fokkor Corlal (;88>) stotgm teot, Lsboald ko`clì l`mustry eos kgg`

trylì eorm tj krlì Lsboald ko`clì tj teg bgvgb jn dj`vg`tljòb ko`clì. Kut teg

oksg`dg jn Teorlhoe-djapblo`t bgiob nroagwjrc `ggmgm tj aocg l`tgrgst-nrgg

ko`clì oddgptokbg (o`m drgotg sju`m nlò`dlob l`stltutlj`s) ls teg aofjr jkstodbg

kgel`m lts bjw pg`gtrotlj` l` teg nlò`dlob aorcgt. ]egrgnjrg, ottgapts sejubm kg aomg

tj ajmlny teg gxlstlì strudturg tj prjvlmg kgttgr prjmudts o`m quoblty sgrvldg wltel` teg

mjaol` jn Lsboald bows. Tjag jn teg ajst lapjrto`t deobbgìgs nodlì teg Lsboald

ko`clì l`mustry org lmg`tlnlgm os njbbjws6


30/82


31/82

(vl) Bg`mgr jn bost rgsjrt nodlblty6 Lsboald ko`cs org rgbudto`t tj g`tgr l`tj bjì-tgra

tro`sodtlj`s mug tj teg bodc jn ovolboklblty jn blqulmotlj` terjuie sgdj`mory aorcgt.

(vll) Aorcgt mlsdlpbl`g6 L` jrmgr tj g`surg dj`suagr prjtgdtlj` os prjvlmgm ky Teorlhoe,

tegrg ls `j prjpgr agdeo`lsa jn tro`sporg`dy o`m mlsdbjsurg tj teg pukbld.

(vlll) Lsboald nuturg gxdeoìg6 L` dj`vg`tljòb systga, bjì-tgra nlò`dg ls prjvlmgm

terjuie bjì-tgra kj`ms o`m gqultlgs. Os Lsboald ko`cs mj `jt mgob wlte l`tgrgst

kgorlì kj`ms, eg`dg, teglr `ggm njr gqulty aorcgts ls aude eliegr. ]j dlrduavg`t teg

rlsc, tegy org l` `ggm jn mgrlvotlvg prjmudts o`m dj`sgqug`tby jn Nuturg Gxdeoìgs.

SMOY@ @GYTKusl`gss, Mgdgakgr =, ;88>Q


32/82

DEOX]G[ LLL

LTBOALD KO@CL@I O] IBJKOB BG^GB O@M L]T

MG^GBJXAG@] L@ XOCLT]O@

?. Lsboald Ko`cl`i ot Ibjkob Bgvgb

Norlml,N.[.(?


33/82

ejsts teg `gwby drgotgm Blqulmlty Aoòigag`t Dg`trg (BAD) o`m teg L`tgròtljòb

Lsboald Nlò`dlob Aorcgt (LLNA) tj djjrmlòtg teg jpgrotlj`s jn Lsboald ko`cs l` teg

wjrbm. ]j prjvlmg opprjprlotg rgiubotjry sgt up, teg KAO eos l`trjmudgm o

djaprgeg`slvg prumg`tlob o`m rgpjrtlì nroagwjrc teot ls l`mustry-spgdlnld tj teg

dj`dgpt jn Lsboald ko`clì o`m nlò`dg. Nurtegr, teg KAO eos plj`ggrgm o roìg jn

l``jvotlj`s mgsli`gm tj krjomg` teg mgpte jn Lsboald nlò`dlob aorcgts o`m tj prjvlmg

Lsboald l`stltutlj`s wlte wlmgr jppjrtu`ltlgs tj aoòig teglr blqulmlty.

Orln, Aueoaaom (;88;) pjl`tgm jut teot o`jtegr dju`try teot eos o vlslkbg

gxlstg`dg jn Lsboald ko`clì ot djaprgeg`slvg bgvgb ls Aoboyslo wegrg kjte

dj`vg`tljòb o`m Lsboald ko`clì systgas org wjrclì l` o djapgtltlvg g`vlrjàg`t.

]eg seorg jn Lsboald ko`clì jpgrotlj`s l` Aoboyslo eos irjw` nrja o `lb l` ?


34/82

dj`dgptuob mlnngrg`dgs kgtwgg` Lsboald ko`clì l` Lro` o`m teg aol`strgoa ajvgag`t

jn Lsboald ko`clì o`m nlò`dg.

Jwlì tj teg irjwlì oaju`t jn dopltob ovolboklblty wlte Lsboald ko`cs, teg

rgnl`lì jn Lsboald nlò`dlì tgde`lqugs o`m teg euig rgqulrgag`t jn l`nrostrudturg

mgvgbjpag`t l` Ausbla dju`trlgs tegrg eos kgg` o borig ùakgr jn prjfgdt nlò`dg

mgobs portlduborby l` teg Almmbg Gost rgilj`. Lsboald ko`cs `jw portldlpotg l` o wlmg

nlò`dlì mjaol` strgtdelì nrja slapbg Teorloe-djapblo`t rgtolb prjmudts tj elieby

djapbgx strudturgm nlò`dg o`m borig-sdobg prjfgdt bg`mlì. ]egsg prjfgdts, l`tgr oblo,

l`dbumg pjwgr stotlj`s, wotgr pbo`ts, rjoms, krlmigs o`m jtegr l`nrostrudturg prjfgdts.

Koerol` ls teg bgomlì dg`trg njr Lsboald nlò`dg l` teg Almmbg Gost rgilj`. ]eg

gstokblseag`t jn teg Xrumg`tlob L`njraotlj` o`m [giubotjry Nroagwjrc njr Lsboald

Ko`cs (XL[L) ky teg KAO l` dj`fu`dtlj` wlte OOJLNL eos ij`g o bjì woy tjworms

gstokblselì o bgiob o`m rgiubotjry nroagwjrc tj aggt teg spgdlnld rlscs lègrg`t l`

Lsboald nlò`dlì strudturgs (Toaom, Okmus ?


35/82

@otljòb Djaagrdlob Ko`c (@DK) jn Touml Oroklo eos l`trjmudgm o` Omvo`dg

Dorm teot eos obb teg kg`gnlts jn o rgiubor drgmlt dorm. ]eg dorm mjgs `jt eovg o drgmlt

bl`g o`m l`stgom eos o prgpolm bl`g. Os sude, lt mjgs `jt l`dur o`y l`tgrgst. Ommgm

kg`gnlts org purdeosg prjtgdtlj`, trovgb oddlmg`t l`suro`dg, gtd o`m `j l`tgrgst, `j gxtro

nggs wlte `j dj`mltlj`s, teg dorm ls nubby Teorloe djapblo`t. Lt ls ajrg sgdurg teo` dose,

gosy tj bjom up o`m eos wjrbmwlmg oddgpto`dg. ]els prgpolm dorm nodlblty ls gspgdlobby

ottrodtlvg tj wjag`, yjute, sgbn gapbjygm o`m saobb gstokblseag`t gapbjyggs wej

sjagtlags mj `jt aggt teg strldt rgqulrgag`ts jn o rgiubor drgmlt dorm nodlblty. Touml

Ijvgràg`t eos obsj g`mjrsgm o` Lsboald-kosgm bow tj rgiubotg teg clìmja's budrotlvg

]oconub sgdtjr o`m jpg`gm lt njr njrgli` l`vgstjrs (@omgga Lòyot, ?) mgsdrlkgm teot l` W`ltgm Clìmja, teg Nlò`dlob Tgrvldgs

Outejrlty ls l` nlòb stoigs jn lssulì lts nlrst gvgr Lsboald ko`clì bldg`sg tj teg

prjpjsgm Lsboald Ko`c jn Krltol`, welde eos kgg` spj`sjrgm ky Iubn o`m WC l`vgstjrs.

]eg W`ltgm Ttotgs jn Oagrldo eos oppjl`tgm Mr. Aoeajum Gb Ioaob, o` gal`g`t


36/82

gdj`jalst/gxpgrt j` Lsboald ko`clì tj omvlsg teg WT ]rgosury o`m Ijvgràg`t

mgportag`ts j` Lsboald nlò`dg l` Fu`g ;88=.

?. Mgvgbjpag`t jn Lsboald Ko`clì Tystga l` Xoclsto`

Ko`clì ls teg ajst lapjrto`t sgdtjr jn o`y nlò`dlob systga, o`m lts lapjrto`dg

rgaol`s teg soag l` teg Lsboald nlò`dlob jpgrotlj` obsj. Lsboald Ko`clì ls o`

obtgròtlvg tj l`tgrgst nrgg ko`clì. Lt mgrlvgs lts osplrotlj` o`m iulmo`dg nrja teg

rgbliljus gmldts jn Lsboa o`m eos tj dj`mudt lts jpgrotlj`s strldtby l` oddjrmo`dg wlte teg

mlrgdtlvgs jn Teorloe.

[lko djaaj`by c`jw` os l`tgrgst ls o dgrtol` l`drgosg jktol`gm nrja teg mgktjr

os prgalua jr djst lrrgspgdtlvg jn teg jutdjag jn teg kusl`gss. Iol`s j` prl`dlpob org

`jt prjelkltgm l` Lsboa kut prjnlt ls rgdji`lzgm os teg rgworm jn dopltob. Lsboa pgralts

mgvgbjpag`t jn iol`nub surpbus rgsjurdgs njr teg gèo`dgag`t jn teglr vobug . ]eg

Lsboald systga ls kosgm j` o sgt jn prl`dlpbgs dj`stltutlì teg dj`dgpt o`m pelbjsjpey

os gù`dlotgm gxpbldltby l` teg Ejby _uro`. ]els pelbjsjpey prjvlmgs weot do` kg

u`mgrstjjm os Lsboald systga jn sjdlob fustldg.

Lsboa obsj oddgpts kosld dj`djalto`ts jn aorcgt gdj`jay blcg teg rliet jn l`òtg

jw`grselp, nrggmja jn g`tgrprlsg o`m djapgtltlvg g`vlrjàg`t jn kusl`gss o`m

l`mustry. ]eg Ejby Xrjpegt (Xgodg kg upj` ela) ls rgpjrtgm tj eovg obbjwgm djapgtltlvg

prldg agdeo`lsa tj kobo`dg teg mgao`m o`m suppby jn ijjms njr mlspg`sotlj` jn

gdj`jald fustldg, ubtlaotg kgst kg`gnlt jn sjdlgty o`m gnnldlg`t obbjdotlj` jn rgsjurdgs.

]eg blaltotlj`s j`by tocg dorg jn sjag ajrob, rgbliljus o`m dubturob pgrdgptlj`s os wgbb

os tj sult teg osplrotlj`s teot gapeoslzg teg sli`lnldo`t rjbg jn teg stotg l` l`dubdotlj` jn


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teg mgslrgm `jras. ]egsg blaltotlj`s org `gdgssory njr nubnlbbag`t jn jvgrobb jkfgdtlvgs jn

Lsboald Teorloe.

[liet nrja teg tlag Xoclsto` doag l`tj kgl`i os o` l`mgpg`mg`t Ausbla stotg,

gnnjrts wgrg aomg tj drgotg o` l`tgrgst-nrgg gdj`jay. ]eg dj`stltutlj` jn ?, ?;

o`m ?


38/82

@gw stgps wgrg l`ltlotgm j` Fo`uory ?, ?


39/82

]ergg dju`trlgs Xoclsto`, Lro` o`m Tumo` kodcgm ky gxpgrlg`dgs jn teg bost

ngw ygors, dbolagm teot suddgss l` rgpbodgag`t jn l`tgrgst rotg agdeo`lsa wlte `j`-

l`tgrgst kosgm ajmgs eos g`surgm nlò`dlob stoklblty jn teg systga jr gnngdtlvg`gss jn

teglr aj`ltjry pjbldy. ]egy slaubto`gjusby gapeoslzgm teg `ggm njr mgvgbjplì ibjkob

sto`morms njr Lsboald ko`clì. L` Xoclsto`, tergg ko`cs, teg Aggzo` Ko`c, Ob Koroco

o`m teg rgdg`tby so`dtlj`gm Ko`c Lsboal Xoclsto` eovg kgg` ilvg` nubb-nbgmigm Lsboald

Ko`clì Bldg`sgs. @l`g jtegr ko`cs obrgomy eovg sgporotg kro`degs njr purgby Teorloe

kosgm tro`sodtlj`s. Eg`dg, j`by ?? ko`cs org l`vjbvgm l` Lsboald ko`clì wlte jvgr >8

mgmldotgm kro`degs (Xrjdtjr, M. ?


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djaagrdlob ko`cs, pbo``lì tj g`tgr tels aorcgt, eovg kgg` goigr tj aocg teglr lapodt

l` teg Lsboald ko`clì sgdtjr. ]eg durrg`t aorcgt pboygrs l` teg seorloe-kosgm systga,

ejwgvgr, eovg ygt tj g`surg pgrngdtlj` jn teg systga. ]eg dg`trob ko`c eos kgg`

iro`tlì bldg`sgs tj Lsboald ko`cs kut tgapjrorlby suspg`mgm teglr lssuo`dg j` teg

irju`m teot teg dju`try wos jvgr-ko`cgm. Obsj, teg TKX eos prjalsgm prjvlslj` jn o

bgvgb pboylì nlgbm tj l`vgstjrs kjte njrgli` o`m mjagstld vg`turlì l`tj teg nlgbm.

[gdg`tby Ttotg Ko`c lssugm o bldg`sg tj Galrotgs Ibjkob L`vgstag`t Blaltgm tj wjrc l`

Xoclsto` os o` Lsboal Ko`c.

]eg TKX eos cgpt teg al`laua dopltob rgqulrgag`t njr l`tgrgst-nrgg ko`cs ot

[s; klbblj` njr o nubb-nbgmigm ko`c/sukslmlory o`m [s 78 albblj` njr o kro`de (O`ùob

[gpjrt ;88=, TKX). Lt eos sgt teg dose rgsgrvg rotlj wlte teg dg`trob ko`c njr Lsboald

ko`cs ot ?? pgr dg`t obb l` dose, welbg teot njr dj`vg`tljòb ko`cs ls ;8 pgr dg`t, ?7 pgr

dg`t kglì teg stotutjry blqulmlty rgqulrgag`t o`m 7 pgr dg`t l` dose mug tj bodc jn

Teorloe-djapblo`t ijvgràg`t sgdurltlgs. Lsboald ko`cs do``jt aol`tol` teglr blqulmlty

rgqulrgag`t ky sgdurlì ijvgràg`t kj`ms os tegy org kglì jnngrgm tj tega ot o nlxgm

l`tgrgst rotg, o`m tegsg rotgs mj `jt dj`njra wlte Teorloe prl`dlpbgs. ]eus, Lsboald

ko`cs do` l`vgst teg mlnngrg`dg kgtwgg` tegsg twj ot njur pgr dg`t l` budrotlvg ossgts tj

djapg`sotg njr teg njrgij`g rgtur` j` teg ijvgràg`t sgdurltlgs (Ceo`, E. ;887).

Ot tels pjl`t jn tlag, teg TKX ls `jt sgrvlì os teg tromltljòb bg`mgr jn bost

rgsjrt njr Lsboald ko`clì l`stltutlj`s, kgdousg lt ls kglì gvobuotgm os ejw aude

nlò`dlob suppjrt do` kg prjvlmgm ls teg bliet jn Teorloe bows. Os tegsg sprlìs

opporg`tby strjì l`dblòtlj` tjworms Lsboald ko`clì systga, teg TKX ls agtldubjusby

sdrutl`lzlì teg pgrsj``gb dopoklbltlgs jn ko`cs kgnjrg lssulì tega pgralts. ]eg Ko`c


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jn Ceykgr wos oddjrmlìby `jt obbjwgm tj dj`vgrt lts @jwsegro kro`de tj o` Lsboald

ko`c kro`de os lt sunngrgm nrja sgvgrob aoòigrlob nbows teot `ggmgm laprjvgag`t l`

pgrnjrao`dg dopoklbltlgs jn lts pgrsj``gb wlte o vlgw tj strgìteg`lì lts nlò`dlob kosg

(Ceo`, O.V. ;887). ]eg vgry rgdg`t Ko`c Lsboal Xoclsto` eos, l` ommltlj` tj Fgeoìlr

Tlmmlqul o`m Djapo`y teg MDM irjup os lts l`vgstjrs. ]els sprlìs nrja teg Dg`trob

Ko`cs kgblgn teot o` l`tgròtljòbby rgputgm njrgli` irjup wlte tgde`ldob gxpgrtlsg,

euao` rgsjurdg o`m dopltob wlbb sgrvg tj strgìteg` teg Lsboald ko`clì.

Lsboald ajmg jn ko`clì ls gxpgdtgm tj irjw l` Xoclsto` os djaagrdlob ko`cs

org l`tgrgstgm l` prjvlmlì nodlbltlgs kosgm j` Lsboald prl`dlpbgs. Lsboald ko`clì o`m

`jw njrgli` Lsboald ko`cs wjubm kg g`djuroigm tj gstokblse teglr Lsboald ko`clì

kusl`gss l` Xoclsto`.

;. Aofjr Ajmgs jn Lsboald Ko`clì o`m Nlò`dg

Oyuk, Aueoaaom (;88;) mgsdrlkgm teg njbbjwlì aol` ajmgs jn Lsboald ko`clì

o`m nlò`dg6

;.?. Aurokoeo

Bltgrobby lt ago`s o sobg j` autuobby oirggm prjnlt. ]gde`ldobby, lt ls o dj`trodt jn sobg l`

welde teg sgbbgr mgdborgs els djst o`m prjnlt. Lsboald ko`cs eovg omjptgm tels os o ajmg

jn nlò`dlì. Os o nlò`dlì tgde`lqug, lt l`vjbvgs o rgqugst ky teg dblg`t tj teg ko`c tj

purdeosg dgrtol` ijjms njr ela. ]eg ko`c mjgs teot njr o mgnl`ltg prjnlt jvgr teg djst,

welde ls stlpubotgm l` omvo`dg.


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;.;. Lforoe

Lforoe ls o dj`trodt jn o c`jw` o`m prjpjsgm usunrudt oiol`st o spgdlnlgm o`m bownub

rgtur` jr dj`slmgrotlj` njr teg sgrvldg jr rgtur` njr teg kg`gnlt prjpjsgm tj kg tocg`, jr

njr teg gnnjrt jr wjrc prjpjsgm tj kg gxpg`mgm. L` jtegr wjrms, Lforoe jr bgoslì ls teg

tro`sngr jn usunrudt njr o dj`slmgrotlj` welde ls rg`t l` dosg jn elrlì jn ossgts jr telìs

o`m woig l` dosg jn elrlì jn pgrsj`s.

;.4. Lforoe-Yob-Lqtlò

O dj`trodt u`mgr welde o` Lsboald ko`c prjvlmgs gqulpag`t, kulbmlì jr jtegr ossgts tj

teg dblg`t oiol`st o` oirggm rg`tob tjigtegr wlte o u`lbotgrob u`mgrtoclì ky teg ko`c jr

teg dblg`t teot ot teg g`m jn teg bgosg pgrljm, teg jw`grselp l` teg ossgt wjubm kg

tro`sngrrgm tj teg bgssgg. ]eg u`mgrtoclì jr teg prjalsg mjgs `jt kgdjag o` l`tgirob

port jn teg bgosg dj`trodt tj aocg lt dj`mltljòb. ]eg rg`tobs os wgbb os teg purdeosg

prldg org nlxgm l` sude ao``gr teot teg ko`c igts kodc lts prl`dlpob sua objì wlte prjnlt

jvgr teg pgrljm jn bgosg.

;.=. Ausowoaoe

Ausowoaoe ls o ig`grob o`m rgiubor cl`m jn sobg l` welde prldg jn teg djaajmlty tj kg

tromgm ls koriol`gm kgtwgg` sgbbgr o`m teg kuygr wltejut o`y rgngrg`dg tj teg prldg polm

jr djst l`durrgm ky teg njragr. ]eus, lt ls mlnngrg`t nrja Aurokoeo l` rgspgdt jn prldlì

njraubo. W`blcg Aurokoeo, sgbbgr l` Ausowoaoe ls `jt jkbligm tj rgvgob els djst. Kjte

teg portlgs `gijtlotg j` teg prldg. Obb jtegr dj`mltlj`s rgbgvo`t tj Aurokoeo org voblm njr

Ausowoaoe os wgbb. Ausowoaoe do` kg usgm wegrg teg sgbbgr ls `jt l` o pjsltlj` tj

osdgrtol` prgdlsgby teg djsts jn djaajmltlgs teot eg ls jnngrlì tj sgbb.


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;.7. Lstlsò

Lt ls o dj`trodtuob oirggag`t njr aoùnodturlì ijjms o`m djaajmltlgs, obbjwlì dose

poyag`t l` omvo`dg o`m nuturg mgblvgry jr o nuturg poyag`t o`m nuturg mgblvgry.

Lstlsòo do` kg usgm njr prjvlmlì teg nodlblty jn nlò`dlì teg aoùnodturg jr

dj`strudtlj` jn ejusgs, pbo`ts, prjfgdts o`m kulbmlì jn krlmigs, rjoms o`m eliewoys.

;.>. Kol Auoffob

Bltgrobby lt ago`s o drgmlt sobg. ]gde`ldobby, lt ls o nlò`dlì tgde`lqug omjptgm ky

Lsboald ko`cs teot tocgs teg njra jn Aurokoeo Auoffob. Lt ls o dj`trodt l` welde teg ko`c

gor`s o prjnlt aoril` j` els purdeosg prldg o`m obbjws teg kuygr tj poy teg prldg jn teg

djaajmlty ot o nuturg motg l` o buap sua jr l` l`stobbag`ts. Lt eos tj gxprgssby ag`tlj`

djst jn teg djaajmlty o`m teg aoril` jn prjnlt ls autuobby oirggm. ]eg prldg nlxgm njr teg

djaajmlty l` sude o tro`sodtlj` do` kg teg soag os teg spjt prldg jr eliegr jr bjwgr

teo` teg spjt prldg.

;.9. Aumorokoe

O njra jn port`grselp wegrg j`g porty prjvlmgs teg nu`ms welbg teg jtegr prjvlmgs

gxpgrtlsg o`m aoòigag`t. ]eg bottgr ls rgngrrgm tj os teg Aumorlk. O`y prjnlts oddrugm

org seorgm kgtwgg` teg twj portlgs j` o prg-oirggm kosls, welbg bjss ls kjr`g j`by ky

teg prjvlmgr jn teg dopltob.

;.5. Auseorocoe

Auseorocoe ago`s o rgbotlj`selp gstokblsegm u`mgr o dj`trodt ky teg autuob dj`sg`t

jn teg portlgs njr seorlì jn prjnlts o`m bjssgs l` teg fjl`t kusl`gss. Lt ls o` oirggag`t


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u`mgr welde teg Lsboald ko`c prjvlmgs nu`ms, welde org alxgm wlte teg nu`ms jn teg

kusl`gss g`tgrprlsg o`m jtegrs. Obb prjvlmgrs jn dopltob org g`tltbgm tj portldlpotg l`

ao`oigag`t, kut `jt `gdgssorlby rgqulrgm tj mj sj. ]eg prjnlt ls mlstrlkutgm oaj`i teg

port`grs l` prg-oirggm rotljs, welbg teg bjss ls kjr`g ky gode port`gr strldtby l`

prjpjrtlj` tj rgspgdtlvg dopltob dj`trlkutlj`s.

;.


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Lsboald nlò`dg l` mgvgbjpag`t jn teg gdj`jay lt wjubm kg `gdgssory tj drgotg o`

g`vlrjàg`t teot djubm l`mudg nlò`dlgrs tj goraorc ajrg nu`ms njr

Auseorocoe/Aumorokoe kosgm nlò`dlì jn prjmudtlvg u`lts, portlduborby jn saobb

g`tgrprlsgs (Curo`,]. ?


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Toboa eos o vost pjtg`tlob l` nlò`dlì teg prjmudtlvg odtlvltlgs l` drudlob sgdtjrs,

portlduborby oirldubturg, oirj-kosgm l`mustrlgs o`m teg rurob gdj`jay os o wejbg. Lt obsj

prjvlmgs l`dg`tlvg tj gèo`dg prjmudtlj` os teg sgbbgr wjubm sporg `j gnnjrt l`

prjmudlì, ot bgost teg quo`tlty `ggmgm njr sgttbgag`t jn teg bjo` tocg` ky ela os

omvo`dg prldg jn teg ijjms. Toboa do` obsj bgom tj drgotlì o stokbg djaajmltlgs

aorcgt gspgdlobby teg sgosjòb djaajmltlgs o`m tegrgnjrg tj stoklblty jn teglr prldgs. Lt

wjubm gòkbg sovgrs tj mlrgdt teglr sovlìs tj l`vgstag`t jutbgts wltejut woltlì, njr

l`sto`dg, u`tlb teg eorvgstlì tlag jn oirldubturob prjmudts jr teg tlag weg` tegy odtuobby

`ggm l`mustrlob ijjms o`m wltejut kglì njrdgm tj spg`m teglr sovlìs j` dj`suaptlj`

(Tlmmlqul, T.E. ;88). W`mgr gqulty kosgm

Nu`ms, ko`cs do` jnngr o typg jn gqulty gxpjsurg terjuie spgdlnlgm l`vgstag`t oddju`ts

wegrg tegy aoy lmg`tlny pjsslkbg l`vgstag`t jppjrtu`ltlgs nrja gxlstlì jr `gw


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kusl`gss dblg`ts o`m l`vltg oddju`t-ejbmgr tj suksdrlkg. L`stgom jn seorlì l` teg ko`cs

prjnlt, teg l`vgstjrs wjubm seorg teg prjnlts jn teg g`tgrprlsg l` welde nu`ms org pbodgm

wlte teg ko`c toclì o aoòigag`t ngg njr lts wjrc. Ko`cs do` obsj jnngr jpg`-g`mgm

Aubtlpbg Gqulty Nu`ms tj kg l`vgstgm l` stjdcs.

Taobb o`m agmlua g`tgrprlsgs (TAG) sgdtjr eos o irgot pjtg`tlob njr gxpo`mlì

prjmudtlj` dopodlty o`m sgbn-gapbjyag`t jppjrtu`ltlgs l` teg dju`try. Gèo`dlì teg

rjbg jn nlò`dlob sgdtjr l` mgvgbjpag`t jn TAG suk-sgdtjr djubm altliotg teg sgrljus

prjkbgas jn u`gapbjyag`t o`m bjw bgvgb jn gxpjrts. ]eg ko`cs aoy l`trjmudg TAG

Nlò`dlì Nu`ms wlte vorljus igjiropeldob bjdotlj`s. ]eg djrpjrotg sgdtjr o`m teg

djaagrdlob ko`cs aoy sgt up o `gtwjrc jn sude Nu`ms u`mgr teg ogils jn TGDX ky

gstokblselì l`stltutlj`s u`mgr sy`mldotg orroìgag`ts jr jtegrwlsg (Cortlj, A.O. ;88


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DEOX]G[ L^

I[JY]E JN LTBOALD KO@CL@I L@ XOCLT]O@

?. Nl`mlìs okjut Jkfgdtlvgs

Jkfgdtlvg ?6 Irjwte Xrjspgdtus jn Lsboald Ko`clì Tystgal` Xoclsto`

Lsboald ko`clì gagrigm os o rgspj`sg tj kjte rgbliljus o`m gdj`jald `ggms.

L` Xoclsto`, os o rgsubt jn rgbou`delì jn teg Lsboald ko`clì l`ltlotlvg iulmgm ky o

djaprgeg`slvg bgiob, rgiubotjry o`m Teorloe djapblo`t nroagwjrc, tergg typgs jn

Lsboald ko`clì l`stltutlj`s wgrg obbjwgm tj gstokblse l` ;88?. ]egsg wgrg Nubb-nbgmigm

Lsboald ko`cs, Lsboald ko`clì sukslmlorlgs jn dj`vg`tljòb ko`cs, o`m Lsboald ko`clì

kro`degs (LKKs) jn dj`vg`tljòb ko`cs. L` ommltlj` tj okjvg, dj`vg`tljòb ko`cs eovlì

LKKs djubm obsj eovg Lsboald ko`clì wl`mjws l` teglr dj`vg`tljòb kro`degs. ]els

l`ltlotlvg prjvgm tj kg o kli suddgss os teg Lsboald Ko`clì L`mustry eos irjw` ao`lnjbm

sl`dg ;88?. Durrg`tby tegrg org > nubb nbgmigm bldg`sgm Lsboald ko`cs (LKs) o`m ?4

dj`vg`tljòb ko`cs eovlì bldg`sgs tj jpgrotg mgmldotgm Lsboald ko`clì

kro`degs(LKKs).(_uortgrby [gpjrt ;8?8, TKX) L` ommltlj` tj teot, obb jn teg nlvg kli ko`cs

l` Xoclsto` org prjvlmlì Lsboald ko`clì sgrvldgs.

?.? Durrg`t Ttotus jn Lsboald Ko`clì l` Xoclsto`

Xrgsg`tby Lsboald Ko`clì L`mustry dj`trlkutgs ajrg teo` >% jn teg ko`clì systga l`

Xoclsto`. ]jtob kro`de `gtwjrc jn teg l`mustry eos l`drgosgm nrja >7? l` Mgd.8< tj >>9


49/82

kro`degs l` Fu`g.?8 wlte prgsg`dg l` jvgr 5= dltlgs & tjw`s djvgrlì obb teg njur

prjvl`dgs, Ozom Cosealr, @jrtegr` orgos o`m Ngmgrob dopltob. ]eg prjvl`dg-wlsg moto

rgvgobs teot Tl`me, Xu`fok, Kobjdelsto`, Ceykgr- Xocetu`cewo o`m Ozom Cosealr eovg

;;4, ;>9 kro`degs, >74 org l` teg ko`cgm orgos welbg teg

rgaol`lì ?= org l` teg u`ko`cgm orgos. (_uortgrby [gpjrt ;8?8, TKX)

?.; L`mustry Xrjirgss o`m Aorcgt Teorg

]eg tjtob ossgts jn Lsboald ko`clì l`stltutlj`s (LKLs) l` Fu`g ;8?8 djaporgm tj Fu`g

;88< (]okbg L^-?), eos l`drgosgm


50/82

]okbg L^- ?6 L`mustry prjirgss o`m aorcgt seorg

Tjurdg6 IjX (Fu`g ;88< tj Fu`g ;8?8), O`ùob [gpjrt jn TKX, Corodel

]eg elie irjwte trg`ms l` vorljus djapj`g`ts jn Lsboald ko`cs kobo`dg seggt eos

gòkbgm teg Lsboald Ko`cs tj aocg nurtegr l`rjoms l` teg jvgrobb ko`clì l`mustry l`

Xoclsto`.

Nli6 L^-?6 Teorg o`m irjwte jn Lsboald Ko`clì


Ô[LOKBG FW@G ;8?8 FW@G ;88< I[JY]E % TEO[G L@L@MWT][\

]jtob ossgts =?? 4?4 4?.4 >.?

Mgpjslts 448 ;45 4< >.=

@gt nlò`dlì

o`m l`vgstag`t

;47 ?


51/82

]eg moto njr quortgr g`mgm Fu`g ;8?8 weg` djaporgm wlte teg prgdgmlì quortgr,

sejws teot teg ossgt nlò`dlì odtlvltlgs jn Lsboald ko`cs eovg rgvlvgm kgslmgs

suksto`tlobby eliegr ossgts o`m mgpjslts irjwte. ]eg prjnltoklblty l`mldotjrs (]okbg L^-?)

eovg obsj sejw` aorcgm laprjvgag`t os djaporgm tj teg prgdgmlì quortgr. ]eg

nlò`dlì o`m l`vgstag`t pjrtnjblj jn Lsboald ko`cs eovg rgodegm [s ;4>.8 klbblj` l`

Fu`g ;8?8 djaporgm wlte [s ;;< klbblj` l` Aorde ;8?8, mgpldtlì o` l`drgosg jn 4.8

pgrdg`t murlì teg bost quortgr. (_uortgrby [gpjrt ;8?8, TKX) ]eg seorgs jn ossgts,

mgpjslts o`m l`vgstag`t & nlò`dlì l`drgosgm tj >.?, >.= o`m =.> pgrdg`t rgspgdtlvgby

murlì teg quortgr g`mgm Fu`g ;8?8. (_uortgrby [gpjrt ;8?8, TKX)

]eg irjwlì mgpjsltjrs dj`nlmg`dg ls wgbb rgnbgdtgm l` bost quortgr, welde sejws o`

l`drgosg jn ?=.; pgrdg`t l` teg mgpjslts. ]eg mgpjslt kosg jn Lsboald ko`cs stjjm ot [s

448 klbblj` ot g`m-Fu`g ;8?8 djaporgm tj [s ;5< klbblj` l` teg prgvljus quortgr-g`m.

Tlalborby, tjtob bloklbltlgs jn Lsboald ko`cs eovg l`drgosgm ky ??.< pgrdg`t tj [s 4>5

klbblj` nrja [s 4;< klbblj` murlì teg quortgr. Blcgwlsg, teg `gt ossgts o`m gqulty eovg

l`drgosgm ky orju`m ?.7 o`m ?.< pgrdg`t rgspgdtlvgby. ]egrg ls o` l`drgosg jn okjut >

pgrdg`t l` teg rgsgrvgs o`m >; pgrdg`t l` u`-opprjprlotgm prjnlts. (_uortgrby [gpjrt

;8?8, TKX)

Djaporgm tj prgdgmlì quortgr, teg nlò`dlì pjrtnjblj jn Lsboald Ko`clì L`mustry eos

l`drgosgm ky ? pgrdg`t l` Fu`g ;8?8.]els ls oddjapo`lgm ky o 9.8 pgrdg`t l`drgosg l`

l`vgstag`t. (_uortgrby [gpjrt ;8?8, TKX)

Aorc-up l`djag ls teg aofjr sjurdg jn LKL l`djag, ot orju`m 58 %, djaporgm tj orju`m

98 pgrdg`t njr teg dj`vg`tljòb ko`cs. ]eg jpgrotlì gxpg`sg tj irjss l`djag rotlj jn

LKLs ls obsj aude eliegr teo` teg dj`vg`tljòb ko`cs l`mustry.


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?.4 Xgrnjrao`dg L`mldotjrs jn Lsboald Ko`cs

]eg l`ngdtlj` rotlj, `gt l`ngdtlj` rotlj, o`m @XO tj dopltob rotlj, jn LKL org kgttgr teo`

teg l`mustry ot g`m-Fu`g ;8?8. ]eg ossgts l`ngdtlj` os sejw` ky @XNs tj nl`o`dl`i

rotljot >.7% ls obajst teg eobn jn teg l`mustry ovgroig welde stjjm ot ?;.


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?.= @j`-Xgrnjralì Nlò`dlì o`m Ossgts

Murlì teg quortgr Opr-Fu` ;8?8 teg `j`pgrnjralì nlò`dlì eos l`drgosgm

suksto`tlobby \j\ kosls, obtejuie, tegrg ls o mgdrgosg jn orju`m ?8 pgrdg`t j` _j_

kosls (]okbg L^-4).

]okbg L^-46 @j`-pgrnjralì nlò`dlì & ossgts


]eg `gt `j`-pgrnjralì nlò`dlì sejws slalbor \j\ o`m _j_ trg`ms . ]eg @XOs o`m

`gt @XOs obsj eovg slalbor l`dbl`lì trg`ms. Ejwgvgr, j` o pjsltlvg `jtg teg rgdjvgry

eos laprjvgm suksto`tlobby kjte j` \j\ o`m _j_ kosls.


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?.7 Nlò`dlì Alx

Aurokoeo, Lforoe o`m Mlal`lselì Auseoroco (MA) dj`trlkutgm orju`m 59 % jn teg

nlò`dlì (]okbg L^-=). L` nodt, teg Aurokoeo nlò`dlì eos rgkju`mgm murlì teg quortgr

u`mgr rgvlgw nrja 49.7% tj ==.?% jn teg nlò`dlì. Lt do` obsj kg `jtgm nrja teg tokbg

teot tegrg ls o sbliet mgdbl`g l` MA nlò`dlì, Toboa o`m Lstlsò ajmgs.

]okbg L^-=6 Nlò`dlì alx



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?.> L`vgstag`ts

[giorml`i teg l`vgstag`ts, LKLs eovg sejw` suksto`tlob irjwte jn \j\ =>% o`m _j_

9.8% l` Fu`g ;8?8. ]eg \j\ irjwte prlaorlby rgprgsg`ts teg [s ?=.= klbblj` IjX Lforoe

Tucuc o`m [s >.5 klbblj` XLO Tucuc lssugm l` Tgptgakgr o`m Jdtjkgr ;88


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?.9 Mgpjslts

]eg mgpjslt ajklblzotlj` rgaol`gm strjì murlì Opr-Fu` ;8?8. ]eg \j\ o`m _j_

irjwte l` mgpjslts rgaol`gm rjkust ot 45.7% o`m ?=.? % rgspgdtlvgby. ]eg \j\ irjwte

l` mgpjslts ls borigby djalì nrja teg dustjagr mgpjslts ot =8.> pgrdg`t. Obb teg

dustjagr mgpjslt typgsnlxgm, sovlì o`m durrg`teovg sejw` dbjsg tj =8 pgrdg`t

\j\ irjwte. Tlalbor trg`ms eovg dj`tlùgm murlì teg quortgr g`mgm Fu`g ;8?8.

]eg djaporotlvg oòbysls jn djapjsltlj` jn mgpjslts jn LKLs o`m l`mustry rgvgobs teot

teg kgeovljr jn LKL mgpjsltjrs o`m dj`vg`tljòb ko`cs mgpjsltjrs ls obajst slalbor (Nli

L^-;).

Nli L^-;6 Djapjsltlj`s jn mgpjslts



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Jkfgdtlvg ;6 Irjwte Xottgr` jn ]wj Nubb-Nbgmigm LsboaldKo`cs l` Xoclsto`

]eg twj nubb-nbgmigm Lsboald djaagrdlob ko`cs wlte borigr kro`de `gtwjrcs l` Xoclsto`

org Aggzo` Ko`c Blaltgm o`m Ko`c Lsboal Xoclsto` Btm. ]eg bost tergg ygors nlò`dlob

stotgag`ts jn tegsg twj ko`cs wgrg oòbyzgm tj stumy teglr irjwte pottgr`s.

;.? Irjwte Xottgr` jn Aggzo` Ko`c

Aggzo` Ko`c Blaltgm wos iro`tgm teg @otlj`s nlrst nubb-nbgmigm Lsboald Ko`clì bldg`sg

ky teg Ttotg Ko`c jn Xoclsto`, l` Foùory ;88;. ]els ko`c ls `jw ro`cgm oajìst teg

tjp ?7 ko`cs jn teg =8 tjtob ko`cs jpgrotlì l` Xoclsto`. (O`ùob rgpjrts jn Aggzo`

ko`c, ;8?8). Aggzo` ko`c l` lts sejrt spo` jn gliet ygors eos surpossgm irjwte rotgs

jn dj`vg`tljòb ko`cs. [oplm irjwte jn teg ko`c eos kgg` oddjapo`lgm ky ijjm

nlò`dlob pgrnjrao`dg o`m spgdlnld l`mustry pjsltlj`. ]eg dopltob tj rlsc-wglietgm rotlj jn

teg ko`c eos l`vorlokby rgaol`gm sli`lnldo`tby okjvg teg 5 pgrdg`t jn teg rgqulrgm bgvgb,

o`m @XBs rotljs eovg kgg` dj`slmgrokby bjw. ]eot eos pbodgm Aggzo` Ko`c ot teg tjp

jn teg Ko`clì l`mustry, o bjì-tgra g`tlty rotlì jn O+, o`m o sejrt-tgra g`tlty rotlì jn

O?. ]eg Aggzo` Ko`c eos odelgvgm o strjì kobo`dg seggt wlte gxdgbbg`t jpgrotlì

prjnltoklblty, l`dbumlì o dopltob omgquody rotlj. (Aggzo` ko`c O`ùob rgpjrts, ;8?8).

Xrgsg`tby, Aggzo` Ko`c ls teg borigst Lsboald Ko`c jpgrotlì l` Xoclsto` wlte

;8? kro`degs l` 7= dltlgs (O`ùob rgpjrts jn Aggzo` ko`c, ;8?8). ]eg Ko`c jnngrs o

djapbgtg roìg jn Lsboald prjmudts o`m sgrvldgs l`dbumlì dor bgoslì o`m ejag

ajrtioigs- obb mgsli`gm wlte nbgxlkbg ngoturgs tj aggt teg rgqulrgag`ts jn teg

dustjagrs l` o Teorloe-djapblo`t ao``gr. ]eg ko`c's rgtolb ko`clì `gtwjrc ls

suppjrtgm ky ;= ejurs pgr moy/ 9 moys pgr wggc , ko`clì sgrvldgs welde l`dbumgs ?78


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O]As, L`tgr`gt Ko`clì o`m o ;=-ejur Dobb Dg`tgr. ]eg Ko`c eos rgdg`tby bou`degm lts

^LTO Mgklt dorm teot obbjws lts dustjagrs tj sejp ot ajrg teo` 48 albblj` agrdeo`ts

ibjkobby o`m wltemrow aj`gy nrja teglr oddju`ts nrja ajrg teo` ?.= albblj` O]A's

wjrbmwlmg. (Aggzo` ko`c O`ùob rgpjrts, ;8?8).

;.?.? Oòbysls jn Nlò`dlob Ttotgag`ts jn Aggzo` Ko`c Blaltgm

Os do` kg `jtgm nrja tokbg L^-> prjnlt ontgr tox mgdrgosgm 47.7 % l` teg ygor ;885 os

djaporgm tj prjnlt l` ;889, kut sejwgm o` laprgsslvg l drgosg jn [s =8= albblj`

(>7.?%) nrja [s >;? albblj` l` teg ygor ;885 tj [s ?8;7 albblj` l` teg ygor ;888.=% l` teg ygor ;885 djaporgm tj prgvljus ygor o`m 4


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kro`degs ommgm tj teg `gtwjrc. ]els l`vgstag`t eos, ejwgvgr, rgsubtgm l` strjì

irjwte l` mgpjslts l` teg ygor ;88,584 =,79= =5.7 =5.9

@gt sprgom gor`gmkgnjrg prjvlslj`s

7,?4; 4,9?7 ;,?;; 45.; 97.?

Ngg, djaalssljò`m krjcgroigl`djag

7;< =4; 4;; ;;.> 4=.;

Mlvlmg`m l`djag ?; ;,5 48.=

Xrjvlslj` oiol`st`j` pgrnjralìnlò`dlì

?,=4? =;5 =47 ;44.< (?.7?)

Omal`lstrotlvggxpg`sgs

4,748 ;,>;9 ?,97> 4=.= =

]jtob jtegrgxpg`sgs

4,=9? ;,9?4 ?,9>7 ;9.< 74.5

Xrjnlt ontgr tox ?,8;7 >;? = >7.? (47.7)

Gor`lìs pgr seorg ?.9? ?.;; ?. =8.; (49.5)


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Tjurdg6 Aggzo` Ko`c o`ùob rgpjrt (Mgdgakgr ;889 tj Mgdgakgr ;889,?9< =7.> ;>.. ]els ko`c eos `jw o `gtwjrc jn ?8; j`bl`g

kro`degs l` =< dltlgs jn Xoclsto` l`dbumlì 49 kro`degs l` Tl`me, == kro`degs l`

Xu`fok, ?? kro`degs l` Kobjdelsto`, 5 kro`degs l` Xocetu`cewo o`m ; kro`degs l`

Ozom Cosealr. (O`ùob rgpjrts jn Ko`cLsboal, ;8?8)

]eg Ko`c jnngrs o djapbgtg roìg jn Lsboald prjmudts o`m sgrvldgs l`dbumlì `gw

vgeldbg o`m usgm/lapjrtgm vgeldbg bgoslì mgsli`gm wlte nbgxlkbg ngoturgs tj aggt teg

rgqulrgag`ts jn teg dustjagrs l` o Teorloe-djapblo`t ao``gr. ]eg ko`c's rgtolb

ko`clì `gtwjrc ls suppjrtgm ky ;= ejurs pgr moy/ 9 moys pgr wggc ko`clì sgrvldgs

welde l`dbumgs O]A/Mgklt dorm, Kljagtrld O]A, J`bl`g Ko`clì, L`tgr Ko`c Nu`m

]ro`sngr, o`m L`tgr`gt Ko`clì. ]eg Ko`c Lsboal eos kgg` ossli`gm o bjì tgra g`tlty

rotlì jn 'O' o`m sejrt tgra rotlì jn 'O ?' ky Xoclsto` Drgmlt [otlì Oig`dy Blaltgm

(XOD[O), kgdousg jn lts wgbb dj`dglvgm kusl`gss strotgiy o`m gstokblseag`t jn o`

gnngdtlvg jpgrotlì pbotnjra tj gxgdutg teg kusl`gss strotgiy. (Ko`c Lsboal O`ùob

rgpjrts , ;8?8)

;.4.? Oòbysls jn Nlò`dlob Ttotgag`ts jn Ko`c Lsboal blaltgm

]okbg L^-5 sejws teot ontgr mgmudtlj` jn tox teg bjss l`durrgm ky teg ko`c wos =4% l`

;885 welde rjsg tj 587% l` teg ygor ;88


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sprgom gor`gm kgnjrg prjvlslj`s l`drgosgm ky ?=9.>.;% o`m opprgdlokby l`drgosgm ky

5=


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Tjurdg6 Ko`c Lsboal o``uob rgpjrt (Mgdgakgr ;889 tj Mgdgakgr ;88


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Tjurdg6 Ko`c Lsboal o``uob rgpjrt (Mgdgakgr ;889 tj Mgdgakgr ;88


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Jkfgdtlvg 46 Lmg`tlnldotlj` jn teg Orgos/Xrjmudts njr NuturgIrjwte jn Lsboald Ko`clì l` Xoclsto`

]eg rgdg`t drlsls l` teg wgstgr` nlò`dlob aorcgts eos ilvg` o kli kjjst tj teg

oddgptoklblty o`m prjajtlj` jn Lsboald Ko`clì os o ajrg stokbg o`m prodtldob systga

teo` lts dj`vg`tljòb dju`tgrport. ]eg dj`slstg`tby elie irjwte trg`ms gxelkltgm ky teg

Lsboald ko`clì l`mustry jvgr teg bost ngw ygors ls l`mldotlvg jn irjwlì oddgptoklblty jn

Lsboald nlò`dg os o djaagrdlob jptlj` njr teg mlnngrg`t stocg ejbmgrs.

Ejwgvgr, lt eos kgg` `jtgm teot teg LKLs nlò`dlì ls dj`dg`trotgm l` o ngw sgdtjrs blcg

tgxtlbg, degaldob & peoraodgutldob o`m l`mlvlmuobs. ]eg dj`dg`trotlj` l` o ngw sgdtjrs

lapblgs dj`dg`trotlj` jn rlsc os wgbb. Njr l`sto`dg, teg blcgby mlstrgss tj tgxtlbg sgdtjr mug

tj gxpgdtgm eliegr djttj` prldgs (rgsubtlì nrja bjssgs l` aosslvg nbjjmlì l` teg

dju`try) aoy omvgrsgby onngdt teg tgxtlbg sgdtjr o`m lts nlò`dlgrs. ]eg Lsboald Ko`clì

l`mustry teus, eos tj mlvgrslny lts prjmudt alx ky njduslì j` orgos wegrg lt eos

djaporotlvg omvo`toig jvgr teg dj`vg`tljòb systga.

L` Xoclsto`, tegrg org ùagrjus orgos/prjmudts welde djubm kg njdusgm o`m gxpbjltgm

ajrg tj odelgvg nuturg irjwte jn Lsboald ko`clì jvgr egrg, sjag jn welde org os

njbbjws6

4.? Xrjvlmlì Ko`clì Nodlblty tj Borig W`-Ko`cgm Xjpubotlj`

Xoclsto` wlte o pjpubotlj` jn ?98-?58 albblj` pgjpbg,


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o sli`lnldo`t prjpjrtlj` jn welde ls obsj nolte sg`sltlvg, ls ovolbokbg njr LKLs tj jnngr

Teorloe djapblo`t nlò`dlob sgrvldgs.

4.; Xrjvlmlì Tgrvldg tj Borig W`-Tgrvgm Oirldubturg Tgdtjr

Oirldubturg ls strotgildobby o` lapjrto`t sgdtjr njr teg gdj`jay jn Xoclsto`, eovlì o

;8% seorg jn IMX o`m o aofjr sjurdg jn blvgblejjm njr >7% jn teg dju`trys pjpubotlj`

blvlì l` rurob orgos. (Gdj`jald Turvgy jn Xoclsto` ;88


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dju`try tjigtegr wlte gnngdtlvg aorcgtlì jn Lsboald ko`clì os jnngrlì Teorloe

djapblo`t rgtur`s tj teg mgpjsltjrs.


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DEOX]G[ ^

[GTWB]T O@M DJ@DBWTLJ@T

?. [gsub ts o`m Dj`d bus lj`s jn Jkfgdt lvg?

Jkfgdtlvg ? jn prgsg`t stumy ls tj nl`m jut teg irjwte prjspgdtus jn Lsboald

Ko`clì systga l` Xoclsto`. Oòbysls jn teg quortgrby rgpjrts jn teg Ttotg Ko`c jn

Xoclsto` dbgorby mgaj`strotgs teot teg irjwte prjspgdtus jn Lsboald Ko`clì systga ls

elieby krliet l` Xoclsto`. Irjwte l` ossgts jn Lsboald ko`clì dj`tlùgs tj surposs teg

irjwte jn ossgts l` dj`vg`tljòb ko`clì. ]els dj`slstg`tby elie irjwte trg`ms gxelkltgm

ky teg Lsboald ko`clì l`mustry l` Xoclsto` jvgr teg bost ngw ygors ls l`mldotlvg jn

irjwlì oddgptoklblty jn Lsboald nlò`dg os o vlokbg o`m djapgtltlvg obtgròtlvg tj teg

dj`vg`tljòb systga. Ejwgvgr, tj sustol` teg irjwte ajag`tua, teg Lsboald Ko`clì

l`mustry wlbb `ggm tj mlvgrslny lts prjmudt alx ky njduslì j` orgos wegrg lt eos

djaporotlvg omvo`toig jvgr teg dj`vg`tljòb systga.

;. [gsubts o`m dj`dbuslj`s jn jkfgdtlvg ;

Jkfgdtlvg ; jn tels stumy ls tj djaporg teg irjwte pottgr` jn twj nubb-nbgmigm

Lsboald ko`cs l` Xoclsto`. L` tels dj``gdtlj`, teg nlò`dlob stotgag`ts jn Aggzo` Ko`c

Btm. o`m Ko`c Lsboal Xoclsto` Btm. njr teg ygors ;889-;885 o`m ;885-;88< wgrg

djaporgm.

Os do` kg `jtgm nrja ]okbgs ^-? tj ^-=, kjte teg ko`cs mjduag`tgm

opprgdlokbg irjwte l` teg jvgrobb rgvgùgs o`m l`djag l` djrg ko`clì odtlvltlgs,

gspgdlobby l` `gt sprgom kgnjrg prjvlslj`s. Ko`c Lsboal l` djaporlsj` tj Aggzo` ko`c


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odelgvgm eliegst pgrdg`toig jn l`djag nrja mgoblì l` njrgli` durrg`dlgs. Ejwgvgr,

mug tj gxdgsslvg omal`lstrotlvg o`m jtegr gxpg`sgs jwlì tj kro`de `gtwjrc gxpo`slj`

ky tels ko`c teg ko`c rgdjrmgm bjss ontgr tox. Kjte teg ko`cs obsj sejwgm l`drgosg l`

tjtob ossgts l`dbumlì Nlò`dlì-@gt & l`vgstag`ts o`m tjtob bloklbltlgs l`dbumlì mgpjslts

o`m jtegr oddju`ts. ]eg Teorg ejbmgrs Gqulty l`dbumlì rgsgrvgs o`m seorg dopltob wos

eliegr njr Aggzo` Ko`c djaporgm tj teg Ko`c Lsboal.

]okbg ^-?6 Djaporlsj` jn prjnlt & bjss oddju`t jn Aggzo` Ko`c & KO@C LTBOAL njr teg

ygor ;8858>.;)

Mlvlmg`m l`djag (;;.8) @lb

L`djag nrja mgoblì l` njrgli`durrg`dlgs

?=9.? 5=


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Gor`lìs pgr seorg =8.; 754.4

Tjurdg6 Aggzo` Ko`c& Ko`c Lsboal o`ùob rgpjrt (Mgdgakgr ;88< tj Mgdgakgr ;888.4 47.9

Mug nrja nlò`dlob L`stltutlj`s


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Xrjnlt & Bjss Oddju`t AGGVO@ KO@C KO@C LTBOAL

Irjwte % Irjwte %

Xrjnlt / rgtur` gor`gm j` nlò`dlìs,l`vgstag`ts o`m pbodgag`ts

=5.9 ?=4.8.;

Omal`lstrotlvg gxpg`sgs = ?8;.9]jtob jtegr gxpg`sgs 74.5 ?8;.7

Xrjnlt ontgr tox (47.7) (=4.8)

Gor`lìs pgr seorg (49.5) (9.9)

Tjurdg6 Aggzo` Ko`c& Ko`c Lsboal o`ùob rgpjrt (Mgdgakgr ;889 tj Mgdgakgr ;885)


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]okbg^-=6 Djaporlsj` jn nlò`dlob pjsltlj`s jn Aggzo` Ko`c & KO@C LTBOAL njr teg

ygor ;88985

Ttotgag`ts Jn Nlò`dlob Xjsltlj`s AGGVO@ KO@C KO@C LTBOAL

Irjwte % Irjwte %

Mgpjslts ;5.9 ;7.>

Nlò`dlì@gt ?=.4 >=.9

L`vgstag`ts 49.< 48.8

Mug nrja nlò`dlob L`stltutlj`s ?8=.> (.< 4;.?

Klbbs poyokbg (??.4) 4?>.?

]jtob bloklbltlgs ;7.8

[gsgrvgs ?9.; @lbTeorgejbmgrs Gqulty ?8.; 47.8

Tjurdg6 Aggzo` Ko`c& Ko`c Lsboal o`ùob rgpjrt (Mgdgakgr ;889 tj Mgdgakgr ;885)


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4. [gsubts o`m Dj`dbuslj`s jn Jkfgdtlvg 4

]eg 4rm jkfgdtlvg jn prgsg`t stumy ls tj lmg`tlny teg orgos o`m prjmudts welde

`ggm tj kg gxpbjltgm tj gèo`dg teg nuturg irjwte prjspgdtus njr Lsboald Ko`clì l`

Xoclsto`.

L` tels rgiorm, njbbjwlì prjalslì orgos o`m prjmudts eovg kgg` lmg`tlnlgm welde

`ggm tj kg gxpbjrgm gxtg`slvgby njr odelgvlì kgttgr irjwte prjspgdtus njr Lsboald

Ko`clì l` Xoclsto`6

O borig aofjrlty jn teg pjpubotlj` l` Xoclsto` ls u`ko`cgm jwlì tj bjw pg`gtrotlj`

jn teg ko`clì systga portlduborby l` rurob/sgal rurob orgos o`m ig`grob mlsblcg jn

Ausblas njr l`tgrgst ([lko). ]eus, o euig u`-toppgm aorcgt, o sli`lnldo`t prjpjrtlj` jn

welde ls obsj nolte sg`sltlvg, ls ovolbokbg njr Lsboald Ko`clì systga tj jnngr Teorloe

djapblo`t nlò`dlob sgrvldgs.

]eg sgdj`m pjtg`tlob orgo njr Lsboald ko`cs tj gxpbjrg ls teg TAG sgdtjr, wegrg Lsboald

ko`cs prgsg`tby eovg fust orju`m ;488 TAG dblg`ts jut jn 4.? albblj` TAGs odrjss teg

dju`try. L` o slalbor woy, Ejuslì nlò`dgdjubm kg o`jtegr ottrodtlvg ovgùg njr Lsboald

ko`clì tj gxpbjrg. Ajrtioig bjo`s jn j`by okjut ? pgrdg`t jn IMX suiigst teot o

euig u`-toppgm aorcgt wolts l` tels sgdtjr. L` tels dj``gdtlj` Lsboald Ko`cs do`

mgvgbjp port`grselp wlte Ngmgrob o`m Xrjvl`dlob ijvgràg`ts njr kulbmlì bjw djst

ejuslì sdegags, welde org j` teg odtlvg oig`mo jn kjte ngmgrob o`m prjvl`dlob

ijvgràg`ts.

L` ommltlj` tj tels, lt eos kgg` `jtldgm teot teg Lsboald ko`clì nlò`dg ls dj`dg`trotgm l`

o ngw sgdtjrs blcg tgxtlbg, degaldob & peoraodgutldob o`m l`mlvlmuobs. ]eg dj`dg`trotlj`

jn Lsboald ko`clì nlò`dg l` o ngw sgdtjrs lapblgs dj`dg`trotlj` jn rlsc os wgbb. ]eg


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Lsboald ko`clì l`mustry teus, eos tj mlvgrslny lts prjmudt alx ky njduslì j` orgos

wegrg lt eos djaporotlvg omvo`toig jvgr teg dj`vg`tljòb systga. Ajrgjvgr, l`

Xoclsto` >9% jn Lsboald ko`cs nlò`dlì ls dj`dg`trotgm l` teg djrpjrotg sgdtjr

terjuie Aurokoeo, Lforoe, o`m Mlal`lselì Auseoroco. Os ajst djrpjrotg dblg`ts org

stlbb bjyob wlte teg dj`vg`tljòb ko`cs, teg Lsboald ko`cs l` jrmgr tj ottrodt tega, eovg tj

jnngr sli`lnldo`t prldg mlsdju`ts. Yelbg tels aoy laprjvg teg quoblty jn lts nlò`dlì

pjrtnjblj, lt ejwgvgr, do` rgmudg prjnlt aoril`s o`m eg`dg do` mgdrgosg lts oklblty tj

jnngr kgttgr rgtur`s tj teg mgpjsltjrs. Ejwgvgr, kgttgr rgtur` tj mgpjsltjrs ls pjsslkbg ln

teg Lsboald Ko`cs gxpo`m teglr sdjpg tj jnngr durrg`t o`m XBT mgpjslts njr nlò`dlì

sejrt tgra tromg kosgm odtlvltlgs o`m rgstrldtgm l`vgstag`t oddju`ts njr nlò`dlì bjìgr

tgra l`vgstag`t ko`clì tro`sodtlj`s. ]els gxpo`slj` l` sdjpg wjubm kg l`struag`tob l`

l`drgoslì vloklblty jn Lsboald ko`cs, laprjvlì nlò`dlob l`dbuslj`, prjajtlì

g`trgprg`gurlob dubturg, o`m sli`lnldo`tby gèo`dlì teg rgtur`s tj mgpjsltjrs.

Nurtegrajrg, os Lsboald nlò`dg prjajtgs rlsc o`m rgworm seorlì o`m g`djuroigs

nlò`dlì tj prjalslì stortups- obtejuie o klt rlsclgr kusl`gss, prjngssljòb opprolsob jn

teg vg`turg, o`m dopodlty jn teg g`trgprg`gur tj aoòig teg vg`turg djubm dj`slmgrokby

bjwgr teg rlsc jn nolburg o`m gòkbg Lsboald ko`cs tj gor` ottrodtlvg rgtur`s teot wlbb obbjw

tega tj poy kgttgr rgtur`s tj teglr mgpjsltjrs.

Os teg bgvgb jn oworg`gss o`m u`mgrsto`mlì jn Lsboald Ko`clì rgaol`s vgry

bjw l` teg dju`try, teg Lsboald ko`cs eovg tj njdus ajrg oiirgsslvgby j` teglr

oworg`gss doapoli` terjuiejut teg dju`try tjigtegr wlte gnngdtlvg aorcgtlì jn Lsboald

ko`clì os jnngrlì Teorloe djapblo`t rgtur`s tj teg mgpjsltjrs


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=. Nuturg Deobbgìgs njr Lsboald Ko`clì & Nlò`dg

Aofjr deobbgìgs teot Lsboald Ko`cs org nodlì ibjkobby org l`mldotgm kgbjw6

=.?. Nlò`dlob L``jvotlj` l` Drltldob Orgos

Xrjirgss jn Lsboald ko`clì wlbb mgpg`m j` lts oklblty tj l``jvotg l` teg njbbjwlì orgos6

Nlò`dlob l`struag`ts ylgbmlì stokbg l`djag nbjws njr jrpeo`s, wlmjws,

pg`slj`grs o`m jtegr wgocgr sgiag`ts jn teg sjdlgty

Nlò`dlob l`struag`ts njr aggtlì ijvgràg`ts nlò`dlì `ggms

Djvgr jr sgdurlty njr nlò`dlì, l` portldubor Teorloe-djapblo`t obtgròtlvgs njr

pgòbty j` poyag`t mgnoubts

Njraubos njr prldlì jn Lsboald nlò`dlob prjmudts

=.; Djapgtltlj`

Lsboald ko`cs sejubm kg rgomy tj krodg `jt j`by l`tro-l`mustry djapgtltlj` kut obsj l`tgr-

l`mustry djapgtltlj` nrja l`tgrgst-kosgm ko`cs. ]eg bottgr org obrgomy jnngrlì Lsboald

nlò`dlob prjmudts. ]eg djapgtltlj` ls blcgby tj irjw.

=.4 Alsusg jn Lsboald Ko`clì

W`bgss tegrg org gnngdtlvg degdcs o`m aj`ltjrlì, vgstgm l`tgrgsts aoy usg Lsboald

ko`clì tj kyposs teg Oecoa j` rlko. Njr gxoapbg, l` teg gxlstlì aurokoeoe nlò`dlì

ko`cs mj `jt mlrgdtby djag l`tj teg pldturg os kuygrs nrja teg wjubm-kg suppblgrs. ]els

ilvgs mlsej`gst nu`m-sggcgrs o wl`mjw njr igttlì drgmlt nrja teg ko`c terjuie nldtltljus

purdeosgs.


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=.=. Jtegr Deobbgìgs njr Lsboald Ko`clì

G`njrdgag`t jn dj`trodts ls `jt gnngdtlvg.

L`gnnldlg`t systga njr gorby rgdjvgry.

L`gnngdtlvg djmg jn dj`mudt njr prjngssljòbs.

Mgvgbjpag`t jn Teorloe djapblo`t ijvgràg`t sgdurltlgs.

[gsgorde o`m mgvgbjpag`t l` teg nlgbm jn Lsboald nlò`dg o`m gdj`jalgs.

E[ mgvgbjpag`t o`m trol`lì tj teg ko`cs stonn j` Lsboald Ko`clì o`m Nlò`dg.

Gmudotlj` o`m pukbld oworg`gss okjut Lsboald nlò`dlob systga.


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DEOX]G[ ^L

[GDJAAG@MO]LJ@T

?. Ig`grob [gdjaag`motlj` njr Lsboald Ko`clì Tystga

]egrg ls o` urig`t `ggm tj l`drgosg teg suppby jn sdejbors wlte muob

spgdloblsotlj` l` Teorloe o`m nlò`dg. L` jrmgr tj aggt tels `ggm, lt ls

rgdjaag`mgm teot djursgs aoy kg l`trjmudgm njr Teorloe sdejbors l` gdj`jalds

o`m nlò`dg. Tlalborby, djursgs l` Teorloe gspgdlobby mgsli`gm njr gdj`jalsts

o`m nlò`dlob gxpgrts aoy kg l`ltlotgm.

;. [gdjaag`motlj`s njr Aggzo` Ko`c o`m Ko`c Lsboald

]eg kro`de `gtwjrc jn kjte Aggzo` Ko`c Btm. o`m Ko`c Lsboal Xoclsto` Btm. ls

borigby dj`dg`trotgm l` kli dltlgs o`m ko`cgm orgos. ]egsg ko`cs `ggm tj njdus

ajrg j` teg u`ko`cgm o`m rurob orgos sj teot o borigr pjpubotlj` do` oddgss

Lsboald ko`clì ot teglr mjjrstgps.

Kjte teg Lsboald Ko`cs eovg tj g`djuroig kusl`gssgs terjuie aodrj-gdj`jald

pjbldlgs tj l`drgosg teg usg jn gqulty nlò`dg o`m mgdrgosg teglr rgblo`dg j` mgkt.

Kjte teg Lsboald Ko`cs eovg tj njdus ajrg oiirgsslvgby j` teglr oworg`gss

doapoli` terjuiejut dju`try tjigtegr wlte gnngdtlvg aorcgtlì jn Lsboald ko`clì

os jnngrlì Teorloe djapblo`t rgtur`s tj teg mgpjsltjrs.


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4. [gdjaag`motlj`s njr Nurtegr Ttumy

Ttumy tj nl`m jut teg dustjagr oworg`gss o`m sotlsnodtlj` okjut Lsboald Ko`cl`i

Tystga l` Xoclsto` ls rgqulrgm.

Ttumy tj nl`m jut teg woys o`m ago`s ky welde teg blqulmlty prjkbga jn Lsboald

Ko`cl`i do` kg rgsjbvgm


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[GNG[G@DGT

OKMWB FOKKO[ CO[LAL (;88>) Deobbgìgs nodlì Lsboald ko`cs. Mow`, Kusl`gss,Mgdgakgr 8=, p.?.

ON]OK, A. (?) Xoclsto` ajvgs tj Lsboald ko`clì, ]eg Ko`cgr, Fu`g, pp. 79->8

OB-FO[EL A.O & AW@OYO[ L_KOB (;88?) Durrg`t prodtldgs l` Lsboald ko`clì, KjkAdMjwobb,LG=D Xukblsegm6?>teFu`g ;88= Djpyrliet LG=D ;88=

O[LN, AWEOAAOM (?


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CEO@, E. (;887) Lsboald ko`cl`i6 Egrg tj stoy Corodel. Xoclsto` Iubn o`m Gdj`jalst,

^jb.UUL^, @j. 44, pp. 95.

CEO@, A.O. (?


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X[JD]J[, M. (?

Growth Opportunities for Islamic Banking in Pakistan

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